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Productivity in Private and Public Food Industries of Iran

¹Ahmad Afrooz*, ²Khalid B Abdul Rahim,

¹Economics Department of Payam  Noor University, Iran

² Faculty Of Economics And Management, University Putra Malaysia

alisq2008@yahoo.com

Abstract: One of Iran’s most important industries is food industries that has a large effect on Iranian economy. The number of public food industries has decreased from 246 units in 1995 to 127 units in 2006. On the other hand the number of private food industries has increased from 1636 units in 1995 to 2077 units in 2006. Due to these changes in ownership this paper examined the labor productivity and total productivity in private and public food industries of Iran in 1995-2006 period. The results show that, unlike the normal theory where the private sector is always better, labor productivity and total factor productivity in public sectors of food industries were higher than private sectors industries over the period. The main responses for this inconsistency are due to higher wages, higher capital per worker and lower women employees in public sector against private sectors of food industries.

[Ahmad Afrooz, Khalid B Abdul Rahim. Productivity in Private and Public Food Industries of Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):1-6]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Public Sector, Private Sector Labor Productivity, Total Productivity, Privatization, Food Industry

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Efficiency of Different Biocontol Agents on both  Susceptible and Resistant Bean Plants and their Protein  Pattern Consequences

Ayman A. Farrag

Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

dardear2002@yahoo.com

Abstract: Five Streptomyces Spp. namely St. albadncus, St. vastus, St. griseoplanus, St. murinus and St. lydicus were screened for their efficiency to control Rhizoctonia solani root rot pathogen in vitro. Results proved that Streptomyces lydicus was the most potent biocontrol agents against the fungal pathogen tested. However, the experiment was conducted to a greenhouse to investigate the differences in protein pattern between resistant and susceptible varieties of bean plants in response to biological control to investigate the mechanism of pathogen related protein in pathogenicity. Results in vivo showed that the biocotol used obviously reduced the infection percentage up on susceptible bean variety down to 94/22 and for resistant variety to 39/6. Accordingly, the growth parameters also revealed that the response of the susceptible plants were generally more than that of the resistant one. Interestingly, results of protein pattern clarify that the highest protein bands as well as the unique bands were only detected in both susceptible control and resistant infected bean plants treated with the biocontol agent respectively. Furthermore, the genetic distance (GD) results revealed that the highest GD was detected also between the two mentioned treatments. In addition, the data obtained from the genetic similarity of protein pattern proved that the lowest similarity was also between both the susceptible control and resistant infected bean plants treated with biocontol agent respectively. Amazingly, the highest genetic similarity of protein pattern was detected  between both susceptible infected bean plants treated with biocontrol and resistant control one. Finally, our results suggested that there are a great similarity between the susceptible infected variety treated with biocontrol agent and the resistant control untreated variety but not between the resistant infected variety treated with biocontrol agent and the susceptible control untreated variety. This may also give an impression that the pathogen resistant protein (PR) works independently in the susceptible plants but works dependently in the resistant one.

[Ayman A. Farrag. Efficiency of Different Biocontol Agents on both  Susceptible and Resistant Bean Plants and their Protein Pattern Consequences. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):7-14]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Biological control; Streptomyces Spp.; Phaseolus vulgaris; Electrophoresis protein pattern

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Technological and biological effects of sodium meta-bisulfite and ascorbic acid on solar dried sheeted tomato

Gamil F. Bareh¹, A. A. Shouk¹ and Salwa M Kassem²

¹ Food Technology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

² Cell Biology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

ekrams@hotmail.com

Abstract: Sodium meta-bisulphite (SMBS) and ascorbic acid (AA) were added during the processing of solar dried sheeted tomato. SMBS and AA were added to concentrated juice before drying in concentrations 0.67, 0.167and 0.335 g/L for SMBS while it was 0.110, 0.220 and 0.330g/L for AA. Colour attributes, sensory evaluation and biological evaluation were studied. The obtained results showed that both SMBS and AA improved the final product quality regarding colour and general appearance. The biological studies revealed that SMBS induced chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow and spermatocytes cells especially the concentrations of 0.335g/L. Also, ascorbic acid (0.330 g/L) induced chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow and spermatocytes more than control sample. The effect of SMBS was higher than that of ascorbic acid. Finally, it could be concluded that SMBS had adverse and undesirable effect regardless of its technological advantages.

[Gamil F. Bareh, A. A. Shouk¹ and Salwa M Kassem. Technological and biological effects of sodium meta-bisulfite and ascorbic acid on solar dried sheeted tomato. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):15-21]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: tomato, sheets bone marrow, aberrations, sodium meta-bisulphite, ascorbic acid.

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The Contribution of Agricultural Cooperatives on Poverty Reduction: A Case Study of Marvdasht, Iran

Fatemeh Allahdadi

 Dept. of Organizational and Industrial Psychology,

Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch

faaref@yahoo.com

Abstract: The major objective of this paper is to emphasize the roles of agricultural cooperatives on poverty reduction in Marvdasht, Iran. Agricultural cooperatives can be significant economic players that contribute to sustained economic growth. The cooperatives provide the opportunity for poor farmers to raise their incomes and they are democracies empowering rural people to own their own solutions. The findings of this study found that agricultural cooperatives activities are seasonal and limits to provide some goods and services for farmers. This study also indicates some of the barriers of agricultural cooperatives in rural area of Marvdasht, Iran.

[Fatemeh Allahdadi. The contribution of agricultural cooperatives in poverty reduction: A case study of Marvdasht, Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):22-25]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: agricultural cooperative, rural development, poverty reduction

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Social dimensions of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) diffusion in rural communities in developing countries

Mohammad Abedi¹ and Sharareh Khodamoradi²

¹Department of Agricultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

²Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

*Corresponding author: skhodamoradi2007@yahoo.com

Abstract: In rural Internet and other information communication technologies (ICT) are mainly used by young, educated, well paid and urban consumers. Elderly, low-educated, low-paid and rural residents are among those who use the Internet the least. In our post-modern network society they are at the risk of social exclusion. This paper is aimed at the analysis of ICT diffusion in rural communities of Lithuania, exploring the main social patterns of diffusion and characteristics of rural Internet users. The study is based on focus group discussions and questionnaire-based survey of Lithuanian rural residents. The paper discusses types of change agents involved in the processes of ICT diffusion in rural communities and the main motives for using the Internet. It also explores the impact of ICT on ways of private communication and communication with relevant public authorities, discusses both positive and negative attitudes to ICT use in everyday life activities.

[Mohammad Abedi and Sharareh Khodamoradi. Social dimensions of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) diffusion in rural communities in developing countries. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):26-30]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), rural communities, developing countries

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Effects Of Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadensis) Aqueous Leaf Extract On Testicular Weight, Sperm Count And Motility Of Adult Male Sprague-Dawley Rats.

Oyewopo A.O.¹, Oremosu A.A.², Akang E.N.², Noronha C.C.², And Okanlawon A.O.²

 ¹ Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin

² Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos

Address correspondence to Akang, Edidiong N.  e-mail: eltyeddy@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Aloe Vera has been widely reported for its numerous medicinal effects but little is known of its effects on the reproductive organs. This study investigated the effects of Aloe Vera aqueous leaf extract on testicular weight and semen parameters of Sprague-Dawley rats. Twenty- four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 130-150 grams were divided into 4 groups. The experimental groups; B, C and D received oral doses of 30 mg/kg, 70 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of Aloe Vera respectively; while, the control (Group A) received equal volume of distilled water for the duration of a complete spermatogenic cycle. The rats were sacrificed on the 57^th day, the testes excised, weighed and processed for microscopic examination. The results showed that sperm count of rats that received 70 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of Aloe Vera extract decreased significantly when compared with the control. However the decrease in sperm motility and testicular weight was not statistically significant across the groups. These results suggest that Aloe Vera has potential antifertility effects in the male rat.

[Oyewopo A.O., Oremosu A.A., Akang E.N., Noronha C.C., And Okanlawon A.O. Effects Of Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadensis) Aqueous Leaf Extract On Testicular Weight, Sperm Count And Motility Of Adult Male Sprague-Dawley Rats. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):31-34]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.  

KEYWORDS: Aloe Vera, testicular weight, sperm count, sperm motility

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An Investigation on Fuzzy Numbers

Afshin Shaabany ¹, Fatemeh Jamshidi ¹

 ¹ Islamic Azad University, Fars Science and Research Branch, Shiraz, Iran

afshinshy@yahoo.com, Fjamshidi59@yahoo. com

Abstract: Ranking fuzzy numbers plays an important role in a fuzzy decision making process. However, fuzzy numbers may not be easily ordered into one sequence due to the overlap between fuzzy numbers. A new approach is introduced to detect the overlapped fuzzy numbers based on the concept of similarity measure incorporating the preference of the decision maker into the fuzzy ranking process. Numerical examples and comparisons with other method are straight forward and are practically capable of comparing similar fuzzy numbers. The proposed method is an absolute Ranking and no pair wise comparison of fuzzy numbers is necessary. Furthermore, through some examples discussed in this work, it is proved that the proposed method possesses several good characteristics as compared to the other comparable methods examined in this work.

[Afshin Shaabany, Fatemeh Jamshidi. An Investigation on Fuzzy Numbers. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):35-41]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: Fuzzy numbers; Fuzzy ranking; Decision making

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Role of Knowledge Management in Performance of the Forest, Rangeland, and Watershed Organization's managers in Iran

Farhad Lashgarara ¹, Syamak Zafarmoradian ², Mohammad Hossein Razaghi ³

 ^{1, 2, 3.} Department of Agricultural Extension, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

f_lashgarara@srbiau.ac.ir

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of knowledge management in performance of the country's forest, rangeland, and watershed organization's managers. This is applied and non-experimental (descriptive) research. The methodology of research is correlation. Questionnaire is main instrument in research. Statistical population in this study was 300 executives of the Forest, Rangeland and Watershed of country; based on census, 239 respondents have completed the sent questionnaires. For measuring study tool's validity the questionnaire was given to researchers, experts, and the organization's managers associated with the subject in the ministry of Agricultural organization, and a primary-test by completing 30 questionnaires and for measuring reliability, the questionnaire was taken and the Cronnbach alpha coefficient was 84 percent. The results showed that the organization's managers familiarity with knowledge management was weak and In regarding the prioritizing dimensions of knowledge management, identifying knowledge was in highest priority. Multiple regression results showed that using knowledge, preserving knowledge and acquiring knowledge variables determined 31.5% the performance of managers of the country's forest, rangeland, and watershed organization.

[Farhad Lashgarara, Syamak Zafarmoradian, Mohammad Hossein Razaghi. Department of Agricultural Extension, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):42-45]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: knowledge management, knowledge, managers, performance

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Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):46-50]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 5

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Role of Some Insects in Transmission Some Apple Orchard Diseases in Egypt

Shadia E. Abd El-Aziz¹, N.Y. Abd El-Ghafar² and E.M.Embaby^3*

 ^1. Pests & Plant Protection Dept., National Research Centre

^2. Plant Pathology Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams Univ.

^3. Plant Pathology Dept., National Research Centre, Egypt

*embaby.elsayed@yahoo.com

Abstract: Insects are probably the most important agents for spreading certain pathogenic diseases. Honeybee, Apis mellifera and rose chafer beetle, Epicometic (Tropinota) squalida played an important role to disseminate plant pathogenic diseases. Isolation from diseased apple orchard trees  (Malus domestica) at EL-Nobaria location, Behira Governorate, Egypt, resulted that, three bacterial genera i.e. Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas syringae, P. cichurii and Planococcus spp., in addition the fungus Monilinia mali were isolated and identified from infected apple samples. Erwinia amylovora and P. syringae were the most frequency than others which recorded 30%, followed by M. mali fungus which gaves 20%. Both P. cichurii and Planococcus spp. were the  less frequency and each occurred with 10%. Honeybee (Apis mellifera) and rose chafer (E. squalida) insects were more efficacy to borne and transfer M. mali fungus, E. amylovora and P. syringae as externally than internally. Population of these pathogens and percentage of contaminated insects were more effective during February and March than April. A. mellifera was more efficacy than E. squalida to transmit bacterial pathogens compared with pathogenic fungus. Meanwhile, E. squalida was more efficacy than A. mellifera to transmit pathogenic fungus than bacteria.  However, insects were the most efficacious to transfer all tested pathogens mechanically. A. mellifera was more effective than E. squalida to transmit all tested pathogens.

[Shadia E. Abd El-Aziz, N.Y. Abd El-Ghafar and E.M.Embaby. Role of Some Insects in Transmission Some Apple Orchard Diseases in Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):51-59]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keywords: Apple diseases, Erwinia amylovora; Pseudomonas syringae bacteria; Monilinia mali fungus; Apis mellifera;  Epicometic  squalida; insects

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Moisture-Dependent Dielectric Properties of Pea and Black-Eyed Pea

Mahmoud Soltani, Reza Alimardani

 Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. *mahmoodsoltani39@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this paper, a cylindrical capacitor was used to measure dielectric constant of seeds. By measuring the dielectric constant, the moisture content of grains may be predicted. Change in dielectric constant of pea and black eyed-pea was investigated as a function of moisture content. Results showed that dielectric constant was highly depended on moisture content at all frequencies. The best results were obtained at 1 MHz frequency for pea and black-eyed pea with R² of 0.994 and 0.999 respectively. This frequency could be used to calibrate the instrument for measuring the moisture content of pea and black eyed-pea.

[Mahmoud Soltani, Reza Alimardani Moisture dependent dielectric properties of Pea and Black-Eyed Pea. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):60-64]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: dielectric constant, Instrumentation, Moisture content, seed

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An LMI Approach to Design Dynamic Output Feedback Control for Stochastic Hybrid Systems

Fatemeh Jamshidi ¹, Afshin Shaabany ¹

 ¹ Islamic Azad University, Fars Science and Research Branch, Shiraz, Iran

Fjamshidi59@yahoo. com, afshinshy@yahoo.com

Abstract: This paper deals with the stabilization of a class of uncertain stochastic hybrid systems. The uncertainties are norm bounded type. Under the complete access to the system mode a dynamic output feedback controller that makes the closed-loop dynamics of this class of systems regular, impulse-free and stochastically stable is designed. The state space matrices of this controller are the solution of some linear matrix inequalities (LMIs).

[Fatemeh Jamshidi, Afshin Shaabany. An LMI Approach to Design Dynamic Output Feedback Control for Stochastic Hybrid Systems. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):65-70]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Stochastic systems; Stabilization; Dynamic output feedback control; LMI.

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Influence of Some Rootstocks on the Performance of Red Globe Grape Cultivar

Rizk-Alla, M.S.; Sabry, G. H. and Abd El-Wahab, M.A.

Viticulture Dept., Hort. Res. Instit., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt

mohamedabdelaziz2003@yahoo.com

Abstract: This investigation was conducted for three successive seasons (2008, 2009 and 2010) in a private vineyard located at El-Khatatba, Menoufiya governorate; to study the growth, yield and fruit quality of Red Globe grape cultivar grafted onto some rootstocks; Dogridge, Salt creek, Freedom, Harmony, and Paulsen 1103 in addition to own-rooted vines. The chosen vines were five-year-old, grown in a sandy loam soil, spaced at 2 X 3 meters apart, irrigated by the drip irrigation system, cane-pruned and trellised by the Spanish Parron system. The results showed that all rootstocks especially Dogridge, Salt creek and Freedom were effective in increasing the yield and its components, ensuring the best physical properties of bunches, improving the physical and chemical characteristics of berries, achieving the best vegetative growth parameters (i.e. average shoot diameter, average shoot length, average number of leaves/ shoot, average leaf area, total leaf area/vine, coefficient of wood ripening and weight of prunings) and increasing leaf content of total chlorophyll and percentages of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as well as cane content of total carbohydrates in comparison with the non grafted vines. The economical study indicated that Red Globe grapevines grafted on Dogridge, Salt creek, Freedom, Harmony, and Paulsen 1103 rootstocks gave the maximum net profit compared with the own-rooted vines.

[Rizk-Alla, M.S.; Sabry, G. H. and Abd El-Wahab, M.A. Influence of Some Rootstocks on the Performance of Red Globe Grape Cultivar. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):71-81]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: rootstocks, grafted, vines, Red Globe Grape.

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The Methods Of Human Behavior Control In Traffic Control

Qing Zhao¹ ,Jing Chen¹ , Jianjun Shi¹

¹ Department of Transportation Engineering ,Beijing University of Technology, Chaoyang Dist100124, Beijing, China. zhaoqing1202@gmail.com

Abstract: Achieving better traffic control is always an enduring issue during these years, however a reasonable answer for this issue has not been got due to a number of factors that are involved in this issue and the complexity of the transport system itself. The key of traffic control is defining person as the object of traffic control, rather than car and traffic lights. Traffic control really works only when the implementation of traffic control could make the traveler’s behavior more rational and safer and further format the more safe and effective traffic environment. Therefore, it is critical to undertake a study of human behavior control in traffic control. This study clarified the definition of human behavior in the field of traffic control and conducted a discussion on the controllability of human behavior in order to introduce a concept of traffic behavior control. In addition, according to the application of behavior in other subjects, ‘Traffic Man’ which is the object of traffic behavior control was introduced and the characteristics of this concept were also be analyzed in this study. Consequently, the main methods of human behavior traffic control were obtained based on the relationship of consciousness and behavior, the aspect of traffic behavior’s feedback as well as traffic demand respectively.

[Qing Zhao ,Jing Chen, Jianjun Shi. The Methods Of Human Behavior Control In Traffic Control. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):82-87]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: traffic behavior；traffic behavior control;‘Traffic man’; traffic behavior consciousness；traffic behavior control method

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Reviews the most important factors in improving criteria of rural women's empowerment

¹ Ali Badragheh, ² Mohammad Abedi

^{1, 2} Department of Environment, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: Rural women’s financial self-reliance has many social & economic influence as it made them self-sufficiency, it changes economic behavior and it makes women independent, it will be effective in economic development in family & society , it also improve the women’s roles in society and it causes self-confidence in women , it builds family strength and it causes to respect the women rights more than before and women will become equal with men in all their rights, of course we won’t have patriarchy in the family . The women’s empowerment in the rural society will increase because of all the aspects of rural women’s self-reliance and their position will be confirmed.  By the activities such as promotional services for increasing the rural women’s skills in various fields and by increasing the rural women’s knowledge in social, politic, cultural and economic fields and by using micro-credit plans for motivate and support women in economic development and their self-reliance, we can increase the rural women’s empowerment.

[Ali Badragheh and Mohammad Abedi. Reviews the most important factors in improving criteria of rural women's empowerment. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):88-92]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: self-reliance, empowerment

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The General Equation Of Pipe To Soil Potential During Humidity Change By The Use Of Both Soil Factor and Protection Current For Pipe – Soil – Earth System

Ashraf Abdel Raouf Mohamed Fouad Ahmed

Ashrafahmed9000@yahoo.com

Abstract: For pipe-soil-earth system, the buried pipe line segment with soil surrounding medium could be simulated electrically by an electric circuit where the system is subjected to the law: charge = capacitance × voltage between the pipe surface and remote earth. This is where each of circuit electric parameter (electrolytic stray capacitor between pipe & earth, the stray potential across the stray capacitor, surface charge and the protection current of the cathodic protection system passed through the pipe segment ) could be obtained by an equation which is function of the measured electrochemical properties of the soil (soil factor), 4^th degree polynomial at room temperature but the A's constants are different for each electric quantity .These constants of each equation (A's) considered to be as a print of such pipe-soil-earth system . The useful of these prints is to obtain complete electrical data correlated with many cathodic protection levels.  One of the most critical problems in CP systems is the effect of a sudden change of the soil humidity around the protected pipe line. The behavior of the protection current demand of the pipe-soil-earth system during the change of the electrochemical properties of the soil could be plotted as protection current print which will be always valid in all times as the pipe-soil-earth system is maintained and without any external interference. In other words, if the system is subjected to humidity change, there will be another new protection current demand with new print for this pipe-soil-earth system to keep the pipe cathodically protected. Of course, as a result of humidity change, the pipe to soil potential will be changed. This paper tries to calculate segmental pipe to soil potential along the pipe line without the need of both the test point and Cu/CuSO₄ half cell by a general equation of the pipe to soil potential which is function of both the segmental protection current and the soil factor around the pipe segment during such humidity change.

[Ashraf Abdel Raouf Mohamed Fouad Ahmed. The General Equation Of Pipe To Soil Potential During Humidity Change By The Use Of Both Soil Factor and Protection Current For Pipe – Soil – Earth System. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):93-102]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Electrical study of pipe – soil – earth system

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Indigenous knowledge and need for integration with modern science

¹ Ali Badragheh, ² Mohammad Abedi

^{1, 2} Department of Environment, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract:   main reason for inattention for native knowledge in third world countries is that colonist countries don't pay any attention to the peoples' knowledge and information in these countries and always have reminded the people of these colonized countries as a stubborn, superstitious and retrogressive people . On the other hand, the colonist countries attention to industrial productions and agriculture policies has caused to promote industrial and single product agriculture which will influence the native farmer's knowledge about different productions and will make it inconspicuous. Also, colonized plans and imported extension programs have intensified the alienation of native knowledge . In the middle of 1980 decade, there was a new view" giving priority to farmer" that increased the attention to native knowledge.

[Ali Badragheh and Mohammad Abedi. Indigenous knowledge and need for integration with modern science. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):103-108]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: indigenous knowledge, modern science

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Increasing social participation of rural women through micro-credit

¹ Ali Badragheh, ² Mohammad Abedi

^{1, 2} Department of Environment, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: In all communities, rural women are considered as an important factor in achieving rural development goals and in fact are half of the manpower needed for rural development. However, in the rural community of Iran, there are gaps between the ruling class (capital owners) and villagers, between literate and illiterate, and between men and women. Especially in villages women have fewer possibilities in terms of investment and less power and credit. Role of rural women, over of men, is more influenced with different economic, social, cultural and ecologic factors. Rural women are considered as a noticeable potential in the community either directly (crops production, livestock, handicrafts, cottage industries) or indirectly by helping the agricultural sector (as labor). About 5.6 million women are involved in agricultural production, and activities related to planting... harvesting, preparation of animal food, and taking care of livestock and poultry and some certain activities related to trading and marketing are all different fields of rural women’s role and participation. Based on current statistics, women in rural area participate about 50% in conversion industries, 22% in producing crops and livestock, 75% in handicrafts and in areas related to planting…harvesting , respectively, 25, 24 and 4.26. And also in activities related to livestock, they handle 23% of livestock grazing, 42% of animal care and 100 percent of total poultry in the village.

[Ali Badragheh and Mohammad Abedi. Increasing social participation of rural women through microcredit. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):109-114]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: participation, rural women, micro-credit

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A Simulation Investigation on Impacts of Transportation Disruption for Vendor Managed Inventory Model and Traditional Inventory System

Afsaneh Noori Houshyar1, Soroush Avakh Darestani2, Azadeh Noori Hoshyar3, Muriati Mukhtar1, Riza Sulaiman1

1. Department of Industrial Computing, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43000, Malaysia

2. Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch, Iran

3. Department of Computer Science, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43000, Malaysia

A_nh86@yahoo.com

Abstract: Nowadays, Supply Chain Management (SCM) becomes an important issue and involves managing integrated information about product flow, improving efficiencies. One of the important issues of SC is implementing close coordination and relationship among its members. This paper considers two different approach of inventory management which called Traditional Inventory Management (TIM) and Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) and propose a simulation method to observe the impacts on system efficiency and average inventory level while a transportation disruption situation happened through supply chain comparing with a normal situation. The stimulated members of SC are such as Distributor and Manufacturer. The model supposed that Manufacturer as a producer member has two separate warehouses which called here Raw Material and Product inventories. The models were simulated for 34 months (12,000 hours) by five times replications. Likewise, a disruption is supposed about two months thorough transportation on supply chains. The results show that the reduction of efficiency for TIM model was 17% while for VMI it was obtained by 12% when the disruption occurred in SC. In this context, it can be concluded that VMI is less sensitive when disruption happened and TIM is more vulnerable rather than VMI. The  reason  belong  to  this  result  is  due  to  a  great  information  sharing  through  all  supply  chain  members. Furthermore, the fluctuation of average inventory level occurred much more on TIM rather than VMI. In proposed VMI model, manufacturer inventory (Product) experienced the largest fluctuation in its average inventory level and it is the most sensitive partner while disruption occurred. However, distributor member in TIM experienced the largest fluctuation in its average inventory level, therefore, it is the most sensitive member towards transportation disruption.

[Afsaneh Noori Houshyar, Soroush Avakh Darestani, Azadeh Noori Hoshyar, Muriati Mukhtar, Riza Sulaiman. A Simulation Investigation on Impacts of Transportation Disruption for Vendor Managed Inventory Model and Traditional Inventory System. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):115-133]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI), Supply Chain (SC), Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Simulation, Traditional Inventory Model (TIM), Transportation Disruption.

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Electrochemical Degradation of some Pesticides in Agricultural Wastewater

Abdel-Gawad S.A.^*1 , Omran K.  A.², Mokhatar M. M². and Baraka A. M. ¹

¹Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt

²Central Laboratory for Environmental Quality Monitoring (CLEQM), National Water Research Center (NWRC)

^{*soha.gawad@yahoo.com}

Abstract: This work deals with the possibility of using graphite electrodes for the electro-catalytic oxidation process of some pesticides (malathion, imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos). The graphite electrodes were used in the combined process in the presence of transition metals modified kaolin catalyst. The results of the electrolytic oxidation were expressed in term of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, which was determined instrumentally. The highest efficiency of COD removal was obtained in the presence of the transition metals modified kaolin catalyst. The different operating conditions of electro-catalytic oxidation process were studied which include: current density, pH, electrolysis time and initial pesticide concentration. The optimum operating conditions for the above mentioned electrode were determined.

[Abdel-Gawad  S.  A., Omran K.  A., Mokhatar M.  M. and Baraka A. M. Electrochemical Degradation of some Pesticides in Agricultural Wastewater.] Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):134-145]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Graphite electrode, electro-catalytic degradation transition metals modified kaolin catalyst, combined electrochemical oxidation, pesticides.

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A study on Required Characteristics of Effective Teachers in Entrepreneurship Education in Iran

Farhad Lashgarara

Department of Agricultural Extension, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

f_lashgarara@srbiau.ac.ir

Abstract: Entrepreneurship is a way an individual relates to his/her environment be the economic environment or the social environment. Hence, entrepreneurship is important for improve backwardness of the people, economic development of the region, eradication of regional imbalances and better economic gain. Independence, propensity to take risk, personal modernity is some of the characteristics of an entrepreneur. Some scholars argue that education and training need to be placed at the forefront of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship education is realized to be a mean of enhancing human capacity. Consequently, there is a great demand for education in all aspects of development. Agricultural education teachers have the knowledge and skills for preparing students to become entrepreneurs who will pass on knowledge to future generations through teaching and practicing the principles acquired at school. In addition, agriculture teachers have the potential to create awareness of entrepreneurship practices among students. The main purpose of this research is identification of required characteristics of effective teachers in entrepreneurship education in Iran.

[Farhad Lashgarara, Department of Agricultural Extension, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):146-150]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Characteristics, Effective, Agricultural teachers, Entrepreneurship

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A Study on Impacts on Global Warming on Sustainable Agriculture

   Farhad Lashgarara ¹, Nayyereh Karkeh Abadi ²

^{1, 2,}  Department of Agricultural Extension, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

f_lashgarara@srbiau.ac.ir

Abstract: Agriculture is a human activity that is intimately associated with climate. It is well known that the broad patterns of agricultural growth over long time scales can be explained by a combination of climatic, ecological and economics factors. Sustainable agriculture can be broken into three components: economic, environmental, and social. A major concern in the understanding of the impacts of climate change is the extent to which agriculture will be affected. Global climate change has become an important area of investigation in natural sciences and engineering, and irrigation has often been cited as an area in which climate change may be particularly important for decision- making.  Although climate change is expected to have a significant impact on water availability and irrigation requirements, the extend and effect on the water resources planning and management process remains largely unknown. Climate change has many effects on the hydrological cycle and thus, on water resources systems. Global warming could result in changes in water availability and demand, as well as in the redistribution of water resources, in the structure and nature of water consumption, and exasperate conflicts among water users. Impact of global warming on crop water requirements plays a role of paramount importance in assessing irrigation needs. The planning and design process needs to be sufficiently flexible to incorporate consideration of and responses to many possible climate impacts. The main factors that will influence the worth of incorporating climate change into the process are the level of planning, the reliability of the forecasting.

[Farhad Lashgarara, Nayyereh Karkeh Abadi.  Department of Agricultural Extension, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):151-156]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Warming, Global warming, Sustainable agriculture, Forecasting

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Improving Secondary Collection of Solid Waste: The Experience of Performance Based System in Lahore

Rizwan Hameed¹ ,  Shahida Nazir²   

¹Department of City and Regional Planning, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan (d_rizwan@hotmail.com)

²HEC Focal Person Office, Research Centre, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan (shahidams05@hotmail.com)

Abstract: Like cities of many developing countries, solid waste management in Lahore is a serious challenge and constrained by economic, institutional and operational factors. The Solid Waste Management Department (SWMD) of the City District Government Lahore (CDGL) initiated a performance based system (PBS) of secondary collection of waste with the view to improve the service and make effective use of the available resources. The paper provides an assessment of the new system using data regarding various aspects of waste collection service under the PBS and discussions with concerned officials. The analysis of data shows that there are signs of improvement both in terms of quantity of waste now lifted and brought to dumping site as well as the cost incurred on this service. The paper concludes that there is scope for replicating this system all across the city but certain aspects need to be given due consideration to ensure its smooth operation in the long run.

[Rizwan Hameed,  Shahida Nazir. Improving Secondary Collection of Solid Waste: The Experience of Performance Based System in Lahore. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):157-164]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Performance Based System (PBS); Solid Waste Management; Secondary Collection; City District Government; Lahore.

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Studying the Possible Impact of Agricultural Audiovisual

Programs on Farm Productivity

Farshad Parvizian

M.Sc., Eng., Department of Rural Development, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, Iran. Farshad48@yahoo.com

Abstract: Agricultural extension, which is essentially a message delivery system, has a major role to play in agricultural development. It serves as a source of advice and assistance for farmers to help them improving their production and marketing. The task of extension education is accomplished by different extension methods/media, which may come under individual, group and mass contacts. This paper investigates the possible impact that agricultural audiovisual programs could have on farm productivity. It is indicated that an agricultural information program via a combination of television broadcast and video group screening would be justifiable to the Government is a current agricultural extension activity. The article also assists the authorities in improving an agricultural development system to support current extension activities via audio-visual mass media.

[Farshad Parvizian. Studying the Possible Impact of Agricultural Audiovisual Programs on Farm Productivity. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):165-169]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Impact, Agriculture, Audiovisual Programs, Farm, Productivity

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Representation of Women’s Role in Iranian TV Series

Mehrdad Navabakhsh¹, Sayeh Bigdeli Ghomi²

^1.  PhD, Associate Professor, Department of sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, Iran

^2. PhD Student, Department of Communication Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, Iran

sayehbigdeli@yahoo.com

Abstract: The concept of representation has a central aspect in media studies. This concept is closely related to the efforts, which are done to draw reality`. Considering the importance of women in the family institution in Islamic Republic of Iran, one of the important tasks of Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) is strengthening the women status and improving the levels of community mental health for women. Three decades after the political revolution of 1978, the figure of the woman remains a pivotal point in the Iranian public discourse.

This article endeavors to unravel the dominant gender ideology of Iranian television by decoding one of its popular T.V series. It argues that this T.V series represents Iranian women as ‘otherization’ of the Western women. Furthermore, it argues that the hegemonic aspect of this T.V series has been able to win the trust of many Iranian viewers. It is theoretically based on the ‘theory of discourse’ developed by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe. The methodologies which have been applied in this study include textual analysis and in-depth interview. In this article the role of women in the most Iranian popular family series of television (Coma with 84/2 percent of viewers) has been evaluated by using content analysis techniques during the first six months of the year 2007.

[Mehrdad Navabakhsh, Sayeh Bigdeli Ghomi. Representation of Women’s Role in Iranian TV Series. Journal of Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):170-173]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Representation, Women`s Role, TV Series, Gender, Media

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Semantic processing of Arabic language

Maryam Al-Sadat Hoseini

M.Sc., Department of Arabic literature, Faculty of Literature and Foreign Languages, University of Al-Zahra, Tehran, Iran. m.hoseini1363@yahoo.com

Abstract: In spite of the fact that Arabic offers a well-studied theoretical and historical linguistic knowledge, unfortunately, it has so far received very little computational research and in particular on the level of logical compositional analysis. Furthermore representing Arabic sentences as logic programs has the facility of performing some semantic reasoning tasks on a code based on Arabic predicates. This work is therefore attempting to fill some essential aspects of this gap in introducing a logic-based compositional model covering fundamental issues involved in semantic analysis of Arabic sentences. The focus of attention is relying on studying the compositionality of important Arabic syntactical constituents and on extending the concept of the generalized natural language quantification to Generalized Arabic Quantifiers GAQ utilizing lambda-calculus and the type theoretical analysis of Arabic structure. Since semantic representation has to be compositional in natural language understanding systems this approach attempts to propose an element framework for developing more practical and intelligent Arabic natural language processing systems.

[Maryam Al-Sadat Hoseini. Semantic processing of Arabic language. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):174-178]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Semantic Processing; Arabic Language; Literature, Formalization, Verbs

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Identification of the Gaseous Zone Origins in Talkhab Area, Markazi Province, Iran

MostafaYousefirad¹, HamidehNoroozpour²

^1.  PhD, Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Payam-e-Noor University, Arak Center, Arak, Iran

^2. PhD Candidate, Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Tehran, Iran

M_Yousefirad@pnu.ac.ir

Abstract: This paper aims to determine the emission gaseous the Talkhab fault in Farahan (the Iranian village zone locating in (35 Km) north of Arak city). This area is situated at the boundary of the central Iran and Sanandaj–Sirjan zones. A method is described for the analysis of sulphur dioxide, a major contributor to air pollution on absorbing bottle equipped with a fritted glass bubler. The sample is collected in a dilute solution of H2O2 and analyzed as sulphate. The resultant acid is determined by acid-base titration. Base on chemical and geological studies liberated gas is SO2.This gas liberated by dissolution of litho logic units containing SO42 – ions by groundwater near the Talkhab fault.

[MostafaYousefirad, HamidehNoroozpour. Identification of the Gaseous Zone Origins in Talkhab Area, Markazi Province, Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):179-181]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Air sampling, Sulphur dioxide, Talkhab, Geology

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GIS Based Considerations for Development in Different Iranian Climatic Regions

Mortaza Tavakoli¹, Heshmat-All`ah Mahmoudian²

^1.  PhD, Faculty Member, Department of Geography, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran

^2. M.Sc. Student, Department of Geography, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.

Tavakoly52@gmail.com

Abstract: In order to develop a climate model for Iran, monthly mean climatic variables from 117 synoptic stations were obtained from the Iranian Meteorological Organization. These variables were reduced to six orthogonal factors using factor analysis. The stations were then divided into six groups using cluster analysis. Within each climatic group, the lowest and highest thresholds for each factor were identified. The factor scores of the stations within each factor were interpolated across the country applying Inverse Squared Distance Weight in the ArcGIS environment. Based on the factor scores, six conditional functions were defined to allocate each pixel to a region. In order to simplify the models, one index variable was substituted for each factor. Then, through Discriminant Analysis, the constants and coefficients of the models were determined. The final models were evaluated against some examples, one of which, Yazd, was demonstrated fully.

[Mortaza Tavakoli, Heshmat-All`ah Mahmoudian. GIS Based Considerations for Development in Different Iranian Climatic Regions. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):182-187]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: GIS, Climatic Regions Iranian Meteorological Organization, ArcGIS

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Assessing Relationship between micro-credit and empowerment of rural women

¹Ali Badragheh, ²Mohammad Abedi

^{1, 2} Department of Agricultural Economic, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch, Marvdasht, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: rural woman helps to prepare farm , then she plows , harvests , does weeding and transplants , does milking and also acts as shepherd , weaves carpet , tries to make tools and handicrafts , bakes bread , cooks , does housekeeping duties , fetches water from water sources and from distances ,  fetches firewood , cares children , spins wool and makes curd , buttermilk , yogurt , butter and oil . In addition to all these, she is mother and family supervisor too. In spite of that rural women in developing countries are producer of about 80% of foods and responsible of supervising of about 30% of rural families, but their activities wasn’t considered as economic activity and simply are removed from agriculture and rural development programs. Base on formal existing statistics, women form about 31% of agriculture active workforce in developing countries. While, informal and local statistics, estimate number of working women at agriculture part more than formal statistics. In Egypt, base on formal statistic, rural women’s activity has been reported about 36 %. While local statistic represents between 35 to 50%. Base on formal statistic at many African countries (e.g. Congo) women’s share at preparing labor workforce at agriculture part is 60% but base on informal statistics, above share is reported 80%. This statistical difference exists at most developing countries. In addition to aforementioned substances, it is possible to mention women’s share of active force at agriculture part as follow.

[Ali Badragheh and Mohammad Abedi. Assessing Relationship between micro-credit and empowerment of rural women. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):188-193]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: empowerment, rural women, micro-credit

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Different aspects of empowerment of rural women in developing countries

¹ Mohammad Abedi, ² Ali Badragheh

^{1, 2} Department of Agricultural Economic, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch, Marvdasht, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: One of the raised strategy , in order to accelerate investment process and reinforcing financial foundations , and saving , at deprived and rural areas , has been empowering and eradicating poverty of rural societies through efficiency with emphasize on applying micro-credits .Micro-loans as useful tool to fight against poverty and starvation, has proven its capabilities and values to develop these areas. These tools have ability to change and improve human’s life, especially poor peoples. Micro loans , saving accounts , and giving various bank services , cause this belief in low income and poor family that , by accessing to these services , their income will increase ,so they can protect themselves against barriers of unexpected problems and their current level of life and also invest on nutrition , housing and their children’s education.

[Mohammad Abedi and Ali Badragheh. Different aspects of empowerment of rural women in developing countries. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):194-199]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: empowerment, rural women, developing countries

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Empowerment of rural women: recommendations for developing countries

¹ Mohammad Abedi, ² Ali Badragheh

^{1, 2} Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Varamin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: However rural women play major role to produce food at all over the world, but rarely enjoy of extension services. Wherever, rural women as producers of food productions and family supervisor, have little contact with extension services organizations, so their problems and needs would reflect at extensional information feedback, rarely. Therefore agricultural research institutions wouldn’t be able to create and develop technology, suitable for their needs. Global surveys show that about 5% of total extension resources, at all over the world dedicated to programs for female farmers, but women form just 15% of extension personnel of world. Some extensional issues that traditionally belong to women, such as economy of family, are supported very little that receive just about 1% of total extension resources of agriculture.

[Mohammad Abedi and Ali Badragheh. Empowerment of rural women: recommendations for developing countries. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):200-204]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: empowerment, rural women, developing countries

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Financial support of rural women: an approach toward their empowerment

¹ Mohammad Abedi, ² Ali Badragheh

^{1, 2} Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: Global researches show that women played critical and important role at agriculture and now at most countries, they form major workforce of this part. In spite of importance of women workforce at different systems of agriculture, they have fewer access to development resources, compare to men. although during past two decades , various programs has been performed to enable women at agriculture , but due to different problems , gained success was very fewer than required extent . One of major problem in this filed is inadequate and inappropriate access to extensional services. Low efficiency of agriculture extension systems to provide services for rural women doesn't just refer to structure and function of these organizations and systems, but refer to other issues including research and cultural barriers in this field. However, one of essential needs to extend agriculture is, determining appropriate ways and approaches to educate women at every region or country. at many past decades , significant global efforts were done to provide educating how to access information , appropriate and effective technology for female farmers that led to positive effects on producing agricultural crops and consequently increasing family welfare.

[Mohammad Abedi and Ali Badragheh. Financial support of rural women: an approach toward their empowerment. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):205-211]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: empowerment, rural women, financial support

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Programs for empowering rural women in Iran

¹ Mohammad Abedi, ² Ali Badragheh

^{1, 2} Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: In micro-credits programs other than offering and distributing micro loans, there are also small savings and deposits so that they are designed as form of saving-credit programs. The existing term in phrase “micro-credits” points to two basic concepts that is due to dominant perspective on this approach. First term (i.e. credits) points to rural areas and lack of access for many villagers to formal resources that are one of their major problems. And at system of micro-credits, are tried to decrease poor families' access barriers to credit sources and also to increase effectiveness of these markets. Second term (i.e. micro) emphasize on deficiency of development, according to classic economist’s method. Emphasizing on concept of “micro” means revising recommendations of market economy at rural society's development.

[Mohammad Abedi and Ali Badragheh. Programs for empowering rural women in Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):212-216]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Empowerment, Rural Women, IRAN

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Improving performance and some metabolic response by using some antioxidants in laying diets during summer season.

El-Mallah, G.M.¹; Yassein, S.A.¹; Magda, M. Abdel-Fattah² and El-Ghamry, A.A.¹

¹Department of Animal production, National Research Center,Dokki,Egypt.

²Department of Poultry Nutrition Res. Animal Prod. Res. Inst. Agric. Res. Center, Dokki, Giza.

Abstract: The present work was conducted to define the effect of adding vitamin E (Vit. E) and/or selenium as seleno-yeast (SY) on performance, egg quality and some blood constituents of laying hens during summer months. Two hundred seventy Hi- sex Brown layers in their 25 weeks of age were randomly divided into nine dietary treatment groups. Each treatment included thirty hens in 6 replicates (5 birds/each). The obtained results showed that dietary Vit.E at either level 0.20 or0.40mg/kg considerably resulted in positive significant effect on egg production (EP) values and had no effect on egg weight (EW) compared to the control. Also, feed intake (FI) did not differ while, feed conversion (FC) values were improved due to Vit.E addition compared to the control. However, dietary organic se (SY) achieved significant increase on EP values but no differences on EW and FI values, while FC achieved the best values by adding SY as compared to the control. Both levels of Vit.E significantly improved shell-thickness and decreased shape index and yolk color than the control, whereas, no effects were observed on egg quality parameters due to SY addition, except, yolk index which improved compared to the control. On the other hand, plasma total protein (TP), albumin (AlB) and globulin (GLO) were significantly increased by adding Vit.E but AST, ALT and glutathione peroxidase were not affected versus to SY addition which caused significant effects on ALT and glutathione peroxidase and increased with the higher level of SY. There were significant interactions due to Vit.E x SY addition concerning the performance (EP, EW, FI and FC), most egg quality parameters (shape index, Haugh units and yolk index) and some blood plasma (TP, Alb, Glo. and glutathione peroxidase) to laying hens diets. So, it could be recommended that adding either Vit. E and/or selenium enriched yeast (SY) as antioxidants were found to be effective on improving laying performance and could be beneficial during the summer season.

[El-Mallah, G.M.; Yassein, S.A.; Magda, M. Abdel-Fattah and El-Ghamry, A.A. Improving performance and some metabolic response by using some antioxidants in laying diets during summer season. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):217-224]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Improving performance, Blood metabolic, laying diets, summer season.

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Assessing characteristics of Online Education and comparing of Traditional Education

¹Ali Badragheh, ²Mohammad Abedi

^{1, 2} Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: Distance education dictates changes in behavior for both the teacher and the learner. The successful student develops persistence and skills in self-directing work. The successful distance education teacher becomes conversant with new technology and develops new instructional styles, moving from creating instruction to managing resources and students and disseminating views. Administrative and faculty support for distance education are critical to the success of this instructional method. Administrators should take note that the implementation of a distance education program may allow access to a greater number of students. However, the time and work associated with teaching at a distance exceeds the normal requirements of campus-based instruction.  Students in distance education settings perform as well or better on assignments, class activities, and exams when compared to campus-based students .Nevertheless, students must maintain persistence and a clear focus to succeed in a distance learning situation. Self-direction, a passion for learning, and strong individual responsibility are important influences on achievement. There are indications that distance education works best for more mature, motivated, well-organized, and already accomplished learners .

[Ali Badragheh and Mohammad Abedi. Assessing characteristics of Online Education and comparing of Traditional Education. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):225-230]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Online Education, Traditional Education

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Assessing Different methods used in distance education

¹ Ali Badragheh, ² Mohammad Abedi

^{1, 2} Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Varamin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: In the earlier days of distance learning, it was most common to see distance learning used for rural students who were at a distance from an educational institution. The student might watch a telecourse on a television stations, read texts, mail in assignments and then travel to the local college to take an exam. This model is still in use, but as the technology has become more sophisticated and the cost of distance learning dropped as equipment prices dropped, the use of distance education has increased. High front-end costs prevented an early widespread adoption of electronically mediated learning. Distance learning has been aggressively adopted in many areas because it can meet specific educational needs. As the concept of accountability became accepted and laws required certain courses in high school in order for students to be admitted to state colleges, telecommunications was examined as a way to provide student access to the required courses. Many rural school districts could not afford the special teachers to conduct required courses. Distance education met this need by providing courses in schools where teachers were not available or were too costly to provide for a few students. It also fulfilled a need for teacher training and staff development in locations where experts and resources were difficult to obtain. These systems link learner communities with each other and bring a wide array of experts and information to the classroom.

[Ali Badragheh and Mohammad Abedi. Assessing Different methods used in distance education. Journal

of American Science 2011;7(4):231-236]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: distance education, educational methods

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Characterization of Online Degrees and comparing with Traditional Degrees

¹ Mohammad Abedi, ² Ali Badragheh

^{1, 2} Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Varamin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: Technology transports information, not people. Distances between teachers and students are bridged with an array of familiar technology as well as new information age equipment. What sets today's distance education efforts apart from previous efforts is the possibility of an interactive capacity that provides learner and teacher with needed feedback, including the opportunity to dialogue, clarify, or assess. Advances in digital compression technology may greatly expand the number of channels that can be sent over any transmission medium, doubling or even tripling channel capacity. Technologies for learning at a distance are also enlarging our definition of how students learn, where they learn, and who teaches them. No one technology is best for all situations and applications. Different technologies have different capabilities and limitations, and effective implementation will depend on matching technological capabilities to education needs.

[Mohammad Abedi and Ali Badragheh. Characterization of Online Degrees and comparing with Traditional Degrees. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):237-242]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Online Degrees and, Traditional Degrees, distance education

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Effects of black tea in mitigation of sodium fluoride potency to suppress motor activity and coordination in laboratory rats

Heba S. El-lethey, Mervat M. Kamel^*

Department of Animal Hygiene and Management, Faculty of veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

mevy58@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study was designed to assess the potential impact of Na-F alone or in conjugation with black tea on motor function and coordination performance in laboratory rats. An array of behavioural motor tasks, viz., open field, plank walking and rod walking tests were employed in our study in order to evaluate animals’ motor heath. Body weight gain as a performance criterion was also monitored. Eighty weanling 32-days old Wistar male rats randomly allotted to four groups of 20 animals each, were administered Na-F at 100 ppm and 2% black tea for a period of twelve weeks in a factorial pattern to constitute 4 experimental treatments. Black tea significantly improved Na-F-induced marked losses in body weight gains of rats. In the open field test, Na-F-treated rats displayed no significant changes in the levels of motor activities (horizontal locomotion) compared to control. However, fluorotic animals performed poorly in all studied motor-coordination tests. Administration of black tea to Na-F-exposed rats also significantly enhanced their motor performance and coordination ability during psychomotor testing. Concerning animals’ walking pattern, high incidence of shaky movements with unsteady gait was markedly observed in Na-F-intoxicated rats, as compared to control, confirms lacking of muscle tone and coordination. Our findings illustrate that black tea affords a profound protection against fluoride intoxication-provoked harmful effects on motor health as signified by inhibited motor activities accompanied by poor coordination proficiency in laboratory rats, and hearten to recommend for simultaneous supplementation of black tea to Na-F-jeopardized individuals in order to help mitigate fluorosis-inflicted hazards.

[Heba S. El-lethey, Mervat M. Kamel. Effects of black tea in mitigation of sodium fluoride potency to suppress motor activity and coordination in laboratory rats. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):243-254]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Sodium fluoride, skeletal fluorosis, black tea, motor activity, coordination, psychomotor testing, body weight gain

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Factors Influencing Commercialization of Nano and Biotechnologies in Agriculture Sector of Iran

Seyed Jamal Hosseini ¹, Bahreh Ansari ², Somaeih Esmaeeli ²

^1. Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

jamalfhosseini@srbiau.ac.ir

^2. Department of Agricultural Development, Botany, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract: Faculty members and researchers in Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center in Iran were surveyed in order to explore their perception about the factors influencing the commercialization of nano and biotechnologies in agricultural sector. The data was analyzed by using ordinal factor analysis technique. Based on the perception of the respondents and ordinal factor analysis, factors were categorized into seven groups, namely infrastructural, production, management, economic, research.

[Seyed Jamal Hosseini, Bahreh Ansari, Somaeih Esmaeeli. Factors Influencing the Commercialization of Nano and Biotechnologies in Agricultural Sector of Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):255-258]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Nanotechnology; biotechnology; commercialization; Iran

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Ordinal Factor Analysis of Constraints in Iran's Sustainable Agricultural Development

(Case Study: Greenhouse Production)

Seyed Jamal Hosseini ¹, Floria Mohammadi ², Seyed Mehdi Mirdammadi ²

^1. Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran,Iran

^2. Department of Agricultural Development, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran,Iran

                                               jamalfhosseini@srbiau.ac.ir

Abstract: Greenhouse Owners in the Province of Tehran were surveyed in order to explore their perception about the constraints in developing sustainable agriculture. The methodology used in this study involved a combination of descriptive and quantitative research. The total population was 306 greenhouse owners in the Province of Tehran. As the ordinal factor analysis showed, the constraints were categorized into four groups, namely economic, social, regulatory and technical, ordered by the magnitude of their impact.

[Seyed Jamal Hosseini, Floria Mohammadi, Seyed Mehdi Mirdammadi. Ordinal Factor Analysis of Constraints in Iran's Sustainable Agricultural Development (Case Study: Greenhouse Production). Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):259-163]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Sustainable agriculture; greenhouse;  Iran; Tehran

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Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria against Heavy Metals Toxicity in Rats

¹Abou-Baker Salim, ²Ibrahim H. Badawy and ²Seham S. Kassem

¹Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

²Nutrition Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

salimali740@hotmail.com

Abstract: Cadmium and lead are highly toxic metals; people are exposed to them primarily through food and water. Therefore the study aimed to estimate the effect of lactic acid bacteria against toxicity induced by contaminated diet with lead and cadmium mixture in rats. Forty two Albino male rats (Sprague Dowely strain) of an average weight 130 ± 10 g were divided into 6 groups each group contains 7 rats. G1: fed on basal diet (negative control); G2: fed on contaminated food with 0.025mg lead acetate/kg diet + 0.025mg cadmium chloride /kg diet (positive control); G3: fed on basal diet supplemented with strain 1 of lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus); G4: fed on basal diet supplemented with strain 2 of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus bulgaricus). The other two groups received heavy metals contaminated diet supplemented with strain1and strain2 lactic acid bacteria for 6 weeks. The results revealed that positive control gave a highly significant increased in liver functions (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate minotransferase (AST) activities), kidney functions (creatinine and urea); significantly decreased in glutathione peroxidase (GPX), blood hemoglobin, body weight and feed efficiency ratio. However lactic acid strains supplemented to heavy metals treated group significantly improved the in glutathione peroxydase, blood hemoglobin, body weight and feed efficiency ratio and the elevation of ALT, AST, creatinine and urea. The results also showed that the group received basal diet supplemented with strain 1 (Streptococcus thermophilus) and strain 2 (Lactobacillus bulgaricus) has beneficial health effects on animals. It was noticed that the group received strain 1 (Streptococcus thermophilus) showed better results than strain 2 (Lactobacillus bulgaricus). The results of histopathology obtained also indicate that tested lactic acid bacteria strains have an effective role against the toxicity induced by lead and cadmium. These results indicated the potential protective action of tested lactic acid strains against lead and cadmium toxicity as well as their beneficial health effects. This may be due the ability of lactic acid strains to bind heavy metals, the DNA protective effect of LAB and thought to have several presumably beneficial effects on immune function. In addition LAB decreased the amount of administered carcinogens reaching the blood.

[Abou-Baker Salim, Ibrahim H. Badawy and Seham S. Kassem. Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria against Heavy Metals Toxicity in Rats. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):264-274]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key Words: lactic acid bacteria, Heavy Metals, lead, cadmium

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Deterioration of Rock Art Painting at unfinished obelisk quarry in Aswan

Shehata Ahmed Abdel Rahim ^*1 and Hesham Abbas Kamally²

¹Conservation and Restoration Department, Faculty of Archeology, FayoumUniversity, Egypt

²Restoration Department, High Institute of Tourism, Hotel Management and Restoration, Alexandria, Egypt

^*shehataaa@yahoo.com

Abstract: The famous unfinished obelisk quarry, southeast of Aswan is a unique source of large granite monuments. The area of the northern obelisk quarry has been recently excavated and renovated by Supreme Council of Antiquities, a huge mounds of rubble, sand and granite powder cleared to reveal many unknown granite objects, unfinished statues and several quarry tools. After the workers cleaning the sand and dirt from the quarry walls, they found that the quarry faces covered with striking scenes. The first feature,  a group of Ostriches, different in body size walking in the desert with red ochre. The second feature fishes swimming in water have fins and use gills for breathing underwater and several boats or cargo boats with black ochre. Moreover, a large obelisk with red ochre present between the swimming fishes distinctly different in body size. The present paper is an attempt to elucidate the weathering, geological and structural characteristics of granite rocks. This paper also aims to identify and understand the causes and mechanisms of deterioration of the wall paintings in the unfinished obelisk quarry. Exposure to wind, rain, fluctuation of temperature, groundwater, seepage, moisture, biological growth and encrustation, all contribute to the deterioration of the rock art in the quarry. Salt effloresces, granular disintegration and the enlargement of existing granite pores and cracks close to the rock surface, facilitate and accelerating the rate of weathering. Unfortunately, even slow rates of weathering can lead to unacceptable deterioration of rock paintings, as the painting layer on the granite surface are friable and cannot persist on a disaggregating or flaking granite surfaces. Several samples has been examined by petrographic microscope, X- ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the products of the  highly weathered pink granite are dominated   by  kaolinite,  iron oxides,  calcite and muscovite. 

[Shehata Ahmed Abdel Rahim and Hesham Abbas Kamally. Deterioration of Rock Art Painting at unfinished obelisk quarry in Aswan. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):275-281]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words Rock painting, granite weathering, unfinished obelisk quarry, red painting, black painting

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Study Of Peripheral Neuropathy In Chronic Hepatitis C Virus  Infected Patients

Atef Abo AL-Soud, Ayman ELlehleh, *Rasha El-Kapany, Heba El-Hagary

Department of Tropical medicine and *Department of Neurology, Minoufiya University, Egypt.

Abstract: Background:Hepatitis C is a serious worldwide problem, the WHO has estimated that, 170 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis, while the prevelance in the general population ranges between 0.2 and 2%. Aim of the work: to study peripheral neuropathy in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Patients and methods: This study was conducted on forty patients selected from patients Of Tropical Medicine Department in Minoufiya University Hospital suffering from chronic hepatitis C virus infection. They were 23males and 17 females and their ages were ranging from 28 to 62 years, plus twenty healthy persons of matched age and sex. These patients will be classified into 3 groups:Group (1): Chronic  HCV patients without liver cirrhosis, group (2): Chronic  HCV patients with liver cirrhosis and group(3):Persons matching for age and sex  as a control group. All Patients and control group will be subjected to Thorough history taking, Full clinical examination, Neurological examination, Laboratory investigations: Complete blood count, liver  function  tests, kidney  function tests, random blood glucose level, Viral markers by ELISA, estimation of serum level of vitamin B12, estimation of serum level of cryoglobulins (immunoglobulin (Ig M)) and complement (C3), abdominal ultrasonography and nerve conduction studies. Results: peripheral neuropathy was diagnosed by electrophysiological examination in 14 patients (35%) of HCV positive cases and clinical peripheral neuropathy presented in 10 patients (25%). There is significant decrease of the amplitude of the median, ulnar and peroneal nerves in the group of HCV patients with cirrhosis than the control group but not between patients without cirrhosis and the cirrhotic or the control group. Also there was no statistically significant difference between the three studied groups as regard to the conduction velocity and distal latency of median, ulnar and peroneal nerves. Significant increase in serum cryoglobulin in peripheral neuropathy patients as 10 (71.43%) patients having peripheral neuropathy are positive CG. Conclusion: PN is present in HCV patients without cirrhosis and become progressively increased in HCV patients with cirrhosis, PN in HCV patients is polyneuropathy  and axonal. PN may be clinically diagnosed or diagnosed by electrophysiological examination, Cryoglobulins significantly increased in HCV patients with peripheral neuropathy.

[Atef Abo AL-Soud, Ayman ELlehleh, Rasha El-Kapany, Heba El-Hagary. Study Of Peripheral Neuropathy In Chronic Hepatitis C Virus  Infected Patients. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):282-288]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords : HCV , Cryoglobulin and peripheral neuropathy.

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Distance Education in Agricultural Education

¹ Ali Badragheh, ² Mohammad Abedi

^{1, 2} Department of Environment, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: Distance education places students and their instructors in separate locations using some form of technology to communicate and interact. The student may be located in the classroom, home, office or learning center. The instructor may be located in a media classroom, studio, office or home. The student may receive information via satellite, microwave, or fiber optic cable, television (broadcast, cable or Instructional Television Fixed Services (ITFS), video cassette or disk, telephone - audio conferencing bridge or direct phone line, audio cassette, printed materials - text, study guide, or handout, computer - modem or floppy disk, and compressed video. Recent rapid development of technology has resulted in systems that are powerful, flexible, and increasingly affordable. The base of available information technology resources is increasing with dramatic speed. Much has been learned about connecting various forms of technology into systems, so that the ability to link systems is growing. Most distance learning systems are hybrids, combining several technologies, such as satellite, ITFS, microwave, cable, fiber optic, and computer connections.

[Ali Badragheh and Mohammad Abedi. Distance Education in Agricultural Education. Journal of American Science. 2011;7(4):289-294]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Distance Education, Agricultural Education

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Distance Education in Developing Countries

¹ Mohammad Abedi, ² Ali Badragheh

^{1, 2} Department of Environment, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: Distance education is a method of education in which the learner is physically separated from the teacher and the institution sponsoring the instruction. It may be used on its own, or in conjunction with other forms of education, including face-to-face instruction. In any distance education process there must be a teacher, one or more students, and a course or curriculum that the teacher is capable of teaching and the student is trying to learn. The contract between teacher and learner, whether in a traditional classroom or distance education, requires that the student be taught, assessed, given guidance and, where appropriate, prepared for examinations that may or may not be conducted by the institution. This must be accomplished by two-way communication. Learning may be undertaken either individually or in groups; in either case, it is accomplished in the physical absence of the teacher in distance education. Where distance teaching materials are provided to learners, they are structured in ways that facilitate learning at a distance.

[Mohammad Abedi and Ali Badragheh. Distance Education in Developing Countries. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):295-301]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Distance Education, Developing Countries

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Distance Learning: definitions and applications

¹ Mohammad Abedi, ² Ali Badragheh

^{1, 2} Department of Environment, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: Historically, most distance education courses were vocational in nature, but today courses are offered for academic, professional, and avocational purposes for students of all ages. There are numerous specialized programs, such as those for blind persons and for parents of small children with hearing impairments. Distance education is available in practically any field, from accounting to zoology. Courses are offered in gemology, high school diploma, journalism, lock smiting, child day care management, yacht design, and many fascinating subjects. Distance education courses also vary greatly in scope, level, and length. Some have a few assignments and require only a few months to complete, while others have a hundred or more lesson assignments requiring three or four years of conscientious study.

[Mohammad Abedi and Ali Badragheh. Distance Learning: definitions and applications. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):302-306]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Distance Learning, Distance education

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Online Classes VS Traditional Classes: Comparison between the Two Methods

¹ Mohammad Abedi, ² Ali Badragheh

^{1, 2} Department of Environment, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: There are two types of programs offered by distance education schools: synchronous learning programs and asynchronous learning programs. With synchronous learning, distance education students must log on to the school’s website at a set time. Often, they interact with their peers and professors via group chats, web seminars, video conferencing, and phone call-ins. With asynchronous learning, distance education students complete all coursework on their own time. They often learn via assignment sheets, message boards, email, pre-recorded video lectures, mp3s, and traditional mail correspondence.

[Mohammad Abedi and Ali Badragheh. Online Classes VS Traditional Classes: Comparison between the Two Methods. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):307-314]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Online Classes, Traditional Classes, distance education

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The role of ICT in distance education

¹ Mohammad Abedi, ² Ali Badragheh

^{1, 2} Department of Environment, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: Challenges which faced the early users of distance education are still with us today. If distance education is to play a greater role in improving the quality of education, it will require expanded technology; more linkages between schools, higher education, and the private sector; and more teachers who use technology well. Teachers must be involved in planning the systems, trained to use the tools they provide, and given the flexibility to revise their teaching. Federal and state regulations will need revision to ensure a more flexible and effective use of technology. Connections have been established across geographic, instructional, and institutional boundaries which provide opportunities for collaboration and resource sharing among many groups In the pooling of students and teachers, distance learning reconfigures the classroom which no longer is bounded by the physical space of the school, district, state or nation.

[Mohammad Abedi and Ali Badragheh. The role of ICT in distance education. Journal of American Science. 2011;7(4):315-320]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: ICT, distance education

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The role of online Learning in improving education

¹ Mohammad Abedi, ² Ali Badragheh

^{1, 2} Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: In its original form, teachers using distance education traveled to remote sites and taught a class, or corresponded with students through mail, telephone, or fax machine. Individualized study has been a method of reaching the remote student for some time. Detailed course instructions are sent to the learner who performs the assigned tasks and returns the completed work to the teacher for evaluation and reassignment if necessary. Technology has raised the quality of individualized distance instruction. The use of various forms of electronic media increases time effectiveness and improves the delivery of information. Video, audio, and computer-based applications may enhance the product received by the independent learner. Electronic delivery can occur using synchronous communication, in which class members participate at the same time, or asynchronous communication where participants are separated by time.

[Mohammad Abedi and Ali Badragheh. The role of online Learning in improving education.

Journal of American Science 2011;]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: online Learning, education

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Unified Scheduling of Pumped-Storage and Hydro-Thermal Units Based on Game Theory

Mohammad Sadegh Javadi ¹, Bahram Noshad ², Azim Nowbakht ³, Amin Javadinasab ⁴

^1. Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr Branch, Mahshahr, Iran

^2. Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr Branch, Mahshahr, Iran

^3. Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr Branch, Mahshahr, Iran

^4. Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch, Shoushtar, Iran

msjavadi@gmail.com

Abstract: Determining the main strategies in a country is performed with a long-term planning in order to reach sustainable development. Energy category and its delivery have more influence on economic and political development; thus, optimal scheduling should be performed in a way that considers mentioned attribute with comprehensive approach. Energy delivery and its efficiency increase in recent century and considering Next generation needs and their contribution in existing resources are contemplated as a significant challenge. Water is the most important natural resource in the World and it is vital to use these resources in an optimal way because of environmental issues and also political, economic, social issues, etc. One way to control and rein of surface water is to build dams on rivers. The dams are built for various reasons, but most serve multiple purposes: flood control power generation, irrigation, diversion, pisciculture, urban water reservoirs, livestock watering, and etc. The electric energy generation in majority of enormous dams is considered as a green power source with high efficiency. This paper introduces a new approach in order to control the existing fountains using pumped-storage systems based on game theory.

[Mohammad Sadegh Javadi, Bahram Noshad, Azim Nowbakht, Amin Javadinasab. Unified Scheduling of Pumped-Storage and Hydro-Thermal Units Based on Game Theory. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):327-335]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Energy Market, Cournot Model, Game Theory, Pumped-storage Unit

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Effect of cobalt, and nitrogen forms on nitrate accumulation in Jew's mallow plant as affected by a nitrification inhibitor (N-serve)

Safaa, A. Mahmoud; Abd-Elfattah, M.S; Khaled. S.M and Hanan.S. Siam

Plant Nutrition Department. National Research Centre.  Dokki – Cairo – Egypt.

drhanansiam@yahoo.com

Abstract: A pot experiment was established in the green house of National Research Centre to evaluate the effect addition of cobalt element at a rate 10 ppm, different rates of nitrogen (100 and 200) ppm N and forms of nitrogen as a Sodium Nitrate Na NO₃, Ammonium Sulphate (NH₄)₂ SO₄ and Urea (NH₂)₂ CO as others two treatments with and / or without a nitrification inhibitor (N-serve) on mineral composition and nitrate accumulation in Jew's mallow plant in alluvial soil of type clay loam. The results revealed that a positive contact was found between nitrogen  rates and each of fresh, dry weight and plant contents of Cobalt, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Nitrate and residual effect of inorganic Nitrogen. While, a negative relation with trace elements contents (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) was observed  Treatments  of ( Ammonium sulphate and Urea) with Cobalt and (N-serve) as a nitrification inhibitor registered the highest value of all the determinations studied, except a nitrate accumulation in plant which recorded  the highest values with (Sodium Nitrate, Ammonium Sulphate and Urea )  with cobalt and without inhibitor respectively. Residual effect of inorganic nitrogen registered the highest values with (ammonium sulphate and urea) treatments with cobalt and (N-serve) inhibitor respectively. Results concluded that.

[Safaa, A. Mahmoud; Abd-Elfattah, M.S; Khaled. S.M and Hanan.S. Siam. Effect of cobalt, and nitrogen forms on nitrate accumulation in Jew's mallow plant as affected by a nitrification inhibitor (N-serve). Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):336-348]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Nitrogen – Cobalt – (N-serve) inhibitor – Nitrate accumulation – Jew's mallow-clayloam soil.

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The Efficacy of Immediate and Delayed Corrective Feedback in the Correct Use of English Definite and Indefinite Articles

Afshin Soori ¹, Arshad Abd. Samad ²

^1. Faculty member, Department of English Language and Literature, Islamic Azad University, Larestan Branch, Iran

^1. Associate Professor, Department of Language and Humanities Education, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor D.E. Malaysia

Arshad@educ.upm.edu.my

Abstract: The process of giving effective feedback is a central concern for teachers and researchers in both first language and second language writing. Many teachers correct students’ written errors in the hope that this will help them improve the students’ mastery over the correct use of targeted linguistic forms, while Truscott (1996) considered this approach as a misguided endeavour due to his claim that feedback on grammar errors had no place in writing classrooms and it should be abandoned. Regarding this issue, the current study investigated the results of nine weeks treatment on the efficacy of immediate and delayed corrective feedback in the correct use of definite and indefinite articles. Data were collected from a sample of 51 (34 males and 17 females) first year Iranian EFL medical students. The students were administered three rational cloze tests (pre-test, immediate post-test, and delayed post-test). The finding of the study revealed that immediate corrective feedback had a significant effect on the correct use of English articles and the students received corrective feedback significantly improved their ability in using English article system correctly and that they retained this ability when they were given a new test four weeks after the treatment session. This study also indicated that there was a change in article scores across the three different time periods. Thus, the main effect for time was significant.

[Afshin Soori, Arshad Abd. Samad. The Efficacy of Immediate and Delayed Corrective Feedback in the Correct Use of English Definite and Indefinite Articles. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):349-354]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Corrective feedback; Error correction; Definite and indefinite articles

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Species compositions and relative abundance of insect pest associated with some stored cereal grains in selected markets of Maiduguri metropolitan.

Chimoya I. A. ¹ and Abdullahi G.²

¹Department  of Agricultural Technology, Federal polytechnic P.M.B, 35, Mubi Adamawa State –Nigeria.

²Department of Crop Science, Adamawa State University, P.M.B. 25, Mubi, Adamawa State Nigeria.

gatsaranyi@yahoo.com

Abstract: A survey was conducted from November 2005 to 2006 to determine the species composition and frequency of occurrence of insect pests associated with stored cereal grains in some selected markets in Maiduguri metropolis Borno state- Nigeria. Random sampling methods were used in selecting traders in the markets for the survey. Samples of 1kg of maize, Millet, Sorghum and rice were taken from the stock with the traders for analysis and insect infestation determination. Insect species identified with the grains and their relative abundance in percentages are; Tribolium castaneum Herbst 30.9%, Sitophilus spp 27.4%, Rhizopertha dominica (Fab) 15.2%, Trogoderma granarium (Everts) 11.9% and Cryptolestes spp (Stephens) 14.7%. The result also indicates that T. castaneum and Sitophilus spp were more prevalent. The species preference to different grain types in the order T. castaneum was dominant in maize and Millet; Sitophilus species were dominant in Maize and sorghum, and Rhizopertha dominica being the dominant species in Rice. 

[Chimoya I. A. and Abdullahi G. Species compositions and relative abundance of insect pest associated with some stored cereal grains in selected markets of Maiduguri metropolitan. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):355-358]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Species compositions, relative abundance, stored cereals, Maiduguri metropolitan, Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus spp, Rhizopertha dominica, Trogoderma granarium, Cryptolestes spp

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Challenges of information and communication technologies (ICT) in rural 

¹ Ali Badragheh, ² Mohammad Abedi

^{1, 2} Department of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: This paper is aimed at the analysis of ICT diffusion in rural communities of Lithuania, exploring the main social patterns of diffusion and characteristics of rural Internet users. The study is based on focus group discussions and questionnaire-based survey of Lithuanian rural residents. There are Fundamental challenges about the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in education. This has led to serious skills shortages in many countries. In turn this has put increasing pressure on policy makers, universities and other training institutions to come up with approaches to inspire young students to choose ICT for their studies. There is also a strong argument for retraining many people who already have pre-service and in-survive education, whether in the workforce or not, to overcome to looming ICT skills crises. This paper reports on the examination of these points. It will also explore appropriate ways to combat this problem through analysis and identification of real prospects for ICT education.

[Ali Badragheh and Mohammad Abedi. Challenges of information and communication technologies (ICT) in rural. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):359-362]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: information and communication technologies (ICT), education

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Participatory rural appraisal (PRA): New method for Rural Research

¹ Mohammad Abedi, ² Ali Badragheh

^{1, 2} Department of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: Promising potentials include farmers’ own farming systems research, alternatives to questionnaire surveys, monitoring, evaluation and lateral spread by local people, empowerment of the poorer and weaker, and policy review. Changes in personal behavior and attitudes, and in organizational cultures, are implied. PRA parallels and resonates with paradigm shifts in the social and natural sciences, business management, and development thinking, supporting decentralization, local diversity, and personal responsibility.Much of the spread of participatory rural appraisal (PRA) as an emerging family of approaches and methods has been lateral, South-South, through experiential learning and changes in behavior, with different local applications. Rapid spread has made quality assurance a concern, with dangers from “instant fashion”, rushing, formalism and ruts. Promising potentials include farmers’ own farming systems research, alternatives to questionnaire surveys, monitoring, evaluation and lateral spread by local people, empowerment of the poorer and weaker, and policy review.

[Mohammad Abedi and Ali Badragheh. Participatory rural appraisal (PRA): New method for Rural Research. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):363-368]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).   http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)

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Dimensions of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) diffusion in rural

¹ Ali Badragheh, ² Mohammad Abedi

^{1, 2} Department of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: In rural Internet and other information communication technologies (ICT) are mainly used by young, educated, well paid and urban consumers. Elderly, low-educated, low-paid and rural residents are among those who use the Internet the least. This great group consistent with men have had active role at areas of social-economic activities and always have had major part on economic production of society. ICT is now recognized as a technological tool which can serve as a catalytic intervention in respect of transforming the lives and livelihoods of rural families.The economic and income divides between urban and rural areas can be overcome only by the technological upgradation of rural professions.  In our post-modern network society they are at the risk of social exclusion. This paper is aimed at the analysis of ICT diffusion in rural communities of Lithuania, exploring the main social patterns of diffusion and characteristics of rural Internet users. The study is based on focus group discussions and questionnaire-based survey of Lithuanian rural residents. The paper discusses types of change agents involved in the processes of ICT diffusion in rural communities and the main motives for using the Internet.

[Sharareh Khodamoradi and Mohammad Abedi. Dimensions of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) diffusion in rural. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):369-373]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), rural communities, developing countries

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Damage assessment of buildings due to pipeline settlement using fuzzy decision support tool

DINA. A. EMARAH¹*, M. M. HUSSEI¹, HAMDI. M. MOUSA² AND ADEL. Y. AKL¹

Structural Engineering Department¹, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University,² Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computer and Information, Menofia University, Egypt.

*dina_emarah@yahoo.com

Abstract: Settlement of buildings, due to nearby pipeline deterioration can result in noticeable damage. By combining ground deformation patterns with well-known damage category criteria, the building deformations can be readily assessed without undue oversimplification. In this paper, the well-known computer program ANSYS with geotechnical module “CivilFEM” is used considering nonlinear elastic soil behavior. The finite element model is chosen to investigate the influence of pipeline settlement and burial depth on buildings. Thus, damage category of buildings can be predicted. Also, a fuzzy based assessment system, which evaluates the damage category of buildings was introduced. A criterion to define the membership functions of fuzzy assessment system starting from available information obtained from ANSYS was also described. This results in the prediction of the category of damage of buildings due to the interaction of more than one parameter in pipeline deterioration.                                   

[DINA. A. EMARAH, M. M. HUSSEI, HAMDI. M. MOUSA AND ADEL. Y. AKL. Damage assessment of buildings due to pipeline settlement using fuzzy decision support tool. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):374-384]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Damage category, pipeline, settlement, and fuzzy assessment system.

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Precipitation of Suspended Particles on Tube Walls

Bedier B. EL-Naggar

Department of Engineering Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering,  Cairo Universty  Giza,  Egypt

bbnaggar@hotmail.com

Abstract: In this article, the steady state convective diffusion equation for the suspended particles in a suspension is solved for tube flow. Linear concentration drop and uniform axial velocity are assumed. An experiment is designed to measure the concentration at exit and the rate of precipitation on a wall is also measured experimentally after a sufficient time of flow. Accordingly, the diffusion constant is determined and the resulting of area of contraction due to this precipitation is calculated and hence the complete blocking time. This model is suggested for fat precipitation on walls of blood vessels in vivo and the precipitation of sault on walls of water tubes in boilers.

[Bedier B. EL-Naggar. Precipitation of Suspended Particles on Tube Walls. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):385-387]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Precipitation on tube walls, the diffusion coefficient of suspended particles, viscous resistance, Buoyancy neutralizes gravity

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 Profile of Minimum Drag

Bedier B. EL-Naggar 

Department of Engineering Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo Universty Giza, Egypt

bbnaggar@hotmail.com

Abstract: In this paper a variational integral is constructed for the estimation of the coefficient of minimum drag for axial flow over axi-symmetric bodied of revolution.The unknown equation of the profile is determined by writing and solving the corresponding Euler-Lagrange equation.This results in the equation  . Thisreduces to a cubic equation and the real root is obtained by the method of Cardan. The equation of the curve is then obtained by integration. The integral for the Drag coefficient is computednumerically. The profile   is plotted graphically.

[Bedier B. EL-Naggar. Profile of Minimum Drag. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):388-392]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key Words: Minimum Drag, variational integral, axial, axi-symmetric.

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 Stochastic Modeling Compared With Artificial Intelligence Based Approach for Short Term Wind Speed Forecasting

E .M. Abd El-Gawad **, M.A. Mustafa Hassan*† , M. A. M. Hallouda*, O.Y. Abul-Haggag*  

* Elec. Power  Dept, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt.

**Elec. Power and Machines Dept, Faculty of Engineering, Kafr Elsheikh University, Egypt

† Corresponding E-Mail: mmustafa@eng.cu.edu.eg

Abstract: The sophisticated Application of Artificial Intelligent Approaches was introduced recently in renewable energy in electric power systems. However, these approaches started with introducing Fuzzy Logic (FL) in the last decades of the last century. Furthermore, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was introduced to solve many problems in electric power systems. Among these problems is forecasting of wind speed. In this proposed article, the application of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is used to forecast the coming speed of wind using real data of the past. The ANFIS can be viewed as a combination of fuzzy system and neural network or fuzzy neural network. This paper aims; firstly, to forecast the average value of wind speed via some well known method. Secondly compare between these different method like Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Autoregressive Moving Average form (ARMA), Autoregressive Form (AR). The goal of these methods is to search for the best one compared to Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System  (ANFIS).

[E .M. Abd El-Gawad, M.A. Mustafa Hassan, M. A. M. Hallouda, O.Y. Abul-Haggag. Stochastic Modeling Compared With Artificial Intelligence Based Approach for Short Term Wind Speed Forecasting. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):393-399]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average form (ARIMA), Autoregressive Moving Average form (ARMA), Autoregressive Form (AR), Short-Term Load Forecasting

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 Stochastic Modelling Compared With Artificial Intelligence Based Approach For Electrical Load Forecasting

A. Seif E. M. Gabr ¹,M. A. Moustafa Hassan²*,O. Y. Abul-Haggag²

¹ North Cairo for Electrical Distribution Company (NCED), Ministry of Electricity, Egypt

² Electrical Power Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

*Corresponding e-mail:  mmustafa_98@hotmail.com

Abstract: Accurate load forecasting is very important for electric utilities in planning for new plants. Also it is very significant for the routine of maintaining, scheduling daily, electrical generation, and loads. In this study, emphasis was considered on short-term load forecasting which is important for real time operation and control of power systems. Artificial intelligence and stochastic forecasting models were examined. The performance of these models is dependent on the characteristics of electric loads and is based on the assumption that electric load patterns are basically invariant with time. Two different models were considered and a new stochastic model (called REGARIMA) was introduced and compared with ANFIS model. Both models were tested and shown to be the best one that represents the available data. The results obtained using the two approaches are very accurate and mutually competitive. Furthermore, they are very promising in short term forecasting techniques, which could be applied as well on wind speed forecasting.

[A. Seif E. M. Gabr, M. A. Moustafa Hassan, O. Y. Abul-Haggag. Stochastic Modelling Compared With Artificial Intelligence Based Approach For Electrical Load Forecasting. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):400-407]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence Techniques, Short Term Forecasting, Peak Loads, Stochastic Forecasting Models, ARIMA Models, Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS).

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Distance Education: definitions and applications

Ali Badragheh

Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch, Garmsar, Iran

*Corresponding author: badraghehali@yahoo.com

Abstract: Distance education is education designed for learners who live at a distance from the teaching institution or education provider. It is the enrollment and study with an educational institution that provides organized, formal learning opportunities for students. Presented in a sequential and logical order, the instruction is offered wholly or primarily by distance study, through virtually any media. Historically, its predominant medium of instruction has been printed materials, although non-print media is becoming more and more popular. It may also incorporate or make use of videotapes, CD or DVD ROM’s, audio recordings, facsimiles, telephone communications, and the Internet through e-mail and Web-based delivery systems. When each lesson or segment is completed, the student makes available to the school the assigned work for correction, grading, comment, and subject matter guidance by qualified instructors. Corrected assignments are returned to the student. This exchange fosters a personalized student-instructor relationship, which is the hallmark of distance education instruction.

 [Ali Badragheh. Distance Education: definitions and applications. Journal of American Science 2011;7(4):408-414]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Distance Education, E-learning

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Assessing Similarities and differences between Distance Education and e-learning

Ali Badragheh

Department of Agricultural Extension Educ