No.

Titles / Authors

page

1

Robust Control of an Active Suspension System Using H₂ & H_∞ Control Methods

Fatemeh Jamshidi ¹, Afshin Shaabany ¹

¹ Islamic Azad University, Fars Science and Research Branch, Shiraz, Iran

Fjamshidi59@yahoo. com, afshinshy@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this paper, H2 & H∞ contro1 for an active suspension system are presented. These Controllers are designed for the order reduced model of the plant that makes the design problem so easy, But preserves the performances and stability of the nominal closed loop system. Some constraints on the Input and output sensitivity functions are considered. The results show control specifications are met to large extent with both methods.

[Fatemeh Jamshidi, Afshin Shaabany. Robust Control of an Active Suspension System Using H₂ & H_∞ Control Methods. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):1-5]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Active Suspension System, H2 Control, H∞ Control, Sensitivity Constraint

Full Text

1

2

Biotechnological Approach for Lignin Peroxidase (LiP) Production from Agricultural Wastes (Rice Husk) by Cunninghamella elegans

Roushdy M.M. ^1*, Abdel-Shakour E.H.² and El-Agamy E.I. ¹

^1. Applied medical Sciences Department, College of Community (Unaizah), Qassim University, KSA

^2. Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

*m27roushdy@gmail.com

Abstract: Peroxidases are essential enzymes in biodegradation of lignin which have been investigated intensively in fungi. Six fungal isolates were isolated from rice husk and screened for their activities to produce an extracellular lignin peroxidase enzyme (LiP). One isolate (identified as Cunninghamella elegans) was found to be the most potent one. The maximum LiP productivity was under static condition (LiP activity= 15800 U L^-1), at pH 6 (LiP activity= 14200 U L^-1), 30°C ( LiP activity= 15300 U L^-1) and after 14 days incubation period (LiP activity= 14300 U L^-1). LiP Purification protocols involved several steps including firstly, the precipitation of LiP with 80% ammonium sulphate with a fold of 2.43 and enzyme activity of 89500 U L^-1. Secondly,  LiP was further purified using Sephadex G-100 fractionation with a purification fold of 2.76 and enzyme activity of 112200 U L^-1. Finally, the molecular mass of purified LiP was estimated at 50 kDa. using SDS-PAGE technique.

[Roushdy M.M., Abdel-Shakour E.H. and El-Agamy E.I. Biotechnological Approach for Lignin Peroxidase (LiP) Production from Agricultural Wastes (Rice Husk) by Cunninghamella elegans. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):6-13]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Biotechnology; Fungi; Cunninghamella elegans; lignin peroxidase enzyme; SDS-PAGE

Full Text

2

3

Changes in physico-mechanical properties of banana fruit during ripening treatment

Mahmoud Soltani*, Reza Alimardani, Mahmoud Omid

Department of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. *mahmoodsoltani39@yahoo.com

Abstract. In this paper, some physical and mechanical properties of banana fruits at different level of ripeness were investigated. Relation between various stages of ripeness and these properties were determined and correlation coefficients were calculated. The color of the fruit skin was measured as L*, a* and b* in CIELAB system. The mechanical properties were extracted from plotted force-deformation curve. A significant difference at 5% level was found between the level of ripeness and these properties. Duncan’s multiple range test was conducted and results were reported. Results showed that changes in L*, b* and C was similar, also variation of color index (CI) was similar to a*. The firmness, rupture energy and hardness decreased as banana fruit ripened. All measured physico-mechanical properties of banana fruit except deformation had High correlation with stage of ripeness. Result of deformation analysis showed no significant difference at various stages of ripeness. The correlation between deformation and stage of ripeness was obtained as 0.2.

[Mahmoud Soltani, Reza Alimardani, Mahmoud Omid. Changes in physico-mechanical properties of banana fruit during ripening treatment. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):14-19]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Banana fruit, Physical, Mechanical, Ripening

Full Text

3

4

Neural Network and Wavelet Transform For Classification and Object Detection

Afshin Shaabany ¹, Fatemeh Jamshidi ¹

¹ Islamic Azad University, Fars Science and Research Branch, Shiraz, Iran

afshinshy@yahoo.com, Fjamshidi59@yahoo. com

Abstract: The practical utilization of object detection and classification, in high-performance structural mine detection or proximity fuses is somewhat impeded due to some complicated phenomena such as: existence of multiple wave modes, jamming, high susceptibility to diverse interferences, bulky sampled data, clutters and difficulty in signal interpretation. An intelligent signal processing approach using the wavelet transform and artificial neural network algorithms was developed; this was actualized in a signal processing package. The intelligent signal processing technique comprehensively functions as signal filtration, data compression and pattern recognition, capable of extracting essential features from acquired raw wave signals and further assisting in structural mine detection or proximity fuses evaluation. For validation, the algorithm was applied to the detection and classification of 10 different objects.

[Afshin Shaabany, Fatemeh Jamshidi. Neural Network and Wavelet Transform For Classification and Object Detection. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):20-25]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Wavelet; Classification; Mine detection; intelligent signal processing

Full Text

4

5

Pharmacokinetic of  florfenicol (Water soluble formulation) in healthy and Pasteurella infected broiler chickens

H. A. El-Banna  and H.Y. El-Zorba

Department of  Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University

Corresponding author :elzorba1@hotmail.com

Abstract: Florfenicol has been approved in the European Union for use in cattle and pigs as an injectable solution for treatment of respiratory diseases in cattle through injection .But now, it was introduced in some countries as an oral solution for the treatment of several poultry diseases. The aim of the present study is to describe the Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol (water soluble formulation)in broiler chickens after either a single intravenous and oral administration  (by a dose of 30 mg/kg^-1 body weight). Meanwhile, comparing its disposition in control healthy and Pasteurella-infected broilers.  Following the IV administration of the drug in healthy and diseased birds, the drug plasma concentration declined in a biphasic pattern. The maximum plasma concentration of florfenicol in control healthy and diseased was reached one hour after its oral administration. But the peak level detected in control broilers was higher than that detected in infected birds. Conclusion: Data of the present study showed that volume of distribution, total body clearance in infected birds were higher than that determined in healthy ones. On the other hands, systemic bioavailability were significantly lower (F %,55.6 %) in diseased broiler compared to values determined in healthy ones (F % ,71.5).

[H. A. El-Banna  and H.Y. El-Zorba. Pharmacokinetic of  florfenicol (Water soluble formulation) in healthy and Pasteurella infected broiler chickens. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):26-32]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Pharmacokinetics, Florfenicol- Pasteurella-infected broilers

Full Text

5

6

Rural women participation in extension activities

Sharareh Khodamoradi ¹ and Mohammad Abedi²

¹ Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

²Department of Agricultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: In all communities, rural women are considered as an important factor in achieving rural development goals and in fact are half of the manpower needed for rural development. However, in the rural community of Iran, there are gaps between the ruling class (capital owners) and villagers, between literate and illiterate, and between men and women. Especially in villages women have fewer possibilities in terms of investment and less power and credit. Role of rural women, over of men, is more influenced with different economic, social, cultural and ecologic factors. Rural women are considered as a noticeable potential in the community either directly (crops production, livestock, handicrafts, cottage industries) or indirectly by helping the agricultural sector (as labor).

[Sharareh Khodamoradi and Mohammad Abedi. Rural women participation in extension activities. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):33-37]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords Rural women participation , extension activities

Full Text

6

7

Effect of Oleozon on Healing of Exposed Pulp Tissues

Rania Sayed Mosallam; Amany Nemat; Ahmed El-Hoshy and Shiro Suzuki.

Lecturer, Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.

Professor of Oral Pathology, Department of Oral surgery and Medicine, National Research Center

Lecturer of Operative dentistry, Faculty of oral and Dental medicine, Cairo university.

Visiting Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Dentistry

dr_anemat@hotmail.com

Abstract: Objective: To compare the healing effect of Oleozon and calcium hydroxide on experimentally exposed pulp tissue. Method: Direct pulp exposures were conducted in nine dogs, i.e., three dogs were prepared for each experimental period of 7, 30 and 90 days. In each dog the upper and lower canines of the right side were capped with calcium hydroxide (Dycal), while those of the left side were capped with ozonated olive oil (Oleozon). After the observation periods, the teeth were prepared for histomorphological examination. Results: The tissues capped with Oleozon revealed inflammation with dilated blood vessels and hemorrhages at 7 days, a slight inflammatory response at 30 days, and the increase of collagen fibers and fibroblast with dilated blood vessels at 90 days. While, the tissues capped with calcium hydroxide exhibited medium degree of inflammation and necrosis adjacent to the exposure site at 7 days, remarkable absorption of necrotic tissues with few collagen fibers and fibroblast at 30 days, and a localized connective tissue capsule with depositions of reparative dentin at 90 days. Conclusion: Based upon the results and the limitations of the study, it was concluded that direct pulp capping with Oleozon induced less degrees of irritation to the dental pulp compared to that with Dycal. Clinical significant: The application of Oleozon paste for direct capping to exposed pulp could have a possibility to serve as a therapeutic method to enhance pulp tissue healing.

[Rania Sayed Mosallam; Amany Nemat; Ahmed El-Hoshy and Shiro Suzuki. Effect of Oleozon on Healing of Exposed Pulp Tissues. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):38-44]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Experimental pulp exposure, pulp capping, Calcium Hydroxide, Oleozon,histopathological examinations

Full Text

7

8

Assessing Advantages and Disadvantages of Distance Learning

¹ Ali Badragheh, ² Mohammad Abedi

^{1, 2} Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Varamin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: most distance education courses offered by traditional colleges and universities that are semester and classroom oriented, with courses offered by most of the DETC-accredited institutions you can study any time and anywhere. Distance education is especially suited for busy people who wish to increase their knowledge and skills without giving up their jobs, leaving home, or losing income. You learn while you earn. Many courses provide complete vocational training; others prepare you for upgrading in your present job, without losing wages, experience or seniority. You receive individual attention, and you work at your own pace. In recent years, technology has played a significant role in transforming the traditional distance education school into a dynamic, interactive distance learning method using toll-free telephone lines, as well as a diverse array of personal computers, video devices, CD and DVD ROMs, online courses over the Internet, interactive devices, and other modern technological innovations. The future for distance study promises to be exciting.

[Ali Badragheh and Mohammad Abedi. Assessing Advantages and Disadvantages of Distance Learning.

 Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):45-51]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

Keywords: Distance Learning, education

Full Text

8

9

Relationship between civic engagement and level of people’s participation in local government

* Seyed Hamid Mohammadi, ** Sharifah Norazizan, *** Zahid Emby

* Department of Social and Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, Putra University, Malaysia

Tel: 60-17-2118806 E-mail: hmd_mohamadi@yahoo.com

** Department of Social and Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, Putra University, Malaysia

 E-mail: sharifah@putra.upm.edu.my

*** Department of Social and Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, Putra University, Malaysia

 E-mail: Zahid@putra.upm.edu.my

Abstract: This paper attempts to identify the relationship between civic engagements of local people and level of their participation in local government of Torbat-Heydarieh, Iran.  The paper is based on the study carried out among 400 citizens of Torbat-Heydarieh. The analysis of data uses Pearson correlation to determine the relationship between variables involved. The findings reveal that two levels of participation (tokenism and citizen-power) have positive and significant relationship with civic engagement, while there is no significant relationship between non-participation level and civic engagement. The findings of the study imply that those respondents who engage more in civic activities would participate in high level of participation in local government.

[Seyed Hamid Mohammadi, Sharifah Norazizan, Zahid Emby. Relationship between civic engagement and level of people’s participation in local government. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):52-59]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: civic engagement; people’s participation; local government

Full Text

9

10

Use of Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome: A Review

Nahid Golmakani ¹, Samira Ebrahimzadeh Zagami ²

^1,2. Instructor of Midwifery, School of  Nursing and midwifery, Mashhad University  Of Medical  Science, Mashhad Iran. ebrahimzadehzs@mums.ac.ir

Abstract: Premenstrual syndrome is a common condition in women and includes a range of emotional, psychological, and physical symptoms triggered by the menstrual cycle. Complementary and alternative medicine use is more prevalent in the treatment of diseases, and many women use medicinal plants without a physician’s prescription. Modified diet and use of herbal medicine may be one effective method in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. The purpose of this study was to collect information about medicinal plants used in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. This review studied articles obtained from data bases, Pubmed, Science Direct, MD Consult, Inter Science, and Iran Medex from 2000-2010. Several studies and trials have shown a reduction of premenstrual syndrome symptoms after consumption of Hypericum perforatum, Vitex agnus castus, saffron, ginkgo, and soy rather than the placebo group. Medicinal plants can be used in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome if certain precautions are followed. More studies are needed about these and other plants.

[Nahid Golmakani, Samira Ebrahimzadeh Zagami. Use of Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome: A Review. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):60-64]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Medicinal Plant, Premenstrual Syndrome, Treatment

Full Text

10

11

Effect of Green Tea Extract on the Rat Liver; Histoarchitectural, Histochemical and Ultrastructural Studies

Amal A.A. El Daly

Department of Zoology, Faculty of science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

ml_eldaly@yahoo.com

Abstract: Green tea consumed worldwide since earliest time considered beneficial to human health due to its specific metabolic activity along with antioxidant effect. This study was headed for investigate the effect of green tea on histoarchitecture and histochemistry as well as the fine structure of rat liver. For this purpose, male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus); 3 months age weighing between 100 –120 g were used. The animals group-housed six for each in wire mesh cages fed ad libitum divided into two groups: control and experimental group. The latter was divided into three subgroups; 1%, 1.5% and 3% green tea extract feeding animals. Green tea was received instead of drinking water for 25 days using feeding bottles. After the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed and liver pieces were prepared for both light and electron microscopic examination. The results depicted hypertrophied hepatocytes associated with cloudy swelling. There were some pyknotic and karyorrhectic hepatic nuclei in comparison to the control. Blood vessels appear congested and Blood sinusoids contracted. There was an indication of few collagen fibrils in the hepatic stroma. Hepatocytes had PAS positive deposits in their cytoplasm. Furthermore, hyalinization of the hepatocytes was distinct in the animal's liver feeding on higher doses. The ultrastructural results revealed destructed hepatocytic organelles as well as hypertrophied and irregular contoured hepatocytic nuclei. Moreover, many lipid droplets, few profiles of granular endoplasmic reticulum and destructed mitochondria in the hepatocytes cytoplasm were apparent especially after higher doses of treatment. Though, it was fulfilled that green tea consumption induced an alteration in the liver tissues and its fine structure as well as carbohydrate metabolism. Consequently, another aspect was providing into the cellular response of rat liver toward green tea extract property. It must be carefully using for it's harmfully outcome on long term.

[Amal A.A. El Daly. Effect of Green Tea Extract on the Rat Liver; Histoarchitectural, Histochemical and Ultrastructural Studies. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):65-73]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Green tea extract, Histoarchitecture, Histochemistry, Ultrastructure, Liver, Rat

Full Text

11

12

Disadvantages of Online Education: Drawbacks to Consider

Ali Badragheh

Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch, Garmsar, Iran

*Corresponding author: badraghehali@yahoo.com

Abstract: Distance education delivers classes (live or pre-taped) to students in their home, office, or classroom. It is used by K-12, higher education, continuing education and business. As the cost of delivering quality education increases, institutions find that limited resources prevent them from building facilities, hiring faculty, or expanding curricula. They are using distance education to maximize resources and are combining their assets with others to produce programming. Distance education is offered internationally, nationally, regionally, and locally over all forms of conferencing technology. Distance learning is expanding and examples of it are increasing dramatically. Fewer than 10 states were using distance learning in 1987; today, virtually all states have an interest or effort in distance education. Distance learning systems connect the teacher with the students when physical face-to-face interaction is not possible. Telecommunications systems carry instruction, moving information instead of people. The technology at distant locations are important and affect how interaction takes place, what information resources are used, and how effective the system is likely to be.

[Ali Badragheh. Disadvantages of Online Education: Drawbacks to Consider. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):74-80]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Online Education, distance education

Full Text

12

13

Pros and Cons of Online Classes: Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Courses

Ali Badragheh

Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch, Garmsar, Iran

*Corresponding author: badraghehali@yahoo.com

Abstract: Distance education can be used for some aspects of most disciplines. For example, several institutions of higher education already have developed certificate programs, undergraduate programs, and graduate programs in health and physical education that are delivered using distance education methods. Eastern Oregon University, Emporia State University, Kutztown University, LaSalle University, the Medical College of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point, and Virginia Tech are among institutions integrating distance technology into their physical education programs. Traditional programs that are heavily based in skill development and demonstration or require laboratory work can be offered in a distance education framework using interactive video interfaced with computers to facilitate a hands-on learning approach at a distance. Classes that use lecture and laboratory experiences are easily adapted to a distance education situation. Course materials, including animals for dissection, are sent to class participants with video and written instructions and assignments.

 [Ali Badragheh. Pros and Cons of Online Classes: Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Courses. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):81-87]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Online Classes, distance education

Full Text

13

14

Private extension: functions and duties

¹ Molouk Gharibpanah, ² Azita Zamani

^{1, 2} Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran

*Corresponding author: fereshteh12150@yahoo.com

Abstract: Diverse agricultural extension funding and delivery arrangements have been undertaken since the mid-1980s by governments worldwide in the name of "privatization."  When agricultural extension is discussed, privatization is used in the broadest sense – of introducing or increasing private sector participation, which does not necessarily imply a transfer of designated state-owned assets to the private sector. In fact, various cost-recovery, commercialization, and other so-called privatization alternatives have been adopted to improve agricultural extension. The form and content of decentralization has dominated development discourse and public sector reform agenda in Kenya in the last two decades. The evolution of public agricultural extension arrived at a worldwide turning point in the 1980s, one that represented the end of a major phase in the growth of publicly funded extension in both the developed and developing world. Agricultural extension increasingly has become defined as one or other of (apparently) differentiated activities of technology transfer or rural development. In many situations, the transfer of technology, heretofore considered the purview of public sector systems, has been reconceived. Such changes suggest a refocussing of paradigms for the delivery of public sector extension.

[Molouk Gharibpanah and Azita Zamani. Private extension: functions and duties. Journal of American

Science 2011;7(5):88-93]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: private extension

Full Text

14

15

Using Information and communication technologies (ICT) in extension education

Azita Zamani ¹ and Nahideh Erfanirad²

^{1, 2} Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran

*Corresponding author: mehran11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: The concept of development of the rural, today, is not just project initiatives and governance; it is much more beyond that. This paper uncovers a whole plethora of ICT emergence as a technology of the new millennium. Against the backdrop of the ongoing ICT boom, this paper makes an attempt towards studying its applications and usage planning process and policy making for the rural communities focusing on how it helps in aligning the key factors and reduce the problems of alienation, fragmentation and dislocation of knowledge. Policy makers and service providers have increasingly come to view information and communication technologies (ICT), and particularly the Internet, as an important tool in providing disadvantaged groups and areas with access to information, services and markets that would otherwise be inaccessible. The concept of development of the rural, today, is not just project initiatives and governance; it is much more beyond that.

[Azita Zamani and Nahideh Erfanirad. Using Information and communication technologies (ICT) in extension education. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):94-97]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: information and communication technologies (ICT), agricultural extension

Full Text

15

16

Water Scarcity and Need for Sustainable Water Use

Ahmad Reza Ommani¹ and Azadeh N. Noorivandi²

¹Assistant Professor Department of Agricultural Management, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran, Ommani75451@yahoo.com

² Department of Agricultural Management, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran, noorivandi_a@yahoo.com

Abstract: Availability of water is the most limiting factor for agricultural sector. More than 90% of the renewable water in the country is used for agriculture, but the sector still cannot provide enough production to meet the demand of the population. On the other hand, with the current conditions the total agricultural products from irrigated farming are 56 million ton and total water used for irrigated agriculture is 83 bm³, therefore water productivity is 0.7 kg/ m³. For the supply of food for the year 2020 the agricultural production should increase to 160 million ton. Therefore the water productivity should increase to 1.6 kg/ m³. Therefore, focus on efficient use of water through irrigation efficiency and improvements in management of water use will be the major challenges in the coming years.

[Ahmad Reza Ommani. Water Scarcity and Need for Sustainable Water Use. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):98-105]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: water, agricultural products, Extension expert

Full Text

16

17

Agricultural Extension and Sustainable Water Resources Management in Agriculture

Ahmad Reza Ommani¹ and Azadeh N. Noorivandi²

¹Assistant Professor Department of Agricultural Management, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran, Ommani75451@yahoo.com

² Department of Agricultural Management, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran, noorivandi_a@yahoo.com

Abstract: Agricultural extension is a public service for human resource development (HRD) in the agricultural sector. Multiple studies in Iran showed that, although extension services has played a positive role in agricultural development of Iran, but there are difficulties, barriers, misunderstandings, and weaknesses in the transfer of new technology and information to farmers. Lacking the suitable linkage between extension and research organizations has been a barrier for transfer of appropriate new technology to farmers. This problem exists in water sector of agriculture.  The major consumer of water in Iran is the agriculture sector. Identifying suitable extension mechanisms have important role to developing extension system. Therefore, identifying extension mechanisms for supporting sustainable water resources management in agriculture of Iran is the one of the major approaches needs to be carefully thought and accurately implemented for the extension system development. [Ahmad Reza Ommani. Agricultural Extension and Sustainable Water Resources Management in Agriculture. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):106-112]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Water, Extension mechanisms, Agriculture sector

Full Text

17

18

The Speed of light - A Fundamental Retrospection to Prospection

Narendra Katkar*

Author – Investigator – Analyst, Founder-Chair

International Research Center for Fundamental Sciences (IRCFS)

4-158/41, Plot Nr.41, Sai Puri, Sainikpuri, Secunderabad, 500094: Andhra Pradesh, INDIA

Tel: 91-40-9948425413

Webpage: https://sites.google.com/site/ircfsnk/home; Email: Narendra.katkar@gmail.com

Abstract: Speed of light can not be achieved independently by any Body even a Photon, unless it has a source, a thrust of that speed. Further, no amount of radiation or light form can be produced freely, unless some amount of (mass) rest energy is converted to dynamic liberated energy. With the investigation of above query and retrospection in mass- energy relation, a paradigm shift in understanding fundamental nature of Energy and Universe is presented.

[Narendra Katkar. The Speed of light - A Fundamental Retrospection to Prospection. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):113-127]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Light Speed, photon, electron positron interaction, Energy, Universe

Full Text

18

19

Waste management in rural areas of Iran

Mortaza tavakoli ¹, sadegh afrasiyab rad²

1. PhD, Faculty Member; Department of Geography, University of Zabol, zabol, Iran

tavakoli@uoz.ac.ir or tavakoly52@gmail.com

^2. M. Sc student, Department of Geography, University of Zabol, zabol, Iran

Abstract: The most important role of health is providing physical and mental well-being for people of society. Today, the waste problem is focused less than any other environmental hazards such water and air pollution. Purpose of this study is recognition review and analysis state of waste production resources in rural areas of central rural sub city areas of Shiraz and Zabol counties. Research method in this study based on field observation, interviews, obtains data, from the questionnaire, and analyze data by SPSS software. Findings show that most produced rubbish in rural of Shiraz is paper and textile with 63%, maximum street rubbish is animal stool with 42%, and most market waste is vegetable with 69%. In comparing with rural of Zabol, maximum domestic waste is paper 38% and major rubbish production research is dust with 64%, maximum market rubbish is vegetables 58% and major amount of street rubbish is paper with 54%. There is a significant relationship between waste production amount and rural distance to city and between waste component and method of dispose it and distance to city. the studies done in the waste management in studied rural level, shows great part of human and finance resources spend collecting and transport and no action don in the fields of production, storage, recycling and disposal.

[Tavakoli mortaza, afrasiyabiy rad sadegh. Waste management in rural areas of Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):128-135]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Environmental health; Waste production; Rural; How disposal; Iran

Full Text

19

20

Key Characteristics of Adult Education and Literacy Programs

¹Ali Badragheh, ²Mohammad Abedi

^{1, 2} Department of Agricultural Economic, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch, Marvdasht, Iran

*Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: A distinguishing characteristic of adult education programs is that program content and language must be suitable and respectful of adult clients. For example, instead of using the word “student” which may imply a traditional teacher/student relationship where a student is subservient to the teacher, all state program materials use the word “learner” or “customer.” Using this type of language acknowledges the adults’ existing knowledge and real-world experience and makes them the focus of the program. The Pennsylvania Adult Basic and Literacy Education Indicators of Program. Quality emphasize the importance of customer satisfaction and learner progress on individualized goals One quality area explicitly states that “program staff and learners jointly develop, regularly evaluate, and update an instructional plan that incorporates the individual’s learning styles and preferences” . This is just one example of how learners and staff are equals and collaborate on the learners’ participation in the program.

[Ali Badragheh and Mohammad Abedi. Key Characteristics of Adult Education and Literacy Programs. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):136-141]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: adult education, Literacy

Full Text

20

21

Learning styles in adult education

¹ Mohammad Abedi, ² Ali Badragheh

^{1, 2} Department of Agricultural Economic, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch, Marvdasht, Iran. *Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: In the best of all possible worlds, you would incorporate all three learning styles into each of your lessons. However, this is just not possible in the real world of teaching. In truth, it is often not hard to include both auditory and visual learning styles in your lessons. For example, you can have instructions written on the board and say them out loud. However, it is not always as easy to include the tactile/kinesthetic learning style into your lessons. The sad truth is that many students have this as their strongest learning style. It is best to not force the issue but instead find natural places to include kinesthetic learning. If your class warrants it, you could include simulations, role-playing, debates, or the use of manipulative.

[Mohammad Abedi and Ali Badragheh. Learning styles in adult education. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):142-146]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: learning styles, adult learning

Full Text

21

22

Advances of biological taxonomy and species identification in Medicinal Plant Species by DNA barcodes

Chong Liu ¹，Zhengyi Gu¹，Weijun Yang ¹*，Li Yang ²，Dilnuer¹

        ^1.Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica/Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Medicine，Urumqi 830004，China；liu_chong02@163.com

^2. Pharmacy school of Xinjiang Medical University，Urumqi 830004，China；

Abstract: Medicinal Plant Species taxonomy is authenticated according to morphological features. It is a long-standing problem of mixing authentic species with their adulterants in medicinal preparations. However, DNA barcoding is a new technique that uses a short DNA sequence as a molecular diagnostic for species-level identification, Our purpose is to briefly expose DNA Barcode of Life principles, relevance and universality. Barcode of life framework has greatly evolved, giving rise to a flexible description of DNA barcoding and a larger range of applications. Similarly, a variety of single locus or combined loci have been propose as DNA barcodes for the plant identification, which are the coding regions or non-coding regions in plastids or the nuclear genome, such as rbcL, matK, rpoB, rpoc1, psbA-trnh, ITS and rbcL+psbA-trnH.

[Chong Liu，Zhengyi Gu，Weijun Yang，Li Yang，Dilnuer. Advances of biological taxonomy and species identification in Medicinal Plant Species by DNA barcodes. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):147-151]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: DNA barcoding; ITS2; matK; psbA-trnH

Full Text

22

23

Analysis situation of Activity Status in Urban and Rural Area Population of Iran

Mortaza tavakoli

 PhD, Faculty Member; Department of Geography, University of Zabol, zabol, Iran

tavakoli@uoz.ac.ir or tavakoly52@gmail.com

Abstract: The study has looked into the population of Iran aged 10 and above by activity status and sex including the urban and the rural areas. An analysis of the country’s population and activity status could explain the economic and social situations of the state and its people. The increasing unemployment and reduction of goods and productive services may cause some detrimental effects in the society and country’s economy. Through the study’s assessment on the country’s population and activity status, the collaboration of the government and its various sectors can set forth to strengthen human development by investing in human resources and employment. A significant increase in the population rate of male and female students in the rural areas and with the decrease in the rate of homemakers for both sexes is a good sign.  This implies that these individuals have seen the potentials of education in empowering them to develop their skills and abilities and obtain necessary knowledge of making a living and becoming a productive individual. Population growth forms formidable barriers to a country’s progress and development and this phenomenon is usually attributed to socio-cultural, religious and environmental factors but with a better understanding of its occurrence will help regulate and control its growth.

[Tavakoli mortaza. Analysis situation of Activity Status in Urban and Rural Area Population of Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):152-157]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: activity status; rural and urban area, Iran

Full Text

23

24

Physical and Mechanical Properties of beans

Alireza Shirneshan

 Mechanical Engineering Group, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Iran

arshirneshan@yahoo.com

Abstract: Food properties are needed and play a significant role to predict and define the quality and behavior of seeds. In this study physical (dimension, weight, volume, sphericity, static coefficient of friction) and mechanical (maximal impact deformation, dynamic coefficient of friction) properties of four common beans are reported. As static coefficient of friction is equal to tangent of slip angle, a suitable apparatus was constructed and static coefficient of friction for four genotypes Daneshkadeh and Dehghan (white color) Naz and Sayyad (Red color) on three surfaces (rubber, tarpaulin and steel galvanized) were measured. Also dynamic coefficient of friction was determined at surface moving velocities of 4, 8 and 12 m/min. Mechanical behavior under impact load were determined in terms of average rupture force in pendulum impact, that is design and constructed. Randomize complete block design showed that, static and dynamic coefficient of friction had major difference between beans genotypes, surfaces and velocity. Mean values showed that the lowest static coefficient (0.32) occurred with steel galvanized surface and highest (0.44) on tarpaulin surface. The lowest dynamic coefficient of friction (0.24) occurred with steel galvanized surface and highest (0.385) on tarpaulin surface. It was observed that the magnitudes of physical damage in Sayad beans were higher than Naz, Daneshkadeh and Dehghan respectively. The average loss of germination to beans decreased with increasing impact energy. Naz and Dehghan had minimum mean volume and weight and Daneshkadeh had maximum sphericity and geometric mean.

[Alireza Shirneshan. Physical and Mechanical Properties of beans. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):158-164]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Bean, friction, Dynamic, Impact, physical attributes

Full Text

24

25

Stimulation effect of some bioregulators on flowering, chemical constituents, essential oil and phytohormones of tuberose  (Polianthes tuberos L.).

⁽¹⁾ Lobna, S. Taha and ⁽²⁾ Rawia, A.Eid

Department of Ornamental Plant and Woody Trees.National Research Centre,Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

* Corresponding author, emil, lobnasalah82@yahoo.com

Abstract: Bulbs of tuberose plants were soaked (24h) or sprayed with solutions of spermidine and ATP at 50, 75 or 100ppm for each. Both bioregulators (especially at 100 ppm) augmented plants bulblets and flowering characteristics (No. of bulblets, fresh and dry weights of bulblets, no of days to flowering, No of florets/spike, spike length, length of rachis and fresh and dry weights of spike) Spermidine was more effective than ATP for bulblets parameters but ATP was preferred for flowering parameters, photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, b and carotenoides), chemical constituents of plants (Indoles, phenols and total carotenoides). Essential oil content of flowers was significantly improved by soaking or spraying of ATP at 50, 75 or 100ppm. The highest amount of endogenous GA3 produced with ATP at 100ppm. However, spermdine (100ppm) caused the highest amount of cytokinins. Using ATP as soaking or spraying treatment at 75 or 100ppm resulted in the highest amount of ABA.

[Lobna, S. Taha and Rawia, A.Eid. Stimulation effect of some bioregulators on flowering, chemical constituents, essential oil and phytohormones of tuberose  (Polianthes tuberos L.). Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):165-171]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Spermidine, ATP, flowering, chemical constituents, essential oil, phytohromones, tuberose

Full Text

25

26

Lens Protein Changes Associated With Cigarette Smoking

Eman M.Aly * and Eman S. Elabrak

Biophysics and Laser Science Unit, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza, Egypt.

*e.Aly@hotmail.com

Abstract: Purpose: Smoking is an independent risk factor that has dose-response effect. The goal of the present work is to study the biophysical and biological effects of smoking on the crystalline lens of the rabbits. Materials and methods: Twenty New Zealand albino rabbits used in this study were classified into five groups in which group I (n=4) served as control. The other groups were exposed to different durations of cigarette smoke (five cigarettes per day). Animals were decapitated after 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks and soluble lens proteins were separated and the following measurements were carried out: estimation of total soluble protein, refractive index measurement, sodium dodocyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and determination of sodium, calcium and potassium concentrations. Results: The results showed that, exposure of the animals to cigarette smoke resulted in decrease of the protein concentration and potassium content that was accompanied by an increase in the refractive index of the soluble lens proteins and an increase in sodium and calcium content. In addition, there were changes in the molecular structure of soluble lens proteins demonstrated by SDS-PAGE.  Conclusion:  smoking causes morphological and functional changes to the lens that may lead to cataract.

[Eman M.Aly and Eman S. Elabrak. Lens Protein Changes Associated With Cigarette Smoking. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):172-177]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Ultrasound, Rabbits, Lens, Refractive index, Proteins, SDS

Full Text

26

27

Effect of prophylactic antibiotics (Cephalosporin versus Amoxicillin) on preventing post caesarean section infection

Walaa H. Ibrahim ¹, A. M. Makhlouf ², Mervat A. Khamis¹, and Entisar M.Youness*¹.

¹Department of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assuit University

²Obstetrics & Gynecological Medicine Dept., Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University

^{*entisarmohamedyones@yahoo.com}

ABSTRACT: Prophylactic antibiotics have been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of febrile morbidity associated with cesarean section after labor. However, the relative effectiveness of different single antibiotics has been studied infrequently. Several new broad spectrum antibiotics are now available, and any further benefit from more traditional antibiotics for surgical prophylaxis remains untested. A randomized clinical trial for testing the efficacy of cephalosporin versus Amoxicillin in preventing post cesarean section infection, and to identify the role of health education about wound care in reducing post cesarean section wound infection. This study conducted at emergency unit of the Obstetrics &Gynecological department, Woman's Health Center, Assuit University Hospital, between 2008 to 2009. Women's undergoing emergency and elective cesarean section were recruited into the study and given either drug as prophylaxis. The sample comprised 200 pregnant women. 100 pregnant women received Amoxicillin and the other 100 pregnant women received Cephalosporin as a prophylactic antibiotic. For each group, 50 women  received routine hospital wound care and the other 50 women received health education about wound care. Random assignment was done by computer generated tables. Concealed envelopes containing the random number made to be opened after deciding to include the case in the study. the -present study reported that the percent of surgical site infection (SSI) of elective cesarean section was 2.5% (0.5% in Amoxicillin group and 2% in cephalosporin group) with no significant difference between both groups. We can concluded that use of Amoxicillin as a prophylactic antibiotic as effective as Cephalosporin in preventing post cesarean section wound infection. And women that received health education about wound care are less likely to expose to wound infection than those who receive only routine hospital care, in spite that the comparative results are not significant.

[Walaa H. Ibrahim, A. M. Makhlouf, Mervat A. Khamis, and Entisar M.Youness. Effect of prophylactic antibiotics (Cephalosporin versus Amoxicillin) on preventing post caesarean section infection. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):178-187]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key Words: Prophylactic antibiotics, Wound infection, Cesarean section.

Full Text

27

28

Role of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in Diagnosis of Soft Tissue Tumors

Hassan A.Maher Wael¹, Khamis N.Nehal¹ and Hammam M. Makram¹

^1. Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

wael_hassan2@med.suez.edu.eg,

Abstract: Fine needle aspiration cytology has many advantages that make it a first-choice diagnostic approach in many tumors. However, its role in diagnosing soft tissue tumors has been debated and at times discouraged. The aim of the study is to review the role of fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosing soft tissue tumors and to establish cytological criteria for the most encountered soft tissue tumors. The databases were searched up to 2010 and a comprehensive review of the relevant literature was performed, focusing on the followings: utility and limitations of fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors, diagnostic efficacy of fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors, the cytological features of the most commonly encountered soft tissue tumors, the role of fine needle aspiration cytology in differentiating benign soft tissue tumors from soft tissue sarcomas and its role in grading and exact subtyping of soft tissue sarcomas. The findings of this review showed that fine needle aspiration cytology in conjunction with ancillary studies, especially immunohistochemistry, along with the clinical and/or radiographic data can approach a diagnostic accuracy of 95% for the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors. Also, placing the sarcoma into one of the five cytomorphological group (pleomorphic, spindle, myxoid, small round/ovoid and epithelioid) is useful to reach a confident diagnosis of benignity or malignancy and to suggest a type-specific diagnosis. However, subtyping or grading spindle cell sarcomas as well as lipomatous tumors are often challenging and the use of immunohistochemistry is mandatory for proper diagnosis of these tumors.

[Hassan A.Maher Wael, Khamis N.Nehal and Hammam M. Makram. Role of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in Diagnosis of Soft Tissue Tumors. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):188-199]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Fine needle aspiration cytology, soft tissue tumors, cytological criteria, immunohistochemistry

Full Text

28

29

Behavioral Responses of Castrated Buck Kids at Different Ages By Using Different Methods of Castration

Souad A. Ahmed and Essam A. Ahmed

Department of Animal Hygiene, Behavior and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University. Egypt. *souadahmed45@yahoo.com

Abstract: To evaluate the behavioral responses of kids to castration by burdizzo (Bur), rubber ring (RR) or control handled, 90 buck kids were used. Behavioral responses of kids throughout the 180 minutes after castration or control handled were assessed by using a video camera Castration of younger kids (7 and 21 days) took significantly shorter time than 42 days old. RR produced the highest values of active pain behavior, frequency of elimination, less frequently suck, teat seeking or nibble at feed. The scrotal sloughing was delayed in older kids. Results of questionnaire indicated that most castrations were done at the farm; castration failure was only in some of Burdizzo especially those older than 8 weeks. It was concluded that kids castration must be done as early as possible to reduce the total pain response and for achievement of animal welfare, and Burdizzo method is the preferable technique for castration of kids at all ages.

[Souad A. Ahmed and Essam A. Ahmed. Behavioral Responses of Castrated Buck Kids at Different Ages By Using Different Methods of Castration. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):200-209]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: kids age, castration, Bur, RR, behavior.

Full Text

29

30

Synthesis of Some New Annulated Thieno Pyridine,Pyrazolopyridine and Pyrido Pyridine Derivatives

F.F. Mahmoud, Nadia T.A. Dawood, Nahed F. Abdel-Ghaffar

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

dawounadia @yahoo.com

Abstract: The reaction of arylidenemalonitrile with cyanothioacetamide afforded pyridine derivatives. Thus compound 1 reacted further with different nucleophilic and electrophilic reagents yielding different products which were confirmed via spectroscopic analysis.

[F.F. Mahmoud, Nadia T.A. Dawood, Nahed F. Abdel-Ghaffar. Synthesis of Some New Annulated Thieno Pyridine,Pyrazolopyridine and Pyrido Pyridine Derivatives. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):210-218]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Arylidene malononitriles,Dihydropyridines,Antimicrobial activity.

Full Text

30

31

Diagnosis of Nutrient Status in Balady Mandarin Orchards of a Newly Reclaimed Area in Egypt

Khalifa, R. Kh. M.; El-Fouly, M.M.; S.H.A. Shaaban^* and H.A. Hamouda

Department of Fertilization Technology, National Research Centre

^*shashaaban@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present work aimed to determine the nutritional status of Balady mandarin orchards, through soil testing and leaf analysis, in order to work out a proper fertilization programs. A field study was conducted at El-Tall El-Kepeer, Ismailia governorate, covering 19 Balady mandarin orchards grown on sandy soils under drip irrigation. These soils are of poor fertility. However, fertilization of these orchards still depends upon the grower's inherited knowledge and in very small scale on the extension information. The trees were fifteen years old. The orchard soils had very high pH values, low to high level of EC and Na, and were low in total CaCO₃ and very low in O.M. The values for available nutrients in soil were found to be as very low of P, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu.  Values of K, Mg ranged between very low to medium levels, However values of Ca ranged between medium to high levels. The leaf macronutrient values were low in N, ranged between optimum to high in P and Mg, ranged between low to high in K, However values of Ca was ranged between low and optimum. The leaf micronutrient contents were as follow, Fe ranged from optimum to high; Mn, Zn and Cu were ranged from low to the beginning of optimum levels. The nutrient correlations of the leaves revealed some antagonisms between K and Ca, Mg and both of Mn and Zn. Also, the nutrient correlations of the leaves and fruits revealed some antagonisms between N in leaves and Zn in fruits, P and K in leaves and Mn in fruits, K in leaves and N, Cu in fruits, Ca in leaves and K in fruits.

[Khalifa, R. Kh. M.; El-Fouly, M.M.; S.H.A. Shaaban and H.A. Hamouda. Diagnosis of Nutrient Status in Balady Mandarin Orchards of a Newly Reclaimed Area in Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):219-226]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Mandarin, sandy soil, nutrient diagnostics, nutrient uptake

Full Text

31

32

Using Condition Monitoring to Estimate Repair and Maintenance Costs of Tractors in Iran

Ahmad Mohammadi ¹, Morteza Almasi², Alireza Masoudi³, Saeed Minaei ⁴, Hamid Mashhadi Meighani⁵

1 Department of mechanization, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran;

E-mail: Ahmad.mohamady@gmail.com

²Associated Professor in Mechanization, Scientific Member of Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; E-mail: morteza.almassi@gmail.com

³Ph. D. in Control Monitoring, Scientific Member of High Education Center, Karaj, Iran;

E-mail: atk@alborztadbir.com

⁴ Associated Professor in Agricultural Machinery, Scientific Member of Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; E-mail: sminaee@isamme.ir

⁵Assist Professor in Agricultural Machinery, Scientific Member of Islamic Azad University, Arak branch, arak. Iran; Email: Hamid_mashhadi@yahoo.com

Abstract: One of the most aspects of managing of agricultural machinery is control and estimating of repair and maintenance costs. So, this is necessary to introduce mathematical methods to define repair time and machine condition. It reduces repair costs and increases the chance of machine service. In this research, condition monitoring was established to introduce this mathematical model for tractors in Iran. The study was done on MF285 and MF399 as the most conventional tractors in Iran. 120 tractors were selected randomly and their repairing and maintenance costs as well as working time were recorded. The costs for usual methods and control monitoring methods were compared by F test in SPSS software. Results show that the effects of CM can reduce costs in comparison with usual method significantly (Sig=0.002). Finally by assuming cumulative working time (X) as independence and cumulative costs based on definite percent of initial price (Y) as dependence variable a mathematical model was introduced. Powered regression introduced this model as Y=0.0028 X^0.981 which can used to estimate repairing and maintenance costs for selected tractors.

[Ahmad Mohammadi, Morteza Almasi, Alireza Masoudi, Saeed Minaei, Hamid Mashhadi Meighani. Using Condition Monitoring to Estimate Repair and Maintenance Costs of Tractors in Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):227-231]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Condition monitoring, Tractor, Repair and maintenance, Model 

Full Text

32

33

Characteristics of educators in adult education

¹ Mohammad Abedi, ² Ali Badragheh

^{1, 2} Department of Agricultural Economic, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch, Marvdasht, Iran. *Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: Complex role of adult learning and training process is significant, his role gradually changed from the donor information and active for many years will assume that the principles and techniques that are used in teaching children to contribute equally in the adult learning process On the other hand is effective in children for adult education teachers were employed. Later that person was well trained (ie the experts), who could well slow or a group leader to manage the program, was selected as an adult educator. Thus learners directly in adult education programs that are based on experience were used, and adult As a mature child which has its own characteristics and is unique is that the principles and techniques of the different techniques used for the education of children is needed. As a result the role of adult educator gradually from non-skilled person without the expertise of individual specialists and trained to be changed and Instructors for training and educational opportunities were provided at all levels are therefore unable to work for educators from institutions with short-term training courses for users of the guidance program (project leaders) through summer workshops for professional leaders through programs Training of Master and PhD levels in schools of higher education courses were provided.

[Mohammad Abedi, Ali Badragheh. Characteristics of educators in adult education. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):232-236]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Distance education, adult education

Full Text

33

34

The role of indigenous knowledge for sustainable development

Khatereh siyar

Department of Agricultural Economic, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Iran

*Corresponding author: khaterehsiyar@yahoo.com

Abstract: Indigenous knowledge is local knowledge that is restricted to one specific culture and/or certain society. Indigenous knowledge is different with scientific knowledge that was established by universities and scientific communities. This knowledge is basis for decision making at field of agriculture, health, education, food and natural sources . Indigenous knowledge is set of all knowledge and skills that people enjoy in one geographical area ( in one environmental conditions) that most of their skills and knowledge be transmitted to next generation , and new generation would be adapted with them and add to it . Many experts believe that for making a sustainable development, Indigenous  and modern knowledge should be combined. Nowadays, so much efforts have done to make use of Indigenous  knowledge but main part of these efforts were done for derivation and making it scientific.

[Khatereh siyar. The role of indigenous knowledge for sustainable development. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):237-241]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: sustainable development, indigenous knowledge

Full Text

34

35

Socio-economic analysis of foreign immigrants in South East Iran

Mortaza tavakoli

PhD, Faculty Member; Department of Geography, University of Zabol, zabol, Iran

tavakoli@uoz.ac.ir or tavakoly52@gmail.com

Abstract: Beginning of immigration refer to age of times that human lives on the earth. The first human for keep from damage and problem’s choosing immigrant as a solution. In between international immigrant with notice to it effect’s in era and destination is the most important. Analytic Situation of Pakistani immigrant to Iran is the main goal of this research. The all of society that use in this research is N=1350 person from Pakistani immigration that lives in Konarak and Chabahar that the 219 person with simple Random Sampling method chosen and for analytic this data and information use from Excel and Spss 16 software’s. The results show the main reason of immigrant Pakistani to these two cities is finding job and suitable work. Two stimulant consist of economic and other reason such local convenience, better life, more security has direct effect on other behavioral this reason has most important in between other reason.

[Tavakoli mortaza. Socio-economic analysis of foreign immigrants in south east Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):242-250]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: International immigrant’s, Pakistani immigrants, Southern East of Iran

Full Text

35

36

Clinical value of transforming growth factor beta as a marker of Fibrosis in adolescents with Chronic Liver Diseases

Elham Abdel Ghaffar, Bahaa El-Din Hassanin, Mona EL-Tokhy*

Pediatric & Clinical Pathology* Depart., Faculty of Medicine, Benha University

Abstract: Background: Hepatic fibrosis is the final common path of liver injury in most chronic liver diseases and can lead to cirrhosis, which is responsible for the majority of clinical complications. Our aim is to asses the clinical value of serum Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) as a fibrogenesis marker in adolescents with chronic Liver Diseases. Methods: We measured serum levels of TGF-β in 25 adolescents with chronic liver disease and 25 healthy controls, and determined their relationship to frequently used liver function tests and liver biopsy findings. Results: Serum Transforming growth factor β was significantly higher in patients than in controls as (P < 0.001). Significant positive correlation between TGFβ and TSB as r is 0.4682 and p is < 0.05. High significant positive correlation between TGFβ and (stage, grade of liver fibrosis, PT and duration of illness)as p is < 0.001and r is 0.9409, 0.7447, 0.5293 and 0.5952 respectively. Highly significant negative correlation with prothrombin concentration (PC) and serum albumin level as p is < 0.01 and r is -0.6460 and -0.5371 respectively. Sensitivity of TGFβ in diagnosis of fibrosis was 65% , specificity 94% and area under curve (AUC) was 0.812.The cut-off value of TGFβ used to discriminate significant fibrosis was 22.6 ng/ml and it was a dependant predictor factor for diagnosis of fibrosis with positive predictive value 75.5% and negative predictive value 90.4 %. Conclusions: TGF-β had the ability to discriminate patients with significant fibrosis. and may be useful in reducing but not replacing the need for liver biopsy.

[Elham Abdel Ghaffar, Bahaa El-Din Hassanin, Mona EL-Tokhy. Clinical value of transforming growth factor beta as a marker of Fibrosis in adolescents with Chronic Liver Diseases. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):251-259]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Liver fibrosis; Hepatitis C virus; Hepatitis B virus; Liver fibrosis; TGF-β

Full Text

36

37

Codification of the Strategy Map in Small, Auto-parts Manufacturing Companies (Case Study: Sahand Khodro Company of Tabriz)

¹ Samad Khabbaz Bavil * and ² Armin Rajabzadeh and ³ Mohammad Behravesh

¹ MSc of Management (MBA), lecturer of Management, Department of Social Science and Economics, Payam Noor University, Ahar Branch, Ahar City, East Azerbaijan, Iran.
E-mail: s_khabbaz@pnu.ac.ir.

²  MSc of Management (MBA), lecturer of Management, Faculty of Social Science, Department of Marketing Management, Payam Noor University, Varzeghan Branch, Varzeghan City, East Azerbaijan, Iran.

E-mail: a_rajabzadeh@pnu.ac.ir.

³ MSc Student of Industrial Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Amirkabir Technology, Tehran, Iran. E-Mail: behravesh@aut.ac.ir.

Abstract: One of the issues which hinder the execution of strategies in organizations is that it remains in a general level of actions and orientations. In response to this problem, the strategy map attempts to illustrate the organization strategies in terms of cause-effect relations and show how these strategies can change into measurable objectives and specified operations which must be followed by organizational units and also employees. By translating its strategy into the logical structure of the strategy map, Sahand Khodro Company created a common, tangible reference point for all its employees and personnel. In this study, we have translated the strategy of Sahand Khodro Company into operational objectives and evaluators from four aspects of the strategy map. By codifying the strategy map, Sahand Khodro Company was able to achieve greater profitability and better response in relation to all the beneficiaries involving customers, employees, director and owner of the company and the society.

[Samad Khabbaz Bavil and Armin Rajabzadeh and Mohammad Behravesh. Codification of the Strategy Map in Small, Auto-parts Manufacturing Companies (Case Study: Sahand Khodro Company of Tabriz). Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):260-267]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key Words: Strategy, Strategy Map, Auto-Parts Manufacturing Industry, Small Companies, Tabriz.

Full Text

37

38

Prediction of Traditional Climatic Changes Effect on Pomegranate Trees Under Desert Condition in EL-Maghara, Egypt

Seidhom, S.H. and Abd-El-Rahman, G.

Water Requirements and Meteorology Unit, Chemistry and Soil Physics Department, Desert Research Center, El-Matareya, Cairo, Egypt.

Abstract: The main aim of this study is to combat and forecasting climate changes, with some soil managements in El-Maghara Research Station at North Sinai, Egypt, on pomegranate trees. The applied treatments were irrigation intervals and soil mulching with drip irrigation in the desert sandy soils and its impact on the water use efficiency and saving of irrigation water. A field experiment was carried out through split plot design during the three seasons 2008, 2009 and 2010 with pomegranate trees have 9 years age, planted at distances 3.6 X 3.6 meters (324 tree/fed). Experiments included 72 test unit consists of three irrigation intervals (2, 4 and 6 days) and three soil mulching practices under the trees (control without mulch, bitumen mulch and olive pomace mulch) and four replicates each have two trees, as the amount of irrigation water was calculated according to Penman - Monteith equation for data the last 10 years of the meteorological data of the region. The results were analyzed statistically, which were as follows: (1) There is a detected local climatic change for the main meteorological data of the site compared either with 10 or 30 years recorded data. These changes are partially caused by the global climatic change in one hand and to the local Oasis effect in the site in the other hand. These changes play a positive role in enhancing the yield of pomegranate trees referring to the horticulture references. (2) A significant increase of the values of pomegranate fruit yield, crop water use efficiency, water economy, water saving, total revenue and total profit by increasing of air temperature and humidity of the atmosphere and increasing the irrigation period to 6 days. Olive pomace mulch under the trees, gave a higher yield than bitumen mulch, and without mulch. (3) Significant decrease values of water consumptive use, crop coefficient of pomegranate, irrigation water use efficiency coefficient and environmental stress coefficients by increasing the irrigation period to be 6 days. Olive pomace mulching under the trees gave a higher yield than bitumen mulch and then without mulch. (4) The highest for the application of economic olive pomace mulch under irrigation with a period of 6 days. In all cases, the applied treatments get higher investment ratios (IR) than the traditional one (2.25 LE/IL). The study recommends with using drip irrigation every 6 days by the amount of irrigation water calculated according to Penman-Monteith equation without addition leaching requirements, with plants residues mulch such as olive pomace under the trees, which gave the highest return of one pound investment with ~ 3.07 LE., taking into account the vulnerability of the study area to the phenomenon of the Continental and Oasis effect, under conditions similar to the study area.

[Seidhom, S.H. and Abd-El-Rahman, G. Prediction of Traditional Climatic Changes Effect on Pomegranate Trees Under Desert Condition in EL-Maghara, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):268-280]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: climate change, irrigation intervals, mulching, pomegranate, water use efficiency, environmental stress coefficient.

Full Text

38

39

Deterioration and Diffusion Studies of Radioactive Wastes from the Concrete   Matrix by Dynamic Method

A. El- Dakroury 

Hot lab. Center  and waste management

Atomic Energy Authority, P.O.  13759 Cairo Egypt

Aishaw95@yahoo.com

Abstract: In designing radioactive waste repositories, it is necessary to predetermine the degree of cement performance change due to leaching degradation. Cement is a porous material and consists of solid phases in contact and in equilibrium with a pore water solution. The progress of degradation can be expressed in terms of water exchange cycles or speed of diffusion of ions in the pore solution. Cementitious materials are fundamentally unstable in water and will change properties with time. High pH conditions of aqueous solutions in a radioactive waste repository can be brought about by dissolution of cementitious materials. In order to clarify the mechanisms involved in maintaining this high pH for long time, the dissolution phenomena of cement  hydrate was investigated. In the present research, leaching tests on powdered cement hydrates were conducted by changing the ratio of mass of leaching water to mass of cement hydrate Ordinary Portland cement hydrate was contacted with pour water and placed in a sealed bottle. After a predetermined period, the solid was separated from the solution. Calcium hydroxide is one of the main reaction products resulting from the hydration of Portland cement with water. It is also one of the more soluble phases found in hydrated cement systems. Study's the influence of calcium hydroxide dissolution and its effect under the dynamic leaching system .From the results of XRD analysis on the solid phase and the calcium concentration in the aqueous phase, it was confirmed that Ca (OH) ₂ was preferentially dissolved when the liquid/solid ratio was 30 to 35 %, and that C–S–H gel as well as Ca (OH) ₂ were dissolved when the liquid/solid ratio was 45% or larger. The crystalline phases were identified using X-ray diffraction .The leaching of ¹³⁷Cs was carried out according to the ANSI/ ANS -16.1.

[A. El- Dakroury. Deterioration and Diffusion Studies of Radioactive Wastes from the Concrete   Matrix by Dynamic Method. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):281-290]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: deterioration ; diffusion ;solubility;  cement hydrate; C–S–H gel

Full Text

39

40

Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):291-298]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 8

Full Text

40

41

Serum Fetuin-A levels in type 2 diabetes patients with early diabetic nephropathy: Its relation to diabetes control

 Ayman Ramadan¹, Amira Shoukry¹, Mabrouk Ibraheim Ismail¹, Maher Borai ²

¹Internal Medicine and ²clinical Pathology Departments, Zagazig University, faculty of medicine, Zagazig, Egypt. Aymedman@yahoo.co.uk

 Abstract: Background and objective: Fetuin-A is a circulating calcium-regulatory glycoprotein that inhibits vascular calcification. In the present study, serum fetuin-A was studied as a novel risk factor for the development of diabetic nephropathy and the relation between its levels with the state of diabetes control.

Patients and Methods: 50 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and early diabetic nephropathy, 25 patients of them have well controlled diabetes on treatment (the first group), the other 25 patients have uncontrolled diabetes (the second group), and another 25 healthy volunteers (control group) ) were enrolled in this cross sectional study. Serum fetuin-A, Fasting plasma glucose(FP glucose) ,  glycated hemoglobin A1c, lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides), Serum creatinine, Glmerular filtration rate (GFR), Albumin excretion in urine were measured.

Results: There was a significant reduction in Serum fetuin-A levels in controlled diabetic patients  (314±66.8) and uncontrolled diabetic patients (252.4±55.6) patients compared to control group (478.6±74.4). A significant decrease was also detected in uncontrolled diabetic patients when compared to controlled diabetic patients (P<0.001). A strong inverse correlation was found between serum fetuin-A and each of F P glucose , glycated HBA1c, serum creatinine,and albumin excretion in urine  (P<0.001). whereas; GFR was significantly positively associated with serum fetuin-A levels (r = 0.53, P<0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that diabetic nephropathy, especially with uncontrolled diabetes, is linked to low fetuin-A which represents a novel risk factor for the development of vascular complications. This factor could be responsible for the development and progression of accelerated nephropathy especially with uncontrolled diabetes.

[Ayman Ramadan, Amira Shoukry, Mabrouk Ibraheim Ismail, Maher Borai. Serum Fetuin-A levels in type 2 diabetes patients with early diabetic nephropathy: Its relation to diabetes control. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):299-302]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Diabetic nephropathy; fetuin-A; Glycated hemoglobin A1c; diabetes mellitus; and control

Full Text

41

42

Parameter Estimation and Dynamic Simulation Of Gas Turbine Model In Combined Cycle Power Plants Based On Actual Operational Data

H. Emam Shalan *, M. A. Moustafa Hassan **, A. B. G. Bahgat ***

* El-Kureimat Power Station, Ministry of Electricity, University, Cairo, Egypt, hanyemam1980@yahoo.com

** Electrical Power Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, mmustafa@eng.cu.edu.eg

*** Electrical Power Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, Giza, Egypt, agbahgat@hotmail.com

Abstract: Gas turbines are very important nowadays for electric power generation specially that used in the Combined Cycle Power Plants (CCPPs). For this electric power generation, the dynamics of the gas turbine and parameters estimation are very essential. In this article, a simple procedure is used for estimating the parameters of Rowen’s model for HDGTs in dynamic studies for analysis purposes. The parameters of Rowen's model for a 265-MW HDGT are derived and several simulated tests using Matlab/Simulink are presented. The way of obtaining the parameters are based on simple physical laws. It explains briefly how to extract the parameters of the model using the operational and performance data. The obtained results via simulations using Matlab/Simulink are highly matched with the involved scientific articles that published in different literature. Furthermore, the obtained results verifies the operational results of the considered HDGT. However, the procedure here is applied on a practical HDGT. The same procedure could be applied for any scale (size) of gas turbines.

[H. Emam Shalan, M. A. Moustafa Hassan, A. B. G. Bahgat. Parameter Estimation and Dynamic Simulation Of Gas Turbine Model In Combined Cycle Power Plants Based On Actual Operational Data. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):303-310]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP), Dynamic Simulation, Gas Turbine, Mathematical Modeling, Thermodynamic Process.

Full Text

42

43

Risk Factors And Impacts Of Pre-Eclampsia: An Epidemiologicl Study Among Pregnant Mothers In Cairo, Egypt

Essam A. El-Moselhy; Hamed O. Khalifa; Soliman M. Amer; Khadra I. Mohammad* And Hani M. Abd El-Aal*

Departments of Community Medicine and Obstetric & Gynecology*, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University. dr_elmoselhy@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Pre-eclampsia (PE) represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in mother, fetus and infant in many parts of the world. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the behavioral, socio-demographic and clinical risk factors of PE among pregnant mothers and to define the impact of PE on health of the fetuses and neonates. Subjects and methods: A case-control, hospital based study design was used. All the cases and controls were interviewed and examined; clinically and laboratory. Results: Multiple gestations, rural residence, mothers married more than once, inter pregnancies' interval <3 years, primi-gravida, low social level and maternal age group 26-30 years were significant socio-demographic and personal risk factors (OR=9.79, 4.16, 4.0, 2.73, 2.16, 2.16 and 1.98, respectively). Further, much salty diet intake, no adequate fresh fruits/vegetables and much fat were significant dietary risk factors (OR=1.99, 1.85 and 1.83, respectively). Also; urinary tract infection, vaginal infection/ vaginosis, asymptomatic bacteriuria, polyhydraminos, diabetes and stress were significant medical and obstetric/gynecologic risk factors (OR=5.59, 4.41, 3.62, 3.59, 3.35 and 2.98, respectively). Fetal growth restriction, preterm labor, neonate birth weight <2.5 kg and neonate intensive care admission were more common in pre-eclamptic mothers compared to controls with statistically significant differences (P=0.00, 0.04, 0.03 and 0.02, respectively). The mean of 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores were significantly lower in newborns of pre-eclamptic mothers compared to controls (P=0.00 for each of them). Also, the mean Hb level was significantly lower in newborns of PE cases compared to controls (P=0.00). Recommendations: Improving ante-natal care for pregnant mothers in Egypt. Population based studies are needed in different areas in Egypt and on large numbers of mothers to understand the full epidemiology of PE.

[Essam A. El-Moselhy; Hamed O. Khalifa; Soliman M. Amer; Khadra I. Mohammad* And Hani M. Abd El-Aal. Risk Factors And Impacts Of Pre-Eclampsia: An Epidemiologicl Study Among Pregnant Mothers In Cairo, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):311-323]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Risk Factors; Impacts Of Pre-Eclampsia; Epidemiologicl Study; Pregnant

Full Text

43

44

Amniotic Fluid Selenium And Maternal Biochemical Findings Among Pre-Eclamptic Women In Cairo, Egypt

Essam A. El-Moselhy; Hesham H. Amin* And Hani M. Abd El-Aal**

Departments of Community Medicine, Clinical Pathology* and Obstetric & Gynecology**, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University. dr_elmoselhy@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a multi-factorial and a multi-system disease. Selenium (Se) may be one of the disease causes. Objectives: The aim of this study was to find out the mean level of amniotic fluid selenium and the biochemical profile among the pre-eclamptic mothers and controls in Cairo, Egypt. Subjects and methods: A case-control, hospital based study design was used. All the cases and controls were examined laboratory. Results: The mean amniotic fluid Se level was lower among pre-eclamptic cases; total, mild and severe compared to controls with a statistically significant differences (P=0.00, 0.00 and 0.00, respectively). Further, the difference was statistically significant between mild and severe cases (P=0.00). Also, the mean hemoglobin level, mean hematocrit percent and mean platelet count were lower among pre-eclamptic cases compared to controls with statistically significant differences (P=0.00 for each of them). While; the mean lipid profile (except SHDL- cholesterol), mean liver enzymes levels, mean blood urea level, mean fasting blood glucose level and indicators of infections and/or inflammatory processes, mean total leucocytic count and mean C-reactive protein level were higher among pre-eclamptic mothers compared to controls with statistically significant differences (P=0.00 for each of them). On the other hand, the mean serum createnine level was higher among pre-eclamptic cases compared to controls with a statistically insignificant difference. Further, these differences were also present between the mild and severe PE cases. Lastly, the most important significantly correlated factors of severe PE were low amniotic fluid Se, high total leukocytic count, high fasting blood glucose and C-reactive protein levels (P=0.01, 0.02, 0.02, 0.03, respectively). Recommendations: Early ante-natal care, including health education, and treatment of pre-eclamptic women are recommended. Se supplementation may be a way to prevent PE. Population based studies are needed in different areas in Egypt on large number of pregnant women to determine their biochemical profile and to find out other possible trace element deficiencies that might be risk factors for PE.

[Essam A. El-Moselhy; Hesham H. Amin And Hani M. Abd El-Aal. Amniotic Fluid Selenium And Maternal Biochemical Findings Among Pre-Eclamptic Women In Cairo, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):324-336]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Amniotic Fluid Selenium; Maternal Eclamptic Women; Cairo; Egypt

Full Text

44

45

Effects of Thiopurine S-methyltransferase Genetic Polymorphism on Mercaptopurine Therapy in Pediatric ALL

Sherif A Aboul Naga*, Gamal T Ebid, ** Hisham M Fahmi*,  Manal F Zamzam*, Hafez F Hafez*** and Azza M Kamel**

Affiliations: * Pediatric Hematology/Oncology department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo   University.

** Clinical Pathology department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University.

*** Cancer biology department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University

gamalthabet@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Mercaptopurine is one of the most important drugs used in cancer treatment. Its elimination depends mainly on the enzyme Thiopurine S-methyl Transferase (TPMT). A number of known genetic polymorphisms can affect the activity of this enzyme. Aim of the work: to study the pattern of TPMT polymorphisms in a cohort of Egyptian patients with ALL and its impact on response to therapy and toxicity. Patients and methods: the study included 52 low-risks pediatric ALL patients treated by (PNCI XIII LR Protocol). TPMT genotype was done for common mutations using polymerase chain reaction-based assays. Clinical follow-up, documentation of events, and 6-MP dose reductions were performed throughout the maintenance phase in a double blinded fashion. Results: TPMT genotyping showed that 40 patients (76.9%) have the wild type and 12 patients (23.1%) have the mutant type, two (3.85 %) of which were homozygous for G238C and ten were heterozygous (19.25%). TPMT mutant patients, especially homozygous, were at greater risk of 6-MP toxic effects and needed more frequent dose reductions. Mean duration of missed therapy was 50.250 weeks for the mutant patients vs. 25.825 weeks for wild-type patients (P < 0.001). Conclusion:  TPMT heterozygous and homozygous patients require lower doses of  6-MP.These results justify performing TPMT genotyping before initiating 6-MP therapy in all children with ALL to minimize consequent toxicity through dose modifications.

[Sherif A Aboul Naga, Gamal T Ebid, Hisham M Fahmi, Manal F Zamzam, Hafez F Hafez and Azza M Kamel. Effects of Thiopurine S-methyltransferase Genetic Polymorphism on Mercaptopurine Therapy in Pediatric ALL. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):337-346]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Pharmacogenetics, Thiopurine S-methyl Transferase, TPMT, Mercaptopurine, 6-MP, Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, ALL

Full Text

45

46

Assessing of Adult Learning Principles

Ali Badragheh

Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Garmsar Branch,  Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran

*Corresponding author: badraghehali@yahoo.com

Abstract: Transfer of learning is the result of training and is simply the ability to use the information taught in your program but in new settings and contexts. As with reinforcement, both types of transfer: positive and negative should be used in the program approach. Positive transference, like positive reinforcement, occurs when the learner uses the skill learnt in your program. It is very important for any learner’s orientation to the new skills they develop that they can practice in their own situations. Using knowledge from financial literacy training to work out the best way to use (or not use) credit in their lives is an important tool that many participants could use immediately. Participants can check how much credit debt they have, what interest they are paying and what alternatives there may be. Negative transference, again like negative reinforcement, occurs when the learners applying the skill do not do what they are told not to do. This also results in a positive (desired) outcome. This means it’s important to find out what the participants in your program have been using their new skills for. Check to see if they are applying the techniques properly or whether they have misunderstood a key aspect of the program. Once wrong information is absorbed and used again and again it simply becomes another bad habit that could make financial decision-making worse instead of better.

[Mohammad Abedi, Ali Badragheh. Assessing of Adult Learning Principles. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):347-353]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: adult education, Adult Learning

Full Text

46

47

Principles of Adult Learning in agricultural education

Ali Badragheh

Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Garmsar Branch,  Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran

*Corresponding author: badraghehali@yahoo.com

Abstract: As we know reinforcement is a very necessary part of any teaching/learning process. Through it, trainers encourage correct modes of behaviour and performance and discourage bad habits. Your program should use both reinforcement techniques throughout. Positive reinforcement is normally used when participants learn new skills. As implied, positive reinforcement is "good" and reinforces "good" (or positive) behaviour. Negative reinforcement is useful in trying to change bad habits or inappropriate modes of behaviour. The intention is extinction -- that is, the trainer uses negative reinforcement until the "bad" behaviour disappears or the learner understands why past practice is not beneficial to them. Examples could be ensuring participants always compare different rates of interest available to them before signing up for any new debt (a positive reinforcement) and not considering credit purchases that leave them with no income safety net for unforeseen circumstances (negative reinforcement).

[Ali Badragheh, Mohammad Abedi. Principles of Adult Learning in agricultural education. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):354-361]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: adult education, Adult Learning in agricultural education

Full Text

47

48

Development Partnership in Practice: The Sawah Technology

¹Oladele O.  I and ²Wakatsuki T

¹Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa, oladele20002001@yahoo.com,²Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University Nara Japan wakatuki@nara.kindai.ac.jp

Abstract: This paper examines the process of technology development and dissemination with respect to sawah rice production. The term sawah refers to man-made environment for rice production that includes levelling and bunding of  rice fields with inlet and outlet connecting irrigation and drainage. It has been hypothesized that sawah rice production technology holds the ace to the expected green revolution in West Africa as a yields of 5t/ha have been obtained. The process of  sawah rice technology development and dissemination is exploring strategic synergy and partnership among Japanese institutions, research institutes, Ministry of agriculture, extension agencies, farmers groups, Millennium Village and Universities in Nigeria and Ghana which can be described as an emerging innovation system for rice production in West Africa. The partnership was empirically ascertained  in terms of involvement, kind of involvement and intensity of involvement of the various stakeholders in the areas of  joint problem identification (JPI), joint priority setting and planning (JPSP), collaborative professional activities (CPA),  joint On- farm Adaptive Research (OFAR), dissemination of knowledge (DK), joint demonstration trials (JDTR), joint field days (JFD), joint seminar and workshop (JSW), evaluation survey (ES), and evaluation meeting (EM).  A structure questionnaire was used to elicit information from a list activities identified among the stakeholders. Data collected were subjected to percentage distribution and one way analysis of variance to determine differences in the involvement of each of the actors. The results show varying degrees of involvement, types of involvement and different levels of intensity. While Japanese institutes are very prominent in funding and training, scientists and farmers are prominent in problem identification and joint demonstration trials. The implications of the results are discussed and pragmatic suggestions made for a proactive revamping of the process of technology development and dissemination for rice production in West Africa.

[Oladele O. I and Wakatsuki T. Development Partnership in Practice: The Sawah Technology. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):362-367]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Development, Partnership, Sawah Technology, Rice

Full Text

48

49

Electrodeposition and characterization of Nickel from Gluconate baths in presence of

Some Additives

ALI ELTOUM M. S. ^1,*, Baraka A. M.², Hassan ELfatih. A. ¹

¹Scientific laboratories department, Faculty of Science, Sudan University of Science &Technology, Khartoum, Sudan

²Chemistry department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

¹Chemistry department, Faculty of Science, Sudan University of Science &Technology, Khartoum, Sudan

*tetez74@yahoo.com

Abstract: Electrodepsition of nickel from solutions containing nickel sulfate, boric acid, ammonium sulfate and sodium gluconate on copper substrate has been investigated. The study dealt with the influence of bath composition, current density, pH and temperature on cathodic current efficiency as well as the effect of urea, aniline sulfate and chloramine B as additives on the corrosion behavior using Potetiodynamic polarization curve and morphology of the deposited nickel using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimum conditions for producing nickel deposits from the free additives baths were: 0.2 mol/l NiSO₄.6H₂O, 0.2 mol/l sodium gluconate, boric acid 0.4 mol/l, ammonium sulfate 0.4 mol/l, pH 8,current density of 2.5 A/dm² and at 25 ⁰C. The same conditions were used in the presence of additives, under these conditions the cathodic current efficiency was 96.5% which decreased sharply with increasing temperature. These coatings have high corrosion resistance in comparison with Cu-substrate. However the surface morphology of the deposits varies from spherical grain to columnar in the absence and presence of additives, respectively.

[ALI ELTOUM M. S., Baraka A. M, Hassan ELfatih. A. Electrodeposition and characterization of Nickel from Gluconate baths in presence of Some Additives Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):368-377]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Electrodeposition of nickel, copper substrates, additives, potentiodynamic polarization, cathodic current efficiency.

Full Text

49

50

Rural Empowerment: An Approach for Development in Rural Areas

Fatemeh Allahdadi

Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran

fatemeharef@gmail.com 

Abstract: The main objective of this study provides a strategy for rural development in rural areas of Iran. Empowerment of rural areas has emerged as an important issue in recent times. The economic empowerment of rural is being regarded these days as a sine-quo-non of progress for a country; hence, the issue of empowerment of rural areas is of paramount importance to community developers, social scientists and social reformers. Empowerment can enable the local people to participate in the economic, political and social sustainable development of the rural communities. The findings of this investigation can assist rural developers in the implementation of rural development strategies based on rural empowerment.

[Fatemeh Allahdadi, Rural Empowerment: An Approach for Development in Rural Areas. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(5):378-381]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: empowerment, rural development, cooperation

Full Text

50

51

Noise Level of Two Types of Tractor and Health Effect on Drivers

Mansoor Behroozi Lar¹, Zahra Khodarahm Pour², Mehrzad Payandeh³, Jahangir bagheri ⁴

¹Professor, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch, Shoushtar, Iran. behroozil@yahoo.com

² Assistant professor, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch, Shoushtar, Iran. Corresponding Author: zahra_khodarahm@yahoo.com

³M.Sc. Student in Agricultural Mechanization, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar branch, Shoushtar, Iran. payandeh.mehrzad@hotmail.com

⁴ Associate professor, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch, Shoushtar, Iran. moghaddas74@yahoo.com

Abstract: "Noise" or "unwanted sound" is one of the major sources of discomfort to the workers which affects human both psychologically and physically. The present investigation was conducted in Iran during the period from September to November 2010. The noise pollution caused by tractor and load were measured in open field with no obstruction and at the driver ear and by stander in accordance with NIOSHA standards. A ITM 399 (without cab) and Valtra T170 (with cab closed and open) and mold board plow and disk plow were used. Unloaded tractor noise was also measured. The data analyzed for different engine speed and gears. Results showed that the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) in the driver ear for the tractor without cab in all cases were more than NIOSH allowable 85 dB(A) criteria for eight hour of operation. The SPL of the tractor with open windows cab was also higher than the standards but lower than the tractor without cab. It was concluded that the driver should either stay on driving for less than 2 hours with tractors without cabin or open window cabin or the only best way, tractors should be equipped with factory made cabins. Even with the latter type of tractors, drivers should avoid opening the window very often for say checking the operation of the machinery behind the tractor or in case the air conditioner malfunctions.

[Mansoor Behroozi Lar, Zahra Khodarahm Pour, Mehrzad Payandeh, Jahangir Bagheri Moghadas. Noise Level of Two Types of Tractor and Health Effect on Drivers. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):382-382]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keyword: sound level, noise measurements, tractors, cabin, driver's ear

Full Text

51

52

Review definitions and principles relating to Andragogy

¹ Mohammad Abedi, ² Ali Badragheh

^{1, 2} Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Varamin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran. *Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: Learners must retain what the program delivers to them in order to benefit from the learning. In order for participants to retain the information taught, they must see a meaning or purpose for that information. They must also understand and be able to interpret and apply the information in their own real life contexts. Understanding includes their ability to assign the correct degree of importance to the material and its application in the future. The amount of retention is always directly affected by the degree of original learning. In other words if the learners did not learn the material well initially, they will not retain it well either. Retention by the participants is directly affected by their amount of practice during the learning. After the students demonstrate they can apply new financial skills, they should be urged to practice in their own time and for their own personal needs to retain and maintain the desired performance.

[Mohammad Abedi, Ali Badragheh. Review definitions and principles relating to Andragogy. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):388-393]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: adult education, adult learning

Full Text

52

53

Lateral Tarsal strip technique for correction of lower eyelid Ectropion.

Mohamed A. Marzouk* , Ayman A. Shouman  , Ehab S.Elzakzouk and  M.Tarek A.Elnaggar

 Research Institute of Ophthalmology – Giza – Egypt.

*marrzouk@hotmail.com

Abstract: Purpose:  Lateral tarsal strip technique is a simple procedure that can be used in the presence of lateral canthal tendon laxity or malposition. The technique was used in this study on cases of involutional , paralytic, and cicatricial ectropion .The surgical outcome from different types of ectropion was compared and evaluated. Patients and methods: This retrospective study reviewed records of 30 patients who had undergone lateral tarsal strip from January-2008 to December-2010. All records were examined to determine the indication, management, outcome, postoperative complications and success rate. Results: A total of 17 males and 13 females made up the study groups. The mean age of the cohort was 59.15 +\- 6.2 yrs (range 4- 65 years).The average follow up was 24 weeks (6 months).The patients were divided into 3 groups:Group A:  10 patients with bilateral involutional ectropion (20 lids).  Group B:  10 patients with unilateral paralytic ectropion (10 lids). Group C: 10 patients with cicatricial ectropion 9 unilateral and 1 bilateral (11 lids). Most common presenting feature was persistent tearing, which was seen in all patients, others included lid laxity, lagophthalmos and unacceptable cosmesis. Thirty-five lids obtained satisfactory correction of eyelid ectropion with a simple LTS surgical procedure, while six lids required additional intra operative ancillary procedures to correct the remaining skin laxity, scleral show and residual ectropion. Common ancillary procedures used were excision of skin and muscle strip, lateral tarsorraphy and scar revision in severe cicatricial ectropion.  Good aesthetic and functional results were achieved in all cases.Conclusions:  Lateral tarsal strip is a simple technique, which can be used in different types of eye lid ectropion. The technique is directed at correcting the anatomical defect, preserving the natural anatomy and maintaining the integrity of tear passage and outflow, rendering excellent cosmetic and functional results. The ancillary procedures used in our study are suggestive of a very specific role for lateral tarsal strip as a sole treatment in correcting various types of eyelid ectropion.

[Mohamed A. Marzouk , Ayman A. Shouman, Ehab S.Elzakzouk and  M.Tarek A.Elnaggar. Lateral Tarsal strip technique for correction of lower eyelid Ectropion. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):394-405]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Lateral Tarsal strip; malposition; paralytic; cicatricial ectropion.

Full Text

53

54

Preferred Educational Strategies and Critical Thinking Dispositions among Nursing Students

^1* Eman El-Sayed Taha , ¹Zinat Ibrahim El Hawashy,² Shadia Abou  Donia, and ¹ Doaa Demerdash

¹Nursing Education Department, ² Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt

^{*eman_said303@yahoo.com}

Abstract: Thinking dispositions are characterological in nature, and like many human character traits, they develop in response to immersion in a particular cultural milieu. The cultural milieu that best teaches thinking dispositions is a culture of thinking environment that reinforces good thinking in a variety of explicit ways. The effective program for teaching thinking dispositions, therefore, should create a culture of thinking in the educational system. Critical thinking is a desirable outcome; so to develop and practice critical thinking; educators need to re-consider course content and curricular strategies used to develop critical thinking. The study aimed to determine nursing students' preferences  of educational strategies and their critical thinking dispositions. This study was conducted at the Faculty of Nursing, University of Alexandria. The subjects of this study consisted of (50%) of the total number of students of each academic level comprising 630 students. The students' total score of critical thinking dispositions had significant relation with nine preferred educational strategies out of twenty four. They strongly preferred the following educational strategies: role play, demonstration, portfolio computer assisted instruction/e- learning and panel discussion. While they moderately preferred the following educational strategies: interactive lecture, case study, questioning and nursing round. Finally, they never preferred written assignment. Based on the finding of this study annual assessment of students’ CTDs using the CCTDI is carried to select educational strategies that reinforce the positive dispositions and change the negative and ambivalent ones towards the positive inclination.

[Eman El-Sayed Taha, Zinat Ibrahim El Hawashy, Shadia Abou  Donia, and Doaa Demerdash. Preferred Educational Strategies and Critical Thinking Dispositions among Nursing Students. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):406-416]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words:  Critical thinking dispositions, students' preferences, educational strategies

Full Text

54

55

Effects of strengthening adult education in agricultural development

¹ Ali Badragheh, ² Mohammad Abedi

^{1, 2} Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Varamin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran. *Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com

Abstract: adult education in the local agricultural education program is an essential component of the "total" program. Offering adult education programs helps to keep farmers and agribusiness employees better informed of current trends and provides them with opportunities to learn new skills and improve existing ones. Teaching adults can be very challenging, but also very rewarding. Most teachers would agree that the benefits derived from a successful adult education program in agriculture far outweigh the costs. In addition to the direct benefits to adult participants, the teacher, the school, the community, and the secondary program also benefit from a quality adult education program in agriculture. Adults in agriculture use a number of sources to gain new information that can be used to help them solve problems. Persons employed in agriculture utilize newspapers, magazines, newsletters, radio, television, government publications, internet, and meetings to gather information which can be directly utilized in their business activities. In many communities, the agriculture teacher is the primary source of agricultural information.

[Ali Badragheh, Mohammad Abedi. Effects of strengthening adult education in agricultural development. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):417-422]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: adult education, agricultural development

Full Text

55

56

Evaluation of Canopy Cover of Street Trees in Urban Forests Using by Satellite Data

Seyed Armin Hashemi

Department of Forestry, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran. hashemi@iau-lahijan.ac.ir

Abstract: Information on structure of city forest such as species composition and canopy cover density is a prerequisite for planning, design and management of vegetation in cities in local and regional scale. For this purpose in present study, different inventory methods Including 100% inventory by using 20meters transects and aerial images (1:8000 scale ) and spot satellite image were compared for evaluating canopy cover surface of street trees with 1 kilometer length is Sep2009 , to develop an optimum and suitable method to evaluate canopy cover of these trees. In 100% inventory considered as the basis for comparing with various methods, canopy surface of these trees was calculated in each 15m transect. Results of paired –T test indicated that results of 100% inventory and aerial photos ( p = 0.52 , t = 0.809 , df = 23 ) and satellite image ( p = 0.48 , t = 0.847 , df = 23 ) don't differ significantly. Regression results indicated that using aerial images (R²= 0.92) and spot images (R² = 0.89 ) is relevant to evaluate street trees canopy cover.

[Seyed Armin Hashemi, Department of Forestry, Lahijan Branch ,Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):423-426]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: canopy cover, street trees, inventory, aerial photograph, spot images.

Full Text

56

57

Anionic Schiff Base Amphiphiles: Synthesis, Surface, Biocidal and Antitumor Activities

Nihal O. Shaker; ^*Fatma H. Abd El-Salam; Bahyia M.El-Sadek; Eman M. Kandeel and Sharbat A. Baker

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (girl’s branch), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt, B.O. 11754. ^*prof_drfatma@yahoo.com

Abstract: A series of anionic surfactants containing schiff base group was synthesized and their chemical structures were confirmed using elemental analyses, FTIR, ¹H-NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The surface activities of these amphiphiles were determined based on the data of surface and interfacial tensions. Thermodynamics of adsorption and micellization processes of these surfactants in their solutions were also calculated. It was found that these compounds have tendency towards adsorption at the interface and also micelle formation at lower concentrations. Also, these schiff bases amphiphiles have been evaluated for their biocidal activity against bacterial and fungi species and their antitumor activity against three human tumor cells such as HEPG₂ (liver), HCF₇ (breast) and HCT116 (colon).

[Nihal O. Shaker; Fatma H. Abd El-Salam; Bahyia M.El-Sadek; Eman M. Kandeel and Sharbat A. Baker Anionic Schiff Base Amphiphiles: Synthesis, Surface, Biocidal and Antitumor Activities. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):427-436]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Schiff base amphiphiles; surface activity, biocidal activity; antitumor activity; potent action.

Full Text

57

58

The study of relation between biodiversity indices of woody species and growing stock in natural forest stands

Seyed Armin Hashemi ¹

^1. Department of Forestry, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran.

hashemi@iau-lahijan.ac.ir

Abstract: In order to determine the relationship between diversity indices of woody species and growing stock per hectare in natural beech ( Fugus orientalis Lipsky ) Forests, Twenty sites specially at middle elevations were studied including three plots per each site . The dimension of each plot was 50 ×100 meters. The method of surveying was selective sampling. Results indicated there are positive linear regression between the biodiversity indices and growing stock per hectare. The best equation were obtained from the relationship between Brillouin index and growing stock per hectare(r =0.95).

[Seyed Armin Hashemi, Department of Forestry, Lahijan Branch ,Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):437-441]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Biodiversity indices of woody species , Growing stock , Beech , Natural forest stands

Full Text

58

59

Gene Action Studies of Different Traits in Maize (Zea mays L.) Under Heat stress and Normal Conditions

Zahra Khodarahmpour

Assistant Professor of Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University,   Shoushtar, Iran

Zahra_khodarahm@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study was carried out to determine the type of gene action, genetic parameters of yield and other quantitative traits by crossing eight diverse maize inbred lines in partial diallel fashion. Seeds of F₁ population along with their parents were evaluated in year 2010 in Shoushtar City (Khuzestan province in Iran) using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Genotypes planted at two dates, 6 July (to coincide heat stress with pollination time and grain filling period) and 27 July (as normal planting). Estimation gene effects and some of genetic parameters and graphic plot drawing to Hayman – Jinks method revealed statistics a and b significant for all traits in two conditions. Considering the average dominance degree and Hayman graphical plot, dominant effects for hektolitr weight trait under heat stress condition and for grain yield under normal condition, over dominance as well as partial dominance for other traits, were revealed.

[Zahra Khodarahmpour. Gene Action Studies of Different Traits in Maize (Zea mays L.) Under Heat stress and Normal Conditions. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):442-448]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Maize; heat stress; genetic parameters; grafic plot

Full Text

59

60

Genetic Analysis of Yield and Qualitative Traits in Maize (Zea mays L.) Under Heat stress and Normal Conditions

Zahra Khodarahmpour

Assistant Professor of Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran

 Zahra_khodarahm@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study was carried out to determine the type of gene action and genetic parameters of yield and qualitative traits by crossing eight diverse maize inbred lines in partial diallel fashion. Seeds of F₁ population along with their parents were evaluated in year 2010 in Shoushtar City (Khuzestan province in Iran) using a RCBD with 3 replications. Inbred lines and hybrids planted in two separate experiment at two dates, 6 July (to coincide heat stress with pollination time and grain filling period) and 27 July (as normal planting). Diallel analysis to Griffing^,s method 4 and model II were performed. Also estimation gene effects and some of genetic parameters to Hayman – Jinks method revealed. Grain yield in stress condition of the highest ratio GCA/SCA was enjoyed that show additive effect role important. But; other traits of ratio GCA/SCA low were enjoyed. Hybrid K18×K166B of positive and significantly combining in two conditions for grain yield were enjoyed. Analysis of variance of F₁ data showed significant differences for statistics a and b, suggesting the presence of both additive and dominance genetic effects in the expression of all traits. The average dominance degree for grain yield trait under normal condition and grain protein percent in heat stress, over dominance as well as partial dominance for other traits, were revealed.

[Zahra Khodarahmpour. Genetic Analysis of Yield and Qualitative Traits in Maize (Zea mays L.) Under Heat stress and Normal Conditions. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):449-454]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Maize; heat stress; general and specific combining ability; over dominance and partial dominance

Full Text

60

61

Introduction the medicinal species of Asteraceae family in Ilkhji region and Sharafaldin regions of Esat Azarbaijan in Iran

Leila joudi*,   Ghassem Habibi Bibalani, Hamide shadkami

Department of Agriculture, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University (IRI)

Leila.judy@yahoo.com

Abstract: As medicinal plants are suitable alternatives for synthetic and chemical drugs (Idu and Osemwegie) also because of medical and nutritional importance and valuable protein contents of Asteraceae species, all plants of Asteraceae family   are collected in Ilkhji and sharafaldin regions during growth seasons of 2007-2009. Plants were collected in 2 regions according to the classical method of regional floristical studies. Collected plants were recognized by valid references (Parsa and Reshinger). Then medical species are chosen by using pharmacopeias. The results of the current study demonstrated that at Ilkhji region 31 species belong to 24 genuses and at Sharafaldin region 25 species belong to 20 genuses that all of them belong to Asteraceae family. Among these species, 19 species at Ilkhji and sharafaldin region had medicinal properties. Medicinal species of these 2 regions consist of: Achillea tenuifolia,  Achillea   vermicularis,  Achillea millefolium,  Arctium lappa, Acroptilon repens, Cardus pycnocephalus, Carthamus oxyacantha, Centaurea aggregate, Cichorium intybus, Cirsium ravens, Cnicus benedictus, Cousinia calcitrapa ,Lactuca scarioloides, Lactuca serriola, Onopordon leptolepis, Senecio mollis, Sonchus oleraceus, Tragopogon marginatus, Xanthium spinosum. The results of this study showed that the region has a great potential for producing respective medicinal plants species belong to those families. Medicinal plants recently become more important because of their medicinal uses and in addition they are valuable source of protein.

[Leila Joudi  and Hamide shadkami. Introduction the medicinal species of Asteraceae family in Ilkhji region and Sharafaldin regions of Esat Azarbaijan in Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):455-458]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Family – Pharmacopeia – Medicinal plant

Full Text

61

62

Manifestation of Existential Issues As a Brilliant Function for Quality of Matrimony

Seyed Mohammad Kalantarkousheh¹, Siti Aishah Hassan², Rusnani Abdul Kadir², Mansor Abu Talib ²

^1. Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran

^2. Universiti Putra Malaysia. kalantar.counseling@kiau.ac.ir

Abstract: There are some important issues in marital counselling which are discoursed in Existential thought.  These issues are freedom, time, human communication, meaning of life, and anxiety, which are shared by the existential counsellors and philosophers.  Even though there are full potentials of the existential issues to be applied during counselling sessions, most of them are ignored by couple counsellors. The purpose of this article is to highlight these issues as the key concepts in four different counselling theories of Existential thought.  We found that, each theory used only certain issues as the key concepts. Therefore, this study gathers all of the applied existential issues for a future comprehensive marital counselling model.  Applying these issues together seems to be a brilliant function for quality of matrimony. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):459-465]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Existential thought; existential issues; marital counselling; quality of matrimony

Full Text

62

63

Verbal Abuse and Coping Behaviors Directed to Operating Room Nursing Staff at University Hospitals

Hala A. Abdou

Nursing Administration Dept. Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt

h_abdou_eg@yahoo.com

Abstract: Verbal abuse is a most common form of workplace violence in the operating room settings. It affects operating room nurses personally and professionally. Such effects have a major implication for nursing profession in term of retention, satisfaction, and quality of care. So, the occurrence of verbal abuse depends on a great extent of coping behaviors among nurses working in the operating room environment. Thus this study aimed to determine the relationship between verbal abuse and coping behaviors directed at operating room nursing staff at university hospitals. This study was conducted in all operating room (n = 65) in five major governmental hospitals affiliated to University hospitals, Egypt. The subjects consisted of 206 operating room nursing staff categorized into operating room head nurses (n=16) and operating room nurses (n=190) working in the above mentioned settings. The participants completed a questionnaire includes the verbal abuse scale (VAS) , this questionnaire consisted of a five section related to frequency and stressfulness of incidence of verbal abuse , strength of feeling, similarity of thought, severity of long term negative effects, and coping behaviors. The finding of this study shows that 40% of operating room nursing staff reported that they had been abused by surgeons followed by another nurses 27.7%. The average number of reported incidents during the year was at least once a month or less episodes of verbal abuse. Judging and criticizing, abusive anger as well as blocking and diversity were the most frequent and stressful forms of verbal abuse. The most severe, long term effect of verbal abuse was reported to be its impacts on the physical health, relationship with other nurses as well as patient care outcomes. Threatened was the most intense of emotional reactions, indifferent and frustration. In addition the operating room nursing staff identified with a variety of adaptive and maladaptive coping behaviors and rated the similarity and effectiveness of these coping behaviors in responses to verbally abusive episodes. Conclusion, the need of nursing administrators for empowering operating room nurses to develop the formal protocols for adequately supported dealing with and prevent incidence of verbal abuse from surgeons against them. Also, training of nursing personnel is an essential element of effective verbal abuse prevention program.

 [Hala A. Abdou. Verbal Abuse and Coping Behaviors Directed to Operating Room Nursing Staff at University Hospitals. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):466-476]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Operating suites, surgeons, incidence of verbal abuse, similarity and effectiveness of coping behaviors

Full Text

63

64

Socio-demographic Determinants of Rubella Vaccine Uptake by Egyptian University Students Attended a Catch-up Vaccination Campaign

Ghada F. El-Sharkawy

Public Health & Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt

ghada_el_sharkawy@hotmail.com

Abstract: Rubella immunization of susceptible persons is the best strategy to prevent all cases of congenital rubella syndrome. In November-December 2008, university students were included -for the first time in Egypt - in a mass campaign for measles-rubella vaccination. However, their rate of vaccine uptake and its determinants were not explored enough. So, a cross sectional study was conducted  to compare the university students’ vaccine uptake by their socio-demographic characteristics and their knowledge and to identify motivating and de-motivating factors. Findings revealed vaccine uptake by 64.8% of the sample; significantly higher among younger students, who heard about the campaign and who knew its aim. Among the total sample, a high level of awareness was found in knowledge about rubella name, its hazards, suitable age for vaccination and hearing about the campaign while lower awareness level was found in knowing susceptible groups and campaign’s aim. Being from a governorate other than that of the university is the significant factor for low hearing about the campaign while being a female and being an urban resident were the significant factors for low knowledge of the campaign’s aim. Reported motivating factors for compliance were; knowing rubella hazards and the national aim and encouragement by family & friends while de-motivating factors were insufficiency of information, lack of trust in government and previous vaccination. In conclusion, rubella vaccine uptake by university students can be increased by more advertisement especially among older, female, urban and from other governorates students in addition to trust building and motivation.

[Ghada F. El-Sharkawy. Socio-demographic Determinants of Rubella Vaccine Uptake by Egyptian University Students Attended a Catch-up Vaccination Campaign. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):477-484]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key wards:  Rubella vaccination- Compliance- Campaign – Socio demographic determinants - University students - Egypt

Full Text

64

65

Optimization of Bio-Fuel Production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Isolated from Sugar Cane Bagasse

Osman, M.E. ^*,  Khattab, O.H., Hammad, I.A., El-Hussieny, N.I.

Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Egypt.

* mesosman@gmail.com

Abstract: Twenty yeast isolates were tested for ethanol productivity, Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from sugar cane bagasse was the potent producer. Fresh Saccharomyces cerevisiae was grown overnight on YEPD medium and was tested to determine the optimum conditions for both biomass and ethanol production. The maximum production of ethanol was obtained at 30°C, pH 6, 35% sugar cane molasses as fermentation medium, 1% corn steep liquor, 1ml of 1 O.D. YEPD broth and shaking at  200 rpm. Different microelements also were tested.

[Osman, M.E., Khattab, O.H., Hammad, I.A., El-Hussieny, N.I. Optimization of Bio-Fuel Production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Isolated from Sugar Cane Bagasse. Journal of American Science 2011;7(5):485-492]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Optimization; Bio-Fuel Production; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sugar Cane Bagasse

Full Text

65

66

Effect of Calcium chloride and Gibberellic acid on storability of "Succary Abiad" mango fruits under cold storage

Wahdan, M. T*., Habib, S. E., Bassal, M. A. And Qaoud, E. M.

Department of horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.

*Wahdan2011@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: This study was carried out in two successive seasons (2007 and 2008) on Succary Abiad cv. mango trees grown in Abou Swear region, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. The trees were 30-year-old, planted at 7×7 meters apart. Fruits storability was improved by CaCl2 or GA3 treatments under cold storage. Fruit weight declined starting from the first week of cold storage up to the end of storage period. GA₃ 40 ppm dipping treatment showed the lowest fruit weight loss in the two seasons. The fruit pulp percentage gradually decreased as the storage periods elongated. Fruits from CaCl₂ 2% dipping showed the highest fruit pulp percentage compared with the control fruits. Fruit firmness was the highest in fruits treated with CaCl₂ 2% sprayed at two months after full bloom or dipping after harvesting. Moreover, SSC increased gradually up to the end of storage periods. While, titratable acidity in the fruits showed gradually decreasing up to the end of storage periods as compared with its values at the beginning of storage. The fruit SSC/acid ratios showed gradually increasing in its values higher than at zero time storage. Total sugars in the fruits increased as the storage period elongated to reach its maximum values at the end of storage period.

[Wahdan, M. T., Habib, S. E., Bassal, M. A. And Qaoud, E. M. Effect of Calcium chloride and Gibberellic acid on storability of "Succary Abiad" mango fruits under cold storage. Journal of American Science 2011;493-501]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org

Key words: Mango, CaCl_2, GA_3,  fruit quality, cold storage

Full Text

66

67

Role of Bacterial Treatments for Upgrading Nutritive Value of Bean Straw and Native Goats Performance

Abd El-Galil¹, Etab, R. and Ebtehag, I. M. Abou-Elenin^*2

¹Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agric. Ain Shams University, Egypt

²Department of Animal Nutrition, Animal Production Research Institute (APRI), P .O. Box 443, Nadi El-Said St.,  Dokki, Giza. ^{*eabouelenin@hotmail.com}

Abstract: Twenty baladi kids (16.20 ±0.52 kg; four months age) were divided into four equal groups (five animals each). The animals were randomly assigned using a complete randomize design to receive one of the four rations for 90 days. All animals fed 50% concentrate feed mixture  plus one of the roughages as follows: 50% rice straw (R1), 50% untreated bean straw (R2), 50% bean straw treated with Bacillus sp. (R3) and 50% bean straw treated with Ruminococcus albus (R4