No.

Titles / Authors

page

1

In vivo and in vitro studies on  Thevetia species Growing in Egypt

II.       Establishment of in vitro tissue culture system and production of cardiac glycosides

Taha H. S. ^1*, Farag H.S.², Shams A. K. ², Abdel-Azim S.N.², and Seif El-Nasr M. M².

 ¹ Plant Biotechnology Department, National Research Centre, El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12311, Egypt.

²Phytochemistry Department, National Research Centre, El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12311, Egypt.

* Full telephone: +(202) 3322424; Fax No.:  +(202) 37607159; hussein.taha2@yahoo.com

Abstract: Applicable protocol for enhancement of calli production, shootlets regeneration, evaluation and determination of cardiac glycosides from growing Thevetia spp. was established. Calli and regenerated shootlets were induced from immature seeds(IS), leaf, stem and root explants of Thevetia neriifolia Jussieu. and T. thevetioides Kunth. (Apocynaceae). MS medium supplemented with 1mg/l 2,4-D + 3mg/l Kin  showed the best results  for mass calli production. Seed explants gave the highest value of calli formation under either light or dark condition. The 3^rd week of cultivation for 5 weeks recorded the significant growth dynamic of mass calli production from seed explants. T. neriifolia exhibited high degree of multiple shootlets proliferation on MS + 1mg/l 2,4-D + 3mg/l BAp from stem explants as compared with T. thevetioides. The best result of in vitro rootlets/ shoot formation was recorded with MS + 1mg/l NAA. Qualitative and quantative determinations of thevetin B, digitoxigenin, neriifolin and peruvoside contents were carried out using HPLC technique.

[Taha H. S., Farag H.S., Shams A. K., Abdel-Azim S.N., and Seif El-Nasr M. M. In vivo and in vitro studies on Thevetia species Growing in Egypt Establishment of in vitro tissue culture system and production of cardiac glycosides. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):1-12]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Thevetia spp. callus, regeneration, Cardiac glycosides, HPLC

Full Text

1

2

Antifungal Macrodiode Production By Streptomyces albidoflavus-143: Fermentation, Purification and Biological Activities

Houssam M. Atta ¹, El-Sehrawi M.H.² and Bahobail A.S.²

 ^1. Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. The present address: Biotechnology Department. Faculty of Science and Education- Al-Khurmah, Taif University; KSA.

^2. Biology Dept. Faculty of Science - Taif University; KSA.

houssamatta@yahoo.com

Abstract: This work was carried out for the biosynthesis of antifungal substance that demonstrated inhibitory effects against pathogenic fungi from Streptomyces albidoflavus, 143. The active metabolite was extracted using ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) at pH 7.0. The separation of the active ingredient of the antifungal agent and its purification was performed using both thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography (CC) techniques. The physico-chemical characteristics of the purified antibiotic viz. color, melting point, solubility, elemental analysis, spectroscopic characteristics and chemical reactions have been investigated. This analysis indicates a suggested imperical formula of C₂₂H₃₆O₆. The minimum inhibition concentrations "MICs" of the purified antifungal agent were also determined. The purified antifungal agent was suggestive of being belonging to Macrodiode antibiotic produced by Streptomyces albidoflavus, 143.

[Houssam M. Atta, El-Sehrawi M.H. and Bahobail A.S. Antifungal Macrodiode Production By Streptomyces albidoflavus-143: Fermentation, Purification and Biological Activities. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):13-22]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Antifungal Macrodiode; Streptomyces albidoflavus; Fermentation; Purification; Biological Activities

Full Text

2

3

Analyzing Attitude of Managers and Senior Experts of Jihad-e-Keshavarzi Organization Regarding Development of Knowledge Management (KM) in Khuzestan Province, Iran

Ahmad Reza Ommani¹, Saeed Rajabalipour², Mohammad Aghapour¹

 ¹Assistant Professor Agricultural Management Department, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch, Iran

Ommani75451@yahoo.com

²Graduate Student Islamic Azad University Shoushtar Branch

Abstract: The purpose of this study was analyzing attitudes of managers and senior experts regarding the development of knowledge management in Jihad-e-Keshavarzi Organization of Khuzestan province. Senior experts and managers of organization were considered as a statistical population (N=100). All individuals were investigated. After confirm the validity of the instrument by panel of experts, to determine the reliability coefficient using Cronbach alpha coefficients were obtained for all sections of the questionnaire over 0.7 were calculated. Method of research was descriptive and correlative. Based on the results, the correlation between job motivation and status of knowledge acquisition and absorption with dependent variable in 0.01 level, was significant. Also between organizational culture and attitudes of managers in 0.05 level, correlations was significant. The results also showed that organizational culture, leadership style and knowledge about IT can explain 37% of variance of attitude of managers and senior experts regarding the development of knowledge management in Jihad-e-Keshavarzi Organization of Khuzestan Province, Iran. 

[Ahmad Reza Ommani, Saeed Rajabalipour, Mohammad Aghapour. Analyzing Attitude of Managers and Senior Experts of Jihad-e-Keshavarzi Organization Regarding Development of Knowledge Management (KM) in Khuzestan Province, Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):23-27]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: Knowledge Management, Jihad-e-Keshavarzi Organization, Attitude

Full Text

3

4

Influences of physiographic factors on growth of Alder stands (Alnus subcordata) in north forest of Iran

S. A. Rezaei Taleshi¹ and Esmaeil Yasari²

¹Corresponding author: Agricultural and Natural Resource Researches Center of Mazandaran, Sari, Iran. Cell: +98- 09111541476. email: rezaietaleshi@yahoo.com

2 Payame Noor University, Sari, Iran. e_yassari@yahoo.com

Abstract: Generally in old forestry plans, estimation of growth and yield has been processed by static methods without considering effective environmental variables as slopes, aspect (direction of slops), etc. In fact these estimations without taking the dynamic characters of stands into the consideration couldn’t interpret actual timber and growth volumes. This study carried out with analysis of Alder stands criteria in physiographic factors in north forest of Iran. The results of statistical analysis showed that altitude less than 400 m in natural stands have minimum dbh growth. Height growth of Alders in natural stands has significant relationship with altitudes. An increase in altitude results in decrease the total height growth, whereas basal area growth decreases when altitude increases. Volume growth in high altitude (1200-1600 m.s.l.) has minimum growth in both plantation and natural area. Maximum growth of dbh (cm) and total height growth (m) in natural stands were seen in west aspect and minimum growth of dbh in natural area related to north, northeast and east and in plantations related to west and south aspects. Maximum volume growth per hectare in natural and plantation area was in northwest and southeast aspects, respectively. Results of growth in different slop showed that in natural stands slop ranged 0 to 15 percent have maximum growth of total height and basal area. Mean comparison of volume growth per hectare indicated that in natural area in low slope (0 -15%) is significantly more than areas with 15 -45% slope.

[S.A Rezaei Taleshi and Esmaeil Yasari. Influences of physiographic factors on growth of Alder stands (Alnus subcordata) in north forest of Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):28-35]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Alder, Alnus subcordata, Forest, growth, physiographic factors

Full Text

4

5

Education for Rural Development in Iran

Abrisham Aref

Science and Research Branch

Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran

abrishamaref@yahoo.com

Abstract: Most of the human capital literature pertaining to developing countries focuses on the returns to education in rural development. In developed countries education has an important role in the processes of rural development. But in third world countries there are some important barriers in face of education for rural development. This paper looks at the barriers of education for rural development in rural communities of Iran. The objective of this study is, through reviewing the available evidences, analyses and experiences in the role of education in rural development, to identify weaknesses pertinent to basic education achieving rural development and to come out with some conclusions that  can be taken into consideration in policy making or planning successful basic education and training for rural development.

[Abrisham Aref. Education for Rural Development in Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):36-40]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Education, rural development, human capital

Full Text

5

6

[Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):41-50]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 10

Full Text

6

7

Implication of private extension in developing countries

Sharareh Khodamoradi and  Mohammad Abedi *

 Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. *Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: The evolution of public agricultural extension arrived at a worldwide turning point in the 1980s, one that represented the end of a major phase in the growth of publicly funded extension in both the developed and developing world. Agricultural extension increasingly has become defined as one or other of (apparently) differentiated activities of technology transfer or rural development. In many situations, the transfer of technology, heretofore considered the purview of public sector systems, has been reconceived. Such changes suggest a refocussing of paradigms for the delivery of public sector extension. In developed industrialized countries, which often provide models for extension service delivery elsewhere, the declining relative importance of agriculture for economic growth, the increasing education and affluence of smaller populations of rural producers, and the increasing use of  externally purchased inputs have changed the nature of publicly funded extension services and led to a questioning of the means of delivery of extension services by governments . In developing countries, where publicly funded extension is often more important, there has been considerable questioning of the structure and forms of extension delivery.

[Sharareh Khodamoradi and  Mohammad Abedi. Implication of private extension in developing countries. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):51-58]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: private extension, developing countries,

Full Text

7

8

Tourism Development Strategies for Meymand Village of Kerman, Iran (By SWOT model)

¹Hamid Taboli, ²Mehdi Yadollahi

¹Dept. of Management, Payam-e Noor University, (PNU), Kerman, I.R.Iran

²Dept. of Management, Payam-e Noor University, (PNU), Sirjan, I.R.Iran. E.mail mfma155@yahoo.com

Abstract: Nowadays tourism is considered as an important basis for sustainable development.  Therefore, rural tourism is regarded as a makeable and essential element of tourism. Consequently, it is evident that strategic planning for rural tourism and the identification of internal factors (weak points and strong points) and environmental factors (opportunities and threats) have an important role in the development of rural regions and also the tourism industry. In this article, by means of the survey method and field study, we have tried to design strategies to develop rural tourism in Meymand village of Shahr Babak, Kerman Province, Iran, through specifying weak points and strong points, opportunities and threats in the form of a SWOT table. The results delineated that the strategy of "extensive utilization of native methods to repair, construct and renovate the internal architecture of Meymand village" is the most important and premier strategy among all rural tourism development strategies.

[Hamid Taboli, Mehdi Yadollah. Tourism Development Strategies for Meymand Village of Kerman, Iran (By SWOT model). Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):59-73]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Rural tourism, rural development, Meymand of Kerman, strategy, strategic planning

Full Text

8

9

Review required activities before participatory rural appraisal (PRA)

Mohammad Abedi¹ and Sharareh Khodamoradi²

¹Department of Agricultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

²Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

*Corresponding author: skhodamoradi2007@yahoo.com

Abstract: Much of the spread of participatory rural appraisal (PRA) as an emerging family of approaches and methods has been lateral, South-South, through experiential learning and changes in behavior, with different local applications. Rapid spread has made quality assurance a concern, with dangers from “instant fashion”, rushing, formalism and ruts. Promising potentials include farmers’ own farming systems research, alternatives to questionnaire surveys, monitoring, evaluation and lateral spread by local people, empowerment of the poorer and weaker, and policy review. Changes in personal behavior and attitudes, and in organizational cultures, are implied. PRA parallels and resonates with paradigm shifts in the social and natural sciences, business management, and development thinking, supporting decentralization, local diversity, and personal responsibility.

[Mohammad Abedi and Sharareh Khodamoradi. Review required activities before participatory rural appraisal (PRA). Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):74-81]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)

Full Text

9

10

Effect of a Specific Combination of Mannan-Oligosaccharides and β-Glucans Extracted from Yeast Cell Wall on the Health Status and Growth Performance of Ochratoxicated Broiler Chickens

M. H. H. Awaad¹, A. M. Atta², Wafaa A. Abd El-Ghany¹, M. Elmenawey², K. Ahmed³; A. A. Hassan⁴, A. A. Nada⁴ and G. A. Abdelaleem¹

 ¹Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.

²Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt.

³Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt. ⁴Animal Health Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt.

wafaa.ghany@yahoo.com

Abstract: The effect of a specific combination of Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) and β-glucans extracted form the cell wall of a specific strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (AGRIMOS^®) was investigated on zootechnical performance, ochratoxicosis and immune dysfunction caused by ochratoxin in broiler chickens. Three hundred and sixty, one day-old chickens were randomly allocated in a 2x2 factorial design for 5 weeks: supplementation of 2kg/ton of MOS (presence or absence) and feed contamination (presence or absence) with 50 µg/kg of ochratoxin A (OTA) for the first 3 weeks of life was done. Obtained results revealed that OTA did affect bird’s growth one week after the contamination, although the final weight gain after 5 weeks was not different from the control. The use of AGRIMOS^® stimulated the overall daily gain compared to the OTA group. Feed intake and feed conversion were not affected by the dietary treatments. Cumulative mortality was similar between treatments and performance indexes significantly improved with AGRIMOS^® for the OTA challenged regimes. AGRIMOS^® supplementation reduced macroscopic and microscopic lesion scores associated with ochratoxicosis. Also, it corrected the depression in phagocytosis induced by ochratoxin intoxication and it had strong immunomodulation as it stimulated the immune response to vaccination. It could be concluded that administration of a specific combination of Mannan-oligosaccharides and β-glucans extracted form yeast cell wall (AGRIMOS^®) to chickens improved zootechnical parameters had a potent immunomodulatory effect, evoked immune response and enhanced vaccination effectiveness. It helps not only in controlling chicken ochratoxicosis but also can play a positive role in treating chicken immune dysfunction.

[M. H. H. Awaad, A. M. Atta, Wafaa A. Abd El-Ghany, M. Elmenawey, K. Ahmed; A. A. Hassan, A. A. Nada and G. A. Abdelaleem. Effect of a Specific Combination of Mannan-Oligosaccharides and β-Glucans Extracted from Yeast Cell Wall on the Health Status and Growth Performance of Ochratoxicated Broiler Chickens. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):82-96]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Mannan-oligosaccharides, AGRIMOS^®, β-glucan, Ochratoxins, Chickens.

Full Text

10

11

Pathological Studies on Experimental Systemic Candidiasis induced by Candida albicans Isolated from Different Animals in Immunosuppressed Mice

Nahla AG. Ahmed Refat

 Department of Pathology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt

nahla_kashmery@hotmail.com

Abstract: Fifty male mice (6 weeks old) were used to evaluate the severity of the pathological lesions induced by Candida albicans isolated from different animals (goats, sheep, cattle and buffaloes). The mice were immune suppressed by subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mg cortisone/kg B wt for 5 successive days before the beginning of the experiment and extended to the first 5 days after Candida albicans inoculation. These mice were randomly assigned to five groups (n=10). These groups  intravenously (via tail vein) inoculated with 0.5 ml suspension of candida albicans 1 x 10 ⁶ blastospores isolated from goats (gp 1), sheep (gp 2), cattle, (gp3) or buffaloes (gp 4), besides the gp (5) which inoculated with phosphate buffer solution (PBS) as a control group. The clinical signs, mortalities and the gross lesions were recorded before different specimens from lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, spleen and brain collected and were routinely processed for histopathological examination.Multiple granulomas were detected replacing the pulmonary tissue, pleura, myocardium, hepatic and renal parenchyma of gps (1 and 2). Such granulomas were represented by central basophilic structurless mass containing blastospores, pseudohyphae, hyphae and oval yeast cells, 3-8 µm in diameter, surrounded by a thick zone of mononuclears mostly of macrophages and lymphocytes besides few polymorphnuclear cells. Fibrinonecrotic pseudomembranes and multifocal  suppurative areas were observed in the pleura and pericardium. Meanwhile, the gps (3 and 4) showed minimal lesions and poor fungal growth besides lowering in mortalities from 70-80%(gps 1 and 2) to 30-40% (gps 3 and 4).  Finally, it could be concluded that the Candida albicans, isolated from goats and sheep, induced severe multiple lesions than that isolated from cattle and buffaloes.

[Nahla AG. Ahmed Refat. Pathological Studies on Experimental Systemic Candidiasis induced by Candida albicans Isolated from Different Animals in Immunosuppressed Mice. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):97-107]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Pathology, Experimental Systemic Candidiasis, Candida albicans, Mice

Full Text

11

12

Selective Antimicrobial properties of  Leaf extract of Samanea Saman   against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using several microbial techniques

Raymond .C. Jagessar*^a, Akini. .Mars^a, Subramaniam Gomathinayagam^b

 *^aLecturer and Supervisor, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of  Natural Sciences, Turkeyen  Campus,  University of Guyana, South America; ^bMicrobiologist, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Berbice Campus, John’s, University of Guyana, South America; ^aFinal Year Research student, Department of Biology, University of Guyana, Turkeyen Campus,  South America. raymondjagessar@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Samanea Saman were investigated against pathogenic microorganisms: S.aureus (gram+ve), E.coli (gram-ve) and C.albicans using the Stokes disc diffusion, Well diffusion, streak plate methods and a dilution technique. The solvent type extracts were obtained by three extractions each with hexane, CH₂Cl₂, EtOAc and CH₃CH₂OH respectively. Solvents were removed in vacuo to yield viscous oils and paste which were made up to a concentration of 0.035g in 0.01L(10 mL) of the respective solvents. These were tested in varying volumes of 0.2-0.6ml/plate (i.e. concentrations of 0.03-0.18 mg/10 mL agar). Solvents were used as control whereas ampicillin and nystatin were used as references for bacteria and fungal species respectively. The solvents had no effect on the microorganisms whereas ampicillin and nystatin inhibited microbial growth. Saman Samanea showed selective antimicrobial inhibitory activity, with activity most prominent for the CH₃CH₂OH and CH₂Cl₂ extracts and negligible with the hexane. Its the first time in our study that the CH₂Cl₂ extracts is found to be more potent antimicrobially than the EtOAc extract. This study suggests that the CH₃CH₂OH and CH₂Cl₂ extracts of Saman Samanea can be used as herbal medicines in the control of E.coli and S.aureus and C.albicans induced diseases, following clinical trials.

[Raymond .C. Jagessar, Akini. .Mars, Subramaniam Gomathinayagam. Selective Antimicrobial properties of  Leaf extract of Samanea Saman against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using several microbial techniques. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):108-119]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Key words: Antimicrobial; Samanea Saman; S.aureus; E.Coli; C. albicans, Stokes Disc diffusion; Well diffusion; Streak plate; Dilution Method;  Selective; herbal medicines.

Full Text

12

13

Diagnosis of Recurrent Pyoderma in Dogs by Traditional and Molecular Based Diagnostic Assays and Its Therapeutic Approach

^*Wael, M. Kelany¹ and Husein, M. Galal²

¹Departement of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Vet. Med., Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

²Departement of Bacteriology, Faculty of Vet. Med., Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

^*wael6kelany@yahoo.com

Abstract: Canine recurrent pyoderma is a common skin problem encountered in small animal practice and also resistant staphylococci may cause hazards in contact human. The main objective of the present investigation was to study the underlying etiologies of recurrent pyoderma and antimicrobial resistance guidelines of staphylococci on traditional and molecular basis. Also, the present workup was aimed to select satisfactory antimicrobial prescriptions for cases of recurrent pyoderma on empirical and bacteriological basis. A total number of 44 dogs were thoroughly examined for dermatological lesions and classified into 32 empirically treated dogs and 12 treated dogs based on bacteriological results. Pyoderma were classified into surface (13.6%), superficial (66%) and deep pyoderma (20.5%) with main clinical signs of pruritus, skin lesions (papules and pustules), marked alopecia (specially in superficial and deep pyoderma) and epidermal collarettes. The common recurrent pyoderma was German Shepherd pyoderma (38.6%) and the common pathogen was Staphylococcus intermedius (100%).  S. intermedius was isolated alone in 58.3% and 41.7% in combination with Corynebacterium spp. and  Staphylococcus aureus from skin of 12 examined dogs. The present study was recorded multidrug resistance exhibited by 75% of the 12 S. intermedius isolates. Oxacillin MIC testing revealed 6 S. intermedius isolates (50%) to be resistant, which included 2 strains with the mecA gene. The mec A (Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus intermedius, MRSI) was detected by PCR in 5 isolates (41.7%). Amoxicillin-clavulinic acid, cephalosporines and flouroquinolones were achieved magic results on empirical and antibiogram basis in treatment of idiopathic recurrent pyoderma. It was concluded that our data provided the first Egyptian guidelines in companion animals for common bacterial pathogens with antibiogram for bacterial resistance and Antimicrobial therapy with selected antibiotics and suitable period for treatment of each type of pyoderma.

[^*Wael, M. Kelany and Husein, M. Galal. Diagnosis of Recurrent Pyoderma in Dogs by Traditional and Molecular Based Diagnostic Assays and Its Therapeutic Approach. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):120-134]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: (Dog, S. intermedius, pyoderma, MRSI, therapeutic, recurrent)

Full Text

13

14

Morphological and Anatomical Evaluation  of a new five Stone Fruit Rootstocks

Nevine M. Taha and Azza, I. Mohamed 

 Horticulture Res. Instit. Agric. Res. Centre-Egypt

ABSTRACT: Comparative study was recorded for the five stone fruit rootstocks:  GF677 – Tetra pdm 5450 – Saint Julian- Myroblan 29c and Nemaguard throughout 2007 and 2008 seasons. This investigation included: leaf shape and dimensions; Vegetative and floral bud patterns;Stomata shape and dimensions; vegetative and floral buds patterns ;stomata shape and dimensions; tree canopy and growth habit; reproductive under Egyptian condition; fruit set percentage and date; chlorophyll percentage; root distribution (Number, length and weight of different root diameters through the soil profile), as well as, cross section of the stem dimensions (epidermis, cortex, pholeom, xylem and pith).

Data showed a great variation of the studied characters, so a clear key was made to identify these rootstocks.

[Nevine M. Taha and Azza, I. Mohamed. Morphological and Anatomical Evaluation  of a new five Stone Fruit Rootstocks. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):135-152]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Key words: rootstocks, stem dimensions, peach, peach-almond hybrid, plum, seed germinations

Full Text

14

15

The study of Signal Propagation in Electromagnetic –Measurement While Drilling (EM-MWD) telemetry systems

Mugoya Robert ¹, Yao Aiguo¹, Mupenzi Jean de la Paix^2,3

 ¹China University of Geosciences, Engineering Faculty,388 Lumo Road, Wuhan Hubei, 430074 China

²Key laboratory of oasis ecology and desert environment, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China

2China University of Geosciences, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences

³School of Environmental Studies, Hubei Wetland Evolution & Ecological Restoration Key Laboratory, 388 Lumo Road, Hongshan Administrative District

E-mail: mugoya.robert@yahoo.com

Abstract: Electromagnetic measurement while drilling (EM-MWD) telemetry can provide real time-large amount of data to the drilling crew and this is the reason for its rapid development in the recent years. For effective and efficient design and utilization of the EM-MWD tool, one needs to understand the behavior of the electromagnetic signal as it propagates along the drill string as well as through the formation. Based on electromagnetic theory, this paper examines the behavior of the signal such as attenuation, propagation velocity with varying operating frequency and earth resistivity.

[Mugoya Robert, Yao Aiguo, Mupenzi Jean de la Paix. The study of Signal Propagation in Electromagnetic –Measurement While Drilling (EM-MWD) telemetry systems. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):153-157]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Key words: EM-MWD, signal attenuation, propagation velocity, frequency, resistivity

Full Text

15

16

Repair Maintenance of Diesel Engine Cylinder Head

M.  A.  Morsy^*1  and E.  El-Kashif ²

 Central Metallurgical R&D Institute, Cairo, Egypt¹ , 

Metallurgy Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University² , Cairo, Egypt. ^{*morsy_abokhala@yahoo.com}

Abstract: This paper presents many trials to repair a diesel engine cylinder head made of pearlitic grey cast iron, which was used in a truck. The cylinder head was repaired due to the existence of cracks at the junction between the valve seat and the spark plug seat. Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process using different electrodes was applied, the increase in preheating temperature resulted in a formation of a continuous carbide layer in the partial fusion zone and a decrease in the Martensite formed at the heat affected zone. However, the decrease in preheat temperature resulted in an increase of Martensite at the heat affected zone and a decrease in the carbide layer at the partial fusion zone. Most of the SMAW electrodes resulted in the formation of regions with high hardness values which imply that the repair welding of the cylinder head using these electrodes is inefficient. Application of the powder flame spray method in repair welding of the cylinder head resulted in partial fusion zone and heat affected zone with hardness values comparable to that of base metal. Preheating in furnace to 500 °C then immediately putting the specimen in the furnace at the same temperature for 1 hour after applying powder flame spray gave excellent hardness results for the heat affected zone (HAZ) and partial fusion zone (PFZ).

[M.  A.  Morsy  and E.  El-Kashif. Repair Maintenance of Diesel Engine Cylinder Head. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):158-168]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keyword: Failure, Cylinder head, Pearlitic gray iron, SMAW, Flame spray method, Heat affected zone, Partial fusion zone

Full Text

16

17

Improving gladiolus growth, flower keeping quality by using some vitamins application

¹Bedour, A. Abo Leila and ²*Rawia, A. Eid

 Water Relations and Field Irrigation Dept., Ornamental Plant and Woody Trees Dept., National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. *Corresponding   author, emil,rawiaabdelhady@yahoo.com.

Abstract: Response of growth, flowering quality and active chemical constituents of gladiolus plants by using some vitamins such as, thiamin ascorbic acid  and their combination during two seasons were studied .Plant which received the combined treatments of both vitamins  recorded the highest growth, flowers quality and cormelets induction. Thiamine treatments had the lowest effect on photosynthetic pigments, while 200 ppm, thiamin+ ascorbic acid+ppm, improved growth, delayed flowering opening of vase life , stimulated accumulation of carbohydrate and increased photosynthetic pigments and macronutrients status. Photosynthetic  pigments   and macronutrients.

[Bedour, A. Abo Leila and Rawia, A. Eid. Improving gladiolus   growth , flower keeping quality by using some vitamins application. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):169-174]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: gladiolus plant  flower quality, vase life and chemical constituents

Full Text

17

18

Productivity Changes of Hoteling Industry in Iran

(Case study: Kadoos Hotel of Guilan)

Mohammad Taleghani

Department of Management, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Ira

Taleghani@iaurasht.ac.ir

ABSTRACT - Productivity is the standard by which human power in using resources to achieve their desired goal is determined. In recent years this standard has seen an up most attention in calculating technologies in industrial and service productivity industries. Value added methodology is a comprehensive way of measuring producing of all producing factors in a particular unit. In this case study we have interested recent changes in the hoteling Industry in Iran, along with our investigation we have selected kadoos hotel. A 5 stars hotel located in Giulan of Iran as our case study we have analyzed the productivity of this hotel in the period of 5 years 2005 – 2009. Results have shown that the foreign rate of occupation of hotel rooms – has increased in this hotel. This in turn has resulted in an increase in hotel revenue. But still we have not seen any creativity and change  in other parts of the hotel such as food and beverage. There has not been an optimal use in new capitals and equipments in this hotel. To see more improvement In the hoteling industry in Iran, we have to have new knowledge in the field of quality management and connections to the world net of hoteling.

[Mohammad Taleghani. Productivity Changes of Hoteling Industry in Iran (Case study: Kadoos Hotel of Guilan). Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):175-178]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

keywords: Productivity, Hoteling Industry, Tourism, Iran, Guilan.

Full Text

18

19

siRNA Mediated-hTERT Knockdown Impedes Proliferation of Mammalian Cancer MCF7 and HepG2 Cells

Abeer Mostafa El-Sayed Ashmawy^*1, Essam Shawky A.El H. khattab², Wael Bakry Abd El-Aziz Anbar³, Bakry Mohamed Haroun³, Sabry Mohamed Shaarawy¹.

 ¹Tumor Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University,²Chemistry Department (Biochemistry Division), ³Microbiology Department, faculty of science, Al-Azhar University

*abeermanci@yahoo.com

Abstract: Telomerase is an attractive molecular target for cancer therapy because it is present in most malignant cells but is undetectable in most normal somatic cells. Human telomerase consists of two subunits, an RNA component (hTR) and a human telomerase reverse transcriptase component (hTERT). Small interfering RNA (siRNA), one kind of RNA interferences, has been demonstrated to be an effective method to inhibit target gene expression in human cells. We investigated the effects of siRNA targeting both hTERT mRNA and protein expression on the inhibition of proliferation and growth of human breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7) and liver carcinoma cells (HEPG-2). Here we used two siRNAs sequences (siRNA#1 and siRNA#2) that differentially target hTERT. Our results revealed that treatment of MCF7 and HepG2 cells with either of hTERT siRNAs resulted in significant decrease in both mRNA (p<0.05) and hTERT protein expression (p<0.05). Summary, our results clearly demonstrate that siRNA mediated knockdown of telomerase has efficiently suppressed proliferation rate of MCF7andHepG2cells.  From these findings, we propose that targeting telomerase using siRNA might be a rational approach in cancer therapy.

[Abeer Mostafa El-Sayed Ashmawy, Essam Shawky A. El H. khattab, Wael Bakry Abd El-Aziz Anbar, Bakry Mohamed Haroun, Sabry Mohamed Shaarawy. siRNA Mediated-hTERT Knockdown Impedes Proliferation of Mammalian Cancer MCF7 and HepG2 Cells. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):179-186]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Key words: telomerase knockdown, proliferation, siRNA, liver carcinoma, breast carcinoma

Full Text

19

20

Agronomical and Biochemical Responses of White Lupinus albus L. Genotypes to Contrasting Water Regimes and Inoculation Treatments

Manal M. Hefny

Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt

manhef@yahoo.com

Abstract: Two field experiments were conducted over the growing season November 15 – April 15- 2008-2009 and 2009/ 2010 at the experimental farm of  Suez Canal University, Ismailia .The purpose of this research was to study the effects of water stress and inoculation treatments on the yield, growth parameters and biochemical traits under field conditions and during two growing seasons. The experimental design for both seasons was randomized complete block in split-split plot arrangement with three replications. Where Irrigation treatments included normal (W0) and water stressed (Ws) were allocated to main-plots, two inoculation treatments: no-inoculation and inoculation with commercial inoculums were assigned to sub-plots. Five lupin genotypes including two cultivated varieties (Giza 1 and Giza 2) and three landraces (LR 1, LR 2 and LR 3) constituted the sub-sub-plots. Significant differences of irrigation, inoculation, genotype and their different interactions were detected for the most measured traits. Water stress reduced yield and growth parameters, whereas antioxidant enzyme activities were increased significantly as plants exposed to limited irrigation. Protein % was not affected by water limitation at both seasons, while 100-seeds weight was significantly affected in the first year only. There were potential beneficial effects of commercial inoculation, where it increased yield and growth parameters under water shortage condition and reduced enzyme activities. The landrace LR 1 is obviously, the best genotype in seeds yield, growth parameters over the two growing seasons and high activity of defense mechanism (activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes) under water stress conditions and over all inoculation treatments. Thus it is considered a promising line under water limited environments.

[Manal M. Hefny. Agronomical and Biochemical Responses of White Lupinus albus L. Genotypes to Contrasting Water Regimes and Inoculation Treatments. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):187-198]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: antioxidant enzymes; drought; inoculation; Lupine; yield

Full Text

20

21

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism and Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Hanan Fouad¹; Mona A. Abdel Hamid²; Amira A. Abdel Azeem^*3; Hany M. Labib⁴ and Nervana A. Khalaf ⁵

 Medical Biochemistry Department ^1, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Biochemistry ², Ophthalmic Genetics ³, Ophthalmology ⁴and Clinical Pathology⁵ Departments, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Cairo, Egypt

*azeem.amira@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) appears to play a central role in mediating microvascular pathology in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Aim of the study: To assess the possible association of the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of VEGF gene with diabetic retinopathy in Egyptian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional case-control study enrolled 87 unrelated subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 43 diabetic patients without signs of retinopathy but did have type 2 diabetes for more than 10 years and 44 patients with diabetic retinopathy. The control group involved 44 normal subjects without diabetes. Total genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes. PCR analysis was conducted to detect the insertion/deletion gene polymorphism of the 18 bp fragment at position 2549 of the promoter region of VEGF.   The frequency of D and I VEGF alleles and genotype distribution were compared in diabetics with retinopathy, diabetics without retinopathy and the control subjects. Results: There was no significant difference in genotype distribution (D/D, I/D and I/I), (p=0.43) and in (D and I) allele frequency (p=0.093) between diabetic patients with retinopathy, diabetics without retinopathy and control subjects. The distribution of the VEGF, D/D genotype was higher in patients with diabetic retinopathy compared with diabetic group without retinopathy and healthy controls (40.9% vs. 27.9% and 22.7% respectively), however the difference was still not statistically significant with Chi-Square= 3.637 and p value = 0.162. Despite the insignificant results, this study adjusted OR of 2.25 (95% CI, 0.672- 7.538) for  D/D genotype versus I/I genotype between diabetic patients with retinopathy and controls with p value = 0.185 and the OR of 1.6  (95% CI, 0.873- 2.891)   for the D allele versus I allele between diabetic patients with retinopathy and controls with p= 0.129, while the OR  of the D allele versus I allele between diabetic patients without retinopathy and controls was  only 1.2 and the p value was 0.539. In multivariate analysis only increased triglyceride level was the independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy among Egyptian patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: Our study suggested that I/D polymorphism in the promoter region of the VEGF gene was not significantly associated with retinopathy in Egyptian type 2 diabetic patients, however a moderate risk (i.e., OR, < 2 for D/D genotype and < 1.5 for D allele) could not be excluded. Only increased triglyceride level was the independent risk factor in the development of diabetic retinopathy detected in this study.

[Hanan Fouad; Mona A. Abdel Hamid; Amira A. Abdel Azeem; Hany M. Labib and Nervana A. Khalaf. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism and Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):199-205]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Key words: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insertion/deletion polymorphism, diabetic retinopathy, type 2 diabetes, Egyptian patients.

Full Text

21

22

Ion Recombination Correction Factor Dependence on the Field Size, Depth, Nominal Dose Rate and Stem Length in Therapeutic Photon Beams (6 And 10 MV)

A. I. Abd El-Hafez¹, Hany A. Shousha^*1, M. S. Zaghloul² and M. A. AbouZeid³

¹Radiation Metrology Dept., National Institute for Standards (NIS), Giza, Egypt.

² National Cancer Institute (NCI) - Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

³ Faculty of Science - Mansoura University, Al-Mansoura, Egypt.

^{*drshousha@yahoo.com}

Abstract: The use of ionization chamber in linear accelerator radiotherapy photon dosimetry requires various corrections to the measured charges, one of these being the ion recombination correction factor (k_s). As stated by the IAEA (2000) TRS-398 dosimetry protocol, k_s was characterized for the available thimble ionization chamber PTW 30006 using two pulsed megavoltage photon beams 6 and 10 MV. The dependence of the k_s values against the changing of field size, water depth, nominal dose rate and stem length was studied. For photon energy 10 MV,  k_s shows an increase with the field size and for photon energy 6 MV, k_s values decrease from field size 4x4 cm² to 10x10 cm² and increase at field sizes larger than 10x10 cm2. Also, k_s values are inversely proportional with the water depth and directly proportional with the nominal dose rate and stem length, for both photon energies. It is also recommended to determine the absorbed dose at lower (p.r.f) pulse repetition frequency or nominal dose rate and if the dose is determined at the highest (p.r.f), a correction must be introduced in the assessment of the dose related to the ion recombination correction factor k_s difference at different p.r.fs. These measurements help to correct k_s values at different dosimetry conditions and minimize the errors in the assessment of the radiotherapeutic dose calculations.

[A. I. Abd El-Hafez, Hany A. Shousha, M. S. Zaghloul and M. A. AbouZeid. Ion Recombination Correction Factor Dependence on the Field Size, Depth, Nominal Dose Rate and Stem Length in Therapeutic Photon Beams (6 And 10 MV). Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):206-213]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Key words: Ion recombination correction factor, ionization chamber, megavoltage x-ray, pulsed photon beams and linear accelerator

Full Text

22

23

Curative effect of basil on liver injury in experimental rats

Soha Mohamed Sameh El-safty

 Home Economics Dept, Faculty of Education, Suez University, Egypt

Ma_saadany@yahoo.com

Abstract: Forty two albino male rats were classified into six groups. Group I (n=7) served as control (-ve), and animals in groups II–VI CCl4 were induced liver injury. Group II served as control(+ve) and treated groups from III to VI rats received daily oral doses of ursofalk drug , basil ethanolic extract, basil aqua extract, and basil powder. The results revealed that control (+ve) rat group showed a significant decrease in final body weight, body weight gain, food intake & food efficiency ratio (FER); serum total protein, globulin, glutathione transferase (GST) & catalase and liver triglyceride, total lipid, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) & GST but a significant increase in serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase , alkaline phosphates, gamma glutamyle peptidase (ALT, AST, ALP & γGT), total bilirubin & nitrite (NO); albumin/ globulin ratio and liver glycogen, cholesterol & malondialdehyde (MDA) compared with control (-ve) group. All treated groups showed a significant decrease in body weight gain; serum globulin, GST& catalase and liver glycogen but a significant increase in serum ALP, total bilirubin & NO and albumin/ globulin ratio compared with control (- ve) group. Drug group showed a significant increase in serum AST & total bilirubin and liver cholesterol and MDA but a significant decrease in liver triglyceride, total lipid,  SOD, GPX, GST compared with control (- ve) group. Basil ethanol extract and basil aqua extract rat showed a significant increase in serum ALT albumin/ globulin ratio and liver cholesterol & MDA and a significant decrease in serum total protein, liver triglyceride while basil powder showed a significant increase in serum ALT, AST, γGT and albumin/ globulin ratio and a significant decrease in serum total protein, albumin, liver total lipid and liver SOD compared with control (-ve).

[Soha Mohamed Sameh El-safty. Curative effect of basil on liver injury in experimental rats. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):214-220]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.  

Key word: Basil- Liver injury- Rats

Full Text

23

24

Effect of thyme powder, extract and oil on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury

Nawal .A. Al Badr

 Food Sciences and Nutrition Dep, Faculty of Food Sciences and Agriculture, King Saud

nawalbdr@yahoo.com

Abstract: Forty -two albino male rats, Sprague Dawley strain were randomly classified into six groups (7 rats each). One served as control (-ve) group while the other groups were administered CCL4 to induce liver injury which were control (+ve), silymarin, thyme powder, thyme extract and thyme oil rat groups. The results showed that control (+ve) rat group showed a significant decrease in final body weight , body weight gain ,food efficiency ratio (FER) , blood hemoglobin, packed cell volume & glutathione (GSH) , serum total protein & globulin and liver GSH , superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) ,glycogen and triglyceride. Moreover ,  showed a significant increase in blood malondialdehyde (MDA) ,serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase , alkaline phosphates, gamma glutamyle peptidase (ALT, AST, ALP &γGT) enzymes activity ,total bilirubin ,A/G ratio and liver MDA, cholesterol and total lipid compared with control (-ve) group. Silymarin showed a significant decrease in final weight, hemoglobin, blood GSH, liver GSH, SOD & glycogen and a significant increase in serum AST& MDA and liver cholesterol. Thyme  powder showed a significant decrease in final weight, blood GSH & MDA and liver GSH ,SOD and glycogen and a significant increase in serum ALT, AST, ALP and γGT enzymes activity but thyme oil showed a significant decrease in hemoglobin ,liver glycogen and significant increase in the values of liver cholesterol compared with control (-ve) group. The all treated rat groups showed a significant increase in serum total bilirubin, A/G ratio and liver MDA, triglyceride & total lipid and a significant decrease in body weight gain ,FER,  serum globulin and liver GPX compared with control (-ve) group.

[Nawal .A. Al Badr. Effect of thyme powder, extract and oil on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):221-227]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Key words: thyme leaves; oil ,extract; liver; rats

Full Text

24

25

Fruit physical and chemical characteristics at maturity stage of Tommy Atkins, Keitt and Kent mango cultivars grown under Nubariya conditions

Abourayya , M.S.; N.E. Kassim ; M.H. El-Sheikh and A.M. Rakha

 Technology of horticultural crops dep. National Research Center Dokki Giza Egypt

sami_abourayy@hotmail.com

Abstract: The present study was conducted at orchard located at the side of Alexandria desert road (Cairo - Alexandria, Km. 140), at Nubariya region during 2007 and 2008 seasons. The three experimented mango cultivars were Tommy Atkins, Kent and Keitt. The trees of the three studied cultivars are grafted on seeded rootstocks, attained nine years old and grown in sandy Soil .Trees of all mango cvs. Were planted at 3×5 meter apart and subjected to the same horticultural practices. The objective of the present study is evaluating some fruit physical and chemical characteristics at maturity stage of Tommy Atkins, Kent and Keitt mango cultivars grown under Nubariya conditions. The obtained results can be summarized as follows: The observation besides the analysing of some physical and chemical characteristics of the fruits indicated that the physiological maturity was attained in Tommy Atkins cvs. at fruit age 113 day, Kent and Keitt cvs. at fruit age 122 day. Keitt cv. had the highest values of pulp percentage of weight followed by Kent cv. while, Tommy Atkins cv. had the lowest values of pulp percentage of weight. Meanwhile Tommy Atkins cv. had the highest percentage of peel of weight followed by Kent cv., while Keitt cv. had the lowest percentage of peel of weight. Tommy Atkins cv. had the highest percentage of seed of weight followed by Kent cv. while, Keitt cv. had the lowest percentage of seed of weight. Keitt cv. had the highest seed length, followed by Tommy Atkins cv. while, Kent cv. had the lowest values in the two seasons. The highest seed width was Tommy Atkins cv., followed by Kent cv. meanwhile; Keitt cv. had lowest values in the two seasons. Ascorbic acid (vitamin c) percentage was lowest in Kent cv. compared to Tommy Atkins cv. which had the highest value; Keitt cv. had intermediate values in the two seasons. Moisture percentage was almost the same with no significant difference among cvs. Tommy Atkins cv. had the highest moisture percentage, followed by Keitt cv. while, Kent cv. had the lowest moisture percentage in the two seasons. Kent cv. had the highest dry matter content percentage, followed by Tommy Atkins cv. while, Keitt cv. had the lowest value in the two seasons. Total sugars percentage was highest in Kent cv., followed by Keitt cv. while, Tommy Atkins cv. had the lowest total sugars percentage in the two seasons. Tommy Atkins cv. had the highest crude fiber percentage, followed by Keitt cv. while, Kent cv. had the lowest crude fiber percentage in the two seasons.

[Abourayya, M.S.; N.E. Kassim; M.H. El-Sheikh and A.M. Rakha. Fruit physical and chemical characteristics at maturity stage of Tommy Atkins, Keitt and Kent mango cultivars grown under Nubariya conditions. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):228-233]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.  

Keywords: Grape seed extract- aluminium chloride- reproductive- experimental animals.

Full Text

25

26

Effect of Aqueous Extract of Damsissa( Ambrosia maritima) on The Biochemical Changes Induced By Potassium Dichromate In Rats

^1*N. E. Mohamed and ²R. A. Saber

 ¹Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, P.O.13759, Cairo, Egypt

²National Organization Drug control and Research (NODCAR), Cairo, Egypt

^{*nelshahat@yahoo.com}

Abstract: Chromium is a naturally occurring element found in volcanic dust, in earth crust and is widely distributed in air, water, rocks, soil, plants and animals. Humans are occupationally, environmentally, or intrinsically (Surgery implants), exposed to high Cr⁶⁺ concentrations (8.9 mg/m³, 20mg/L, 890 mg/kg) respectively. The general population may be exposed to Cr ⁶⁺ compounds through inhalation of ambient air , ingestion of water ,or dermal contact with products that contain chromium (VI) compounds such as pressure treated wood.The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant effect of aqueous extract of Damsissa (Ambrosia maritima) against biochemical changes induced by potassium dichromate in  rats. The study was conducted on 48 rats which were classified into four equal groups.Group I : untreated animals (control).Group II: Damsissa treated group: rats were orally supplemented with aqueous extract of damsissa at dose of 100 mg/ kg b.wt. for 14days using stomach tube. Group III: Potassium dichromate treated group, animals injected subcutaneously with potassium dichromate at dose of 10 mg/kg b.wt. for fourteen days , then the half number of the animals sacrificed and the remaining animal left without any treatment for seven days(recovery period).Group IV: Combined treatment group animals were orally administrated with aqueous extract of  damsissa by means of stomach tube at dose of 100 mg/kg b.wt. and injected subcutaneous with potassium dichromate at dose of 10 mg/kg for two weeks and the half number of the animals sacrificed and the remaining left without any treatment for one week. Six rats from different groups were sacrificed after 14 days and the rest were left for 7 days  as a recovery period. The obtained results revealed significant increase in TBARS concentration which accompanied with significant decrease in GSH content and CAT activity in renal tissue in treated group with potassium dichromate also, significant increase in urea and creatinine was recorded. The serum levels of sodium significantly increased  and level of  potassium significantly decreased  as a consequence decrease in aldosterone level. Calcium and estradiol (E2) levels significantly decreased. However, the levels of phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg) and parathermone hormone (PTH) were significantly increased in animals injected with potassium dichromate. Consecutive administration of aqueous extract of damsissa with potassium dichromate for 14 days revealed significant improvement in the tested parameters. Also, animals injected with potassium dichromate and left without any treatment for one week as a recovery period showed significant improvement in some of the tested parameters. In conclusion, the results demonstrate the protective role of damsissa against oxidative stress and biochemical changes of potassium dichromate.

[N. E. Mohamed and R. A. Saber. Effect of Aqueous Extract of Damsissa (Ambrosia maritima) on The Biochemical Changes Induced By Potassium Dichromate In Rats. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):234-242]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Key Words: Ambrosia maritima, Potassium dichromate, Kidney function , Radioimmunoassay,   Oxidative stress

Full Text

26

27

Detection of Greening in Potatoes using Image Processing Techniques

Ebrahim Ebrahimi^1,*, Kaveh Mollazade², Arman Arefi³

 ^1,* Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran.

ebrahimi.kiu@gmail.com

²Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, Karaj 31587-77871, Iran.

³Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, College of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.

Abstract: Quality is one of the important factors in marketing of agricultural products. Grading machines have great importance in the quality inspection systems. Most of the current grading machines operate based on machine vision systems to detect blemishes and defects of products, where one image or more are taken for each individual object and the results of processing will decide the quality of the object. One of the major blemishes in potatoes is physiological skin greening, which has negative influence on human health. In this research, a simple machine vision algorithm has been developed in order to detect physiological skin greening of potato tubers rapidly and precisely. The experimental image acquisition setup was consisted of an image capturing box equipped with lighting system, a color CCD camera, and a capturing card. The data set consisted of 25 images of potatoes with physiological skin greening blemishes. Image pre-preprocessing has been carried out to modify the non-uniform distribution of background light intensity. Since potatoes have bright skin, the CCD was saturated in a small part of each image. These parts were eliminated from the images using a relation found between RGB and HSI spaces. The difference between red and green components of RGB space for green parts of potatoes was lower than that of other parts. Finally, the 1.02R – G relation was found to be suitable for detection of green parts of potato tubers. The average of error between actual green parts area and estimated green parts area for 25 images was 5.26%.

[E. Ebrahimi, K. Mollazade, A. Arefi. Detection of Greening in Potatoes using Image Processing Techniques. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):243-247]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: Automation; machine vision; potato blemish.

Full Text

27

28

Effects of irreversible different parameters on performance of air standard Otto cycle

Reza Masoudi Nejad ¹, Iman Soleimani Marghmaleki ¹, Rouhollah Hoseini ², Pouyan Alaei ³

 ¹ School of Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran

² MS student of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

³ Mechanics laboratory, Hafez Avenue, Shahrekord, Iran

Pouyan.alaei@gmail.com

Abstract: An irreversible air standard Otto cycle model is proposed in this paper. The performance of an air-standard Otto cycle with heat transfer loss and variable specific heats of working fluid is analyzed by using finite-time thermodynamics. They are generalized formulas for internal combustion engines because they include the performance characteristic of special cases of Otto engines. The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of heat loss characterized by a percentage of the fuel’s energy, friction and variable specific heats of working fluid on the performance of an air standard Otto cycle with a restriction of maximum cycle temperature. A more realistic and precise relationship between the fuel’s chemical energy and the heat leakage that is based on a pair of inequalities is derived through the resulting temperature. The power output and the working range of the cycle increase with the increase of specific heats of the working fluid, while the efficiency decreases with the increase of specific heats of the working fluid. The friction loss has a negative effect on the performance. The results obtained in the present study are of importance to provide good guidance for performance evaluation and improvement of practical Otto engines.

[Reza Masoudi Nejad, Iman Soleimani Marghmaleki, Rouhollah Hoseini, Pouyan Alaei. Effects of irreversible different parameters on performance of air standard Otto cycle. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):248-254]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Key words: Otto cycle; Heat leakage; Friction; Irreversible; Variable specific heat

Full Text

28

29

The Perceptions of Graduate Students about Factors Influencing the Extension of Entrepreneurship Education in College of Agriculture and Natural Resources in Iran

Seyed Jamal F.Hosseini ¹, Heidar Ahmadi ², Maryam Omidi Najafabadi ¹

 ^1. Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

^2. Department of Natural Resources Extension and Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

jamalfhosseini@srbiau.ac.ir

Abstract: Graduate students at the college of agriculture and natural resources were surveyed in order to explore their perception about the factors influencing the extension of entrepreneurship education in the Science and Research Branch at Islamic Azad University. The methodology used in this study involved a combination of descriptive and quantitative research. The total population was 313 master and doctorate students majoring in agriculture. The results of regression analysis showed that 50% of the variance in the perception of respondents could be explained by tendency toward being successful, being innovative, entrepreneurship education in universities, role of instructor and educational contents.  

[Seyed Jamal F.Hosseini, Heidar Ahmadi, Maryam Omidi Najafabadi. The perceptions of graduate students in the college of agriculture and natural resources about factors influencing the extension of entrepreneurship education in Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):255-259]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.  

Keywords: entrepreneurship, extension, college of agriculture, graduate students

Full Text

29

30

Cigarette Smoking among University Students:  Family- related & Personal risk factors

Ghada F. El-Sharkawy

 Public Health & Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt

Address: Department of community medicine and public health, Faculty of Medicine- Zagazig - Egypt.

E-mail: ghadaelsharkawy@hotmail.com. Mobile: 002 0121407940

ABSTRACT: Smoking is considered as an increasing epidemic among youth. This threats with increasing epidemics of chronic non-communicable diseases. Objective: The objectives of this study were to have a recent estimate of smoking problem among university students in Egypt and to identify possible risk factors related to family life & personal aspects. Methods: This cross-sectional study included a representative sample of 1072 Egyptian University students. The students were interviewed and asked to complete a modified questionnaire derived from the standard questionnaire of National Center for Social and Criminal Research. Results: The prevalence of current smoking was  (20.2%) while ever smoking was (22.1%). Friends were the first ranked motive for smoking ( 37.2%%) followed by family related derives (13.8 %) then sense of hopeless future (12.2 %). Personal risk factors for smoking were young age, males gender, studying in theoretical faculties and suffering a chronic health problem. The important family-related risk factors were large number of the family, late order among siblings and living away from the family. Conclusion: This study determined some personal& family- related factors contribute in smoking problem. Dealing with them by coordinated efforts of the family, school, university and government will alleviate smoking problem among youth.

[Ghada F. El-Sharkawy. Cigarette Smoking among University Students:  Family- related & Personal risk factors. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):260-268]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keyworks: Cigarette; Smoking; University; Student; risk factor

Full Text

30

31

Effects of  educational program on Insight Into Illness and Attitudes Toward Medications Among Schizophrenic patients

Yosr Mohamed Elmasri

 Lecturer of Psychiatric  and Mental Health Nursing Faculty of Nursing – Mansoura University

dr_yosrelmasri@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study assessed the impact of the constructed nursing educational program on insight and attitudes toward medications in a sample of schizophrenic patients who randomly selected. A quasi-experimental design was utilized in this study. The study was conducted in in-patient clinic at Benha governmental hospital for mental health. A total sample of 40 schizophrenic patients (experimental group 20 and control group 20) was selected randomly to participate in the study. Three tools were used for data collection, socio-demographic/ medical data sheet, Insight Scale , and Drug Attitude Inventory Scale. Findings of this study proved the effectiveness of the constructed educational program on schizophrenic patients' insight, whereas no effect on patients' attitude toward medications .The total insight and patients' attitude toward medications were not correlated significantly with number of hospital admission, duration of illness and age at onset of the disease. Patients' attitude toward medications didn't correlated significantly with insight at pre, post, and follow-up program. Therefore the study highlight there is a need to conduct educational sessions periodically for the schizophrenic patients, a matter which increase the schizophrenic insight into illness.

[Yosr Mohamed Elmasri. Effects of educational program on Insight Into Illness and Attitudes Toward Medications Among Schizophrenic patients. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):269-277]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Key words: schizophrenia-  attitude toward medications  - insight into illness

Full Text

31

32

β-Methyl Crotonitrile in Synthesis of Some New Compounds and Evaluation of Their Herbicidal Efficiency

S.E.S.Hamouda^a ,Nermeen.S.Abbas^b ,S.M.A.Sherif^c, and A.M.A.Elkady^{a .}

 ^a Central Agricultural Pesticides Lab. (CAPL), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo, Egypt.

^bChemistry Department , Faculty of Science , Helwan University.

^cChemistry Department , Faculty of Science , Cairo University.

saad_capl@yahoo.com

Abstract: In an effort to establish new candidates with improved antiherbal   activities we report here the synthesis and herbicidal evaluation of various series of β-methyl crotonitrile benzoxazoles, α-(benzoxazole-2-yl)- β-cycloalkylidene crotonitrile (3) and 3-(benzoxazole-2-yl)-2-mercapto-4- methyl-6-pyridinethione (10) together with the synthesis of some substituted benzoxazolyl anilines(5,7,9).The herbicidal evaluation of these compounds was carried out on wheat as pattern for monocotyledonous plants under laboratory conditions. Three plant parameters, seed germination, root and shoot growth of wheat seeds were taken as indicators for the herbicidal efficiency of the newly synthesized compounds. The most active compounds that showed an observable inhibition effect on the process of germination, root and shoot growth or one of them were (3),(5b),(5c),(9a) and (9c) so that, they were rescreened by a serial of concentrations to stand on the  most potent derivative. Their EC₅₀ values were calculated and showed that compound (9a) was the most potent and greatly inhibited shoot growth (EC₅₀, 1.4mg/ml).

[S.E.S. Hamouda, Nermeen. S. Abbas, S.M.A. Sherif, and A.M.A. Elkady. β-Methyl Crotonitrile in Synthesis of Some New Compounds and Evaluation of Their Herbicidal Efficiency. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):278-286]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: β-Methylcrotonitriles, cycloalkylidenecrotonitrile pyridinethione, benzoxazolyl anilines, wheat, monocotyledonous plants, growth parameters and herbicidal efficiency.

Full Text

32

33

Phenolic Metabolites from Acacia nilotica Flowers and Evaluation of its Free Radical Scavenging Activity

Sayed A. El-toumy^1,*, Samy M. Mohamed², Emad M.Hassan², Abdel-Tawab H. Mossa³

 ¹Chemistry of Tannins Department, ²Medicinal and aromatic plants Department ³Environmental Toxicology Research Unit (ETRU), Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt,

^* sayedeltomy@yahoo.com

Abstract: The study of the chemical constituents of the flowers of Acacia nilotica has resulted in the isolation and characterization of nine compounds. These compounds were identified as catechin (1), catechin 7-O- gallate (2), gallic acid (3), naringenin 7-O-β- glucopyranoside (4), quercetin 3-O- β- glucoside (2→1) glucopyranoside (5), quercetin 3-O- β-glucopyranoside (6), chalconaringenin 4’-O-β-glucopyranoside (7), naringenin (8)  and quercetin (9), which were isolated for the first time from Acacia nilotica flowers. The above compounds were individually identified by spectroscopic analyses and were compared with reported data. The total amount of phenolic compounds of the aqueous methanol extract and fractions was determined by ultraviolet (UV) spectrometry and calculated as gallic acid equivalents.  The antioxidant potential of Acacia nilotica extract and fractions has been investigated by DPPH radical scavenging assay.

[Sayed A. El-toumy, Samy M. Mohamed, Emad M.Hassan, Abdel-Tawab H. Mossa. Phenolic Metabolites from Acacia nilotica Flowers and Evaluation of its Free Radical Scavenging Activity. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):287-295]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.  

Keywords: Acacia nilotica; total phenolic compounds; antioxidant activity; DPPH

Full Text

33

34

Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):296-307]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Full Text

34

35

Health risk assessment of workers exposed to heavy metals in cement kiln dust (CKD)

A.A. El-Abssawy*, M.A. Hassanien  Y.H. Ibrahim, N.M. Abdel Latif,

 Department of Air Pollution, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

a_elabssawy@yahoo.com

Abstract: Cement kiln dust (CKD) like cement itself is not considered to be hazardous material under EPA regulations. However, this does not mean that CKD does not contain anything that could pose a hazard to the environment. Therefore, the objectives of this paper were to: 1) evaluate the concentration of six hazardous metals; arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in CKD. 2) Carry out health risk screening analysis for occupational exposure in the cement plants. CKD samples were collected from the biggest three companies for Portland cement production, which are located at Helwan governorate south of Cairo, Egypt. In the present study concentrations of the six metals were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry techniques. The obtained average concentrations were 35.95; 30.17; 15.44; 12.49; 1.27; and1.02 for Cr, Zn, Ni, Pb, As and Cd, respectively. The average daily and lifetime average daily doses for each metal were calculated to evaluate the health risk assessment (HRA) among workers exposed to hazardous metals detected in CKD. Moreover, the results of the current work showed that Cr represents a high risk in the three cement plants comparing to the others measured ones. It might be attributed to high content of this metal in CKD and its carcinogenicity characters.

[A.A. El-Abssawy; M.A. Hassanien  Y.H. Ibrahim, and N.M. Abdel Latif. Health risk assessment of workers exposed to heavy metals in cement kiln dust (CKD). American Science 2011;7(3):308-316]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.  

Keywords: cement kiln dust, carcinogenic metals, exposure, health risk assessment

Full Text

35

36

The Direct Inversion of  from Elastic Impedance

Samba Charles Prisca, Jiangping Liu

 Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China. *Corresponding author: Email: sambadebima@hotmail.com

Abstract: Elastic impedance (EI) contains valuable information that can be used in reservoir rock as fluid and lithology identification. To get more understanding about the reservoir properties, EI can be reformulated according to the Gray’s approximation, in which lamé parameters and density can be successfully extracted.   , the most sensitive parameter to variations in rocks properties going from shale to gas sand, is often derived indirectly from lamé parameters. On real seismic data often affected by noises, However, This procedure may poses the numerical computation that can introduce cumulative errors in the inverted results. To avoid these ambiguities, the gray’s approximation is reformulated introducing the ratio   . the application of this equation to synthetic and real data show that the inverted results are more stable and less ambiguous than that from conventional procedure, and thus can recover reservoir information very well.

[Samba Charles Prisca Jiangping Liu. The Direct Inversion of   from Elastic Impedance. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):317-321]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.  

Keywords: gray approximation; elastic impedance; inversion; lamé parameters

Full Text

36

37

Relationship between coping styles and level of depression among depressed patients

¹ Magdala Habib Farid Maximos, ¹Fatma Hussein Ramadan and ²Mohab Mahmoud Naeem

 ¹ Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health , Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University,Egypt

²Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Tishreen University, Syria.

Abstract: Depressed patients perceive stress more readily than non-depressed persons, and they struggle to cope with their problematic situations, and their depressive symptoms. Changing maladaptive coping style to adaptive one is a crucial aspect of nursing role through treatment of depression. The aim of this study is to identify relationship between depressed patients coping styles and their level of depression. Total sample of 150 depressed patients of both sexes aged between 21-60 years were selected conveniently from outpatient clinics in El Maamoura Hospital for Psychiatric Medicine and Ras El-Teen General Hospital in Alexandria. Two tools were used to collect the necessary data: the first one is the Ways of Coping Questionnaire" (WOC) to assess thoughts and actions that individuals use to cope with stressful encounters of every day living.  Second tool is Beck Depression Inventory is (BDI). to identify or confirm the presence of depressive symptoms and measure their severity. The results showed positive correlation between level of depression and each of emotion focused coping, confrontive coping, accepting responsibility, and escape avoidance coping styles, while negative correlation was found between level of depression and each of problem focused coping, self controlling coping, planful problem solving, and positive reappraisal coping styles.

[Magdala Habib Farid Maximos, Fatma Hussein Ramadan and Mohab Mahmoud Naeem. Relationship between coping styles and level of depression among depressed patients. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):322-335]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: Relationship; coping; depression; patient

Full Text

37

38

Bioremediation the Toxic Effects of Mercury-Exposure in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) by using Lemna gibba L

^*1Hussein A. Kaoud and ²Mohey M. Mekawy

 ¹Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

 ² Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt. ^*ka-oud@link.net 

Abstract: The effect of mercury (Hg) toxicity, its impact on histopathological changes, the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀-96 h) and the bioremediation effect of Lemna gibba L to Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, were investigated through semi-static acute toxicity test developed with mercury chloride (HgCl₂). ). Fingerlings (2.76±0.21 cm and 0.51±0.12 g) were kept during 96 hours in 5-liter glass aquaria, according to the following mercury concentrations, set up in three replicates: 0.00 (control), 0.037, 0.185, 0.370, 0.740, 0.925 mg Hg L^-1. The value of _LC50-96h was estimated in 0.220 mg Hg L^-1. This study indicated that:1) Hg poisoning caused structural damage in the fish organs ,2) Lemna gibba L (weed and extract) were effective in removing Hg from water and reducing Hg bioaccumulation in liver and muscular tissues of fish , 3) The addition of Lemna gibba L-extract reduced significantly (P<0.05) the Hg level uptake as compared to fish exposed to Hg alone  and 4) Addition of Lemna gibba L remediated the toxic effect of Hg and provided protection against the degenerative action of Hg.

[Hussein A. Kaoud and Mohey M. Mekawy. Bioremediation the Toxic Effects of Mercury-Exposure in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) by using Lemna gibba L. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):336-343]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: Mercury; Histopathology; Lemna gibba L; Bioremediation; Oreochromis niloticus

Full Text

38

39

Evaluation of Quaternary aquifer for agricultural purposes in northwest Sinai, Egypt

Abd-Alrahman A.A. Embaby and Samah M.A. El-Barbary

 Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta Branch, Mansoura University, Egypt

embaby@mans.edu.eg

Abstract: Northwest Sinai is characterized by a semiarid climate condition and due to insufficient surface water resources; Quaternary aquifer is the main water supply. The Quaternary groundwater exists under free water table conditions with water level ranges between -3.7 m and 12 m. The groundwater flow is concentric around El-Salam Canal as a result of its closure and dependence of the new reclaimed lands on the groundwater. In order to evaluate the suitability of Quaternary aquifer for irrigation purposes, the chemical characteristics have been investigated in fifty samples collected from tube wells and dug wells. The total dissolved solids (TDS) are ranged from 692 mg/l to 9384 mg/l; indicating fresh to saline water classes. Sodium, chloride and sulphate display a nearly linear increase with increasing salinity. The main groundwater genetic types are CaCl₂ and MgCl₂, reflecting the marine water affinity. Such waters are mostly unsuitable for irrigation under a normal condition and further action for salinity control is required in remediating such a problem. Also, the poor irrigation water can be managed by improving irrigation management technologies and using salt tolerance plants.

[Abd-Alrahman A.A. Embaby and Samah M.A. El-Barbary. Evaluation of Quaternary aquifer for agricultural purposes in northwest Sinai, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):344-361]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: Evaluation; Quaternary; aquifer; agriculture; Sinai; Egypt

Full Text

39

40

A Review of some Ecto-and Endo Protozoan Parasites Infecting Sarotherodon Galilaeus and Tilapia Zillii from Damietta Branch of River Nile, Egypt

Enayat Salem Ahmed Reda

 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

enayatsalem40@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study was carried out as a general survey searching for the possible protozoan parasites that can infect the Nile fishes S. galilaeus and T. zillii. A total of 125 live fish specimens were obtained from Damietta branch of River Nile and El-Sahel canal, Nile tributary. Examination of the investigated fish species revealed that, fishes were infected with eleven parasitic protozoan species belonging to eight genera. These species were: Apiosoma piscicolum, A. conica, Scopulata epibranchialis, Vorticella sp., Ambiphrya ameiuri, Amphileptus sp., Chilodonella hexasticha, Tetrahymena corlissi, Trypanosoma mansouri, T. syanophilum and Trypanosoma sp. Among the obtained parasites, the following were recovered for the first time in Egypt. Apiosoma conica, Vorticella sp., Ambiphrya ameiuri, Amphileptus sp., Tetrahymena corlissi and Trypanosoma sp. While S. galilaeus represent a new host for Chilodonella hexasticha. The recorded numerous parasites have pathological effects on the host fish with subsequent economic losses were discussed.

[Enayat Salem Ahmed Reda. A Review of some Ecto-and Endo Protozoan Parasites Infecting Sarotherodon Galilaeus and Tilapia Zillii from Damietta Branch of River Nile, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):362-373]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: Endo; Protozoan; Parasites; Sarotherodon Galilaeus; Tilapia Zillii; Damietta; Nile; Egypt

Full Text

40

41

Political Parties: Extent and Nature

 Hossein Asayesh¹, Adlina Ab Halim¹, Seyedeh Nosrat Shojaei ¹

^1. Department of Politics & Government, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia

h.asayesh@yahoo.com 

Abstract: The political party is a means of connecting the political process with society and it helps to improve the political system. In addition, a central feature of any democracy is political party which serve as a vehicle through which citizens can come together freely to define their political and policy aspirations and campaign for public office. In fact political parties have developed alongside democracy, and it is commonly assumed that democracy cannot survive without them. This article is an overview from the extent and nature of the political party in any society.

[Hossein Asayesh. Adlina Ab Halim Seyedeh Nosrat Shojaei, Department of Politics & Government, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):374-379]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Political Party, democracy, political development

Full Text

41

42

Pollution assessment of the aquatic resources in the Lagos lagoon system.

^*1Oshisanya, Khaphilah Ibironke; ²Nubi, Olubunmi Ayoola; ³Amusan, Esther Esak; ⁴Salaudeen, Mutiat Motolani

  ^1,2,3,4 Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research,

P.M.B.12729, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria.

Email: kharphioshi@yahoo.com

 *(Corresponding author).

Abstract: Sediment, water samples and fish (Oreochromis niloticus and Chrysichtys nigrodigitatus)from each of Unilag,Ikorodu and Iddo Lagoons in Lagos State, Nigeria were analysed for the presence Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe) and Chromium (Cr) using Buck Scientific 200A model, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).Sediment contain highest concentration of Fe with a value of 113.02mg/kg against 0.96mg/L in water and 3.92mg/kg in fish, fish contain higher concentration of Zn 7.236mg/kg against 3.740mg/kg in sediment and 3.96mg/L in water. Cu is higher in fish 3.7mg/kg followed by water 2.96mg/L and sediment sample 1.163mg/kg.Cd,Cr and Pb were found not to be present in the water sample while these metals were found to be higher in the Sediment sample than fish tissue. Bioaccumulation was observed in tissues of Oreochromis niloticus and Chrysichtys nigrodigitatus as higher concentrations of metals were observed in fish tissues than in the water in which they live. The concentration of Zn in the water is above the limits permitted by the Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA) of 1.0 mg/L Zn set for water, there should be need for continuous monitoring of these Lagoons for heavy metals/pollution status.

[Oshisanya, Khaphilah Ibironke; Nubi, Olubunmi Ayoola; musan, Esther Esak; Salaudeen, Mutiat Motolani. Pollution assessment of the aquatic resources in the Lagos lagoon system. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):380-383]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Key Words: Fish, Bioaccumulation, Sediment, Oreochromis niloticus, Chrysichytis nigrodigitatus.

Full Text

42

43

Seasonal Variation Of Heavy Metals In Sediment And Water   Of Lagos Lagoon

*Oshisanya, K.I¹., Unyimadu J.P².,Shelle R.O.D³., Nubi A.O⁴., Ladigbolu, I.A.⁵, Oguguah N.M.⁶, Olumodeji,O.O.⁷, Adeleye A.O.⁸, Fashade, A.O⁹.

 ^1-9DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

NIGERIA INSTITUTE FOR OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE RESEARCH

VICTORIA ISLAND LAGOS, NIGERIA.

E-mail: kharphioshi@yahoo.com Phone: +2348035031722

ABSTRACT: The concentration of Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and physicochemical parameters were determined in Surface water and Sediment at different stations in Lagos lagoon during the wet season. The result showed that the concentration of  Cr 0.039mg/l, Pb 0.043mg/l, Zn 0.107mg/l, Cd 0.17mg/l in surface water were generally low when compared to WHO standard 2004, The concentration of Zn in the water is within the limits permitted by the Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA) of 1.0 mg/L Zn set for water. The mean levels of heavy metals in the sediment of Lagos lagoon were generally low and fell within the acceptable limits described by WHO,2004 and FEPA.The average concentration for the heavy metals were Cr 0.046mg/g, Pb 0.054mg/g, Zn 0.730mg/g, Cd 0.523mg/g respectively. Comparism of these values with that of the surface water indicates that most metals were adsorbed to the sediment. None of the trace metals investigated were above the maximum permissible level set by world health organization (WHO).For the physicochemistry the salinity ranged from 0.0 ‰ to 3.1 ‰ indicating a typical freshwater condition, higher dissolved oxygen were also recorded this may be due to run-off during the wet season.

[Oshisanya, K.I., Unyimadu J.P., Shelle R.O.D., Nubi A.O, Ladigbolu, I.A., Oguguah N.M., Olumodeji,O.O., Adeleye A.O., Fashade, A.O. Seasonal Variation Of Heavy Metals In Sediment And Water   Of Lagos Lagoon. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):384-387]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Key words: Sediment, heavy metals, Surface Water, Lagos Lagoon

Full Text

43

44

The Response of Galega officinalis Plant to Different Nitrogen Sources and their Effect on Active Ingredients and Biological Activity

S. El-Gengaihi^*, Abeer Y. Ibrahim, S.F. Hendawy, and S. R.  Abd El-hamid

 Medicinal & Aromatic plants Department National research centre Dokki 12311 Cairo Egypt

^*souadgengaihi@hotmail.co.uk

Abstract: Galega officinalis, goat′s rue, a plant native to Euro-Asia and North Africa was introducing to Egypt as an objective for introducing important medicinal plants. The plant claimed to be useful in diabetic treatment, reduce weight and as anti platelet aggregation. Plant density and different nitrogen sources (organic, bio and chemical fertilizers) were tried to evaluate their effect on growth, yield, active ingredient, and its biological activity as anti diabetic. The results revealed that wide propagation distance produced higher growth and yield than the narrower one. The mineral nitrogen proved to be the effective source followed by compost then cattle manure on growth and yield of leaves, whole plant, flower, and sucker number. Total alkaloid was determined in leaves and it fluctuated with no clear trend, however was higher in sample taken at June. The fertilization had no effect on alkaloid accumulation. Goat′s rue total alkaloid showed the highest reduction percentage in blood glucose level after 2 hours in diabetic rats.

[S. El-Gengaihi, Abeer Y. Ibrahim, S.F. Hendawy, and S. R. Abd El-hamid. The Response of Galega officinalis Plant to Different Nitrogen Sources and their Effect on Active Ingredients and Biological Activity. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):388-398]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Key words: Galega, Nitrogen sources, rates, planting distance, alkaloid, anti-diabetic

Full Text

44

45

Effect of Putrescine and Uniconazole Treatments on Flower Characters and Photosynthetic Pigments of Chrysanthemum indicum L. Plant

¹ Kandil, M. Mahros; ²El-Saady, M. Badawy; ^*1Mona, H. Mahgoub; ²Afaf, M. Habib and¹Iman, M. El-Sayed

 ¹Department of Ornamental Plants and Woody Trees, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

²Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Faculty of Agric., Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

^{*free2hamona@yahoo.com}

Abstract: The effect of Putrescine at the concentration of 100,200 and 300 ppm and Uniconazole at 20, 40 and 60 ppm in addition to control (distilled water) on flower characters, total carbohydrates and photosynthetic pigments in flowers of Chrysanthemum plant during 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 had been evaluated studied. The obtained data indicated that all flower characters and chemical composition were significantly increased by foliar application of Putrescine at the three concentrations. Uniconazole treatments delayed start of flowering after spraying, decreased pedicle length and length of flower stalk, while it increased yield of flowers, diameter of inflorescence, vase life, total carbohydrates in the flowers and photosynthetic pigments chl. (a),(b) and carotonoids . The highest values were found when plants were treated with 200 ppm Putrescine and 20 ppm Uniconazole.

[Kandil, M. Mahros; El-Saady, M. Badawy; Mona, H. Mahgoub; Afaf, M. Habib and Iman, M. El-Sayed. Effect of Putrescine and Uniconazole Treatments on Flower Characters and Photosynthetic Pigments of Chrysanthemum indicum L. Plant. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):399-408]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.  

Key words:  Cut flowers, Polyamines, Growth retardant, chlorophylls, carbohydrates

Full Text

45

46

The empowerment of rural women through Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

Mohammad Abedi¹ and Sharareh Khodamoradi²

¹Department of Agricultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

²Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

*Corresponding author: skhodamoradi2007@yahoo.com

Abstract: Rural women are among those major groups at society who previously were considered less by planners, due to specific reasons in the past. And this problem is more observable at developing countries. While, by looking at women’s history of economic and social life, we can find that this great group, continuously have played basic role in forming economic condition of country. This great group consistent with men have had active role at areas of social-economic activities and always have had major part on economic production of society. ICT is now recognized as a technological tool which can serve as a catalytic intervention in respect of transforming the lives and livelihoods of rural families.The economic and income divides between urban and rural areas can be overcome only by the technological upgradation of rural professions.

[Mohammad Abedi and Sharareh Khodamoradi. The empowerment of rural women through Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):409-413]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: rural women, empowerment, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

Full Text

46

47

The importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in agriculture development in developing countries

Mohammad Abedi¹ and Sharareh Khodamoradi²

 ¹Department of Agricultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

²Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

*Corresponding author: skhodamoradi2007@yahoo.com

Abstract—In recent years, assistance from developed countries to developing countries has intensified. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have also been widely deployed in developmental programmes, leading to the creation of a new field – ICT for development. This paper reviews a number of projects that introduce technically innovative ICTs that are intended for the development of marginalised rural areas.

[Mohammad Abedi and Sharareh Khodamoradi. The importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in agriculture development in developing countries. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):414-420]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Information and Communication Technologies (ICT),  agriculture development, developing countries

Full Text

47

48

Necessary of attention to indigenous knowledge toward improving agriculture

Mohammad Abedi¹ and Sharareh Khodamoradi²

 ¹Department of Agricultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

²Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

*Corresponding author: skhodamoradi2007@yahoo.com

Abstract: society. Indigenous knowledge is different with scientific knowledge that was established by universities and scientific communities. This knowledge is basis for decision making at field of agriculture, health, education, food and natural sources Indigenous knowledge is set of all knowledge and skills that people enjoy in one geographical area ( in one environmental conditions) that most of their skills and knowledge be transmitted to next generation , and new generation would be adapted with them and add to it Since, each knowledge is consequent of individual interaction with environment, so indigenous knowledge is consequent of indigenous people interaction with their environment. Chambers with emphasis on people’s role at development process believes that “rural people’s knowledge” term is more eloquent than other terms for indigenous knowledge. Our purpose of rural people are producer farmers , input buyers , agriculture production sellers and etc. “people” in above phrase emphasis that this knowledge is more verbal and less has been written . This word also referred to whole knowledge system which contains concepts, beliefs, and attitudes and also contains gain, store and transmitting knowledge process.

[Mohammad Abedi and Sharareh Khodamoradi. Necessary of attention to indigenous knowledge toward improving agriculture. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):421-425]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: agriculture, indigenous knowledge

Full Text

48

49

Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in the diagnostic evaluation of microcephaly

Elham A, Nawar, * Laila A,Selim , Manal S. El-dafrawy, Marwa A, Hassan, **Ahmed F, Yousef

 Pediatric &** Radiology Departments, Benha university. * Pediatric department, Cairo University

elhamnawar2006@yahoo.ca

Abstract: Microcephaly is defined as small head size characterized by occipito-frontal circumference (OFC) at least 2 standard deviations (SD) below the mean for age and sex. Microcephaly is associated with numerous disorders of diverse etiology. Radiology plays a fundamental role in determining the etiology. MRI is often the imaging modality of choice. Aim of the work: To assess the contribution of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in establishing an etiological diagnosis in children presenting with microcephaly in the first two years of life. Methods:  Nine hundred Egyptian patients attending the general pediatric and neurology clinic of Benha University Hospital (BUH) and clinic of inherited metabolic disorder at the centre of social and preventive medicine of Cairo University Children Hospital (CUCH) were screened for microcephaly. This was done by measuring the (OFC), and then MRI was performed to all microcephalic patients. Other investigations done according to the condition. Results: Fifty five patients out o o f 900 cases were microcephalic, below the 3^rd percentile of Egyption charts. Male and female distribution was 31 (56.4%) and  24 (43.6%) with ratio of 3:2.The ages of presentation ranged from 2 months to 84 months with mean age of 20.6± 15.6 months. All patients were symptomatizing before 24 months with mean age of (6.5 ± 4.2 months). The patients were classified according to the final diagnosis into 3 groups: primary microcephaly 11cases (20%), secondary microcephaly 29 cases (52.72 and undiagnosed cases 15 cases (27.28%). The most frequent MRI finding is brain   atrophy in 11(20%) cases followed by demylination in 10(18.18%) cases, leukomalecia &atrophy in 7(12.7%) cases,  demylination &atrophy in 6(10.9%) cases, basal ganglia lesion in 5(9%) cases, congenital  brain malformations in 4(7.3%) cases, microcephalic changes in 3(5.5%) cases and leukomalecia only in 2(3.6%) cases. Conclusion: MRI is considered as a golden standard in the evaluation of brain abnormalities in patients with microcephaly. It is diagnostic in congenital brain malformations and in combination with history & clinical findings, it can suspect the diagnosis, as in ARM, Leigh syndrome & HIE cases or point to specific test for diagnosis as in MLD & PKU.

[Elham A, Nawar, Laila A,Selim , Manal S. El-dafrawy, Marwa A, Hassan, Ahmed F, Yousef. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in the diagnostic evaluation of microcephaly. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):426-437]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: Microcephaly – MRI- Mental Retardation – Global developmental delay

Full Text

49

50

Pay-As-Bid versus Uniform Pricing Mechanism in Restructured Power Systems

Mohammad Sadegh Javadi¹, Amin Javadinasab²

 ^1. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, 73715-181, Fars, Marvdasht, Iran

^2. Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch, Shoushtar, Iran

msjavadi@gmail.com

Abstract: Energy markets have specifically different mechanism in quite varying countries. Even in one country, it might be that mechanism of electrical market is different from each other. What is similar in this markets is satisfying load or demand as a main target. In the worldwide electricity markets, ordinary mechanism of market clearing implied as a uniform price, while mechanism of payment in Iran's electricity market based on the model of pay-as-bid by energy generation companies. This paper is surveying these two mechanisms and introducing its weak and strong points.

[Mohammad Sadegh Javadi, Amin Javadinasab,  Pay-As-Bid versus Uniform Pricing Mechanism in Restructured Power Systems Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):438-443]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Generation Expansion Planning (GEP), Load Duration Curve (LDC), Pay-as-Bid (PAB) mechanism, Uniform Payment (UP) mechanism

Full Text

50

51

The role of rural women's self-reliance in improving Livelihood

Mohammad Abedi¹ and Sharareh Khodamoradi²

 ¹Department of Agricultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

²Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

*Corresponding author: khodamoradi121@yahoo.com

Abstract: Rural women are among those major groups at society who previously were considered less by planners, due to specific reasons in the past. And this problem is more observable at developing countries. If rural women can work through receiving credits, loan and others finance facilities at favorite jobs and live through earned income (as it called “self-reliance and independence”), so undoubtedly we would see changes in social, economic and cultural relations of village.   Rural women’s financial self-reliance has many social & economic influence as it made them self-sufficiency, it changes economic behavior and it makes women independent, it will be effective in economic development in family & society, it also improve the women’s roles in society and it causes self-confidence in women, it builds family strength and it causes to respect the women rights more than before and women will become equal with men in all their rights, of course we won’t have patriarchy in the family. The women’s empowerment in the rural society will increase because of all the aspects of rural women’s self-reliance and their position will be confirmed.

[Mohammad Abedi, Sharareh Khodamoradi. The role of rural women's self-reliance in improving Livelihood. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):444-447]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: financial self-reliance, rural women

Full Text

51

52

Decentralization in agricultural management in rural activities

Mohammad Abedi¹ and Sharareh Khodamoradi²

¹Department of Agricultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

²Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

*Corresponding author: khodamoradi121@yahoo.com

Abstract: Agricultural extension is a non-formal type of education that provides advisory services by the use of educational approach in acquiring knowledge and skills to deal with the growing needs of global world. Diverse agricultural extension funding and delivery arrangements have been undertaken since the mid-1980s by governments worldwide in the name of "privatization."  When agricultural extension is discussed, privatization is used in the broadest sense – of introducing or increasing private sector participation, which does not necessarily imply a transfer of designated state-owned assets to the private sector. In fact, various cost-recovery, commercialization, and other so-called privatization alternatives have been adopted to improve agricultural extension. The form and content of decentralization has dominated development discourse and public sector reform agenda in Kenya in the last two decades. The case of agricultural extension service presents decentralization in a difficult context partly due to lack of information on its possible diverse impacts especially on resource poor farmers.

[Mohammad Abedi, Sharareh Khodamoradi. Decentralization in agricultural management in rural activities. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):448-452]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: Decentralization, Agricultural management

Full Text

52

53

Proprietary of Total Intensity Magnetic Data to Detect the Subsurface Structures and Tectonics of Southern Sinai Peninsula, Egypt

Ahmed A. El-Khafeef¹ and Shadia T. El Khodary^2*

 ¹Exploration Dept., Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute,  Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.

²Geology Dept., Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.

^{*s_elkhodary@hotmail.com}

Abstract: This study presents the analysis and interpretation of magnetic data to map the subsurface structural framework of the present area. Structural interpretation of the magnetic data was achieved through applying advanced processing techniques that provide automatic delineation and depth estimation of the magnetic structures. Some structural elements could be deduced from the qualitative interpretation of such magnetic anomalies. Phase-shifts of magnetic anomalies due to the local direction of the geomagnetic field vector can be corrected using a reduction-to-pole filtering operation. At the interpretation stage, the analysis of the RTP magnetic data, which included low-pass/high-pass filtering by power spectrum and separation of the magnetic causatives of shallow sources from those of deeper sources through the matching band-pass filtering. The  horizontal gradient and local wave number tools were used for locating the magnetic sources and their properties. In this case, peaks in those methods can be used to locate sources representing the edges of thin horizontal sheets and estimate their strike directions which, used to delineate the tectonic framework of the investigated area. The shallow structural depths located between 1.5 to 2.5 km (red color) dominate the majority of the southern part, as well as some parts in the northern part. While the deep depths 2.5 to 5.5 km ( blue color) dominate the northcentral and westcentral parts. The mapped structures reveal that, the area is affected by a set of faults trending mainly in the NE-SW, NW-SE and N-S directions. Moreover, the area is dissected by a set of deep basement swells and troughs, as well as shallow anticlinal and synclinal trends controlled mainly by the predominant faults.

[Ahmed A. El-Khafeef and Shadia T. El Khodary. Proprietary of Total Intensity Magnetic Data to Detect the Subsurface Structures and Tectonics of Southern Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):453-463]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: Proprietary; Magnetic Data; Subsurface Structure; Tectonics; Southern Sinai Peninsula; Egypt

Full Text

53

54

Clinical value of transforming growth factor beta as a marker of Fibrosis in adolescents with Chronic Liver Diseases

*Elham A Nawar *Bahaa El-Din Hassanin,  **Mona EL-Tokhy

 PPPPPP *Pediatric & ** Clinical Pathology Depart. Faculty of Medicine, Benha University

elhamnawar2006@yahoo.ca

Abstract: Background: Hepatic fibrosis is the final common path of liver injury in most chronic liver diseases and can lead to cirrhosis, which is responsible for the majority of clinical complications. Our aim is to asses the clinical value of serum transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)   as a fibrogenesis marker in adolescents with chronic Liver Diseases. Methods: We measured serum levels of TGF-β in 25 adolescents with chronic liver disease and 25 healthy controls, and determined their relationship to frequently used liver function tests and liver biopsy findings. Results: Serum Transforming growth factor β was significantly higher in patients than in controls (P < 0.001). Significant positive correlation between TGFβ and TSB (r =  r        ( (           ((0.4682 and p< 0.05). High significant positive correlation was noted be  tween TGFβ and stage, grade of liver fibrosis, PT and duration of illness as p is <0.001and r is 0.9409, 0.7447, 0.5293 and 0.5952  respectively. Highly significant negative correlation was found between TGFβ and prothrombin concentration (PC) and serum albumin level as p is < 0.01 and r is -0.6460 and -0.5371 respectively. Sensitivity of TGFβ in diagnosis of fibrosis was 65%, specificity was 94% and area under curve (AUC) was 0.812. The cut-off value of TGFβ used to discriminate significant fibrosis was 22.6 ng/ml and it was a dependant predictor factor for diagnosis of fibrosis with positive predictive value 75.5% and negative predictive value 90.4 %. Conclusions: TGF-β had the ability to discriminate patients with significant fibrosis and may be useful in reducing but not replacing the need for liver biopsy.

[Elham A Nawar Bahaa El-Din Hassanin, Mona EL-Tokhy. Clinical value of transforming growth factor beta as a marker of Fibrosis in adolescents with Chronic Liver Diseases. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):464-471]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.  

Keywords: Liver fibrosis; Hepatitis C virus; Hepatitis B virus; Liver fibrosis; TGF-β

Full Text

54

55

Comparing of yield and yield components of rice hybrid in different irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels

Ashouri, M and E, Amiri

 Islamic azad university Roudsar&Amlash branch, Iran.

E-mail: mashouri48@yahoo.com and mashouri@iau-roudsar_amlash.ac.ir

Tel: +981426212910; Fax: +981426212911

Corresponding Author: Ashouri, M.

Abstract: In order to investigating the effect of different irrigation regimes and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of hybrid rice a biennial experiment was conducted at rice research institute of Iran during crop season 2008-9. experiment was  arranged in split plot based on completely randomized block design with 3 replications in which water regimes were main factor included Continuous Submergence and Alternative Submergence conditions (irrigation intervals of 5, 8 and 11days) and nitrogen fertilizer levels were sub factor included 0, 90, 120 and 150 kg/ha. Grain yield in I1 to I4 were 7342, 7079, 7159 and 5168 kg/ha in 2008 and 4372, 4343, 4674 and 4208 kg/ha in 2009 respectively. Number of grains per panicle in I1 to I4 was 304,307,311 and 272 in 2008 and 183,180,181 and 179 in 2009 respectively. Weight of 1000 grain in I1 to I4 was 22.4, 22.2, 21.8 and 21.1 g in 2008 and was 22.8, 23, 23.1 and 23.2 g in 2009 respectively. Unfilled grain in I1 to I4 was 27.1, 32.9, 30.3 and 39.2 percentage in 2008 and was 55.2, 48.4, 50.4 and 46.8 percentage in 2009 respectively. Mean grain yield in irrigation regimes in 2009 compare to 2008 decreased 34% because mean number of grains per panicle in 2009 compare to 2008 decreased 40% and mean unfilled grain percentage increased 56%.

[Ashouri, M and E, Amiri. Comparing of yield and yield components of rice hybrid in different irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):472-475]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: irrigation, nitrogen, water use efficiency, rice, Iran

Full Text

55

56

Expression of Maspin, KI-67 and CD105 as Predictors of Postoperative Recurrence in Laryngeal Carcinoma: perioperative planning and proposed reconstructive tools

Mona G. Shafeek¹, Mona M. EL-Sayed¹, Mohammad R. Ahmad² and Wael Fawzy³

 ¹ Department of Pathology,² Department of general surgery, Plastic and reconstructive surgery unit.,

³Department of ENT. Faculty of medicine, Zagazig University.

Abstract: Background: Maspin, a member of serpin super-family, has multifaceted biological functions and an unique tumor suppressing activity. Several studies showed that maspin suppresses tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. The present study investigated the relationship between maspin expression, Ki-67 proliferative index (PI), CD105-assessed microvessel density (MVD) and postoperative recurrence in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Patients and methods: Subcellular pattern of maspin expression was immunohistochemically evaluated in 28 cases of laryngeal SCC treated by total laryngectomy with reconstruction but without primary radiotherapy with a follow-up period from 10 to 36 months. The expression and interaction between Ki-67, CD105 and maspin were also studied.  Results: Two patterns of positive maspin expression; cytoplasmic (n=9) and nuclear-cytoplasmic (n=16) were recognized.  Significant inverse correlation between nuclear-cytoplasmic pattern and both Ki-67 PI (P=0.049) and CD105-assessed MVD (P=0.016) were disclosed. Comparing the two groups of patients with (pR+) and without (pR-) evidence of postoperative recurrence, none of the studied clinicopathological parameters (age, sex, pathological grade, tumor stage, and nodal stage) was significantly associated with recurrence (all p>0.05). The nuclear-cytoplasmic maspin expression was significantly higher in pR- patients (p=0.018), while higher Ki-67 PI and CD105-assesed MVD were significantly correlated with pR+ group (p= 0.007 & p = 0.004 respectively). Conclusion: The present results suggest that absence of nuclear localization of maspin and high Ki-67 PI and CD105-assessed MVD may predict a higher risk of recurrence in laryngeal SCC patients.

[Mona G. Shafeek, Mona M. EL-Sayed, Mohammad R. Ahmad and Wael Fawzy. Expression of Maspin, KI-67 and CD105 as Predictors of Postoperative Recurrence in Laryngeal Carcinoma: perioperative planning and proposed reconstructive tools. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):476-484]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: carcinoma, larynx, maspin, nuclear, Ki-67, CD105, recurrence

Full Text

56

57

Environmental Studies of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Using Integrated Anaerobic/Aerobic System

^*Talaat A. Hegazy, M. A. Abdel-Magied, A. Al-Asmar, and M. S. Ibrahim

 Mansoura University, Damietta Branch, Faculty of Science, Environmental Sciences Department, EGYPT

^*talaat_hegazy@mans.edu.eg

Abstract: Conventional aerobic technologies based on activated sludge processes are dominantly applied for the treatment of domestic wastewater due to the high efficiency achieved, the possibility for nutrient removal and the high operational flexibility. Anaerobic pre-treatment of domestic wastewater can serve a viable and cost-effective alternative due to its relatively low construction and operational cost, operational simplicity, low production of excess sludge, production of energy in form of biogas and applicability in small and large scales. A viable alternative is the sequential anaerobic–aerobic systems. The performance of the integrated anaerobic/aerobic wastewater treatment system (AAWTS) for domestic wastewater treatment has been investigated. The domestic wastewater and activated sludge were collected from Ras El-Bar wastewater treatment plant. The overall removal efficiency of the suggested system, is in the order TSS < TN < BOD < Cl^- = TDS < COD < NH₃.The deficiency of the applied AAWTS may be due to the limiting effect of salts on the biological treatment of saline influents.

[Talaat A. Hegazy, M. A. Abdel-Magied, A. Al-Asmar, and M. S. Ibrahim. Environmental Studies of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Using Integrated Anaerobic/Aerobic System. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):485-492]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: Biological treatment, domestic wastewater, sludge, anaerobic/aerobic system, BOD and COD

Full Text

57

58

H₂/H_∞ Controller Design for Singular Perturbation Systems

Fatemeh Jamshidi ¹, Afshin Shaabany ¹ 

¹ Islamic Azad University, Fars Science and Research Branch, Shiraz, Iran

Fjamshidi59@yahoo. com, afshinshy@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this paper the synthesis of logic-based switching H₂/H_∞ state-feedback controller for singular perturbation systems is considered that achieves a minimum bound on the H₂ performance level, while satisfying the prescribed H_∞ performance. The proposed hybrid control scheme is based on a fuzzy supervisor which manages the combination of two controllers. A convex LMI- based formulation of the two fast and slow subsystem controllers leads to a structure that ensures a good performance in both the transient and the steady state phase. It is shown that the system with the proposed controller remains globally stable despite the configuration (controller) changing.

[Fatemeh Jamshidi, Afshin Shaabany. H₂/H_∞ Controller Design for Singular Perturbation. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):493-499]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: Singular perturbation system; Fuzzy supervisor; Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI); Switching H₂/H_∞ control.

Full Text

58

59

Politics and Education: A case study of political participation of women in Iran

Seyedeh Nosrat Shojaei¹, Ku Hasnita Ku Samsu (Corresponding Author), Hossein Asayesh  

Department of Politics & Government, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia. nosrat2007@yahoo.com

Abstract: This article studies the structural obstacles of women’s political participation in Iran. The objective of the study has been achieved by answering the question; how structural factors (Education and knowledge) act as obstacles to women's participation in top political positions in Iran? A qualitative case study method is used in the paper and the primary data are collected mainly through in-depth interviews with five informants by using purposive technique. The analysis of the study is supported by resources theory. The findings of the article suggested that inadequate intellectual resources act as the structural obstacles of Iranian women in politics.

[Seyedeh Nosrat Shojaei, Ku Hasnita Ku Samsu, Hossein Asayesh Department of Politics & Government, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):500-505]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: political participation, women, Iran, educational obstacles, resources theory

Full Text

59

60

Effect of Social Capital on welfare of Rural Households in South-western States, Nigeria

Authors: Balogun, Olubunmi. Lawrence and Suliamon. Adesina Yusuf 

Address: Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

Correspondence E-mail:            blarrybunmi@yahoo.com

Telephone number:               +23480238441788

Abstract: This study conducted an empirical investigation on the effects of social capital on welfare of rural households in the southwestern, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was employed.  The data for the study were collected with the aid of structured questionnaires from three hundred and ninety nine households in Ekiti and Osun states. The data were analyzed using descriptive and regression techniques. The average age of the households head in the study areas was 41.3 years. Households belong to at least two associations and the most important one is religion association. Average household size is 5.0 members and has about 66.7 percent index of participation. However, the level of heterogeneity index is 54.7 percent while meeting attendance index of the households represents halves of the maximum recorded. Cash contribution index is surprisingly low with value of 16.8 percent while labour contribution index is 66.3 percent and with mean social capital value of 15.21. The result of regression show that location, marital status, household size, primary occupation cash contribution index and heterogeneity index of households significantly impacted welfare.  The use of instrumental variable lead to an increase in the value of adjustment R² from 0.2302 to 0.2564 compared with the use of the actual social capital index. Policy that enhances better strong social ties of poor households is recommended for poverty alleviation.

[Balogun, Olubunmi. Lawrence and Suliamon. Adesina Yusuf. Effect of Social Capital on welfare of Rural Households in South-western States, Nigeria. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):506-514]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: Social Capital, Households welfare, Instrumental variable, South west, Nigeria

Full Text

60

61

Identifying Contexts of Application of Electronic Education in Training of Youth Rural in Ilam Province, Iran

S.Jamal Farajollah Hosseini ¹, Farhad Lashgarara ², Azam Sanjabi ³

 ^{1, 2, 3.} Department of Agricultural Extension, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

f_lashgarara@srbiau.ac.ir

Abstract: Rural youth are only producer of future in providing the raw materials and food and industrial, productions in society. Youth are most number in society in terms of unfavorable living and less of suitable state of Training and improvement naturally; they could not advanced producer to progress agriculture sector. Rural youth immigrated to cities in result of unemployment and loss of training the cities have problem with rural emigration. The new technologies in rural area causes that youth can provide education needs. For this purpose, this research is accomplished with The Feasibility of E- learning Application for Training rural youth in the City of Ilam. It is applied research and research method is correlation. Questionnaire is main instrument in research and to study the observing research instrument, guide professor and experts and advisors got questionnaire. For the measure of questionnaire constant we take primary test with 20 questions and Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient is calculated 87 percent. Statistical population of research is 7950 people of Ilam rural youth. According to Cochran formula 150 people are sample number and with helping of class accidental sampling method is selected best descent statistical analysis is done with Spssversion12 computer software. Descriptive conclusion of this research is presented that social and economic factors are most effective factor in performance of E-learning. Training and searching factors are less effect in performance of e-learning. Results of regression analysis presented that social and training factor are most effects in E-learning for rural youth.

 [S.Jamal Farajollah Hosseini , Farhad Lashgarara , Azam Sanjabi. Department of Agricultural Extension, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):515-519]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: E-learning; rural youth; electronic education; training

Full Text

61

62

 Determining Causal Model Role of ICTs in Improving Food Security of Iran's Rural Households

Farhad Lashgarara ¹, S. Mehdi Mirdamadi², S.Jamal Farajollah Hosseini ³ 

^{1, 2, 3.} Department of Agricultural Extension, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

f_lashgarara@srbiau.ac.ir

Abstract: Access to desirable, sufficient, safe and nutritious food is one of the basic components of the development and health of a society. Information and communications technologies (ICTs) represent an important strategy that can be used in attaining food security. The main purpose of this research, performed in 2006-2007, was to identify the effectiveness of ICTs in improving food security of Iran's rural households. A descriptive methodology was applied in this research, through questionnaires. The statistical population for the study included 253 agricultural extension experts; from this population, 170 persons were selected. The results showed that, according to the experts’ point of view, the situation of food security in Iran's rural households was unfavorable, but that ICTs could play an important role in improving this situation. The results of stepwise regressions showed that providing information about food, increasing food production, helping to market agricultural products, considering clientele needs, improving interactions and communications, ensuring appropriate ICTs, providing access to old technology and accessing the content of this type of technology, were determined to account for 78% of the variance of the food security of Iran's rural households. Moreover, the path analysis technique demonstrated that the improvement of interactions and communications had the greatest influence on determining the causal model of improving food security of Iran's rural households (β =0.992).

[Farhad Lashgarara, S. Mehdi Mirdamadi, S.Jamal Farajollah Hosseini.  Department of Agricultural Extension, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):520-525]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Key words: Information and communications technologies, food security, rural households, Iran

Full Text

62

63

Predicting manpower productivity promotion factors in Guilan University of Medical Sciences using Structural Equation Modeling (Iran)

Dr. Fardin Mehrabian 

Assistant Professor, health School, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran (Corresponding author). Email: mehrabian@gums.ac.ir. Tel: 00981313240880

Abstract: Manpower productivity issues have attracted increasing interest among researchers during the last decade. There are various factors affecting human resources productivity. This study elaborated the human resources productivity promotion factors in Guilan University of Medical Sciences using structural equation modeling. The research was cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical. The study was carried out in two stages during three month of fall season in 2009. In quality stages of research, 45 specialists in management were involved. In the quantity stage, 321 members of the faculty, educational and human resources experts affiliated to Guilan University of Medical Sciences were selected and the data has been collected using the questionnaires. Expert panel has been used for content validity and exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed for construct validity. Finally, path analysis carried out in order to identify human productivity promotion factors. Manpower productivity promotion factors identified in path analysis were included organizational culture with 0.51 path coefficient, motivational factors with 0.25 path coefficients, environmental status with 0.17 path coefficient, faculty  member's empowerment with 0.11 path coefficient and leadership style with 0.08 path coefficient. The results indicated that organizational culture, motivational factors, environmental conditions, empowerment and leadership style were the most important human productivity factors for Guilan University of Medical Sciences.

[Fardin Mehrabian, Predicting manpower productivity promotion factors in Guilan University of Medical Sciences using Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):526-532]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: manpower productivity, path analysis, structural equations modeling, Guilan University of Medical Sciences

Full Text

63

64

 Bit-Interleaved Turbo-Coded over Wireless Channels

Afshin Shaabany ¹, Fatemeh Jamshidi ¹

 ¹ Islamic Azad University, Fars Science and Research Branch, Shiraz, Iran

afshinshy@yahoo.com, Fjamshidi59@yahoo. com

Abstract: This paper presents an improved version of bit-interleaved turbo-coded modulation (BITCM) scheme designed for bandwidth efficient transmission over wireless channels. The proposed scheme consists to apply signal space diversity (SSD) to conventional BITCM and a rotated modulation. At the receiver side, an iterative demapping and decoding is proposed in order to optimize the error performance. Simulation results carried out on 2 bit/s/Hz 64-QAM BITCM indicate that is possible to obtain a gain exceeding 0.5 dB at a BER = 10^-7 compared to the classical 64-QAM BITCM scheme. It is also shown that, the error floor can be significantly lowered using SSD technique at a little cost in terms of system's complexity.

[Afshin Shaabany, Fatemeh Jamshidi. Bit-Interleaved Turbo-Coded over Wireless Channels. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):533-537]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: BICM, DVB-RCS turbo code, signal space diversity, iterative demapping, error floor, wireless channels

Full Text

64

65

Analysis of P53 Gene Mutations in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Egyptian Spray Workers Exposed to Multiple Pesticides

Mohamed A. Noaishi ¹, Mostafa M.M. Afify² and Samir H. Haggag³ 

¹Department of Mammalian Toxicology, Central Agricultural Pesticides Lab (CAPL), Ministry of Agriculture

²Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Bani Sweif University, Egypt

³Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Center (NRC)

Abstract: The advanced research of the molecular genetic toxicology is focused on the fundamental molecular mechanisms involved the risk of mutations in genes related tumor. Mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene plays an important role in the development of common human malignancies. Previous reports revealed that the tumor suppressor gene p53 is considered to be the most frequently mutated gene in human tumors. The present study was designed to investigate the association among three factors, which focusing on occupational exposure to pesticides, aging and smoking habit and their effect on p53 gene mutation in fresh blood lymphocytes of workers occupationally exposed to a mixture of pesticides in outdoor fields in El-Fayoum governorate, Egypt. Because p53 gene mutation is associated with many factors not one factor effects on the result but may be many factors affect on this result. So we used a multiple Linear Regression statistical test to give the effect of each factor individual as well as the interaction among these factors and the results showed that there was a significant Linear Regression of p53 mutations with age and smoking factors with (P = 0.005) and (P = 0.002) respectively but there is no significant with pesticide exposure factor (P = 0.528). P53 genetic mutation occurs relatively with age after 40 years old and the workers in any occupation when they are smokers will be prone to P53 gene mutations than other environmental factors. In conclusion, PCR-“cold” SSCP is a rapid and sensitive method for identifying p53 genetic mutation and useful as biomarker but at least should be used with many other biomarker tests to give a clear picture about environmental genotoxicity.

[Mohamed A. Noaishi, Mostafa M.M. Afify and Samir H. Haggag. Analysis of P53 Gene Mutations in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Egyptian Spray Workers Exposed to Multiple Pesticides. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):538-543]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Key Words: Occupationally exposed, Pesticides, Age, Smoking, p53, SSCP

Full Text

65

66

 Assessment of Sport Practice among Adolescent School Students and Its Effect on Perceived Health in Sharkia Governorate –Egypt

Shereen Eassa^*1, Sohair A Hagag¹ and Ghada Sanad Nageeb ² 

Community Medicine and Public Health¹ &rheumatology and physiotherapy²  Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

^{*shereeneassa@yahoo.com}

Abstract: Sedentary lifestyle is a major contributing factor to increasing health problems among adolescents. Inactive youth have a high probability of becoming obese adults with increased risk for coronary heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes. This study aimed to assess the frequency of practice of adolescent students towards sport practice, to study some of the risk factors that affect sport practice and to measure the subjective direct and indirect effects of sports participation on perceived health. The sample was selected by multistage simple random sample technique from students of preparatory and secondary schools. The tool in our study was questionnaire which was included data about practice of sports and its association to socioeconomic condition, some lifestyle factors, knowledge, attitude, , the direct and indirect effect on perceived health, then we measured body weight and height of the students and calculated their Body Mass Index. Obtained data revealed that 81.8% our sample practice sports but the majority of them with low level of practice 75.2%, study work were the most barriers against practicing sports 29.4% while fun and social role were the most common motives (30.5%& 23.5%respectively).  Low levels of knowledge, attitude as well as negative perception of health & high level of anxiety, feeling depression and psych-physiological score were significant among those not practice sports. In addition; smoking, obesity, female sex  were significant associated with non practice of sports. In conclusion; feeling anxiety, depression, negative attitude, low level of father and mother education  were the most common predictor factors of not practice sport, so we recommend health education programs, social mobilization to eliminate barriers and increase motives toward sport practice and incorporated more students into sports programs into schools or community.

[Shereen Eassa, Sohair A Hagag and Ghada Sanad Nageeb . Assessment of Sport Practice among Adolescent School Students and Its Effect on Perceived Health in Sharkia Governorate –Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(3):544-551]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.