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The Journal of American Science

(J Am Sci)

ISSN 1545-1003

Volume 7, Issue 6, Cumulated No. 40, June 25, 2011

Cover (online), Cover (print), Introduction, Contents, Call for Papers, am0706

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CONTENTS

No.	Titles / Authors	Text	No.
1	Importance of rural women as effective factor in rural households Ali Badragheh, Mohammad Abedi Department of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com Abstract:* Importance of women issue at Iran especially rural area, at one side face with fast population growth and mass of unemployed at process of access to rural growth and development, and at other side with limitation of facilities and productive resources. Rural women at all production level of agriculture products and livestock productions work alongside men and generally, development is multidimensional process and contains different economic, social, cultural and political dimensions. Women’s participation at this process is active and affective participation, and main aspect of this participation was its economic dimension for rural women. Rural women have key role as a producer at agriculture activities, rural sources and services at rural area. rural women most efficient women of society and among people who are active at productive occupations, so it is obvious that attention to rural women as a strong arm at rural development can follow positive and undeniable affects, in this purpose. [Ali Badragheh and Mohammad Abedi. Importance of rural women as effective factor in rural households. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1-6]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.01 Keywords: rural women, rural households	Full Text	1
2	Climate change caused by dust and its effects on the characteristics of Morphophysiology, quantitative and qualitative yield of plants in Khuzestan province *^Tayeb Saki Nejad Assistant Professor Department of Agronomy Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch Ashraf Jazayeri Assistant Professor Department of biology, Shahid Chamran University Alireza Shokohfar Assistant Professor Department of Agronomy Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch Sorosh Zarrinabadi** Assistant Professor Department of Science, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch ^Corresponding Arthur: saki1971@iauahvaz.ac.ir Abstract:* Human in the last 20 years climate change has faced a lot of his works on display touches gradually. Dust (size 4 microns) resulting from natural phenomena in which these changes occur, the mitigation of harmful effects is very difficult and almost "out of control And why is Iran being on the belt of this phenomenon (geographical location and latitude 24 40 °) regions of the country constantly, especially "the South have faced with this phenomenon but in recent years the amount, concentration of suspended solids, number, time stability and the establishment, expansion and influence of this phenomenon has increased. Spread and persistence of dust caused climate change in terms of amount of light received, changes in air temperature and relative humidity changes in the amounts directly and carbon dioxide and oxygen is indirectly.These changes on plant metabolism and affects the performance characteristics of qualitative and quantitative Morphophysiology and affect the plants.Dust particles are no moisture absorption and potential abundance of water that attracts humidity and dry air over the process of expanding leaf surfaces and limit plant growth. Dusts on plant surfaces are green and the moisture levels, reduced water pressure are limited turgid growth will intensify. On the other hand placing the green plants on the surface, disrupting the process of receiving light and can reduce plant photosynthesis and are dark spots on plants and garden products to create a market-friendly to reduce the intensity. With low growth, reduced plant height and dry matter accumulation, especially "in plants such as sorghum and alfalfa hay spatial and reduced product sweep sorghum south province reduced panicle length, have a severe drop Radashth product. According to estimates made phenomenon to about 40 to 50 percent crop damage are: for example, "reduce product pomegranates from 6 tons to two tons and reduce product from 50 to 60 pounds below the five kilogram PJ per tree in 2009 resulting this is a phenomenon. Because of the dust early harvested crops such as pomegranates reduce serious product and its quality is low. The amount of the paste processing and production quality is very low. Dust phenomena addition to reducing the impact of harvesting dates is seriously diminish the quality of this product is too. At present rates of harvest dates in Khorramshahr is faced with a significant decrease. In 2009 only six thousand and 500 tons of palm groves of palm harvest and harvest dates grade level to zero level and harvest dates Palm owners only grade 2 and below have hope. Dust phenomena in addition to increasing sequence s pests, reducing rates of photosynthesis and quality Field dates will be. [Tayeb Saki Nejad. Climate change caused by dust and its effects on the characteristics of Morphophysiology, quantitative and qualitative yield of plants in Khuzestan province. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):7-9]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.02 Keywords: climate change, dust, crops, Khuzestan (IRAN)	Full Text	2
3	Calculate changes of bean germination process in the presence of various compounds of biological fertilizer Humic acid mixed with micro and macro elements *^Tayeb Saki Nejad¹, S, M, Hossaini², Mahdi Hyvari² 1- Assistant professor Department of Agriculture physiology Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch, Iran 2- Department of Agriculture Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch Result of the student research team** ^Corresponding Author: saki1971@iauahvaz.ac.ir Abstract:* Biological products that are organic fertilizers include different types of microorganisms have the ability to convert the elements of the form unavailable to available form through biological processes have them. Biological fertilizers increased microbial activity of microorganisms and intensify them to make food available in forms which are easily absorbed by the plant are. Huomic acid as an organic acid from humus and other natural resources through the hormonal effects of improved nutrient absorption and increased root and shoot biomass is. Therefore, it seems, especially biological fertilizers Huomic acid increased root biomass, increased solubility of nutrients in the soil and can increase the absorption is increased yield. Germination of seeds is a complex physiological process triggered by imbibitions of water after possible dormancy mechanisms have been released by appropriate triggers. Organic matter due to the beneficial effects on physical properties, chemical and biological soil has an important role in soil fertility, plant nutrition and crop yield have increased. Huomic acid humus material that is part of the property due to the complex hormonal and audience an important influence in increasing crop production and supply is balanced. Effect of micro-fertilizers in the new debate is the speed and germination. Huomic micro elements like iron and acid compounds or elements Clat Huomic complete micro or treatment Huomic Clat, complete micro and macro elements on the speed of germination and affect. These substances cause a change in speed and percentage germination for causing water absorption and osmotic regulation are. The purpose of this experiment was how to effect of micro fertilizers on germination. After three days of testing, counting and investigation was initiated seeds results indicate that the five treatments applied after the third day: 10 numbers in the control of the number 5 seed was germinated but in treatment Huomic Clat magnesium and calcium from number 10 seed did not do any germination. [Tayeb Saki Nejad, S, M, Hossaini, Mahdi Hyvari. Calculate changes of bean germination process in the presence of various compounds of biological fertilizer Humic acid mixed with micro and macro elements. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):10-14]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.03 Keywords: Huomic Acid, micro & macro elements, Seed	Full Text	3
4	Calculate dynamic changes in bean yield in different plant densities Somaye Ghadaksaz¹, Tayeb Saki Nejad², Alireza Shokohfar³ 1- Department of Agriculture. Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran, 2- Assistant Professor Department of Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch (*Thesis* *Supervisor) 3- Assistant Professor Department of Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch ^Corresponding Arthur: saki1971@iauahvaz.ac.ir Abstract: General purpose of testing conditions to get the best crop production figures for comments in order to get maximum yield is. Appropriate distribution of plants per unit area in one of the most consistent factor is to increase yield. In order to study the effect of different densities on bean cultivars, experimental farm in 2008 Farm Research, Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz was executed. Factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications was formed. The first factor consists of three densities (45, 55, 65) plants m and the second factor consists of three digits (ZOHREH, SHAME and JAZAYERI) were. The results showed that between different varieties of grain yield and all yield components (seed number per pod and NO. pod) statistically significant difference in the level of 5 percent there. ZOHREH figure was superior to other cultivars and varieties having SHAME with little JAZAYERI showed no statistical difference. Grain yield in different cultivars ZOHREH, SHAME and JAZAYERI, respectively1523.33, 1372.67, 1352 kg ha was.. Most biological functions in the plant density of 55 3042.89 kg/ha obtained the density of levels with other significant difference at 5 percent showed. Highest harvest index and density of about 55 plant varieties ZOHREH m according to the results the best varieties for planting varieties bless and best density, density of 55 plants per square meter is. [Somaye Ghadaksaz, Tayeb Saki Nejad, Alireza Shokohfar. Calculate dynamic changes in bean yield in different plant densities. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):15-18]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.04 Keywords: bean, density, variety, yield	Full Text	4
5	Calculate the growth dynamics of root and shoot of bean plants *Simin Haghighi¹, ^Tayeb Saki Nejad², Shahram Lack³ 1- Department of Agriculture. Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran, 2- Assistant Professor Department of Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch (Thesis Supervisor*) 3- Department of Agriculture. Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran ^Corresponding Arthur: haghighi.simin@gmail.com Abstract: Dry matter accumulation patterns in most grains are sigmoid-type curve. In the first stage of this model is that if growth is slow, then there is a rapid phase after the flowering stage is followed by growth that is in pod formation stage. Studies have shown that leaf area development and dry matter accumulation in most cereal grains, especially cold for a long period after transplantation is very slow. Accordingly, in order to effect the kinds humic acid plant growth and bean seeds under climatic conditions of Ahvaz in the form of a split-plot experimental design with randomized complete block design based on years of farming 2010 was designed and executed. Factor with three bean varieties (V₁ = Barekat, V₂ = Jazayeri, V₃ = Shame) in the main plot factor with four types humic acid (F₀ = control, F₁ = humic acid, F₂ = full macro humic acid, F₃ = acid Micro humic full) rate of 2 ppm in the sub-plots were placed. The results showed that the use of acid in all varieties humic increased plant growth parameters such as crop growth rate (CGR), plant height, grain yield, harvest index and biological function has been compared to the control. the highest total dry weight of the acid treatment Humic full macro level was 5909 kg per hectare and the lowest rate to the control was 4332 kg per hectare Effective grain filling period (*EFP) The increase in the treatment process itself revealed. Varieties planted in the province and the third type humic acid with a control rate at 2 ppm was placed in sub-plots. The highest and lowest average number of lateral roots in this experiment in order Humic acid treatments and control macro level 241.7 and 136 numbers were obtained. Note that between the number of acid root treatment and between macro and micro humic acid and acid micro Humic significant difference was found. the highest root dry weight to macro Humic acid treatment with a mean 4.22 grams of control treatment and lowest with mean 2.63 has been hot Total root number from 592 to 899 in number in the control humic full macro will increase the number of roots, a positive regression (r² = 0.89) with the amount of biological fixation (percentage of nitrogen nodules) showed. [Simin Haghighi, Tayeb Saki Nejad, Shahram Lack. Calculate the growth dynamics of root and shoot of bean plants. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):19-26]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.05 Keywords*: growth dynamics, root, shoot, bean plants	Full Text	5
6	Effect of drought stress on stomata resistance changes in corn Tayeb Saki Nejad Assistant Professor Department of Agronomy Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch Corresponding Arthur: saki1971@iauahvaz.ac.ir ^* Abstract: To evaluate the effects of drought stress in different periods growth stomata behavior, research using factorial experiment design, randomized complete block with four replications and two factors with four levels of water stress as the first factor and three levels of growth periods As the second factor in the three crop years (1999-2000 &2000-2001 and 2001-2002) the Islamic Azad University Research Station at 3 km south of Ahwaz, Ahwaz city was designed and executed. Analysis of variance at 1% showed in all three years of water stress treatment, periods of growth and interaction of these two stomata resistance and lower leaf surface supernatant separately showed significant effect. by applying different levels of water stress, stomata resistance and lower leaf surface increased supernatant Duncan test was at 5% level in three years of the three groups presented mean that treatment (severe water stress treatment) and the highest treatment (control, no water stress) the lowest stomata resistance showed. Duncan test at 5% level one to two average growth for the period presented the highest stomata resistance in all three years and the treatments were obtained and lowest stomata resistance was observed in treatment. Duncan test at 5% level interactions show treatments with treatments that apply the lowest stomata resistance values were the other words in the early stages of plant growth when water is enough to provide resistance, stomata express that little but more severe stress in the course of Growth stomata resistance was increased considerably, the underside of leaf stomata resistance levels much higher than the leaf supernatant. [Tayeb Saki Nejad, Effect of drought stress on stomata resistance changes in corn. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):27-31]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.06 Key words: corn, stomata resistance, drought stress	Full Text	6
7	Effect of GA₃ hormones on growth dynamics of Bean *ُ^Somaye ghalandari¹, Tayeb Saki Nejad², Shahram Lack³ 1- Department of Agriculture. Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran, 2- Assistant Professor Department of Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch (Thesis Supervisor*) 3- Department of Agriculture. Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran, ^Corresponding Arthur: somaye.ghalandar@yahoo.com Abstract: In order to effect hormone gibberellins acid on properties such as bean plants Morphophysiology: internodes' length and stem number, plant height, leaf growth dynamics and crop growth rate research as a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications in crop year 2010 Farm Research HASHEMI located in the city HAMIDIEH province was conducted, first factor hormone gibberellins acid on four levels, respectively, treated (d0) control (no hormone gibberellins acid) treatments and d₃, d₂, d₁, respectively, 5, 50 and 250 ppm and the second factor included three plant growth periods: (vegetative phase= s₀, Flowering phase = s₁ and pod set phase = s₂) for the hormone gibberellins spray on beans were considered. Dose 50ppm hormone gibberellins acid, more leaf area index (*LAI) with 1.98 in comparison with other surfaces have been in the treatment group a was used Hormone gibberellins acid applied best courses in the vegetative period before flowering leaf dry weight, 752.2 kg/ha been in a treatment group were. And the flowering period to Pod set treated with 678.3 kg/ha-level statistical treatment Pod set b to aggregation with 666.6 kg/ha c level was statistically. Dose of the hormone gibberellins acid maximum height of internodes 4.07 inches compared to other hormone levels have been in statistical was. Other doses differ quite significantly with this level did not have the lower levels were. The results showed that the hormone gibberellins acid increased crop growth rate to 35 percent in d₃ = 20.15 g/m2/day treatment than control treatment was d₀ = 14.5 g/m²/day. Hormone gibberellins acid effects on bean plant stem internodes' distances showed that on average 2.2 inches were added to the internodes' length. Especially the increase in the lower internodes bean plant stems were most evident in the treated internodes' d₂S₀ height d₀S₀ than the control treatment was significant. [ُSomaye ghalandari, Tayeb Saki Nejad, Shahram Lack. Effect of GA₃ hormones on growth dynamics of Bean. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):32-39]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.07 Keywords*: GA3, Growth dynamics, Bean	Full Text	7
8	Personal Empowerment among Al-Anon/Nar-Anon Members in Iran Zahra Ajri ¹, Mohammad Shatar Sabran² ^1. Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas Branch, Hormozgan, Iran ^2. Department of Community Development, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia z.ajri@yahoo.com, shatar@putra.upm.edu.my Abstract: As addiction affects not only on addict person but also on family members, so relationship behaviors is an important part of codependents’ life which needs to recover in order to achieve health promotion. This study investigates to find whether the "12-Step Program" empowers families of addicts/alcoholic in term of relationship with others or not. In other words, this study aims to find differences of relationship behaviors by comparing families of addicts/alcoholics who practice the "12-Step Program" and who do not. Theory of empowerment is the key theory to conduct this study. The findings of this study indicate that the “12-step program” is an effective program to enables codependents to improve their relationship with others in comparison with those who do not practice this program (control group). In other words, independent samples t-test reveals that codependents’ relationship behaviors are recovered duo to practicing the "12-Step Program" in Al-Anon/Nar-Anon groups in Iran. [Zahra Ajri, Mohammad Shatar Sabran. Personal Empowerment among Al-Anon/Nar-Anon Members in Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):40-44]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.08 Keywords: 12-Step program, Addiction, Al-Anon & Nar-Anon, Codependency, Families of Addict, personal empowerment.	Full Text	8
9	Effect of different doses of the hormone gibberellins acid on the process of protein changes in bean plants *ُ^Somaye ghalandari¹, Tayeb Saki Nejad², Shahram Lack³ 1- Department of Agriculture. Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran, 2- Assistant Professor Department of Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch (Thesis Supervisor*) 3- Department of Agriculture. Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran, ^Corresponding Arthur: somaye.ghalandar@yahoo.com Abstract Due to poor land of Khuzestan and land pollution due to application of chemical fertilizers, use of materials that can no harmful effects on the environment, planting with very low doses, had positive effects on plants have quality performance, it seems necessary. Why research in this area in order to affect hormone levels and time use gibberellins acid (GA3) on the process of change and increasing amounts of protein bean seeds, bean seeds to increase the quality performance (Vicia FabaL.) were performed. The research farm located in the city Hamidieh hashemi research during the season and in 2010 was done, figure used in this experiment using BARAKAT variety. Use design was factorial experiments in randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors tested included four concentrations of the hormone gibberellins acid: (no hormones = d₀, d₁ = 5 ppm, d₂ = 50 ppm and d₃ = 250 ppm) and the second factor the third period, hormone sprayed: (phase of eruption = s₀, Flowering = s₁ and phase pod set = s₂), respectively. Measuring grain protein levels indicated that the hormone gibberellins acid spray treatment growth period increased grain protein and the greatest amount of protein in the amount of treatments d₂s₀ d₁s₀ and 29.28 percent, respectively. [ُSomaye ghalandari, Tayeb Saki Nejad, Shahram Lack. Effect of different doses of the hormone gibberellins acid on the process of protein changes in bean plants. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):45-49]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.09 Keywords: Bean, the hormone gibberellins acid, proteins	Full Text	9
10	Enhanced Production of Biosurfactant from Isolated Pseudomonas Sp Growing On Used Edible Oil ¹Soniyamby A.R., ²Praveesh B.V., ³Vimalin Hena J., ⁴Kavithakumari P.,¹Lalitha S and ¹M Palaniswamy 1-Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 2-Karpagam Arts & Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 3-Hindusthan College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 4- Cashew Export Promotion council Laboratory & Technical division, Kollam, Kerala, India Abstract: The production of surface active compounds or biosurfactants by microorganisms has been a subject of increasing interest in recent years especially due to the potential applications in enhanced oil recovery. A number of studies have indicated that the type of medium and growth conditions can influence the type and yield of biosurfactants. The present work demonstrated that the isolated bacteria, Pseudomonas sp from used edible oil was able to utilize the used edible oil as carbon and energy source to produce rhamnolipid at a concentration of 7.6 g/L. The temperature, incubation period, and nitrogen source optima of biosurfactant production was found at 36 °C, 72 hr and sodium nitrate respectively. [Soniyamby A.R., Praveesh B.V., Vimalin Hena J., Kavithakumari P., Lalitha S and M Palaniswamy. Enhanced Production of Biosurfactant from Isolated Pseudomonas Sp Growing On Used Edible Oil. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):50-53]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.10 Key words: Rhamnolipid. Pseudomonas sp. Used edible oil. Biosurfactant	Full Text	10
11	Effect of Nursing Management Protocol on Selected Side Effects of Interferon and Ribavirin among Hepatitis C Patients *Magda M. Mohsen¹, Manal E. Fareed^2, Amal A. El-Sheikh² and Sabry M. Abbas³** Department of Community Health Nursing¹, Adult Health Nursing Department^2, Faculty of Nursing, Menofia University,Egypt Hepato gastroenterology endoscopy clinic³, Faculty of Medicine, Menofia University, Egypt manalfareed2008@yahoo.com Abstract:* Interferon related side effects need extensive researches especially the management strategies of these side effects are available. This study was carried out to assess the effect of nursing management protocol on selected side effects of Interferon and Ribavirin among hepatitis C patients. A convenience sample of 60 hepatitis C patients of both sexes in liver out patient clinic at Shebin El- Kom teaching hospital was selected for data collection. Tools for data collection included Tool 1: Structured interview questionnaire. It includes 3 parts to assess medical data and knowledge of patients. Tool 2 : Fatigue severity scale to measure fatigue severity among studied sample. Tool 3: Anxiety scale to assess the anxiety level of studied sample. All studied sample had several complains related to Interferon before giving the nursing management. Also there were statistical significance differences in all laboratory findings and body temperature before and after the study by 8 weeks. There were statistical significant improvement of these knowledge after4 and 8 weeks from beginning of the study. Also, there was significant improvement in anxiety and fatigue level after 8 weeks from beginning of the study. It is concluded that: nursing intervention and knowledge about chronic hepatitis C, its treatment and management of Interferon related side effects seemed to have positive effects on improving patients knowledge about diseases and managing side effects of treatment and self care modalities that reflected by improvement in laboratory findings, vital signs, patients complains, anxiety level and fatigue level. It is recommended that: Promotion & enhancement of the self care modalities to the patient; a strict written instruction with pictures about disease process, prohibited and allowed foods, rest and physical activities and follow up should be continued after termination of the treatment through a rehabilitation program. [Magda M. Mohsen, Manal E. Fareed, Amal A. El-Sheikh and Sabry M. Abbas. Effect of Nursing Management Protocol on Selected Side Effects of Interferon and Ribavirin among Hepatitis C Patients. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):54-63]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.11 Keywords: Nursing management protocol, selected side effects, Interferon and Ribavirin, Hepatitis C	Full Text	11
12	Principles and methods of Adult education ¹Mojtaba Sadighi and ²Mehran Bozorgmanesh 1, 2 Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: sharif11070@yahoo.com Abstract:* Any activity that gets your students involved makes the learning experiential. This includes small group discussions, experiments, role playing, skits, building something at their table or desk, writing or drawing something specific – activity of any kind. Activities also keep people energized, especially activities that involve getting up and moving about. Most adult students are in your classroom because they want to be. Some of them are there because they have Continuing Education requirements to keep a certificate current, but most are there because they’ve chosen to learn something new. This principle is not about why your students are in your classroom, but about why each thing you teach them is an important part of the learning. I’ll use my own pickle-making lesson as an example. [Mojtaba Sadighi and Mehran Bozorgmanesh. Principles and methods of Adult education. Journal of American Science. 2011;7(6):64-68]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.12 Keywords: adult education, adult learning	Full Text	12
13	Assessing Lesson Plans for Adults ¹Mehran Bozorgmanesh and ² Mojtaba Sadighi 1, 2 Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: mehran11070@yahoo.com Abstract:* adult who is able to recognize their needs. He is who knows what will. Refers to individual adults in their lives cross and understand their responsibilities and has accepted the role is social. Adult learners are often those that distinguish each other and have many different targets at the same time and will follow a common challenge to fulfill the goals of building self motivation vectors as educational materials to learn and use the forge. Adult illiteracy is like a disease that infects virtually every dimension of Kentucky life. Adult illiteracy saps the energy and capability of Kentucky’s people and its economy. Adult illiteracy feeds the state’s unemployment, its welfare rolls, and the correctional institutions. Though rarer today then in the past, some teachers discount the importance of learning styles. They continue to teach in their one major method without trying to vary instructional methods. This is a mistake that will lead to less learning in the classroom. On the other hand, many students and to a lesser degree some teachers make the mistake of thinking that they cannot learn using methods that are not focused on their learning style. This is also a huge mistake that in the end will result in less learning. If teachers do not help their students find ways to be successful learning information presented in any style, they are not helping them succeed in the future. The fact is that students will be faced with many different styles of teaching during the educational career. Only by finding ways to adapt and learn using other styles, will students end up succeeding. [Mehran Bozorgmanesh and Mojtaba Sadighi. Assessing Lesson Plans for Adults. Journal of American Science. 2011;7(6):69-72]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.13 Keywords: adult learning, Lesson Plans	Full Text	13
14	Rural people participation in Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) ¹Mina Abarashi and ² Maryam Nikmanesh 1, 2 Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: saba11085@yahoo.com Abstract:* There exist different methods of data collection and analysis, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Through time, more appropriate and refined methods have been developed. In the context of rural development, information regarding the communities, their livelihoods, their beliefs, the physical environment in which they live, and their resource endowments need to be gathered and interpreted in a manner that identifies their priorities with a view of developing better understanding of their status and designing appropriate intervention projects directed at resolving their problems. The different ways of data collection and interpretation can be seen under two perspectives(IUCN, 2001): qualitative versus quantitative, and participatory versus top down. While the quantitative methods generate information that can be captured numerically, the qualitative methods generally do not generate specific numbers. Qualitative methods are concerned with exploring meanings, processes, reasons, and explanations. [Mina Abarashi and Maryam Nikmanesh. Rural people participation in Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):73-77]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.14 Keywords: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), participation	Full Text	14
15	Energy Coefficient for Irrigated Wheat Production in Western Provinces in Iran Mansoor Behroozi Lar¹, Zahra Khodarahm Pour² ¹Department of Agricultural Mechanization, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran. Email: behroozil@yahoo.com ²Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran. Email: Zahra_khodarahm@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: The data for diesel fuel energy consumption on tillage, planting, cultivation, irrigation, harvesting and grain hauling as well as electricity for pumping water from wells obtained by questioners for four western provinces of Iran. The data was analyzed by SPSS software and then compared with the calculation results for the similar activities. Calculations were run for the worst case situation that is the hardest soil type for tillage, lowest forward speed and field efficiency for all. The results showed that the least energy consumption for every one of the practices was higher than the calculated figures; in some cases more than triple. The energy used for irrigation was the dominating. More energy was put into the water wells than for the hardest soil tillage. Statistics showed that the farmers in these provinces used 24.10-38.98 GJha^-1 to produce one hectare of irrigated wheat compared to 23.67 GJha^-1 calculated for the worst case. International data for semi tropical area in India for the drought years was cited as 15.289 GJha^-1. experimental data for energy consumption for every practice was separately analyzed and compared with the calculated figures. Tillage with an average coefficient of 57.38 lha^-1 and planting with an average 34.16 lha^-1 showed no significant differences between the provinces at 5% probability level. Energy coefficient for the other activities that is cultivation, irrigation, harvesting and grain hauling did show significant differences between some of the provinces. The average energy consumption for these activities was 1.045, 21.268, 1.406 and 2.99 GJha^-1respectively. The worst case calculated values were 0.232, 18.813, 0.680 and 1.748 GJha^-1 respectively. The energy coefficient per ton of produced wheat was also obtained. [Mansoor Behroozi Lar and Zahra Khodarahm Pour. Energy Coefficient for Irrigated Wheat Production Western Provinces in Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):78-83]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.15 Keywords: Energy consumption, Irrigated wheat, Energy coefficient, Western provinces, Iran	Full Text	15
16	A method for detection and extraction of circular shapes from noisy images using median filter and CHT Masoud Nosrati ¹, Ronak Karimi ¹, Hamed Nosrati ², Ali Nosrati ² ^1. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Young Researchers Club, Kermanshah, Iran. ^2. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran. minibigs_m@yahoo.co.uk Abstract: One of the challenging topics in image processing is extracting the shapes from noisy backgrounds. There are some methods for doing it from different kinds of noisy backgrounds. In this paper, we are going to introduce another method by using 4 steps to extract circular shapes from impulse noisy backgrounds. First step is applying median filter to disappear "salt and pepper" noise. This step causes edge smoothing. So, as the second step, a laplacian sharpening spatial filter should be applied. It highlights fine details and enhances the blurred edges. Using these two steps sequentially causes noise reduction in an impressive way. Third step is using Canny edge detection for segmenting the image. Its algorithm is talked during the paper. Finally, forth step is applying Circular Hough Transform (CHT) for detecting the circles in image. At the end of paper different use cases of this method is investigated. [Masoud Nosrati, Ronak Karimi, Hamed Nosrati, Ali Nosrati. A method for detection and extraction of circular shapes from noisy images using median filter and CHT. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):84-88]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.16 Keywords: Extracting circular shape; median filter; laplacian filter; Canny edge detection; Circular Hough Transform (CHT).	Full Text	16
17	A short paper on steps of designing an appropriate website Masoud Nosrati ¹, Ronak Karimi ¹, Hamed Nosrati ², Ali Nosrati ² ^1. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Young Researchers Club, Kermanshah, Iran. ^2. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran. minibigs_m@yahoo.co.uk Abstract: In the modern world that the lives are going to have an online aspect in addition to traditional life, having suitable websites for different purposes plays a big role in social communications. High quality communication is the product of good interaction, and a good online interaction is the product of a good website. In this paper, we want to introduce some basic steps that can help to provide a guideline for designing a suitable website. We have tried to cover both technical and psychological aspects of a website. These steps are divided into 3 parts: pre-design, design, and post-design steps. Each one of them is consist of some steps that are described in details through the paper. [Masoud Nosrati, Ronak Karimi, Hamed Nosrati, Ali Nosrati. A short paper on steps of designing an appropriate website. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):89-91]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.17 Keywords: Website design; information systems; modeling website; publishing website.	Full Text	17
18	An algorithm for minimizing of Boolean functions based on graph data structure Masoud Nosrati ¹, Ronak Karimi ¹, Hamed Nosrati ², Ali Nosrati ² ^1. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Young Researchers Club, Kermanshah, Iran. ^2. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran. minibigs_m@yahoo.co.uk Abstract: In this paper, we intend to introduce a new heuristic algorithm to apply maximum minimization to Boolean functions with normal SOP form. To implement the proposed algorithm, we use the graph data structure and define the adjacencies. Also, we demonstrate some conditions to achieve the maximum minimization. Through this paper, the problem of shared vertices in more than one adjacency is talked, and the solution is presented. Karnaugh map is used to clarify the matter. [Masoud Nosrati, Ronak Karimi, Hamed Nosrati, Ali Nosrati. An algorithm for minimizing of Boolean functions based on graph data structure. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):92-96]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.18 Keywords: Minimization of Boolean functions; Graph data structure; SOP functions; discrete mathematics.	Full Text	18
19	Embedding stego-text in cover images using linked list concepts and LSB technique Masoud Nosrati ¹, Ronak Karimi ¹, Hamed Nosrati ², Ali Nosrati ² ^1. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Young Researchers Club, Kermanshah, Iran. ^2. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran. minibigs_m@yahoo.co.uk Abstract: In this paper, we intend to introduce a steganography algorithm for embedding a message into a RGB 24-bit color image. It will be done by using the concepts of linked list data structure. It will help us to achieve some important advantages. First, we can create a “stego-key” by the address of message blocks. Second, it makes the detection of message harder. Also, there will be other benefits that are mentioned during the paper. Another point about the presented algorithm is the flexibility. For example, it could be written in recursive way. To prove it, we wrote a recursive function called “Read()” for extracting the message from the cover image. At the end of paper, characteristics of this algorithm will be talked. For embedding data, LSB (Least Significant Bit) technique is been used. [Masoud Nosrati, Ronak Karimi, Hamed Nosrati, Ali Nosrati. Embedding stego-text in cover images using linked list concepts and LSB technique. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):97-100]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.19 Keywords: Steganography; secure communication; data covering; carrier image; linked list; LSB	Full Text	19
20	Investigating the basic principles for proper GUI design Masoud Nosrati ¹, Ronak Karimi ¹, Rahin Karimi ², Hamed Nosrati ³ ^1. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Young Researchers Club, Kermanshah, Iran. ^2. Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran ^3. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran. minibigs_m@yahoo.co.uk Abstract: User interface is a general connection tool for getting the request of user and give back the responses. A special type of user interface is GUI (Graphical User Interface), which is very important in computer world, and you can't find any application without it. Designing a suitable GUI is definitely an important part of designing any application. Due to this, there are some principles that help to create an appropriate GUI. In this paper, we are going to talk about the necessity of a suitable GUI for an information system. So, the goals of GUI will be investigated. Then we will get into common characteristics of a proper GUI. [Masoud Nosrati, Ronak Karimi, Rahin Karimi, Hamed Nosrati. Investigating the basic principles for proper GUI design. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):101-105]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.20 Keywords: User interface; Graphical User Interface; GUI; GUI Purpose; information system; information display.	Full Text	20
21	Taking a Brief look at steganography: Methods and Approaches Masoud Nosrati ¹, Ronak Karimi ¹, Hamed Nosrati ², Ali Nosrati ² ^1. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Young Researchers Club, Kermanshah, Iran. ^2. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran. minibigs_m@yahoo.co.uk Abstract: In this paper, we are going to introduce different types of steganography considering the cover data. As the first step, we will talk about text steganography and investigate its details. Then, image steganography and its techniques will be investigated. Some techniques including Least Significant Bits, Masking and filtering and Transformations will be subjected during image steganography. Finally, audio steganography which contains LSB Coding, Phase Coding, Spread Spectrum and Echo Hiding techniques will be described. [Masoud Nosrati, Ronak Karimi, Hamed Nosrati, Ali Nosrati. Taking a Brief look at steganography: Methods and Approaches. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):106-109]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.21 Keywords: Steganography; text steganography; image steganography; audio steganography.	Full Text	21
22	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory phonophoresis versus topical application in improvement of hand grip strength in psoriatic arthritic patients Amal M. Abd El Baky and Intsar S. Waked^* Department of Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt ^intsarahmed@hotmail.com Abstract:* The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of ibuprofen phonophresis versus topical application of ibuprofen in improvement of hand grip strength in psoriatic arthritic patients. Methods: Forty patients who had asymmetrical psoriatic arthritis in hand participated in this study. Their ages ranged from 30 to 50 years. Patients were classified randomly into two groups of equal numbers; group (1) (control group) received routine physical therapy (hot therapy, stretching and strengthening exercises), in addition to sham ibuprofen phonophoresis, while group (2) (studied group): received routine physical therapy, in addition to ibuprofen phonophoresis. Each patient was evaluated for grip strength, tender and swollen joint count before and after one month of treatment. The results revealed that there was a significant difference between both groups regarding to grip strength, tender and swollen joint count, with the percentage of improvement in group 1 were 56%, 54%, and 55%, while in group 2 were 82%, 80% and 76% respectively. It is concluded that the results of the current study confirms the effectiveness of phonophoresis as a therapeutic modality enhancing the delivery of ibuprofen so increasing the percentage of improvement of grip strength in the studied group. [Amal M. Abd El Baky and Intsar S. Waked. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory phonophoresis versus topical application in improvement of hand grip strength in psoriatic arthritic patients. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):110-114]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.22 Key Words: Ultrasound, phonophoresis, ibuprofen, grip strength, psoriatic arthritic	Full Text	22
23	Biodegradation of PAH Compounds in the Rhizosphere of Tamarix nilotica: A Salt tolerant wild plant Eman A. Diab and Reham K.A. Badry Department of Plant Ecology and Range Management, Environmental Pollution Research Unit, DRC, Cairo, Egypt Abstract: During a scientific visit to a coastal area at Suez, Egypt, it was observed that Tamarix nilotica plant naturally dominated on oil polluted site in this area, indicating that this plant is a tolerant of the combined adverse effects of salinity and petroleum pollutants. This observation stimulated a study to investigate the rhizosphere effect of this plant on the degradation and removal of petroleum aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) compounds from this coastal saline soil. Accordingly, samples were collected from the rhizosphere and from the non-rhizosphere soil and studied. The results show that the rhizosphere soil of Tamarix nilotica was rich in total heterotrophic bacteria and oil-degraders. In the rhizosphere soil oil-degraders were of higher percentage (30.7%) compared to the non-rhizosphere soil (4.6%). Residual total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the non-rizosphere soil was 2.25% (w/w), while in the rhizosphere soil the percentage was 0.9% (w/w). This indicate a reduction of 60% of the TPHs. The saturates fraction in the rhizosphere as compared to the non-rizosphere soil was reduced by 87.5%, while the aromatics were reduced by 60.7%. It is of interest to find that the non-degradable asphaltenes and resins were reduced in the rhizosphere by 1.1% and 2.5% respectively. As a total the amount of PAHs (mgkg^-1 soil) were 1073.5 and 541.94 in the non-rhizosphere and rhizosphere soil respectively, i.e. with a loss of 49.5% in the rhizosphere. Chrysene and dibenzo(ah)anthracene as compared to the other PAHs were more frequent in the non-rhizosphere soil. These two compounds were reduced by 55.7% and 24.3% respectively in the rhizosphere. As a total the four-ringed PAHs as compared to other PAH groups were highly reduced (60.3%) in the rhizosphere, this was followed by the three-ringed PAH group (52.5%). The five-ringed and the six-ringed groups were weakly reduced (37.8% and 33.8% respectively). The 8 carcinogenic PAH group were collectively reduced in the rhizosphere by 49.1%. A particular notable distinction of the rhizosphere of Tamarix nilotica is the greater efficiency to degrade the carcinogenic PAH compounds especially flouranthene (75.4%), benzo(a)anthracene (63.4%) and pyrene (60.2%). Results of Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis for the detection of the accumulated PAHs in the shoot tissue of Tamarix nilotica plant growing in the polluted area as compared to that growing in non-polluted area show that the identified peaks in the tissue of both plants were 15 and 14 peaks respectively. The sum of the 15 PAHs was 528 mgkg^-1 dried tissue, whereas the sum of the 14 PAHs was 769 mgkg^-1 dried soil. This result indicate an accumulation value of 1.46. [Eman A. Diab and Reham K.A. Badry. Biodegradation of PAH Compounds in the Rhizosphere of Tamarix nilotica: A Salt tolerant wild plant. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):115-124]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.23 Keywords: Biodegradation, salt-tolerant plant, Tamarix nilotica, PAHs degradation	Full Text	23
24	The Effect of Soft laser Application on Orthodontic Movement (In vitro study) Tarek Momhamed Ibrahim, mostafa gheith, Mona M. Abo-Elfotouh** * Ass. Prof. of Dental Laser Applications, Department of Medical applications of Laser, National Institute for Laser Enhancement Sciences, Cairo University. Ass. Prof. of Oral Radiology, Oral Medicine, Diagnosis& Oral Radiology Department, Faculty of Oral& Dental Medicine, Ain-Shams University Corresponding Author: tarek_ali_dentist@yahoo.com Abstract: The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of low level laser therapy on alveolar bone remodeling and rate of tooth movement secondary to application of orthodontic forces. 42 male Guinea pigs were used in this study. The animals were divided into two groups (each group contains 21 animals), group (1) received soft laser therapy at the treatment site and group (2) as a control group. The orthodontic device was cemented to the lower central incisors to be activated once only. Daily measurements were taken directly from the oral cavity to record the rate of tooth movement of the experimental groups. Seven animals of each group were sacrificed at 3 days, 2 weeks and one month. Radiographic assessment was carried out at these intervals using Radio-Visio-Graphy (RVG), with its personal computer (PC) based version, to monitor the changes in the bone density mesial to each lower central incisor. The lower jaws were histologically treated to obtain mesiodistal sections of the lower incisors with their supporting structures and stained by H & E. Conclusion: Soft laser can enhance the rate of orthodontic tooth movement due to stimulation of bone remodeling. [Tarek Momhamed Ibrahim, mostafa gheith, Mona M. Abo-Elfotouh. The Effect of Soft laser Application on Orthodontic Movement (In vitro study). Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):125-135]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.24 Key words:** Orthodontic treatment, laser therapy	Full Text	24
25	*Nucleotide variations of 16S rRNA gene of VacA positive Helicobacter pylori* strains isolated from human Gastric Biopsies in Saudi Arabia** Milyani MR ¹Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Corresponding author: rajaamilyani@hotmail.com ABSTRACT: Three isolates of Helicobacter pylori* (H. pylori) were originally isolated from gastric biopsies taken from patients complaining of gastric disorders in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. The isolates that previously revealed to be vaculating cytotoxin A positive were identified by 16S rRNA gene as H. pylori using a primer pair designed from the similar sequences within consensus regions of GenBank H. pylori to amplify the 163 bp fragment. Sequence alignments of 16S rRNA gene were performed and total numbers of 46, 55 and 40 nucleotide positional differences with base-pair substitutions were identified for these isolates compared to GenBank strains of H. pylori. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the three H. pylori strains formed a phylogenetically distinct group, separate from all other species of H. pylori. The three isolates were hence coined as H. pylori Milyani-1, -2 and -3 at GenBank database under the accession numbers HQ877021, HQ877022 and HQ877023, respectively. The obtained results evidently indicated a large diversity with unique characteristics of the three Saudi Arabian H. pylori strains from all the other established strains. [Milyani MR. Nucleotide variations of 16S rRNA gene *of VacA positive Helicobacter pylori* strains isolated from human Gastric Biopsies in Saudi Arabia. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):136-145]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.25 key words:** Accessions HQ877021, HQ877022 and HQ877023, Helicobacter pylori, isolates, 16S rRNA gene, variations.	Full Text	25
26	Disk-Rim flywheel of minimum weight Bedier B. EL-Naggar and Ismail A. Kholeif Department of Engineering Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo Universty, Giza, Egypt bbnaggar@hotmail.com Abstract: In this article the disk-rim flywheel is suggested for light weight. The mass of the flywheel is minimized subject to constraints of required moment of inertia and admissible stresses. The theory of the rotating disks of uniform thickness and density is applied to each the disk and the rim independently with suitable matching condition at the junction. Suitable boundary conditions on the centrifugal stresses are applied and the dimensional ratios are obtained for minimum weight. It is proved that the required design is very close to the disk with uniform thickness [Bedier B. EL-Naggar and Ismail A. Kholeif. Disk-Rim flywheel of minimum weight. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):146-149]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.26 Keywords: Disk-Rim; flywheel; minimum angular speeds; moment of inertia; radial and tangential stresses.	Full Text	26
27	Genetic variability and path coefficient analysis in sweet basil for oil yield and its components under organic agriculture conditions Ibrahim, M.M.¹, K.A. Aboud ¹ and R.M. Hussein² ^{1 & 2.} Genetics and Cytology Department National Research Centre, El-Behouth St., Dokki; P. Box; 12622; Cairo; Egypt. ^2. Present address: Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, KSA. mohamed_mostafa480@yahoo.com Abstract: Data for variability, heritability, genetic advance and path coefficient analysis for oil yield and related characters were conducted on 15 genotypes of sweet basil at two seasons in complete randomized block design. The results revealed that analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among genotypes in studied characters. Ranges of herb dry yield (HDY) (68.40 – 86.30 gm.), oil content (2.30-2.90 ml.) and oil yield (1.22-2.24 ml.) were obtained. Overall, the highest values of genotypic coefficients of variation (G.C. V %), genetic advance (GA%), and broad sense heritability (h²b) were obtained for stem dry weight (SDW), linear growth (LG), herb dry weight (HDW) and leaf dry weight (LDW). Path coefficient analysis for oil yield exhibited variation from season to other and slight variation was found among cuts. The highest direct effects on oil yield were observed for herb dry yield followed by stem dry weight and essential oil content; hence, the study reflected the importance of herb dry yield and essential oil content as selection criteria for improvement of oil yield in sweet basil. [Ibrahim, M.M., K.A. Aboud and R.M. Hussein. Genetic variability and path coefficient analysis in sweet basil for oil yield and its components under organic agriculture conditions. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):150-157]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.27 Keywords: Genetic variability; Path coefficient; Sweet basil; Organic agriculture	Full Text	27
28	*Antihepatotoxic Effects Of Ficus Vogelii* Ethanol Leaf Extract On The Liver Function Indices Of Ccl₄ –Induced Hepatotoxicity In Rats. EGBUNA, P. A. C.; JOSHUA, Parker Elijah and CHIGBO, Maureen Ujunwa Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria ABSTRACT:** This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-hepatotoxic effect of intraperitoneal administration of ethanol extract of Ficus vogeli (600mg/kg) in CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. Phytochemically, the leaf extract contains tannin, alkaloid, flavonoid, carbohydrates, protein, saponin, steroids, terpenoids, fats and oil. The administration of the Ficus vogelii extract was at one phase of the experiment according to the body weight of the test animals. The ethanol extracts of Ficus vogelii significantly reduced (p<0.05) the level of activity of the hepatic enzyme markers in the serum (Alanine amino transferase (ALT), Aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphate (ALP) and total bilirubin) which occurred due to induced oxidative stress. Relative to the control group, treatment with CCl₄ significantly raised the levels of ALT, ASP, AST and total bilirubin in the serum. The animals that received Ficus vogelii showed not only reduced hepatocellular degeneration but also of hepatocellular regeneration when compared to the liver of those exposed to CCl₄ alone. Thus the histopathological studies also supported the anti-hepatpotoxic action of the ethanol extract of Ficus vogelii. The results of this study clearly indicate that Ficus vogelii ethanol extract has a potent anti-hepatotoxicity action against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in rats. [EGBUNA, P. A. C.; JOSHUA, Parker Elijah and CHIGBO, Maureen Ujunwa. *Antihepatotoxic Effects Of Ficus Vogelii* Ethanol Leaf Extract On The Liver Function Indices Of Ccl₄ –Induced Hepatotoxicity In Rats. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):158-163]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.28 Keywords*: Ficus vogeli*; Hepatotoxicity; Carbon tetrachloride; Liver Function Tests	Full Text	28
29	Power Purchasing Agreements in Modern Power System Mohammad Sadegh Javadi ¹, Amin Javadinasab ¹ ¹Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran msjavadi@gmail.com Abstract: Power Purchasing Agreements (PPAs) are the recent contracts between Generation Companies (GENCOs) and Independent System Operator (ISO). After restructuring in power system, lack of motivations for Independent Power Producers (IPPs) to partnership in power generation and long term maintaining energy have affect the long horizon expansion planning. In this area, long term contracts can help the market entities to hedging their risks in satisfying the future demands and ensuring the return of their investment cost. From an IPP point of view, clarifying the rate of return of investment has an important role in his financial decision making. In competitive power market, each GENCO would offer in the market and some of them could exercise market power in power market. One of the proposed ways to controlling the market power is PPA. In this paper the PPA and some proposed PPAs are introduced and clarifying the weak and strong point of the PPAs are presented. [Mohammad Sadegh Javadi, Amin Javadinasab. Power Purchasing Agreements in Modern Power System, Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):164-169]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.29 Keywords: Power Purchase Agreements, Independent System Operator, Independent Power Producer, Renewable Energy	Full Text	29
30	*Evaluation of Some Growth Parameters and Chemical Composition of In Vitro* Grown Seedlings of Rumex vesicarius L. (Polygonaceae).** El-Bakry, A.A., Mostafa, H.A.M. * and Eman, A. Alam , Botany Department, National Research Centre, Dokki,Giza, Egypt. , Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt. ael bakry@yahoo.com, afify hisham@hotmail.com and LaLaLaLaLa2011@yahoo.com Abstract:* The aim of this research is to evaluate differences in growth and chemical composition of in vitro grown seedlings (10, 20 and 30 days old) of Rumex vesicarius L. (Polygonaceae) on either solidified MS medium or agar. Percentage of germination increased with time from 2 days till 16 days in case of seedlings grown on MS medium, and 10 days in case of seedlings grown on agar. Variations in seedlings length at 10, 20 and 30 days were non significant. Seedlings grown on agar were longer than seedlings grown on MS medium. Shoot: root ratio (%) decreased with time from 10 to 30 days, shoot: root ratio of seedlings grown on agar was less than these of seedlings grown on MS medium. Variation in shoot: root ratio of seedlings grown on either solidified MS medium or agar was highly significant. Fresh and dry weights of these seedlings increased with time in 10, 20 and 30 days old seedlings. Variations were highly significant in both fresh and dry weights. Fresh and dry weights of seedlings grown on MS medium were higher than seedlings grown on agar. Phytochemical screening of 10, 20 and 30 days old seedlings showed variations in the presence and / or amount of some biologically active constituents under investigation such as: flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and tannins, chlorides and Sulphates, these variations indicated that, the formation of these active constituents is positively or negatively related to time. Regarding total phenolics, of seedlings grown on MS medium, 20 days old seedlings had the maximum concentration (3.833±0.334 mg GAE_s/g F.W.), followed by 10 days old seedlings (1.910±0.334 mg GAE_s/g F.W.), while 30 days old seedlings were found to contain the least amount of phenolics (1.167±0.334 mg GAE_s/g F.W.). Variations in the amount of total phenolics within different seedlings were non significant. Seedlings grown on agar contained low amount of phenolics till 30 days old, compared with seedlings grown on MS medium. Total flavonoids were determined also, highly significant variations were found between 10, 20 and 30 days old seedlings grown on either MS medium or agar. The maximum amount of total flavonoids was found to be in 10 days old seedlings grown on agar (106.350±3.849 µg/g F.W.); flavonoidal contents were negatively related to time. In wild young plantlets of Rumex vesicarius L. at vegetative stage, total phenolics were found to be lower than in vitro grown seedlings. Plantlets roots were found to be the richest organ (1.695± 0.178 mg GAE_s/g F.W.), however roots contains about less than half amounts found in in vitro grown seedlings on MS medium at 20 days old (3.833±0.334 mg GAE_s/g F.W.). Wild young plantlets were rich in flavonoids. There were highly significant variations between plantlets parts. Leaves were found to contain the highest amount of flavonoids (2835.000 ± 305.757 µg/g F.W.). [El-Bakry, A.A., Mostafa, H.A.M. and Eman, A. Alam. Evaluation of Some Growth Parameters and Chemical Composition of In Vitro Grown Seedlings of Rumex vesicarius L. (Polygonaceae). Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):170-179]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.30 Keywords: Rumex vesicarius L. - total phenolics - total flavonoids - phytochemical screening - in vitro grown seedlings	Full Text	30
31	The importance of indigenous knowledge in agricultural development Esmaiel Ghorbani¹ and Fatemeh Bakhtiar² ^{1, 2} Darab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Darab, Iran Corresponding author: abbasrezazadeh80@yahoo Abstract:* Different definitions were presented about indigenous knowledge by experts that each of them present their idea about this knowledge from their viewpoint. Each of them emphasis on a special aspect of indigenous knowledge according to their viewpoint. Oxford vocabulary define the word indigenous knowledge such this" it is created naturally in a region which is related to the people of that region. Indigenous knowledge is a knowledge that has been grown in a long time and has transferred from one generation to other generation in hereditary form. Williams and Molina have defined indigenous knowledge such this: indigenous knowledge is the learning methods, understanding and attitude to the world which is the result of experience and solving problems according to test and error by the people who are active and have used their available resources on its suitable time. Chambers with emphasizing on people's role in development process, believed that the phrase rural people's knowledge is more sensible than the other phrase such ethnic ecology, ethnographic knowledge, ethnic classification. He also believed that indigenous knowledge is a knowledge that is created naturally and is emanated from geographical circle. [Esmaiel Ghorbaniand Fatemeh Bakhtiar. The importance of indigenous knowledge in agricultural development. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):180-184]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.31 Keywords: Indigenous knowledge, rural women	Full Text	31
32	Decentralization in agricultural extension: implications and priorities Abbas Emami¹ and Esmaeil Ghorbani² ^{1, 2} Darab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Darab, Iran Corresponding author: hossein11070@yahoo Abstract:* Over the past two decades many countries have undertaken to decentralize government functions and transfer authority and responsibilities from central to intermediate and local governments, and often to communities and the private sector. Decentralization is potentially important to agricultural knowledge and information systems, but decentralization is not an end in itself, and successful decentralization strategies must address three challenges—establishing a national framework for decentralization, developing subsector approaches, and enhancing capacities of various participants for coproduction of decentralized goods and services. Agricultural extension services are under increasing pressure to become more effective, more responsive to clients, and less costly to government. Decentralization is an increasingly common aspect of extension reforms. Field extension advisory services are well suited to decentralized approaches, but a comprehensive extension system requires a range of extension support services and programs, some of which (strategy formulation, training, monitoring and evaluation, specialized technical support) are often best carried out at the central level. The prime challenges in the traditional public extension systems enlisted as outdated, top-down, paternalistic, inflexible, subject to bureaucratic inefficiencies that results less ability to cope with the dynamic demands of modern day agriculture (World Bank, 2002; Obaa et al., 2005). In some countries the change is occurring with its natural pace but in many developing countries these have been accelerated by structural adjustment reforms. [Abbas Emamiand Esmaeil Ghorbani. Decentralization in agricultural extension: implications and priorities. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):185-189]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.32 Keywords: Decentralization, Agricultural extension	Full Text	32
33	Using of E-learning in agricultural education Esmaeil Ghorbani Darab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Darab, Iran E-mail: leila11070@yahoo Abstract: Distance education places students and their instructors in separate locations using some form of technology to communicate and interact. The student may be located in the classroom, home, office or learning center. The instructor may be located in a media classroom, studio, office or home. The student may receive information via satellite, microwave, or fiber optic cable, television (broadcast, cable or Instructional Television Fixed Services (ITFS), video cassette or disk, telephone - audio conferencing bridge or direct phone line, audio cassette, printed materials - text, study guide, or handout, computer - modem or floppy disk, and compressed video. Recent rapid development of technology has resulted in systems that are powerful, flexible, and increasingly affordable. The base of available information technology resources is increasing with dramatic speed. Much has been learned about connecting various forms of technology into systems, so that the ability to link systems is growing. Most distance learning systems are hybrids, combining several technologies, such as satellite, ITFS, microwave, cable, fiber optic, and computer connections. Interactivity is accomplished via telephone (one-way video and two-way audio), two-way video or graphics interactivity, two-way computer hookups, two-way audio. Interactivity may be delayed but interaction provided by teacher telephone office hours when students can call or through time with on-site facilitators. Classes with large numbers of students have a limited amount of interactivity. Much of the activity on computer networks is on a delayed basis as well. Possibilities for audio and visual interaction are increasingly wide. [Esmaeil Ghorbani. Using of E-learning in agricultural education. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):190-193]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.33 Keywords: E-learning, distance education	Full Text	33
34	Social Capital and Human Development: A Meta-Analysis in Iran Hamidreza Babaei¹, Amir Hossein Zomorrodian¹, Sarjit S. Gill¹, Nobaya Ahmad¹, Leila Falahati² ^1. Department of Social & Development Science, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia ^2. Department of Resource Management and Consumer Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia. babaei1973@gmail.com Abstract: This meta-analysis aims to assess the influence of social capital on the Human Development Index, Human Poverty Index, and Gender-related Development Index in Iran. The results reveal a positive and significant relationship between social capital and the human development index (HDI). The effect of social capital on the Human Poverty Index (HPI) was negative and significant. However, no significant relationship was found between social capital and the Gender-related Development Index (GDI). [Hamidreza Babaei, Sarjit S. Gill, Amir Hossein Zomorrodian, Nobaya Ahmad, Leila Falahati. Social Capital and Human Development: A Meta-Analysis in Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):194-197]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.34 Keywords: Social Capital, Human Development Index, Human Poverty Index, Gender-related Development Index, Iran	Full Text	34
35	The Influence of Life Skills with respect to Self-Help Approach on Relapse Prevention in Iranian Adolescents Opiate Addicts Samira Golestan¹, Hajar Namayandeh^1, Ali Anjomshoa¹* ¹Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch, Iran, Email Address: Samira_Golestan@yahoo.com H/P: 00989133436185 Abstract: This study explores the importance of three elements of life skills, i.e. problem solving, critical thinking and ability to abstinence, on drug use and its effects on the prevention of relapse among male adolescent opiate users in Kerman, Iran. Life skills are one of the important factors that affect the recovery of addicts and presuppose relapse among adolescents. The lack of life skills is an operative factor to relapse among adolescents. The development of life skill was recognized as a factor that could help the adolescents in their efforts to avoid relapse. Iran is in the process of developing options concerning drug abuse treatment for opiate and other drug dependent patients while nearly 60% of its population is under the age of 25. Scholars emphasize the critical role of life skills to prevent relapse in adolescents and highlight the lack of life skill as a factor leading to relapse among adolescents ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Barr & Parrett, 2001; Gorski, 2001; Gouws, Kruger, & Burger, 2000; Mc Whirter, 2004; Van Niekerk & Prins, 2001). Focusing on this issue, this research explores a new examination area and finally reinforces the result of the previous relevant studies in its own contribution. In this research 226 adolescents between the ages of 13 to 20 in ten rehabilitation centers were selected to answer the self-administered questionnaire. Benefiting from Pearson Correlation analyses, the findings represent a significant moderate negative relationship between life skills and relapse (r= -0.453, p<0.01), i.e. the lack of life skills significantly raises the risk of relapse among adolescents. The study proposes some suggestions in order to prevent relapse after treatment in adolescents. [Samira Golestan, Hajar Namayandeh, Ali Anjomshoa, The Influence of Life Skills with respect to Self-Help Approach on Relapse Prevention in Iranian Adolescents Opiate Addicts. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):198-202]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.35 Keywords: Life skills, Opiate Addiction, Adolescents, Recovery Process, Relapse Prevention	Full Text	35
36	Immediate Vascular Photochemical Reactions to Infrared Laser Irradiation in Normal Volunteers Mohammed H Saiem Al-Dahr¹and Enas Elsayed² ¹Department of Medical Laboratory Technology.²Department of Physical Therapy Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul-Aziz University ^drinaselsayed@yahoo.com Abstract:* Background: There are evidences that low level laser therapy (LLLT) stimulates wound healing. Objective: The study aimed at investigating the exact vascular mechanisms through which infrared (IR) laser acts to promote wound healing. Participants: Thirty normal female volunteers were selected from the female section, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul-Aziz University. They were randomly divided into three equal study groups (G1, G2, and G3). Methods: Five ml. of whole blood were collected in a plane tube from all volunteers for the analysis of lipid profile including cholesterol (Chol); triglyceride (TGL); low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Other five ml of blood were collected for the performance of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), hemoglobin (Hgb) and red blood cells (RBCs) count before and immediately after receiving continuous IR laser (810 nm, 100 mW). The irradiation doses were 12 J/cm² for 120 sec, 6 J/cm² for 60 sec and 1.4 J/cm² for 14 sec in groups one, two, and three respectively. Results: There was a significant increase in Chol, TGL, HbA1c%, Hgb concentration and RBCs count after irradiation. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in LDL or HDL concentration in the three groups. Conclusion: Infrared laser was effective in increasing the levels of different blood components that are important for wound healing processes with the best results obtained from laser dosage of 12 J/cm². [Mohammed H Saiem Al-Dahr and Enas Elsayed. Immediate Vascular Photochemical Reactions to Infrared Laser Irradiation in Normal Volunteers. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):203-208]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.36 Keywords: Vascular alterations, Wound healing, Infrared laser	Full Text	36
37	Contraceptive use dynamics and effect of counseling on use- continuation of contraception in Assiut Governorate, Upper Egypt Etemad A.A. El- shereef¹, Gamal H. S.^.2, Abo Bakr A. M.², and Ahmed M.A.² Public health & community Medicine Department¹ and Obstetrics & Gynecology Department². Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University. etemadelshreef@yahoo.com Abstract: Background: Egypt’s family planning programs have followed a similarly unsteady course. Debated by Egyptian social scientists since the 1930s, Egypt’s high population growth became widely viewed as an acute problem in the 1960s, when the government acknowledged the serious economic and social problems associated with it. Objectives: analyzing the factors associated with contraceptive methods discontinuation among women aged 15- 49 years in study area and contraceptive use dynamics. We also examined the effect of counseling on percent of continuation. Study design: A cross sectional survey was carried out among the eligible women. Study setting: The study areas included Assiut Governorate family planning units in different places providing contraceptive methods. Study population: One thousand and ten women in reproductive age from 15-49 who used contraceptive methods once or more, has one child or more were included. Study tools: An interview questionnaire were constructed including data about used contraceptive methods, discontinuation and its causes, failure and its fate. We asked about ten steps of counseling. Data entry –after revising and editing -was done via Excel software while data analysis was carried out via SPSS program version 11. Results: the most commonly used modern method was IUD (43.0%). The results revealed that (69.7%) of methods had been stopped within 2 years of starting for various reasons. The percent of discontinuation decreased significantly with increasing age. Discontinuation was the lowest when there were four or more living children and increased significantly by decreasing number of living children. It decreased significantly with increasing the number of sons. As regards infant deaths, discontinuation was insignificant among those who did not experience infant deaths, and presence of one and two deaths respectively. University graduated women showed least discontinuation level. As regards causes of discontinuations, side effects and health concerns was the most common reason of discontinuation. Most of method failure as expressed by pregnancy ended in live births. The results indicated that a higher score on counseling was significantly associated with continuation. Conclusion: Counseling should emphasize the possibility of side effects, stressing the fact that most will be transient, and the need to identify a backup method. Follow-up visits should be scheduled for 1 to 2 months after a prescription is written. [Etemad A.A. El- shereef, Gamal H. S., Abo Bakr A. M., and Ahmed M.A. Contraceptive use dynamics and effect of counseling on use- continuation of contraception in Assiut Governorate, Upper Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):209-219]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.37 Keywords: Contraception, use dynamics, counseling and Upper Egypt.	Full Text	37
38	Rediscovering Red Blood Cells: Revealing Their Antigens Store Mahmoud Rafea¹, Serhiy Souchelnytskyi¹, Saleh El-Ayouby² ¹Karolinska Biomics Centre, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ²Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt mahmoudrafea@gmail.com serhiy.souchelnytskyi@ki.se saleh.elayouby@gmail.com Abstract: This paper describes a newly observed phenomenon related to red blood cells (RBCs). We found that plasma from a healthy individual immune-reacted with hemolysates from the same person and from other individuals. This strongly suggested presence of antigens in RBCs and corresponding antibodies in plasma. Those RBCs’ antigens are different from RBCs proteome. Those antigens can be separated using plasma / serum of blood from which RBCs were taken. It is found that those antigens consist of HLA antigens, tissue specific antigens, and foreign antigens. The foreign antigens can be fetus antigens in pregnant females, microorganisms’ antigens, food, insects or other antigens from environment. The collection of those transported antigens represents a dynamic store. Consequently, RBCs may play role in tolerance through transporting those antigens to central organs of the immune system. The experiments, which have been done, reveal some of the antigens of the store, and show how this phenomenon can be exploited, for instance, in diagnosis of human tuberculosis (TB). In effect, this work opens a new avenue of research and hopes. [Mahmoud Rafea, Serhiy Souchelnytsky and Saleh El-Ayouby. Rediscovering Red Blood Cells: Revealing Their Antigens Store. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):220-226]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.38 Key words: Red Blood Cells, Erythrocytes, Immune Tolerance, Self-Antibodies, Erythrocytes Antigen Store, Erythrocytes Functional Proteome, Protection of Fetus as Allograft	Full Text	38
39	The effect of vitamin E on post-thawed buffalo bull sperm parameters Rahim Beheshti¹, Aiden Asadi², Naser Maheri-Sis ^1.Department of Veterinary medicine, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, East Azarbaijan, Iran. ^2.Department of Animal science, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, East Azarbaijan, Iran. Rahimbeheshti@gmail.com Abstract: The sperm cells protection against oxidative reactions during cryopreservation process done by antioxidant and amino acids agents. The purpose of this study was evaluation of the effects of vitamin E on Azerbaijan Buffalo bull´s sperm cells after thawing. Therefore for definition the percentage of motility, acrosomal membrane integrity, and live ratio of sperm cells, ejaculations from five mature buffalo bulls after preparation in tris-yolk base medium was added with five levels of vitamin E (0.1, 0.5, 1 or 1.5 mM) separately and frozen process was performed. One month latter, five piote selected randomly and after thawing in 37 ^°C water bath in twenty seconds, sperm cells motility evaluated with 37 ^°C warm plate microscope. On the other hand, the one step eosin-nigrosin staining for evaluation of live ratio percentage and formal citrate for acrosomal membrane integrity was performed, then slides evaluated with 1000x light microscope and 200 sperm per slide was counted. The result showed significant difference between blank and vitamin E groups and sperm motility was higher in vitamin E)P<0.05(. On the other hand sperm motility in vitamin E 1.5 mM was higher than other vitamin E groups)P<0.05(. Between vitamin E groups, the percentage of live-ratio was higher in vitamin E 1.5 mM and lower in vitamin E 0.1 mM)P<0.05(and the lowest was in control group (P<0.05). [Rahim Beheshti, Aiden Asadi, Naser Maheri-Sis. The effect of vitamin E on post-thawed buffalo bull sperm parameters. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):227-231]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.39 Key words: Buffalo bull, vitamin E, semen.	Full Text	39
40	Perceived autonomy support among Maternity and Psychiatric nursing students ¹Fatma Hussein Ramadan and ²Rasha Mohamed Essa ¹Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health Dept., Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University. Egypt ²Obstetric and Gynecological Nursing Dept., Faculty of Nursing, Damanhour University. Egypt fatma_ramadan45@yahoo.com rashaessa111@yahoo.com Abstract: Supporting students’ autonomy has many outstanding benefits. It promotes self motivation and satisfaction for students in various learning settings. The aim of this study was to identify the nursing students’ perception of their clinical instructors autonomy support. A convenient sample was taken from Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University at Maternity and Psychiatric Nursing Departments. Sample of this study consisted of 250 undergraduate students attended and studied Maternity and Psychiatric Nursing courses. Data were collected in the second semester of academic year 2009/2010. Two tools were used to collect the necessary data. One questionnaire sheet to obtain demographic data including gender, age, and academic achievement. Second questionnaire sheet was Learning Climate Questionnaire, to assess the perceived autonomy support among students at different learning settings. Results of this study showed that the majority of Maternity and Psychiatric nursing students perceived either low or moderate levels of autonomy support and no statistically significant difference was found. Significant diferences were only found between students’ perception of clinical instructors autonomy support and gender differences among both groups. Teaching programs will be recommended to train clinical instructors in both specialties to display more autonomy-supportive behaviors. [Fatma Hussein Ramadan and Rasha Mohamed Essa. B Perceived autonomy support among Maternity and Psychiatric nursing students. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):232-240]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.40 Keywords: autonomy support, self-determination theory, gender differences, maternity and psychiatric nursing students.	Full Text	40
41	Concurrent External Radiotherapy And Doxorubicin Based Chemotherapy In Breast Cancer Patients Any Cardiac Side Effects? ¹A.A. Adenipekun, ²O. Oladapo, ¹T.N. Elumelu ¹Department of Radiotherapy, University College Hospital, Ibadan. ²Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan. adenipek2000@yahoo.com Abstract: Doxorubicin, has for long been a major component in the combination chemotherapy for Breast Cancer. At a cumulative dose of 400 and 600mg/m² cardiomyopathies and electrocardiographic changes have been reported which may be worsen in patients who receive external beam radiation treatment to the left chest wall. This study aimed at examining presence of cardiac sequalae that may result from concurrent use of Doxorubicin based chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy to the chest wall in our breast cancer population. Sixty-five (65) patients with cancer of the breast on combination therapy who received 50mg/m²of Doxorubicin in four divided three weekly doses and had 50Gy of external beam radiation in 25 daily fractions over 5 weeks were evaluated. The patients also had 5-florouracil 1000mg/m² and Cyclophosphamide 1000mg/m²as part of the combination chemotherapy. All patients had ECG and Echocardiography before commencement of treatment and at three and nine months post treatment. Only 55 were found evaluable at the end of the study with mean age of 48 years. Eleven patients had history of hypertension while none had any previous history of heart diseases. The pre and post-treatment ECG and Echocardiography were similar (p>005). The participants were also symptom free during the follow up period. Though this study suggests a safe combination of Doxorubicin-base chemotherapy and chest wall radiation within the period of evaluation, this may however, not exclude the possibility of long term complications. [A.A. Adenipekun, O. Oladapo, T.N. Elumelu. Concurrent External Radiotherapy And Doxorubicin Based Chemotherapy In Breast Cancer Patients Any Cardiac Side Effects? Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):241-244]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.41 Keywords: Concurrent Radiotherapy; Doxorubicin Chemotherapy; Cardiac side effect	Full Text	41
42	Effects of administration of industrial tannins on nutrient excretion parameters during naturally acquired mixed nematode infections in Moghani sheep Majid ChaichiSemsari¹, Naser MaheriSis¹, Mohammad Sadaghian², Behrad Eshratkhah², Shahin Hassanpour¹ ^1. Dept. of Animal Sciences, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran ^2. Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran Majid.chaichi@gamil.com Abstract:* Tannins are one of the secondary metabolites of plants that tend to combine with protein and reduce parasitic properties in livestock and veterinary industry. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of different levels of Quebracho Condensed Tannins (QCT) on Crude protein (CP) and other excretion parameters during naturally acquired mixed nematode infections in Moghani sheep. Twenty ewes (6-12 months years-old) with average body weight (26.5 ± 3.5 kg) were selected randomly and divided into four experimental groups: Control, A, B and C (were given 0, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 g/kg body weight QCT, respectively) in summer 2010. In order to reduce the undesirable effects of tannins, it was used as a single oral dose drenches. Faecal samples were taken at 24 and 48 hour after treatment. Our result showed that protein excretion has a significant difference in all treatment groups compare to control group after 24 hours from drenching (P<0.05). Also, 48 hours after drenching, CP excretion was significantly decreased in treatment groups (P<0.05) and the QCT has no significant effect on faecal excretion of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and ash (P>0.05). Our results indicate that high levels of tannins intake were decreased protein excretion and increased retention of nitrogen in animal body. [Majid ChaichiSemsari, Naser MaheriSis, Mohammad Sadaghian, Behrad Eshratkhah, Shahin Hassanpour. Effects of administration of industrial tannins on nutrient excretion parameters during naturally acquired mixed nematode infections in Moghani sheep. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):245-248]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.42 Keywords: Quebracho tannin, protein excretion, nematode, sheep	Full Text	42
43	Outcome of Mild and Moderate Preterm Newborns Admitted to NICU of Assiut University Children Hospital, Relation to Birth Weight Hanaa A. Mohammad¹, Nafisa H R Abd ElAziz¹, and Randa shams Eldeen² ¹Pediatric and ²Public Health Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assuit, Egypt Abstract: Prematurity and intrauterine growth restriction continues to be the major determinant of neonatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to assess morbidity and mortality of mild and moderate preterm newborns admitted to NICU of Assiut University Children Hospital, and to find out the effect of birth weight on these outcomes. Three hundreds and six preterm cases were included of which 194 were mild preterm (34-36 gestational weeks) and 112 were moderate preterm (32-33 gestational weeks). Cases with birth weight <10^th percentile on growth charts were classified as small for gestational age (SGA). Cases were followed during the admission period for neonatal mortality and /or morbidity including respiratory distress (RD), need for mechanical ventilation, sepsis/meningitis, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The length of hospital stay was also recorded. Results showed that moderate preterm group had significantly higher susceptibility to RD and IVH, and higher need to mechanical ventilation than the mild preterm group. Furthermore, they showed higher rate of death and longer hospital stay than the mild preterm. There was a significant negative correlation between gestational age and length of hospital stay. According to birth weight it was noticed that SGA moderate preterm showed higher mortality rate and higher rate of IVH and sepsis/meningitis than the corresponding AGA group, while SGA mild preterm newborns had significantly lower rate of RD and higher rate of IVH and sepsis/meningitis than the corresponding AGA group. Both SGA subgroups had significantly longer hospital stay than the corresponding AGA groups. In conclusion, preterm infants especially SGA are at greater risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Management strategies and guidelines should be settled to prevent spontaneous preterm deliveries and to early diagnose and manage intrauterine growth restriction. [Hanaa Abd Ellateef Mohammad, Nafisa H R Abd ElAziz, and Randa shams Eldeen. Outcome of Mild and Moderate Preterm Newborns Admitted to NICU of Assiut University Children Hospital, Relation to Birth Weight. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):249-253]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.43 Key words: Preterm Newborns; respiratory distress; necrotizing enterocolitis; intraventricular hemorrhage	Full Text	43
44	LMI Based Switching Congestion Controller for Multiple Bottleneck Packet Switching Networks Roohollah Barzamini ¹, Masoud. Shafiee ² ^1. PhD Candidate of Control Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran ^2. Professor of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran m.shafiee@aut.ac.ir Abstract: In this paper a new Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) based switching controller for multiple Bottleneck packet switching Network has been considered. The main goal is to illustrate the effects of the Switching Control methodology on the congestion control problem of the packet switching Networks with dynamically varying parameters such as Link capacity and time delays. The congestion dynamic for congested network is presented and LMI based switching controller is being discussed. Then, the proposed control method has been applied on a case study in ATM Congested Network and simulations are conducted, and simulation results will be compared with old method.. [Rouhollah Barzamini, Masoud. Shafiee. LMI Based Switching Congestion Controller for Multiple Bottleneck Packet Switching Networks. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):254-261]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.44 Keywords: Congestion Control; Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI); Multiple Bottleneck; Packet switching Network; Switching Control Methodology	Full Text	44
45	Designing Affordable Solar Dryer for the Small Scale Holder Nnorom ACHARA PhD MDPGA, Ministry of Defence, Wethersfield, Braintree, United Kingdom nnoromeluwa@btinternet.com Abstract: The local farmer preserves the farm produce either by drying over the cooking tripod flue or by the use of natural sunlight. The quantity of produce that can be accommodated over the cooking flue is limited and the traditional solar drying is inefficient because the produce is exposed to vagaries of nature, birds and occasionally to rodents. The produce is preserved for use during the lean period, sold when the price is right and stored to provide seeds for the next planting season. The cost of building the typical glass covered solar dryer is generally beyond the means of the average rural farmer. There is therefore a need to find cheaper construction materials to replace the major cost components such as glass. Two solar dryers with glass and plastic covers have been designed and constructed for the purpose of assessing the suitability of plastic sheet as a replacement for glass. The drying performance of the two dryers has been compared. The results from the plastic covered solar dryer compare favourably with those of the glass dryer. It is therefore concluded that glass can be replaced with plastic sheet without significant performance loss. [Nnorom ACHARA. Designing Affordable Solar Dryer for the Small Scale Holder. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):262-266]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.45 Key Words: transparency; incident; angle of inclination; absorption coefficient; reflection coefficient; tracking; dimensionless parameters	Full Text	45
46	Assessing techniques in Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) ¹Zahra Kaveie and ²Fakhteh Ghahramani 1, 2Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: leila11070@yahoo.com Abstract:* PRA requires researchers / field workers to act as facilitators to help local people conduct their own analysis, plan and take action accordingly. It is based on the principle that local people are creative and capable and can do their own investigations, analysis, and planning. The basic concept of PRA is to learn from rural people. Chambers (1992) has defined PRA as an approach and methods for learning about rural life and conditions from, with and by rural people. He further stated that PRA extends into analysis, planning and action. PRA closely involve villagers and local officials in the process. Similarly, Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) reflects the new thinking about development, needs, and people oriented responsibilities. It is a process that is highly systematic and structured, relying on interdisciplinary teamwork and special strategies for data collection and analysis such as triangulation, probing, and iteration. Some critics consider RRA to be a quick and dirty technique. There are a wide range of participatory tools and techniques available. People can use these tools and techniques according to their situation or needs. Generally, the application of different tools may vary from one situation to another. However, the process for conducting RRA/PRA remains the same. [Zahra Kaveie and Fakhteh Ghahramani. Assessing techniques in Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):267-271]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.46 Keywords: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)	Full Text	46
47	Distance in Economics Education: A Study of Factors Hadi Ghaffari ¹, Ali Younessi ² 1. Dept. of Social & Economic Sciences, Payame Noor University, Arak, Iran Email: hghaffari2000@yahoo.com 2. Dept. of Social & Economic Sciences, Payame Noor University, Shazand, Iran. Email: ali_younessi7@yahoo.com Abstract: In conventional face to face education, as far as teaching approaches are concerned everything is left up to the teacher concerned. Though the infrastructure is available the problem lies in its proper communication. In order to gauge the distance perceived across various aspects in the educational system, the researcher conducted the present study. After consulting the literature, nineteen factors were identified and an opinionnaire was accordingly prepared for teachers of Economics from the conventional face to face education. The nineteen factors and the teachers' opinion show how conventional educational system has not taken into consideration the communication aspects which would hamper overall performance of teachers as well as students. It has taken for granted that no communication distance can be present because of physical proximity between teacher and students and institution. Therefore there is a need to reconstruct the conventional curriculum taking into consideration the factors and compensate for them. To compensate for this distance, one can look towards the distance education mechanisms. The face-to-face education has thus a number of lessons to learn from distance education. In distance education, distance is presumed and attempts are made to create devices to compensate for it. As this study has showed, there is no reason to believe that the face-to-face education does not have any communication distance. It is a rather serious matter that most of the teachers in the face-to-face system perceive a communication distance. [Hadi Ghaffari, Ali Younessi. Distance in Economics Education: A Study of Factors. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):272-276]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.47 Keywords: Economics, Distance Education, Conventional Education, Communication Distance	Full Text	47
48	[Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):277-285]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. withdraw. 48 doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.48 Withdrawn	Full Text	48
49	Rumen degradation of dry matter and organic matter digestibility of Cherry tree leaves in ruminant *nutrition using in vitro* gas production and in situ techniques Morteza Kiyani Nahand, Ramin Salamat Doust-Nobar, Naser Maheri-Sis and Abolfazl Ghorbani Department of Animal Science, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar Iran Abstract:** This study was carried out to determine the chemical composition and estimation of nutritional value of cherry tree leaves in the ruminant nutrition. In this study in vitro gas production and in situ techniques were used to evaluate nutritional value of cherry tree leaves. Cumulative gas production was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation also, in situ disappear of dry mater for experimental samples was measured at 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation. Chemical composition including dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude Ash (Ash), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and tannin compounds, 91.11, 2.76, 9.3, 8, 27.6, 20 and 2.185 percent, respectively measured. Gas production test and in situ rumen degradability with of three Taleshi native male cattle rumen fistulae were performed. Digestibility of organic matter (OMD) 65.74 percent and metabolizable energy (ME) 10.27 (MjKg^-1 (were estimated. The Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) supplementation had also a significant (p<0.05) increase in the estimated parameters of gas production, OMD and ME of samples. Potential degradation (a+b) for dry matter and Effective rumen degradable (ED) at a rate of 0.05/h were estimated, 84.12 % and 52.20% respectively. [Morteza Kiyani Nahand, Ramin Salamat Doust-Nobar, Naser Maheri-Sis and Abolfazl Ghorbani. Rumen degradation of dry matter and organic matter digestibility of Cherry tree leaves in ruminant *nutrition using in vitro* gas production and in situ techniques. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):286-289]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.49 Keywords**: In situ, Cherry leaf, Gas production, Metabolizable energy and Dry matter degradability	Full Text	49
50	Canola oil and its effect on the EPA and DPA content of abdominal fat of Iranian native turkey Ramin Salamatdoust nobar1, Abolfazl Ghorbani1, Kambiz Nazeradll, Saeid Ghaem Maghami1 ^1. Department of Animal Science, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran Corresponding author email: r.salamatdoust@gmail.com Abstract:The aim of this research were to evaluated effect of canola oil on the EPA and DHA fatty acid contents in the abdominal fat of Iranian native turkeys. A total of 90 turkey chicks were randomly divided into 3 experimental treatments with 3 replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design. The experimental period lasted 20 weeks. Experimental diets consisted of: Basal diet with 0% canola oil; basal diet with 2.5% canola oil and basal diet with 5% canola oil. Results show that different level of canola oil could not affect significantly EPA and DHA content but DPA percent significantly increased in experimental treatments compare with control group. [Ramin Salamatdoust nobar1, Abolfazl Ghorbani1, Kambiz Nazeradll, Saeid Ghaem Maghami1. Canola oil and its effect on the EPA and DPA content of abdominal fat of Iranian native turkey. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):290-292]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.50 Keywords: Turkey, abdominal fat, DHA, EPA, DPA	Full Text	50
51	Investigation of dip coated ZnO thin film: X-ray reflectivity and Fourier analysis Ghahraman Solookinejad Department of Physics, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran ghsolooki@gmail.com Abstract: : In this study we fabricated Zinc Oxide thin film by sol-gel dip coating method on glass substrate. X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and its optimization have been used for characterization and extracting physical parameters of the film. Genetic Algorithm (GA) has been applied for this optimization process. Independent information was exploited from Fourier transform of Fresnel reflectivity normalized X-ray reflectivity. The Auto Correlation Function (Fourier transformation of X-ray reflectivity) yields thickness of each coated layer on substrate. This information is a starting point for constructing optimization process. Specular X-ray reflectivity optimization yields structural parameters such as thickness, roughness of surface and interface and electron density profile of the film. Acceptable agreement exists between results obtained from Fourier transformation and X-ray reflectivity fitting. [Ghahraman Solookinejad. Investigation of dip coated ZnO thin film: X-ray reflectivity and Fourier analysis. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):293-298]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.51 Keywords: X-ray Reflectivity, dip coating, roughness, Fourier Transformation	Full Text	51
52	New look to indigenous knowledge in developing countries Abbas Emami Darab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Darab, Iran E-mail: hossein11070@yahoo Abstract: in the process of agriculture renovation in the third world that is indeed unavoidable, the indigenous agriculture knowledge and local methods in management of agriculture resources is to be destroyed and simultaneity environmental regions are on the verge of destruction. Modern agriculture prefers huge profit from resources and didn't pay attention to environmental, cultural, social and economic varieties of traditional agriculture. So incongruities of agriculture development plans are not compatible with rural needs and talents and also rural conditions. By recognizing indigenous agriculture features such as traditional classification for identifying plant and animal species and using of indigenous practices like simultaneous cultivation of compatible crops, we can get useful information about suitable ways for agriculture. Surely these guidelines will be more compatible with rural needs and agriculture and environmental features of each region and won't be reckless to social, economic and environmental complex issues. [Abbas Emami.New look to indigenous knowledge in developing countries. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):299-303(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.52 Keywords: indigenous knowledge, developing countries	Full Text	52
53	The role of distance learning tools in Increase the efficiency of adult education Akram Ghaffari Darab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Darab, Iran Email: sharif11070@yahoo.com Abstract: Adult learners are often those that distinguish each other and have many different targets at the same time and will follow a common challenge to fulfill the goals of building self motivation vectors as educational materials to learn and use the forge Adult illiteracy is like a disease that infects virtually every dimension of Kentucky life. Adult illiteracy saps the energy and capability of Kentucky’s people and its economy. Adult illiteracy feeds the state’s unemployment, its welfare rolls, and the correctional institutions. Adult illiteracy severely hinders the life chances of young children, undermines school reform, and limits the opportunities for postsecondary education. Despite landmark reforms in public schools, too many Kentuckians continue to drop out of school, thereby perpetuating the chronic problem of adult illiteracy. Too many young Kentucky parents are unable to read and lack the basic literacy necessary to provide the necessary stimulating, supportive family environments for young children. It is known that children’s literacy levels are strongly linked to the educational level of their parents and that children of parents who are unemployed and have not completed high school are five times more likely to drop out. To be successful, the Commonwealth’s strategies must energize and gain the commitment of all the state’s political, education, business, and civic leaders. No strategy will succeed unless it engages leaders in each community and county to identify needs and develop programs and services appropriate to the community’s unique circumstances. [Akram Ghaffari.The role of distance learning tools in Increase the efficiency of adult education. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):304-308]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.53 Keywords: adult education, distance learning	Full Text	53
54	Assessing relationship between rural women empowerment and employment Akram Ghaffari Darab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Darab, Iran E-mail: sharif11070@yahoo.com Abstract: Rural women constitute about half of the world’s population and in the world production supply they have energetic communion and constitute a great part of agriculture workforce. They constitute% 50 of the workforce and they participate in the production of half of the foods in the agriculture section. As an example the rural women constitute about 70 to% 80 of agriculture workforce in sub-Saharan Africa, %65 in Asia, %45 in Latin American & Caribbean, %80 in Nigeria & Tunisia and %80 in India, but their role in production system is the men’s supplements roles and this causes a big responsibility inside their mother & wife duties and it takes a great time and energy of them. Studies in this field show that women spend about two thirds of their time for production, management & organize of their house as the men spend only one third of their time for such things. In the development countries, rural societies which are poverty for geographic reasons such as being far from urban societies or because of mountainous of zone and also as the roads are impassable and some other reason, they became deprived of many human development programs. Unfortunately these societies are suffering of mortality because of poverty but what is clear here is that we can't attribute such privation to geography and nature of the zone. Every country is tying to solve such critical conditions by applying depoverty policies. [Akram Ghaffari. Assessing relationship between rural women empowerment and employment. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):309-313]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.54 Keywords: Employment, rural women, empowerment	Full Text	54
55	Importance of educators' knowledge about teaching methods in adult education Fatemeh Bakhtiar Darab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Darab, Iran E-mail: abbasrezazadeh80@yahoo Abstract: Complex role of adult learning and training process is significant, his role gradually changed from the donor information and active for many years will assume that the principles and techniques that are used in teaching children to contribute equally in the adult learning process On the other hand is effective in children for adult education teachers were employed. Later that person was well trained (ie the experts), who could well slow or a group leader to manage the program, was selected as an adult educator. Thus learners directly in adult education programs that are based on experience were used, and adult As a mature child which has its own characteristics and is unique is that the principles and techniques of the different techniques used for the education of children is needed. As a result the role of adult educator gradually from non-skilled person without the expertise of individual specialists and trained to be changed and Instructors for training and educational opportunities were provided at all levels are therefore unable to work for educators from institutions with short-term training courses for users of the guidance program (project leaders) through summer workshops for professional leaders through programs Training of Master and PhD levels in schools of higher education courses were provided. other procedures, where the role of teacher has changed the theoretical concepts first, an understanding of adult learning was unfounded on the principle that the concept of adult education is based on transferring knowledge to them and saying what they should know or duty to interpret absorption educator their training. In recent years the practice has changed and the role of educator as a "change agent" and reform as a donor and an "auxiliary roles" or "facilitators" were raised as his understanding of adult personal and community among people. [Fatemeh Bakhtiar. Importance of educators' knowledge about teaching methods in adult education. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):314-317]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.55 Keywords: teaching methods, educator, adult education	Full Text	55
56	Numerical Analysis of the Geomembrane Behavior in the Sar Cheshmeh Copper Mine Tailings Dam Hamidreza Ahmadaghaei Department of Civil Engineering, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: h_ahmadaghaei@yahoo.com Abstract:The use of Geomembranes as Tatrava surface can be considered as valuable and affordable solution compared to other techniques for sealing of earth dams. In one Of the earth dams in Iran (Sar Chesmeh Copper mine dam), the Geomembrane is used to increase the height of the dam. In this study, using by software modeling to try to achieve the optimum thickness for Geomembranes used in The shell was added to the old dam, based on analysis of Seepage and slope stability downstream slope of dam, So using by obtained thickness of the Geomembrane, the smallest leak can cause, and Downstream slope of dam can maintain its consistency and economic aspects are also considered for implementation. To achieve this purpose, Geomembranes with different thickness in the respective place, Considered as a model and determine the optimal thickness of the Geomembrane By comparing the results from the analysis of leakage. Then downstream slope dam stability will examine. then with using of SIGMA/W program from GeoStudio software is applied to evaluate Geomembrane behavior in addition crust to old dam and research be done about sufficiency and insufficiency against enter forces that this evaluation is done base on stress- strain analysis. [Hamidreza Ahmadaghaei. Numerical Analysis of the Geomembrane Behavior in the Sar Cheshmeh Copper Mine Tailings Dam. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):318-323]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.56 Keywords: Geomembrane, Earth dams, Numerical Analysis, Sealing.	Full Text	56
57	Characteristics Adult and children education ¹Mehran Bozorgmanesh and ² Mojtaba Sadighi 1, 2 Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: mehran11070@yahoo.com Abstract:* adults, social experiences, many have already learned different values and beliefs in their pronouns have stabilized, so changes in the new act very cautiously. The idea of such a manner that skill and applying them older and longer life is, Similar resistance to accept new ideas will be more and more severe. Thus, the adult criteria for the built and paid for their ideas and beliefs that are forming. Because of these criteria and the beliefs that they are afraid of failure, Therefore, to prevent it, sometimes against the resistance of new phenomena are only the material taught and its face that make reinforced concrete and tangible interference situation. [Mehran Bozorgmanesh and Mojtaba Sadighi. Characteristics Adult and children education. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):323-326]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.57 Keywords: adult education, children education	Full Text	57
58	The role of Distance education in improving adult education Maryam Zandieh¹ and Mona Habibi² ^{1, 2} Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran Corresponding author: allahyari121@yahoo.com Abstract:* Distance learning is one of the fastest-growing components of higher education. Almost 3.5 million students were enrolled in at least one distance learning course in the fall of 2006 and online enrollments are increasing every year. The convenience of taking classes at any time from any location appeals to today’s adult learner, especially those who work, have families or live in rural areas. Today a growing number of paralegal and legal secretarial programs have a distance learning component (no law schools currently grant credit for distance learning studies). However, not all distance learning programs are of equal quality. Moreover, the increasing popularity of distance learning programs have led to “diploma mills” or “accreditation mills” that offer bogus degrees and certificates. Choosing a distance learning program requires careful research and evaluation. Below are several important factors to consider in choosing a distance learning program. In evaluating distance learning paralegal programs, determine if the school is accredited by one of the regional accrediting bodies and by the American Bar Association (ABA). ABA-approval signifies that the school has met certain standards in terms of academics, facilities and instruction. Graduating from an ABA-approved school may give you an advantage in the legal job market. [Maryam Zandiehand Mona Habibi. The role of Distance education in improving adult education. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):327-331]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.58	Full Text	58
59	Rural women empowerment and rural development Nooshin Javadi¹ and Mona Habibi² ^{1, 2} Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran Corresponding author: saba11085@yahoo.com Abstract:* in the rural community of Iran, there are gaps between the ruling class (capital owners) and villagers, between literate and illiterate, and between men and women. Especially in villages women have fewer possibilities in terms of investment and less power and credit. Role of rural women, over of men, is more influenced with different economic, social, cultural and ecologic factors. Rural women are considered as a noticeable potential in the community either directly (crops production, livestock, handicrafts, cottage industries) or indirectly by helping the agricultural sector (as labor). About 5.6 million women are involved in agricultural production, and activities related to planting... harvesting, preparation of animal food, and taking care of livestock and poultry and some certain activities related to trading and marketing are all different fields of rural women’s role and participation. Based on current statistics, women in rural area participate about 50% in conversion industries, 22% in producing crops and livestock, 75% in handicrafts and in areas related to planting…harvesting, respectively, 25, 24 and 4.26. And also in activities related to livestock, they handle 23% of livestock grazing, 42% of animal care and 100 percent of total poultry in the village. Therefore their role in achieving food security is undeniable. But, like most developing countries, this crucial role in society and in process of rural development, is not obvious. In Iranian rural community, about 80% of women work, but they are mostly considered as housewives, unpaid employment, domestic workers, family workers, or independent employers. The statistics often do not take into account seasonal, part-time, unpaid employment, and housekeeping activities. In economics and social sciences, those of women’s activities that have emerged out of house and affected national economy, are the ones to be noticed. In most research and statistics men are known as the heads of household and they are also the owners of lands and fields. That only 1% of the rural lands are belonging to women does confirm such matter. [Nooshin Javadiand Mona Habibi. Rural women empowerment and rural development. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):332-336]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.59 Keywords: empowerment, rural women, rural development	Full Text	59
60	Rural women participation and Employment in iran Mona Habibi ¹ and Maryam Zandieh² ^{1, 2} Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran Corresponding author: allahyari121@yahoo.com Abstract:* Among developing countries, millions of women always are in farms and lands, work in engaged industries, keep the cattle, store firewood and water and earn livelihood and participation in economic activities is one of their important characteristics. But Despite their widespread presence in economic activities and benefits associated with it, they always face with discrimination. The discrimination has never tired them, but as a major force in economic activities is discussed around the world. In Semi-desert areas in Africa, women traditionally are active in keeping poultry and Vegetarian animals and wild plants and trees fruit collected. In Turkey, women are employed to produce vegetables and dairy products. Among Indians, agricultural activities of women include the region around the home and caring small animal, garden products and collective activities such as spinning, weaving, wool weaving, and the cheese production. In China, when the job opportunity outside the farm is not available, the men are trying to produce crops and women are keeping livestock, doing crafts and spending to food products. In that case, women are responsible for all the agricultural tasks and do some activities such as the poultry production. [Mona Habibi and Maryam Zandieh. Rural women participation and Employment in iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):337-341]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.60 Keywords: Employment, rural women	Full Text	60
61	Adult learning principles Nooshin Javadi¹ and Maryam Zandieh² ^{1, 2} Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran Corresponding author: saba11085@yahoo.com Abstract:* adult education in the local agricultural education program is an essential component of the "total" program. Offering adult education programs helps to keep farmers and agribusiness employees better informed of current trends and provides them with opportunities to learn new skills and improve existing ones. Teaching adults can be very challenging, but also very rewarding. Most teachers would agree that the benefits derived from a successful adult education program in agriculture far outweigh the costs. In addition to the direct benefits to adult participants, the teacher, the school, the community, and the secondary program also benefit from a quality adult education program in agriculture. Adults in agriculture use a number of sources to gain new information that can be used to help them solve problems. Persons employed in agriculture utilize newspapers, magazines, newsletters, radio, television, government publications, internet, and meetings to gather information which can be directly utilized in their business activities. In many communities, the agriculture teacher is the primary source of agricultural information. [Nooshin Javadiand Maryam Zandieh. Adult learning principles. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):342-346]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.61 Keywords: adult learning, adult education	Full Text	61
62	Distance learning in adult education ¹ Maryam Nikmanesh and ² Mina Abarashi 1, 2 Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: allahyari121@yahoo.com Abstract:* Adult who is able to recognize their needs. He is who knows what will. Refers to individual adults in their lives cross and understand their responsibilities and has accepted the role is social. Adult learners are often those that distinguish each other and have many different targets at the same time and will follow a common challenge to fulfill the goals of building self motivation vectors as educational materials to learn and use the forge. Adult illiteracy is like a disease that infects virtually every dimension of Kentucky life. Adult illiteracy saps the energy and capability of Kentucky’s people and its economy. Adult illiteracy feeds the state’s unemployment, its welfare rolls, and the correctional institutions. Adult illiteracy severely hinders the life chances of young children, undermines school reform, and limits the opportunities for postsecondary education. Despite landmark reforms in public schools, too many Kentuckians continue to drop out of school, thereby perpetuating the chronic problem of adult illiteracy. Too many young Kentucky parents are unable to read and lack the basic literacy necessary to provide the necessary stimulating, supportive family environments for young children. It is known that children’s literacy levels are strongly linked to the educational level of their parents and that children of parents who are unemployed and have not completed high school are five times more likely to drop out. [Maryam Nikmanesh and Mina Abarashi. Distance learning in adult education. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):347-352]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.62 Keywords: distance learning, adult education	Full Text	62
63	Assessing process of Adult Learning in agricultural education Mona Habibi ¹ and Nooshin Javadi² ^{1, 2} Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran Corresponding author: allahyari121@yahoo.com Abstract:* Adult illiteracy is like a disease that infects virtually every dimension of Kentucky life. Adult illiteracy saps the energy and capability of Kentucky’s people and its economy. Adult illiteracy feeds the state’s unemployment, its welfare rolls, and the correctional institutions. Adult illiteracy severely hinders the life chances of young children, undermines school reform, and limits the opportunities for postsecondary education. Learning activities such as activities outside the classroom, dialogue, role playing. Another type of content is presented. Duties are placed on the learner, a resource for developing knowledge, skills and insights he considered. Curriculum content only from the training provided to learners or not, but put together their learning through activities that can inform or does, skills and attitude to achieve. In this case, apart from learning that the assays taught learners directly to sustainable and effective learning occurs in his. Another way of providing content that is educational activities outside the learning environment possible for learning more and better enables adult learners. For example, hits, field trip experiences for learners or transfer is provided, develop knowledge, insight and skills. [Mona Habibi and Nooshin Javadi. Assessing process of Adult Learning in agricultural education. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):353-356]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.63 Keywords: adult learning, education	Full Text	63
64	Utilization of micro-credit for rural women and improving livelihood ¹ Fakhteh Ghahramani and ² Zahra Kaveie 1, 2Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: fakhteh1358@yahoo.com Abstract:* In the countries that credits are provided in a proper financial manner, not only it has increased production and income but also it has encouraged poor to save a part of their income. These savings can be an important support for the institutes providing micro-credits and can be a financial base for more loans and all these result in institutes’ financial dependence.With the new way of micro-credit payments, in addition to covering poor’s financial needs, a combination of other services and facilities are available for them; such as saving accounts, educational services, and cooperation possibilities. If rural women can work through receiving credits, loan and others finance facilities at favorite jobs and live through earned income (as it called “self-reliance and independence”), so undoubtedly we would see changes in social, economic and cultural relations of village. However these actions caused that women stand in good economic condition and also gain self reliance and rely themselves with no help from husbands, but dominant cultural space on villages may create some disorders. At most of villages in Iran, patriarchal with all features dominate and women’s financial self reliance may not being pleasant for some human and rural groups. [Fakhteh Ghahramani and Zahra Kaveie. Utilization of micro-credit for rural women and improving livelihood. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):357-361]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.64 Keywords: micro-credit, rural women	Full Text	64
65	Using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) in rural research ¹ Fakhteh Ghahramani and ² Zahra Kaveie 1, 2Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: fakhteh1358@yahoo.com Abstract:* Robert Chambers (2004) describes PRA as “a growing family of approaches, methods, attitudes and behaviours to enable and empower people to share, analyze and enhance their knowledge of life and conditions, and to plan, act, monitor, evaluate and reflect". While RRA focuses on data collection or extraction, PRA focuses on empowerment. It needs to be noted that although RRA and PRA carry the term ‘rural’, they can both be and have been applied in urban settings. To make it more inclusive and to emphasize the empowerment aspect, the term Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) is used interchangeably with PRA. PRA has many sources. The most direct is rapid rural appraisal (RRA) from which it has evolved. RRA itself began as a response in the late 1970s and early 1980s to the biased perceptions derived from rural development tourism (the brief rural visit by the urban-based professional) and the many defects and high costs of large-scale questionnaire surveys. PRA has much in common with RRA but differs basically in the ownership of information, and the nature of the process: in RRA information is more elicited and extracted by outsiders as part of a process of data gathering; in PRA it is more generated, analyzed, owned and shared by local people as part of a process of their empowerment. The term Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is being used to describe a growing family of approaches and methods to enable local people to share, enhance and analyze their knowledge of life and conditions, to plan and to act. [Fakhteh Ghahramani and Zahra Kaveie. Using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) in rural research. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):362-366]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.65 Keywords: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), rural research.	Full Text	65
66	The role of indigenous knowledge in Reaching to sustainable development ¹Zahra Kaveie and ²Fakhteh Ghahramani 1, 2 Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: leila11070@yahoo.com Abstract: Indigenous knowledge is local knowledge that is restricted to one specific culture and/or certain society. Indigenous knowledge is different with scientific knowledge that was established by universities and scientific communities. This knowledge is basis for decision making at field of agriculture, health, education, food and natural sources. Indigenous knowledge is set of all knowledge and skills that people enjoy in one geographical area (in one environmental conditions) that most of their skills and knowledge be transmitted to next generation, and new generation would be adapted with them and add to it. Since, each knowledge is consequent of individual interaction with environment, so indigenous knowledge is consequent of indigenous people interaction with their environment. Chambers with emphasis on people’s role at development process believes that “rural people’s knowledge” term is more eloquent than other terms for indigenous knowledge. Our purpose of rural people are producer farmers, input buyers, agriculture production sellers and etc. “people” in above phrase emphasis that this knowledge is more verbal and less has been written. This word also referred to whole knowledge system which contains concepts, beliefs, and attitudes and also contains gain, store and transmitting knowledge process. [Zahra Kaveie and Fakhteh Ghahramani. The role of indigenous knowledge in Reaching to sustainable development. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):367-371]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.66 Keywords:* sustainable development, indigenous knowledge	Full Text	66
67	Financial self-reliance of rural women through micro-credit ¹ Maryam Nikmanesh and ² Mina Abarashi 1, 2 Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: allahyari121@yahoo.com Abstract:* If rural women could provide a job for them by getting credits, loan and other financial convenience, through their income they can get self-reliance or financial independency and we will see social, cultural & economic change in village. The question here is that if these changes have positive or negative aspects in the village? It's natural that every change in social phenomenon has both positive and negative aspect, but which is Important here is that which aspect is more than the other and it depends to different condition in various societies. In our rural society there is an especial social & cultural kind that it's outcome maybe different and in some case inconsistent. With these actions rural women could be in idealistic economic condition and they could live without dependency to their husband's income. In most of the villages in Iran there is patriarchy in the families which is not acceptable for the most of the rural people and groups. When rural women became financially independent, it's acceptable to see its cultural & social outcomes. Giving the right that women make decision, independency to their family, increasing the cultural knowledge among them& making relation with new institutions, having independency in making decision about marriage, occupation, migration & something like this are the right that women have got it. [Maryam Nikmanesh and Mina Abarashi. Financial self-reliance of rural women through micro-credit. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):372-375]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.67 Keywords: financial self-reliance, rural women	Full Text	67
68	Status of indigenous knowledge in rural (in developing countries) Maryam Zandieh¹ and Nooshin Javadi² ^{1, 2} Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran Corresponding author: allahyari121@yahoo.com Abstract:* Indigenous agriculture is base on farmer’s cooperation with nature. Sustainable agriculture that inspired by indigenous systems would rectify most of deficiencies of modern agriculture. Indigenous agriculture systems is production of centuries of cultural and subsistence revolution. These systems are collections of farmer’s experiences that haven't enjoy sources except inputs, capital and indigenous knowledge. And consequently they accessed to such sustainable agriculture that just is dependent on using restricted local resources and existing humane and animal power. At indigenous agriculture, culture diversity and frequency would minimize possibility of loss crops in spite of simple technology. These systems despite of limitation of sources enjoy merits of sponsors traditions and intelligent methods of using animals, fields, and compatible crop species. Thus ecological agriculture scholars consider these systems as unique samples to determine sustainability standards in agricultures activities. This knowledge would rise at different fields such as language, botanical and zoology and also skills and manual and agriculture professions that all are product of human efforts in his environment. This information contain best, useful and consistent collocation of exploiting methods and living in special environment which be transmitted through verbal and empirical way from one generation to another. [Maryam Zandiehand Nooshin Javadi. Status of indigenous knowledge in rural (in developing countries). Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):376-380]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.68 Keywords: Indigenous knowledge, rural women	Full Text	68
69	Importance of using information and communication technologies (ICT) in education Dr. Mahmoud Safari Department of Educational Management, Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Abstract: ICT provides access to only a small part of the action is created equal. Equal attention should also be applied to ensure the technology really "is used by learners and ways of how well their needs will cure. An educational program that reinforced this approach shows the overall program is bilingual. The program seeks to establish technology learning centers for bilingual teachers, students, teachers, parents and community members. Technical teams from each center three students, two teachers and the director of the Center with at least one female student and a teacher are female. Another example of a general approach to the application of ICT in education, radio education project Gobi Women of Mongolia, which seeks to provide professional and educational structure of women's favorite courses around the nomads and their opportunities for income generation. It contains topics such as livestock rearing, family support (family planning, health, nutrition and health) to create income in the application of local raw materials and basic skills for the job is a new market. Policy makers and service providers have increasingly come to view information and communication technologies (ICT), and particularly the Internet, as an important tool in providing disadvantaged groups and areas with access to information, services and markets that would otherwise be inaccessible. The concept of development of the rural, today, is not just project initiatives and governance; it is much more beyond that. This paper uncovers a whole plethora of ICT emergence as a technology of the new millennium. [Dr. Mahmoud Safari. Importance of using information and communication technologies (ICT) in education. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):381-385]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.69 Keywords: education, information and communication technologies (ICT)	Full Text	69
70	Effect of K, P, Zn, S Fertilizer on cold tolerance on rapeseed genotypes (relay Cropping) in climatic region of Varamin Pourang kasraie^1, Mohammad Nasri², Mansoureh Khalatbari³ ¹Islamic Azad University, Varamin branch, Iran. ²Associate professor of crop physiology, Islamic Azad University, Varamin branch, Iran. ³Agricultural Researcher, Islamic Azad University, shahre ghods branch, Iran. Corresponding author email: kasraie@iauvaramin.ac.ir Abstract: In order to study of different levels of fertilizer treatment (K, Zn, S) on increase tolerance to cold on quality characteristics on genotypes of rapeseed in delayed planting, an investigation was carried out with factorial in random complete block with three replications and 36 treatment, in Varamin - Pishva university field research (Ghaleh – sin) in 2008-2009. Factors were genotypes in three levels(Hyola -42, SLM046, Zarfam) and fertilizer treatment in 4 levels (1-Control, 2– C+ K, 3- C, K+Zn, 4- C, K, Zn +S). Planted seed at 10^th November were delayed planting. The highest grain yield achieved from (C, K, Zn, S, SLM046) with 6564.6 Kg/ha, That had 72 % grain yield further of (Control, Zarfam) genotype with 1807.65 Kg/ha. Also the highest number of pods per plant, number of grain per pods and biological yield with 156.97, 20.7 and 17384.9 Kg/ha respectively was obtained from Hyola-42 Hybrid and use of C, K, Zn, S. In this research the lowest these amounts were achieved for Zarfam genotype with Control fertilizer. In conclusion Slm046 genotype with C, K, Zn, S fertilizers was suitable for delayed planting (Cold Stress) for Varamin condition. [Pourang kasraie, Mohammad Nasri, Mansoureh Khalatbari. Effect of K, P, Zn, S Fertilizer on cold tolerance on rapeseed genotypes (relay Cropping) in climatic region of Varamin. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):386-390]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.70 Keywords: Rapeseed; Genotype; yield and yield components cold tolerance	Full Text	70
71	Prevalence of Adenocortical Insufficiency in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis, Liver Cirrhosis with Septic Shock and in Patients with Hepatorenal Syndrome *Mohamed Badr Mohamed¹, Gamal Hamed², Ayman Heikal² and Hisham Darwish^1** ¹Intensive Care Department,Theador Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI) ²Critical Care Medicine Department, Cairo University ^drwesh123@yahoo.com Abstract:* Critical illness is accompanied by the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is highlighted by increased serum corticotropin and cortisol levels. In patients with severe sepsis, the integrity of the HPA axis can be impaired by a variety of mechanisms. These patients typically have an exaggerated proinflammatory response and are considered to be relatively corticosteroid insufficient. This complex syndrome is referred to as critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) which manifests with insufficient corticosteroid mediated down regulation of inflammatory transcription factors. Similar to type II diabetes (relative insulin deficiency), CIRCI arises due to corticosteroid tissue resistance together with inadequate circulating levels of free cortisol. Numerous papers have reported a high incidence of adrenal failure in critically ill patients, including those with end stage liver disease and liver transplant recipients. The term hepatoadrenal syndrome e.i, Adrenocortical insufficiency in patients with liver cirrhosis has been used to describe such an association between liver disease and adrenal failure and the definition of this term extends beyond the occurrence of sepsis, which is a frequent complication of liver failure. Aim of work to assess: The prevalence of hepatoadrenal syndrome (HAS) among the Egyptian cirrhotic patients, the prevalence of HAS among those complicated with septic shock or hepatorenal syndrome and to find significant predictors for HAS. Patients and methods: Our study was a cross sectional study, conducted on 45 patients admitted to the liver intensive care unit and hepatology ward of Theador Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI) in the period between November 2009 and February 2010, who were fulfilling the criteria of Child Pugh classification. Patients were divided into three groups. Group A included 15 patients with liver cirrhosis, with neither septic shock nor hepatorenal syndrome, Group B included 15 patients with liver cirrhosis and septic shock, but not associated with hepatorenal syndrome, Group C included 15 patients with hepatorenal syndrome. The adrenal function of all patients was assessed by the conventional dose, short synacthen test (250 ug.iv) which was performed within the first 24 h of admission. Blood samples to measure plasma cartisol levels were obtained before and 30 minutes after synacthen administration. Results: Our study revealed that adrenocortical insufficiency (ACI) was found in 33 patients out of the 45 patients subjected to this study (73.3%).Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was done and showed that the MELD score may be a good predictor for ACI in liver cirrhosis patients. ROC curve showed also that the serum bilirubin may be a good predictor for ACI in liver cirrhosis patients. Conclusion: Adrenocortical insufficiency is common in patients with cirrhosis and in patients complicated with hepatorenal syndrome. According to our study MELD score and serum bilirubin level may be good predictors for Hepatoadrenal Syndrome. Recommendation: We recommend To make further studies with greater number of patients to detect hepatoadrenal syndrome and to study its effect on the prognosis, the complication of liver cirrhosis and mortality. [Mohamed Badr Mohamed, Gamal Hamed, Ayman Heikal and Hisham Darwish. Prevalence of Adenocortical Insufficiency in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis, Liver Cirrhosis with Septic Shock and in Patients with Hepatorenal Syndrome. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):391-400]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.71 Key words: Liver cirrhosis, child classification, hepatoadrenal syndrome, hepatorenal syndrome, adrenal dysfunction, adrenocortical insufficiency, relative adrenal insufficiency, MELD score	Full Text	71
72	Design and Development of a Portable Banana Ripeness Inspection System Mahmoud Soltani^, Reza Alimardani and Mahmoud Omid Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. mahmoodsoltani39@yahoo.com Abstract: Automatic control of environmental conditions is an importantproblem of banana ripening treatment. In this study, a capacitive sensing system was designed and developed. In this method banana fruit is placed in the capacitive sensor as a dielectric material and then the capacitance of sensor is measured. Experiments were carried out with 10 kHz to 10 MHz sinusoidal frequencies. A consistent decrease of ε_b had occurred at 100 kHz and 1 MHz frequencies when banana had been ripened. A high correlation was observed between ε_b and ripening period (R² = 0.96) at 100 kHz frequency. This system has the following characteristics: rapid response, simple operation, non-destructive measurement, and low cost. [Mahmoud Soltani, Reza Alimardani and Mahmoud Omid. Design and Development of a Portable Banana Ripeness Inspection System. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):401-405]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.72 Keywords: Banana fruit, Dielectric constant. Electronic circuit	Full Text	72
73	Effect of Chitosan on Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Disorders Induced In Rats Exposed to Radiation N. E. Mohamed Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt, P.O.13759 nelshahat@yahoo.com Abstract: Radiation is one of the most widespread sources of environmental stress in living environment which cause oxidative stress and metabolic changes. Chitosan is widely distributed in nature as a component of bacterial cell walls and exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects. The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant effect of chitosan against gamma rays induced oxidative stress and metabolic disorders in rats. The study was conducted on forty eight (48) female rats which were classified into four equal groups. Group1: Control group, rats administrated orally 1.0 ml vehicle solution for forty days Group. 2: Chitosan group, rats administrated orally (intragastric intubation) 1.0 ml of chitosan solution (100mg/kg b.wt. / day for 40 days).Group3: Irradiated rats, rats were subjected to whole body γ–irradiation to dose 4 Gy delivered as single exposure dose. Group 4: Combined treatment: rats administrated orally 1.0 ml of chitosan solution (100mg/kg b.wt. / day) for 40 days. At day 35 of chitosan treatment the rats were irradiated at dose level of 4Gy. Rats inspected after 1^th and 5^th days post irradiation and liver, spleen, lung and blood samples were collected. The animals exposed to gamma radiation had significant increase in TBARS, LDH, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, copper, iron, urea, creatinine, AFP and non significant increase in Mg. Also, significant decrease in GSH, CAT, HDL-C and estradiol was recorded. Administration of chitosan to rats prior and post gamma radiation improved the tested parameters so it is a therapeutic alternative for oxidative stress, hyperlipidaemia and hormonal changes. In this way, chitosan may be contributed to the prevention of atherogenic processes and contribute as safe functional fiber food. [N. E. Mohamed. Effect of Chitosan on Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Disorders Induced In Rats Exposed to Radiation. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):406-417]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.73 Key words: Chitosan, γ- irradiation, Antioxidant, Lipid profile, Kidney function, Hormones, Rats.	Full Text	73
74	On Early Discovery of Mathematically Creative Children using Artificial Neural Networks Modeling (with a case study) H.M. Mustafa Faculty of Engineering, Albaha University, KSA mustafa_hasan47@yahoo.com Abstract: Learning creativity is an interesting educational phenomenon usually observed at children classrooms. Early discovery of individual children having mathematical creativity is a challenging interdisciplinary research issue. This piece of research focuses on quantitative analysis and evaluation of mathematical learning creativity on the basis of acquired “Subjective Domains of Experiences” (SDE) inside children's brain. Acquisition of (SDE) assumed to modify a children's stored experience via application of various multimedia Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) packages (modules). Accordingly, fairly assessment of mathematical learning time response has been adopted herein for analysis and evaluation of learning creativity acquired by (SDE). By some details, early discovery of creativity could be performed well in accordance with obtained learning assessment results. That is after solving correctly a suggested mathematical topic (at children classrooms).Furthermore, interactive interference between Reflective and Spontaneous Vorstellungen* during mathematical education has been simulated using supervised and autonomous Artificial Neural Network (ANN) learning paradigms. * The German word Vorstellungen is used in replacement of the vague English expression “internal representation” [H.M. Mustafa On Early Discovery of Mathematically Creative Children using Artificial Neural Networks Modeling (with a case study). Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):418-429]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.74 Keywords: Learning Creativity Phenomenon, Artificial Neural Network, Vorstellungen, subjective domain of experiences, Computer Assisted Learning.	Full Text	74
75	*The study of food preference of Sitophilus oryzae* L. on common cultivars of rice in Guilan province** Seyedeh Masoomeh Hasheminia Department of agronomy, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran Corresponding author΄s email: mhasheminia@riau.ac.ir Abstract: Rice product after wheat has special importance as the second agriculture strategic product. Rice weevil as one of the most important stored pest has the main role in losses of stored product. So in this research, the pest effects was studied on 4 common varieties of rice in Guilan province "Taroum, Hashemi, Ali kazemi and Dylamani" in two conditions of facultative and obligatory nutrition. Results showed that Taroum variety was the most sensitive variety in conditional of facultative and obligatory nutrition and after it Hashemi variety was in the second category and had significant difference with Taroum variety. Ali kazemi and Dylamani varieties didn’t have significant difference with together and had the lowest sensitive. [Seyedeh Masoomeh Hasheminia. The study of food preference of Sitophilus oryzae L.on common cultivars of rice in Guilan province. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):430-434]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.75 Key words: Rice weevil, Food preference, Rice varieties	Full Text	75
76	Investigating the Strategies to Achieve Success in Human Resource Planning Masoud GhorbanHosseini PhD student, Department of Management, Saveh branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran masoudghorbanhoseini@yahoo.com Abstract: Human resource planning has traditionally been used by organizations to ensure that the right person is in the right job at the right time. Under past conditions of relative environmental certainty and stability, human resource planning focused on the short term and was dictated largely by line management concerns. Increasing environmental instability, demographic shifts, changes in technology, and heightened international competition are changing the need for and the nature of human resource planning in leading organizations. Planning is increasingly the product of the interaction between line management and planners. In addition, organizations are realizing that in order to adequately address human resource concerns, they must develop long-term as well as short term solutions. As human resource planners involve themselves in more programs to serve the needs of the business, and even influence the direction of the business, they face new and increased responsibilities and challenges. [Masoud GhorbanHosseini. Investigating the Strategies to Achieve Success in Human Resource Planning. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):435-439]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.76 Keywords: Human Resource, Planning, Organizations, Line Management Concerns.	Full Text	76
77	A Survey on the Human Resource Management Perspectives as an Emerging Managerial Function Masoud GhorbanHosseini PhD student, Department of Management, Saveh branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran masoudghorbanhoseini@yahoo.com Abstract: Human resource management can be defined as the process of acquiring, training, developing, motivating, and appraising a sufficient quantity of qualified employees to perform the activities necessary to accomplish organizational objectives; and developing specific activities and an overall organizational climate to generate maximum worker satisfaction and employee efficiency. While the owner-manager of a small organization is likely to assume complete responsibility for human resource management, larger organizations use company specialists called human resource managers to perform these activities in a systematic manner. The position is becoming increasingly important because of increased competition, government intrusion, emphasis on cost control, complex wage and benefit programs, and a changing work force. This article reviews the perspectives and the important considerations over the HR management and what HR managers should care about to achieve better Performance Measures. [Masoud GhorbanHosseini. A Survey on the Human Resource Management Perspectives as an Emerging Managerial Function. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):440-444]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.77 Keywords: Human Resource Management, Performance Measures, Maximum Satisfaction, Managerial Function.	Full Text	77
78	The Criticism on Rorty Paradigm Insight Rorty and Avicenna (Ibn Sina) Similarities Mohsen Mahmoudi¹ Mousa Akrami² ¹PhD student, Department of Philosophy, Research and Science branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ²Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy of Science, Islamic Azad University, Sciences and Research branch, Tehran, Iran. Mohsenmahmoodi97@yahoo.com Abstract: Aim of this article is criticism of Richard Rorty insight about epistemic gap between philosophic Paradigms, through comparison of Avicenna about moral propositions and pragmatic reasons with some views of Rorty. Avicenna views about pragmatic reason position have similarities to Rorty views, while each of them belongs to two different philosophic paradigms. Writers believe that between different philosophic paradigms, there is not so epistemic gap that cause we cannot comparison them with each other. Base of Rorty argumentations against epistemology and traditional philosophy is his believe to "epistemic gap of philosophic pragmatics". Rorty insight has consequences that he didn't accept them, such as cutting conversation and relation between cultures. Since conception of conversation in his ideas have key role, acceptance of such consequences, would unstable the most fundamental axis of his philosophy. [Mohsen Mahmoudi, Mousa Akrami. The Criticism on Rorty Paradigm Insight Rorty and Avicenna (Ibn Sina) Similarities. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):445-447]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.78 Keywords: Epistemic gap, paradigm, conversation, pragmatic reason, consensus, moral propositions	Full Text	78
79	Evaluation of Damages on Arc Frames of Reinforced Concrete by using Pushover Mehrdad Dorvaj¹, Mahdi Eezadpanah² ¹M.Sc. in Earthquake engineering, Building and Houses Research Center, Tehran, Iran ²M.Sc. in Civil engineering, Kordestan University, Kordestan, Iran Mahdi.Civil1@yahoo.com Abstract: Qualification the scope of damage on structures is of the most important categories recently has been considered very much by researchers. For this purpose, different researchers by consideration of different aspects of structures have paid to presenting indexes. Depending most of these indices to nonlinear dynamic analysis performance which is very complex and time consuming has caused that using of these indices more be restricted to research project. The aim of this research is representing a simple and effective index on the basis of increasing load analysis and proportionate with operation point of structures which can represent a fair estimation of the scope of damages on structures. [Mehrdad Dorvaj, Mahdi Eezadpanah. Evaluation of Damages on Arc Frames of Reinforced Concrete by using Pushover.Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6): 448-453] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.79 Keywords: Damage, Reinforced Concrete, Arc Frames, Pushover.	Full Text	79
80	Could Preeclampsia Affect The Maternal Serum Chorionic Gonadotrophin and Plasma Adenosine Deaminase Levels? Mohamed A. El hadi Farag(MD), Mohamed Abd El-Salam(MD), Ashraf I. El Mashad(MD), Ibrahim El-Maghawry(MD) ٭ Obstetrics & Gynecology and ٭ Medical BiochemistryDepartments, Benha &٭ Zagazig Faculties of Medicine Benha &٭ Zagazig Universities. elmaghawry21@hotmail.com Abstract:* The current work aimed to study the effect of preeclampsia on maternal serum level of beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin and maternal plasma level of adenosine deaminase. Ninety pregnant women with gestational age 24 - 26 weeks were selected for this study, they were classified into three groups: group 1 consists of 30 women with normal pregnancy, group 2 consists of 30 patients with mild preeclampsia and group 3 consists of 30 patients with severe preeclampsia. Maternal serum level of beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin, and maternal plasma adenosine deaminase level were measured. Maternal serum level of beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin was significantly higher in severe preeclampsia compared with the mild preeclampsia group and normal pregnancies. Maternal plasma adenosine deaminase level was significantly higher in the severe group compared with the mild preeclampsic and normal groups. Maternal serum level of beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin and maternal plasma level of adenosine deaminase might be useful as markers of the severity of preeclampsia. [Mohamed A. El hadi Farag, Mohamed Abd El-Salam, Ashraf I. El Mashad, Ibrahim El-Maghawry. Could Preeclampsia Affect The Maternal Serum Chorionic Gonadotrophin and Plasma Adenosine Deaminase Levels? Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):454-458]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.80 Key words: Preeclampsia, human chorionic gonadotropin, adenosine deaminase	Full Text	80
81	On the Invertibility Preserving Linear Maps Mohammad Reza Farmani^,1, Abdorreza Panahi¹ ^1. Department of Mathematics, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran. mr.farmanis@gmail.com Abstract:* In this paper we show that the essentiality of the socle of an ideal of the algebra implies that any invertibility preserving linear map is a Jordan homomorphism. Specially if is a preliminary algebra then any such is an algebric homomorphism. [Mohammad Reza Farmani, Abdorreza Panahi. On the Invertibility Preserving Linear Maps. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):459-462]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.81 Key words: Invertibility preserving, Banach algebra, Socle, Jordan homomorphism.	Full Text	81
82	Decentralization of agricultural extension ¹Mina Abarashi and ² Maryam Nikmanesh 1, 2 Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: saba11085@yahoo.com Abstract:* Agricultural extension is one of the main institutional components of agriculture as it promotes the transfer and exchange of information that can be converted into functional knowledge. It is better to say that extension is the instrument, which is helpful in developing enterprises that promote productivity and generate income in the present climate of change, which ultimately reduce poverty in developing as well as developed countries. Un-fortunately in developing as well as low income countries agricultural extension has failed in diffusing new technology to its ultimate users and further deterioration witnessed with the passage of time. The failure of agricultural extension services for last decades is under constant pressure to be responsive to ever-growing challenges of food production. Agricultural extension is a non-formal type of education that provides advisory services by the use of educational approach in acquiring knowledge and skills to deal with the growing needs of global world. Diverse agricultural extension funding and delivery arrangements have been undertaken since the mid-1980s by governments worldwide in the name of "privatization." When agricultural extension is discussed, privatization is used in the broadest sense – of introducing or increasing private sector participation, which does not necessarily imply a transfer of designated state-owned assets to the private sector. In fact, various cost-recovery, commercialization, and other so-called privatization alternatives have been adopted to improve agricultural extension. The form and content of decentralization has dominated development discourse and public sector reform agenda in Kenya in the last two decades. [Mina Abarashi and Maryam Nikmanesh. Decentralization of agricultural extension. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):463-469]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.82 Keywords: Decentralization, Agricultural extension	Full Text	82
83	Sperm nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid denaturation in diazinon/diazoxon sprayer men Sherif MH El-Kannishy(PhD)⁽¹⁾, Rizk M El-Baz(PhD)⁽²⁾, Soma Sh Abd El Gawad(MD)⁽³⁾, Hamdy F Marzook(MD)⁽³⁾, Samia A Hassan(MD)⁽⁴⁾,and Abdelhamid A Metwali (MD)⁽⁵⁾ (1) Analytical Toxicology - Emergency Hospital, ⁽²⁾ Genetic Unit – Pediatric Hospital, ⁽³⁾ Clinical Pathology Dept., ⁽⁴⁾ Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Dept., and ⁽⁵⁾ Internal Medicine Dept. Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt. somaabdelgawad@yahoo.com Abstract: Objectives: Excessive exposure of agrochemical male workers to organophosphate (OP) pesticides may induce morphofunctional changes in their sperms. The aim of this study was to explore sperm nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)reaction to in vitro incubation with or in vivo chronic exposure to diazinon or diazoxon. Methods: Fixed volumes of every semen sample of ten healthy volunteers were incubated at 37^oC for one hour with rising serial volumes of 60% of either diazinon (DZ) or diazoxon (DZO). Induced sperm morphological alterations were determined by microscopic examination of direct fresh, Papaniclaue stained and eosin-Y exclusion smears while sperm nuclear cytotoxicity was assessed by DNA fluorometric examination. On the other hand, sperms of 20 chronic agriculture DZ/DZO spraying workers were directly examined for their quality and DNA denaturation state. Results: Normal human spermatozoa showed unfavorable increasing alterations in their quality and DNA integrity after their incubation with serially rising volumes of either diazinon or its oxon. Induction of sperm nuclear DNA denaturation by DZO was more severe both qualitatively and quantitatively than after DZ treated testing. Similar alterations but to lesser extent were found in sperms’ DNA of chronic DZ/DZO spraying workers without exogenous OP treatment. Conclusion: In vivo DZ/DZO chronic exposure induced unfavorable effects in seminal quality and sperm DNA integrity but were lesser in strength than in vitro testing. [Sherif MH El-Kannishy, Rizk M El-Baz, Soma Sh Abd El Gawad, Hamdy F Marzook, Samia A Hassan and Abdelhamid A Metwali: Sperm nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid denaturation in diazinon/diazoxon sprayer men. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):470-475]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.83 Key words: diazinon, diazoxon, DNA fragmentation index, sperm chromatin structure analysis.	Full Text	83
84	Temperature distribution in porous fins in natural convection condition Seyfolah Saedodin^{QUOTE 1}, Mehdi Olank² ^1. Assistant professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran, s_sadodin@iust.ac.ir ^2. MS.C student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran, mehdi.olank@gmail.com Abstract: This paper investigates the temperature distribution in porous fins in natural convection condition and compares it with temperature distribution in conventional fins. To formulate the heat transfer equation, the energy balance and Darcy’s model used. This study is based on finite-length fin with insulated tip. The porous fin allows the flow infiltrate through it. The theory section addressed the derived governing equation. The effect on porosity parameters “S” and convection parameter in porous fin “n”, and convection parameter in conventional fin are discussed. The result suggests that by increasing “S” the heat transfer increase but in some cases it has exemption. [Seyfolah saedodin, Mehdi olank. Temperature distribution in porous fins in natural convection condition. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):476-481]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.84 Key words: porous fin, Darcy’s model, temperature distribution, heat transfer, natural convection	Full Text	84
85	Surgical management of patellar ligament rupture in dogs using a prosthetic woven fabric: Experimental study. Inas N. El-Husseiny¹, Ali Marwa A.², Ayman A. Mostafa¹ and Mahmoud H. Elshakankery² ¹Department of Veterinary Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University ²Department of Waving and Spinning Engineering, Textile Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt, postal code 12622 Abstract: A new synthetic fabric composed of a mixture of two biomaterials, polyamide 6.6 and polyester, was manufactured with specific tensile characters to serve in the reconstruction of the patellar ligament rupture in dogs. Twelve skeletally mature mongrel dogs with no evidence of clinical signs of lameness were used in the present study. Patellar ligament rupture was induced by severing the mid portion of the right ligament of each limb. Surgical intervention was performed by primary suturing of the severed patellar ligament ends and applying a synthetic fabric to act as a supportive internal splint. Satisfactory results were obtained concerning the tendon healing and the return to limb normal function without complications. It was found that the polyamide polyester fabric proved to be a suitable reconstructive biocompatible material that allowed primary ligament repair with adequate support by and giver an excellent outcome in cases of patellar ligament ruptures in dogs. [Inas N. El-Husseiny, Ali Marwa A., Ayman A. Mostafa¹ and Mahmoud H. Elshakankery. Surgical management of patellar ligament rupture in dogs using a prosthetic woven fabric: Experimental study. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):482-490]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.85 Keywords: Antioxidative enzymes, Drought stress, Photosynthesis, Proline, Pea	Full Text	85
86	Effect of Methanol intoxication on the Function of Retina of Rabbit Alaa El-Din A. Gawad and Amal E. Ibrahim Biophysics and Laser Unit, Research Institute of Ophthalmology Abstract: Methanol is an ideal candidate to replace fossil fuels. However, alterations in the retinal function are primarily associated with methanol intoxication. In the present work, chronic methanol intoxication was carried out in New Zealand rabbits previously depleted of foliates with methotrexate. We analyze the effect of long-term alcohol consumption on oxidative stress parameters of the rabbit retinas and its correlation to retinal function. We show that methanol has a toxic effect on rabbit retina associated with oxidative stress. Decreases in retina glutathione concentration and increases in catalase activity in whole retina homogenate significantly correlate with ERG a- and b-wave decrease. We show also a marked change in the molecular structure and orientation of rhodopsin in cell membranes of the retina. Chronic methanol consumption induces oxidative stress in rabbit retina associated with an impairment of ERG and molecular changes of membrane proteins. [Alaa El-Din A. Gawad and Amal E. Ibrahim. Effect of Methanol intoxication on the Function of Retina of Rabbit. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):491-496]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.86 Keywords: Methanol intoxication, Retina, Rabbit, fossil fuels.	Full Text	86
87	Intellectual capital and its effect on economic performance: A Case Study in Iranian Automotive Industry Dr, Mojtab Rafiei¹., Dr Tahereh Feyzi,²., Hossein Azimi,.³ 1 - Assistant Professor of Payam Noor University, Central Province, Iran 2 - Assistant Professor of Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran 3 - MA student of Payam Noor University, Tehran, and teacher of Institute for Higher Education of Payam Golpayegan, Iran Abstract: Studies have shown that in the contrary of loss productivity of traditional sources (money, land), knowledge is really a source of increasing economic performance. Basically, managers of companies are forced to correct and improve production methods, marketing, innovations and ultimately increase productivity and economic efficiency by considering prevailing economic conditions constantly. One of the main ways to improve economic conditions and increase competition for successful factories which can reach to the potency of competition, is the use of creative thinking that without the recognition and protection of intellectual capital will not be possible. In this study, elements and components of intellectual capital are independent variables as human, Structural, and relational capitals. Economic performance indicators (dependent variables): profit and cash earnings are considered. Methods of research in doing is descriptive - correlation of covariance analysis of structural equation model. The results were analyzed with the Lisrel & SPSS software, and finally the relationship between intellectual capital were confirmed and it has been found that relational and structural capital directly and human capital, indirectly, impress economic performance by structural effects. [Mojtab Rafiei, Tahereh Feyzi, Hossein Azimi. Intellectual capital and its effect on economic performance: A Case Study in Iranian Automotive Industry. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):497-507]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.87 Key words: human capital, relational capital, structural capital, economics, Lisrel	Full Text	87
88	*Effect of Length of Delay after Slaughter (LODAS) on Quality of Raw Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)* ¹Ayeloja, A. A.; ¹George, F. O. A.; ¹Obasa, S. O.; ²Sanni, L. O and ^3Ajayi, A.A. ¹ Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Agriculture Abeokuta ² Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Abeokuta ³ Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State E.mail: quietasever@yahoo.com Abstract: The effect of delay after slaughter on microbial quality, proximate composition and sensory scores of raw catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) was evaluated. A total of 52 live catfish weighing 700.0 + 7.0g were used. Ten freshly slaughtered fish samples each were selected for organoleptic assessment at 0, 4, 8 and 12 hours post-slaughter, while three fish samples each were selected for chemical and microbial analyses. Microbial load on fish samples increased significantly (P< 0.05) with increase in length of delay after slaughter, LODAS. Bacteria isolated included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus spp and Staphylococcus aureus. Percent protein and ash contents of fish samples increased with increasing LODAS, while moisture content decreased and lipid was not affected. It was observed that raw C. gariepinus retained most of its physical attributes up to 4 hours post-slaughter. These quality attributes except colour and odour of gills, deteriorated significantly (P < 0.05) at every successive four-hour post-slaughter interval. Significant negative correlation existed between LODAS and sensory quality of raw fish (eyes, r = -0.966, P < 0.05; gills, r = -0.980, P < 0.05; skin, r = -0.998, P < 0.01; and odour, r = -0.994, P < 0.01). This study established that quality of raw C. gariepinus deteriorated with increasing LODAS and that raw C. gariepinus was not totally unacceptable when delayed for 12 hours after slaughter at ambient temperatures. [Ayeloja, A. A.; George, F. O. A.; Obasa, S. O.; Sanni, L. O and Ajayi, A.A. *Effect of Length of Delay after Slaughter (LODAS) on Quality of Raw Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)* Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):508-512]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.88 Key words: Clarias gariepinus; microbiology; proximate composition; organoleptic assessment.	Full Text	88
89	Coping Behavior of Junior Physicians in Managing Conflict between Work and Family Roles Aminah Ahmad Department Of Professional Development and Continuing Education, Faculty Of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia aminah@ace.upm.edu.my Abstract: This study examined the extent of work-family conflict experienced by married female junior physicians and the coping behavior of the physicians in managing the conflict. The sample of this study consisted of married female physicians (with at least one child) aged 40 and below working in fourteen public hospitals in Malaysia. Data were gathered from a sample of 231 female junior physicians using self-administered questionnaires through the drop and collect method. The two major strategies used by the physicians were personal role redefinition which involved changing their own attitudes and perceptions of role expectations, and reactive role behavior which involved careful planning, scheduling and organizing their role activities, and working harder to meet all their role demands. The least frequently used strategy was structural role redefinition which entails an active attempt to deal directly with role senders and lessen the conflict by mutual agreement on a new set of expectations. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research were discussed. [Aminah Ahmad, Department of Professional Development and Continuing Education, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):513-517]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.89 Keywords: coping behavior; work-family conflict; junior physicians	Full Text	89
90	Is salinity tolerance of rice lines related to endogenous ABA level or to the cellular ability for ABA synthesis under stress? Saeed Saeedipour¹ ^1. Department of Agronomy, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran saeeds79@gmail.com Abstract:As the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in responses to salinity stress. We tested its putative relationship with the degree of tolerance to this abiotic stress. For this purpose we examined the responses of sensitive (IR29) and tolerant (IR651) varieties of indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) to a range of salinity (0 (control) and 100 mM NaCl). Shoot and root dry weight was reduced and leaf Na concentration increased in response to salinity for both cultivars with a higher extent in sensitive. Tolerance of IR29 to saline stress was generally improved by ABA treatment and leaves Na content reduced to their respective control treatment. This ABA effect was evident in IR29 with low tolerance, as their ability to recover from stress increased up to seven fold. Independent of the saline treatment, the absolute endogenous leaf ABA content in sensitive variety was significantly more than tolerant one. However, upon stress, the increase in endogenous ABA synthesis was higher in tolerant than in sensitive varieties. These data together with those obtained by using Fluridone, an inhibitor of ABA synthesis, suggested first, there was differential sensitivity to ABA in the tolerant and sensitive leaves cultivars and enhanced concentrations at tolerant levels acted primarily to maintain root and shoot growth salt stress and second, the differences in the level of tolerance to saline stress is related to their different capacity of ABA synthesis under stress conditions. [Saeed Saeedipour. Is salinity tolerance of rice lines related to endogenous ABA level or to the cellular ability for ABA synthesis under stress? Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):518-524]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.90 Keywords Abscisic acid;Fluridone; Oryza sativa L.; Salinity; Stress tolerance	Full Text	90
91	Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):525-531]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Withdrawn	Full Text	91
92	Building Social Capital for Poverty Reduction in Rural Areas of Marvdasht, Iran Fatemeh Allahdadi Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran fatemeharef@yahoo.com Abstract: Does social capital generate positive influences on poverty reduction? This question has important theoretical and policy implications for the contemporary world, especially for the developing countries. This study assesses social capital in poverty reduction in rural areas of Marvdasht, Iran. Data were collected using survey questionnaire. Results indicate that although there is strong communication and social cohesion for poverty reduction, but communities still face challenges and constraints which hinder their contributions in poverty reduction. [Fatemeh Allahdadi, Building Social Capital for Poverty Reduction in Rural Areas of Marvdasht, Iran, Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):532-535]. (ISSN: 1545‐1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.92 Keywords: social capital, poverty reduction, rural development	Full Text	92
93	Investigation on relation between organizational structure and entrepreneurship in physical education of Eastern Azerbaijan^,s Islamic Azad University Amineh Sahranavard Gargari¹, Ali Ojagi¹, Fahimeh Sahranavard², Abedin Asadollahi³, Morteza Jorkesh¹, Iraj Sadri¹, Zeynab Roostaei¹ 1- Department of Physical education, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran 2- Department of History, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran 3- Department of literary, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran · corresponding author: Amineh Sahranavard Gargari, email: amineh.sahranavard@yahoo.com Abstract: This study aims to investigate the relation between organizational structure and entrepreneurship which is of discretional – correlational type, done by the field method among all the physical education (PE) teachers and employees of Eastern Azerbaijan^,s Islamic Azad Universities (n=63). Two questionnaires about organizational structure and entrepreneurship, whose reliability was achieved by the experts, and Pearson and T correlational coefficients, were used to test and analyze the data. The results showed no relation between organizational entrepreneurship and complexity but showed a negative and significant relation among entrepreneurship and formality and concentration. Eventually, no difference was observed between organizational entrepreneurship of the (male or female) teachers and employees. [Amineh Sahranavard Gargari, Ali Ojagi, Fahimeh Sahranavard, Abedin Asadollahi, Morteza Jorkesh, Iraj Sadri, Zeynab Roostaei. Investigation on relation between organizational structure and entrepreneurship in physical education of Eastern Azerbaijan^,s Islamic Azad University. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):536-541]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.93 Key words: Organizational structure, organizational entrepreneurship, physical education	Full Text	93
94	Ceramic Tile Border Defect Detection Algorithms in Automated Visual Inspection System Ehsan Golkar ¹, Ahmed Patel ^2,3, Leila Yazdi ⁴, Anton Satria Prabuwono ⁵ ^1. Department of Computer, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ^2,4,5. Centre of Artificial Intelligence Technology (CAIT) Software Technology and Management Research Center (SOFTEM), Faculty of information science and technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia ^3. Visiting Professor, Faculty of Computing Information Systems and Mathematics Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, United Kingdom ¹egolkar@gmail.com,²whinchat2010@gmail.com, ⁴leila.yazdi@gmail.com, ⁵antonsatria@ftsm.ukm.my Abstract: Automated Visual Inspection Systems (AVIS) are becoming increasingly popular due to low cost maintenance and high accuracy. Ceramic tile factories, for example, are very much interested in these sorts of systems. This paper introduces a different strategy in ceramic tile inspection system to reveal four major problems, namely, edge curvature, thickness, size measuring and edge crack defects. It is believed that this method will cover edge curvature defects and thickness measuring of ceramic tiles in AVIS with recommending an individual algorithm for each defect based on line feature extraction techniques. In addition, it is assumed that our model makes size measuring and edge defects detection easier and more accurate rather than previous approaches. This proposed model will allow ceramic tile companies to perform quality control inspection without costly measuring tools or error-prone inspection by humans. Moreover, factories have to install and apply Flatness Control Machine (FCM) to measure the flatness curvature of ceramic tiles. This machine keeps the ceramic tiles in fixed position to investigate the upper surface only. But our strategy is independent of a specific position through inspection in various angles from top and side views. We hope that our model, which is prominent in low cost implementation, will enable companies to apply this method in different situations in their manufacturing production line systems. Hence, it will assist them to produce not only more accurate reports on defects but also permit improved manufacturing of quality products. [Ehsan Golkar, Ahmed Patel, Leila Yazdi, Anton Satria Prabuwono. Ceramic Tile Border Defect Detection Algorithms in Automated Visual Inspection System. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):542-550]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.94 Keywords: Edge curvature; thickness measuring; edge defect; visual inspection; machine vision; ceramic tile	Full Text	94
95	An Exploratory Study of Critical Success Factors of Brand Extension Strategies using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process Emad Atef-Yekta ¹, Ali Karbasi ², Amirhossein Zarbini-Sydani ¹, Sina Miri-Nargesi ³ ^1. Department of Management, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad branch, Najafabad, Iran ^2. Department of Management, Payam Noor University, Najafabad, Iran ^3. Faculty of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin branch, Qazvin, Iran atefyekta.emad@gmail.com Abstract: Nowadays, the issue of brand extension strategy has emerged as one of the most crucial topics for marketing management. Previous studies report extraordinarily high failure in brand extension strategies. Hence, this study present a practical framework for evaluation critical factors of brand extension strategy of product based on appropriate criteria and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process technique. For obtaining critical factors, the key published papers are employed to derive those initially important factors firstly, 15 factors are identified. These factors have been discussed and publicized in academic and management fields and can be summarized as three aspects and fifteen initially factors. Consequently, the proposed Fuzzy AHP approach is used to measure relative weights for evaluating these factors. The proposed methodology implemented as an actual case in the biggest automobile manufacture in Iran. Finally, the results of this study shows that “Quality”, “Services after sale”, “Determining the suitable strategies in Brand field”, “Top management commitment and support” and “Advertisement” is the top five critical factors. [Emad Atef-Yekta, Ali Karbasi, Amirhossein Zarbini-Sydani, Sina Miri-Nargesi. An Exploratory Study of Critical Success Factors of Brand Extension Strategies using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):551-558]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.95 Keywords: Brand extension strategy, Critical success factor, AHP, Fuzzy sets	Full Text	95
96	Fourier Transformer Infrared Spectroscopy for Quality Assurance of Tomato Products *Mohie M. Kamil^1, Gamal F. Mohamed¹ and Mohamed S. Shaheen²** ¹Food Science and Technology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt +Flavour and Aromatic Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt ^ResearchTeamMMK@yahoo.com Abstract:* FT-IR spectroscopic technique was used to evaluate the chemical composition, lycopene, β-carotene and some adulterants (starch, allura red pigment and paprika) of tomato products as a fast technique in comparison with standard methods. The results indicated that, sensory evaluation and color parameters of Hunter measurements (L, a & b) represent color value but the quality of tomato natural pigment (lycopene) not identified. FT-IR spectra of adulterated tomato paste with starch showed spectral peaks at (1137 cm^-1 and 1040 cm^-1) while, in adulterated paste with paprika revealed some peaks at 641 for stretching (CH₂, CH) and at 1520 cm^-1for vibrational stretching of (C=C). Ketchup was characterized with stretching (C-O-C) at 1279 cm^-1. Adulterated tomato paste with paprika characterized with total l phenolic compounds (42.7±2.3) and high antioxidant activity (78.3.8%±2.9). The effect of processing on the volatile components present in tomato paste, ketchup and adulterated tomato paste with starch or paprika has been studied by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometery (GC/MS). The most predominant volatiles were saturated and unsaturated 6-carbon aldehydes and alcohols. Hexanal and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexenol, 5-methyl-5-hexen-2-ol and 1-hexanol were present in significant concentrations in all samples. Methyl-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl)-valerate and methyl-(2-OH)-iso-methyl valerate were generated in tomato paste with high concentration (1.0 and 4.25%), respectively. [Mohie M. Kamil, Gamal F. Mohamed and Mohamed S. Shaheen. Fourier Transformer Infrared Spectroscopy for Quality Assurance of Tomato Products. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):559-572]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.96 Keywords:* Fourier Transformer; Infrared Spectroscopy; Quality Assurance; Tomato	Full Text	96
97	Detecting Adulteration of Durum Wheat Pasta by FT-IR Spectroscopy Mohie M. Kamil^1,, Ahmed M. S. Hussien¹, Gamal H. Ragab¹, and S.K.H.Khalil² ¹Food Technology Dept. and ²Spectroscopy Dept., National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt ResearchteamMMK@yahoo.com Abstract: Hard wheat flour and durum of different extraction level (whole meal, 82% and 72%) and their pasta products were evaluated by the ordinary methods in parallel with FT-IR spectroscopy. Chemically, there was considerable difference between hard wheat flour and durum in protein and crude fiber contents. Durum whole meal, hard wheat flour (72%) and durum adulterated with hard wheat flour 72% (1:1) were used to prepare high quality pasta and adulterated pasta, respectively. Color analysis showed that, addition of hard wheat to durum increased the lightness values but decreased the redness and yellowness values. Also, pasta processed from these raw materials had the same character except lightness. Cooked pasta had no significant differences in lightness and redness values while there were significant differences in yellowness values of the cooked pasta. Sensory evaluation of pasta made from durum and hard wheat and their mixture showed that, there were significant differences between them in all sensory properties. Cooking quality of pasta revealed that, the weight of hard wheat pasta increased more than durum pasta, while, the volume of durum pasta was higher than hard wheat pasta. Cooking loss was very lower in durum pasta than hard wheat pasta. Since, wheat and their products contain different polar functional groups such as lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, FT-IR spectroscopy was used as a beneficial tool for detecting adulteration of pasta. The FT-IR results showed that hard wheat (72%) was recognized from durum (72%) by presence of three specific bands at 1420 and 1374 cm^-1 which are nearly disappeared in durum, while durum was characterized by two absorption bands at 2860 and 1744 cm^-1. FT-IR spectral analysis of durum pasta and adulterated ones showed the same results of durum and wheat flour raw materials. [Mohie M. Kamil, Ahmed M. S. Hussien, Gamal H. Ragab, and S.K.H.Khalil. Detecting Adulteration of Durum Wheat Pasta by FT-IR Spectroscopy. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):573-578]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.97 Keywords: Adulteration – durum – hard wheat – pasta – FT-IR – sensory evaluation	Full Text	97
98	Optimizing Browning Capacity of Eggplant Rings during Storage before Frying Hatem S. Ali, Mostafa T. Ramadan, Gamal H. Ragab, Mohie M. Kamil and Hesham A. Eissa Food Technology Department, National Research Centre, 12622 Cairo, Egypt ^Hamin_essa@yahoo.com Abstract: Deterioration of fresh eggplant rings was demonstrated as a rapid increase of enzymatic browning and with an obvious browning. The effect of thermal and chemical pretreatments on enzymatic browning and frying quality of eggplant rings were investigated. Thermal pretreatment using water or steam blanching; and chemical pretreatment by dipping in different concentrations of SO₂, chitosan, carboxy methylcellulose (CMC) or sodium chloride. Changes in enzymatic browning in fresh eggplant rings during storage at 25°C for 24 hrs were investigated by determining rings colour as a capacity of browning and colour parameters. Best colour values of eggplant rings were found in SO₂ and steam blanching pretreatments; hence the quality of fresh eggplant rings was able to maintain for up to 24 hours at 25°C. The inhibitory effect of various thermal and chemical pretreatments on eggplant rings was found to decrease in the following order SO₂ > steam blanching > water blanching > coated chitosan > coated CMC > sodium chloride. Frying eggplant rings at 180°C/4 min for SO₂, chitosan or steam blanching was able to optimize the quality of eggplant rings regarding to L, a, C, BI, ΔE-values and non-enzymatic browning (A420 nm). The fried pre-treated eggplant rings with SO₂ or water blanching gave higher mean panel scores (7.8–8.6) in all sensory characteristics compared to other pre-treated samples. [Hatem S. Ali, Mostafa T. Ramadan, Gamal H. Ragab, Mohie M. Kamil and Hesham A. Eissa. Optimizing Browning Capacity of Eggplant Rings during Storage before Frying. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):579-592]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.98 Keywords:* Eggplant; rings; fruit; steam; storage; chitosan; CMC; sodium metabisulphite, colour, % inhibition, browning, frying	Full Text	98
99	Chlamydia Pneumonia Infection and Possible Relationship to Childhood Bronchial Asthma Nisreen El-Abiad, Wagdi M.Hanna, Amira Ahmed+, Hisham Waheed and Olfat Shaker* Departments of Child Health, National Research Centre, * Pediatrics, Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, + Neonatology, Al Galaa Teaching Hospital hishamwb@yahoo.com Abstract: Background: Asthma is a leading cause of chronic illness in childhood. Respiratory tract infections with viruses and mycoplasma pneumonia are considered the most common triggers of asthma in all age groups. Recently Chlamydia pneumonia infection has been suggested to play a role in pathogenesis of asthma. Objective: The aim of this work was to evaluate the possible role of Chlamydia pneumonia in the development or aggravation of childhood bronchial asthma. Patients and Methods: This study included 50 asthmatic patients divided into 2 groups; group (1) composed of 20 new wheezier who denied previous wheezing and were evaluated during initial wheezing episode, group (2) composed of 30 chronic asthmatic children who had recurrent episodes of/or persistent wheezing. Also 20 healthy children were included as a control group. Qualitative estimation of Chlamydia pneumonia infection in nasopharyngeal swabs using polymerase chain reaction (P.C.R) technique was done to all cases and controls. Results: In the new wheezier group 8 cases (40%) were Chlamydia pneumonia PCR (+ve), in the chromic asthmatic group 9 cases (30%) were PCR (+ve), while in the control group only 2 cases (10%) were PCR+ve. The infection rate of Chlamydia pneumonia among patients were 17 (89.5%) and among controls 2 (10.5%) with a statistically significant difference (P = 0.041) between patients and controls. There was an increase in asthma severity and severity of exacerbation in PCR+ve than in PCR-ve patients for C. pneumonia but it didn’t reach statistical significance. Also there was a significant increase in PCR+ve males (58.8%) than PCR+ve females (41.2%), while there were no significant statistical difference between PCR+ve and PCR-ve patients as regards age, residence, seasonal variation, atopic manifestation and family history of atopy. Conclusion: The incidence of C. pneumonia infection among new wheezier and chronic asthmatics is high pointing to its possible role as a triggering factor for asthma in new wheezier and continuation of symptoms in spite of proper treatment plan in chronic asthmatic children. [Nisreen El-Abiad, Wagdi M.Hanna, Amira Ahmed, Hisham Waheed and Olfat Shaker. Chlamydia Pneumonia Infection and Possible Relationship to Childhood Bronchial Asthma. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):593-599].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.99 Key words**: Chlamydia pneumonia, Childhood asthma, polymerase chain reaction	Full Text	99
100	Corrosion inhibition of lysine as basic amino acid on 316L stainless steel in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution Azza El-Sayed El-Shenawy Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt Dr.azza2010@hotmail.com Abstract: The corrosion inhibition of 316 L stainless steel in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ by lysine was investigated using open-circuit potential measurements, potentiodynamic polarization measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The open circuit potentials were measured in the absence and presence of different concentrations of lysine. It was found that the open circuit potential becomes more positive with increasinf the concentration of lysine. Potentiodymanic polarization measurements showed that the presence of lysine in acidic solution effects mainly the cathodic process and decreases the corrosion current to a great extent and shifts the corrosion potential towards more negative values. Results revealed clearly that lysine is a good cathodic type inhibitor for 316L stainless steel in 0.5 M H₂SO₄. The maximum inhibition efficiency of lysine was achieved at (7 x 10^–2 M). Analyses of the surface by SEM confirm these results. [Azza El-Sayed El-Shenawy,. Corrosion inhibition of lysine as basic amino acid on 316L stainless steel in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solutio. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):600-605]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.100 Keywords: Corrosion; inhibition; lysine; amino acid; steel; M H₂SO₄	Full Text	100
101	Predictors of mortality among neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit in pediatric Assiut University Hospital, Egypt *Eman M. Mohamed^1, Asmaa M. A. Soliman¹, Osama M. El-Asheer²** ¹Public Health & Community Medicine Dept., Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University ²Pediatrics Dept., Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University emanmma@yahoo.com Abstract:* Neonatal period is the most hazardous period of life because of various problems/ diseases which a neonate faces. There is great over lap between the risks associated with morbidity and mortality in the perinatal and neonatal periods. The present study aimed to identify the profile and risk factors for neonatal mortality among neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit in pediatric Assiut University Hospital (AUH). A prospective study was conducted in NICU of pediatric AUH. Study population included all neonates admitted to NICU over a period of one year. The data collected included detailed antenatal and natal histories, details of clinical examination, primary diagnosis, progress during the hospital stay and outcome. The outcome measure was in-hospital death. Survival was defined as the discharge of a live infant from the NICU. Differences between deceased and survived neonates were estimated by the chi-square test and t-test. The association between risk factors and neonatal mortality were estimated by relative risk. The significance level used was p-value of less than 0.05. A total of 990 neonates were included in the study, of which 582 neonates (58.8%) died during their hospital stay. The mortality rate decreased with the increase in birth weight, as well as gestational age. Respiratory distress was the commonest primary diagnosis (94.5%) among all admitted neonates, followed by very low birth weight (VLBW) (36.7%), congenital malformations (8.2%), and infections (4.4%). Significant variables (P<0.05) associated with neonatal mortality were: maternal diabetes, obstructed labour, vaginal delivery, multiple births, neonatal respiratory distress, prematurity, low birth weight (LBW) and congenital malformations. It is concluded that majority of the causes of neonatal mortality are preventable. Surveillance programs for neonatal death should include preventive actions and interventions for the perinatal period. Focused initiatives for quality improvement may also be necessary. [Eman M. Mohamed, Asmaa M. A. Soliman, Osama M. El-Asheer. Predictors of mortality among neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit in pediatric Assiut University Hospital, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):606-611].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.101 Key words: mortality, neonates, admission, neonatal intensive care unit	Full Text	101
102	Spousal violence against Egyptian women and its impact on reproductive indicators Eman M. M. Monazea and Ekram M. Abdel Khalek Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt habeba2002eg@yahoo.com Abstract: Domestic violence against women is increasingly recognized as a global problem. It poses a direct threat to women's health and has serious reproductive health consequences. The study aims to identify the relationship between women exposure to spousal violence and some reproductive health indicators. Data from the 2005 Egyptian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) were secondary analyzed for 5,613 ever-married women aged 15-49 years. The results revealed that more than three in ten women had an experience with any form of spousal violence. Fertility was higher among women have experienced violence than among women who have not (mean number of children ever born was 3.4±2.1 versus 2.9 ± 2.4). Total family planning need was higher among women who have experienced violence than among women who have not. Self reported prevalence of sexually transmitted infections was higher among women who have ever or recently experienced violence than women who have not (21.4%, 26.1% versus. 18.5%). It is concluded that marital violence is related to various negative reproductive health outcomes. Violence against women is a vicious circle that needs to be broken. Actions must be taken to make women and men understand that violence against women is not legitimate or acceptable and that everybody pays a high price for it. [Eman M. M. Monazea and Ekram M. Abdel Khalek. Spousal violence against Egyptian women and its impact on reproductive indicators. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):612-622]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.102 Key words: Domestic violence – intimate partner- reproductive indicators- health impact	Full Text	102
103	Physicochemical and Sensorial Quality of Semolina-Defatted Guava Seeds Flour Composite Pasta *Ahmed M.S. Hussein^, Mohie M. Kamil and Gamal F. Mohamed** Food Technology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt ^a_said22220@yahoo.com Abstract:* Guava seeds flour (20 mesh) characterized with its higher contents of crude fiber, fat and lowest moisture if compared with semolina flour. Farinograph parameter indicated that, water absorption, arrival time and dough weakening increased and stability decreased by increasing supplementation level of guava seeds flour compared to semolina flour. Supplemented pasta with guava seeds flour (10 & 20%) characterized with its higher volume than control pasta; and cooking loss not affected with replacement of 10% if compared with control pasta. Sensory evaluation showed that, stickiness, appearance, flavor and tenderness not affected with replacing level up to 30%, 20%, 10% and 10%, respectively, while color of different replacement level affected. Chemically, supplemented pasta with guava seeds flour caused an acceptable gradual increase in moisture, protein, fat, ash and crude fiber; and decrease in carbohydrates. Guava seeds flour characterized with its higher essential mineral if compared with semolina. [Ahmed M.S. Hussein, Mohie M. Kamil and Gamal F. Mohamed. Physicochemical and Sensorial Quality of Semolina-Defatted Guava Seeds Flour Composite Pasta. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):623-629].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.103 Keywords: Guava seeds - pasta – supplemented flour – high fiber pasta - Farinograph	Full Text	103
104	Preparation of Layer Nano-Silicate/Alumina Castable Composites M. Khoeini, H. Rastegar, H.R. Hafizpour Department of Materials Science, Saveh Branch, Islamic AZAD University, P.O. Box 39187-366, Saveh – Iran. Hamid_hafiz@alum.sharif.edu Abstract: The effect of adding nano scale particles on rheological and mechanical properties of ultra low cement alumina castables was investigated. After clay purification by mechanical methods and obtaining nano-silicate layers materials, the characterization was conducted by using XRD. Then, the produced nano-silicate particles were added to the ultra low cement Alumina castable containing microsilica and reactive Alumina. Mechanical and rheological properties of castable were studied before and after firing at 1500 ºC. The results showed that d-spacing between nano-silicate layers was about 1.2 nm. Flow ability of the castables showed an increase of 5%, indicating decreasing the presence of some filler materials such as microsilica and reactive Alumina. Finally XRD results of fired samples indicated the existence of mulite as a desired phase in the samples. [M. Khoeini, H. Rastegar, H.R. Hafizpour. Preparation of Layer Nano-Silicate/Alumina Castable Composites. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):630-634]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.104 Keywords: Layer nano-silicate; Alumina castable; Rheology; mulite phase	Full Text	104
105	Effects of some parameters affecting the crystallization rate of calcium sulfate dihydrate in sodium chloride solution ¹ N. S. Yehia,² M. M. Ali, ²K. M. Kandil and ²M. M. El-Maadawy* ¹Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minufiya University ²Nuclear Materials Authority, B.O 530 El-Maadi, Helwan, Egypt elma3dawi@yahoo.com Abstract: Crystallization of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO₄.2H₂O) in sodium chloride solutions at different supersaturation (δ = 1.2–2), pH =3, ionic strength (I = 0.5 M) and at 80°C was studied. The influence of aluminum and magnesium nitrates having very low concentrations (10^-7mol dm^-1) on the rate of crystallization at different supersaturation was investigated. The rate of crystallization was found to be dependent of the stirring rate suggesting diffusion mechanism. The addition of Mg⁺² or Al⁺³ retarded the rate of crystallization to an extent proportional to their amounts present. Furthermore, the retardation effect was enhanced as the supersaturation decreases. The results also revealed that the increase in both pH (3 −10) and crystallization temperature (20 −80 ^oC) brought about an increase in calcium sulfate crystallization rate. [ N. S. Yehia,M. M. Ali, K. M. Kandil and M. M. El-Maadawy. Effects of some parameters affecting the crystallization rate of calcium sulfate dihydrate in sodium chloride solution. Journal of American Science. 2011;7(6):635-644]. (ISSN:1545-0740). http://www.americanscience.org doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.105 Keywords: Crystallization; Growth from solutions; Additives; Calcium sulfate; Inhibitors, metal ions	Full Text	105
106	*Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Cynodon dactylon* on Multi-Drug Resistant Bacterial Isolates in Comparing with Ciprofloxacin** Nima H. Jazani¹, Peyman Mikaili²^, Jalal Shayegh³, Negar Haghighi⁴, Negar Aghamohammadi⁴, Minoo Zartoshti⁵ ^1. Center for food sciences and nutrition, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran ^2. Dept. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran ^3. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran ^4. Students Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran ^5. Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran peyman_mikaili@yahoo.com Abstract: Cynodon dactylon* regarded to possess various medicinal properties as an anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative agent, but there are a few studies on its antibacterial effects. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Cynodon dactylon on 100 Multi Drug Resistant isolates of S. aureus, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella and E. coli. Cynodon dactylon samples were collected from the fields of North West of Iran. Plant roots were cut, and powder was prepared. Powdered roots were extracted by maceration at room temperature for 72 hours. Bacterial isolates were collected from clinical specimens from different wards of educational hospitals in Urmia, Iran during a 12 months period. The susceptibility of isolates to Cynodon dactylon root extracts was determined using a broth microdilution method. Considering to the wide application of ciprofloxacin in treatment of bacterial nosocomial infections, the antibacterial effects of ciprofloxacin on isolates also determined. All the multi- drug resistant bacterial isolates were sensitive to different concentrations of Cynodon dactylon root hydroalcoholic extract, the most sensitive bacterial isolates to Cynodon dactylon root extracts were P.aeruginosa isolates, however 69% of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Results demonstrate that this herbal drug could represent a new source of antimicrobial agents, for the control of hospital acquired infections. However, more adequate studies must be carried out to verify the possibility of using it for fighting these bacteria in human body infections. [Nima H. Jazani, Peyman Mikaili, Jalal Shayegh, Negar Haghighi, Negar Aghamohammadi, Minoo Zartoshti. Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Cynodon dactylon on Multi-Drug Resistant Bacterial Isolates in Comparing with Ciprofloxacin. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):645-650]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.106 Keywords: herbal medicine, ciprofloxacin, resistant bacteria, antimicrobials, hospital acquired infections	Full Text	106
107	Golden Words in the History of Veterinary Medicine among Azerbaijani people Jalal Shayegh, Peyman Mikaili ², Aghil Nedaei 1, Alireza Lotfi ¹ ^1. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran ^2. Department of Pharmacology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran peyman_mikaili@yahoo.com Abstract: Veterinary holds a great and long experience among the Turkish people like the other nations especially in folkloric literature and the part of literature which has prolonged among the villagers and conserved its own existence but its terms have not registered in their written forms. In a glimpse over the terms like rabies, enterotoxaemia, foot and mouth disease, contagious agalactia and lots of other disease put an apparent persistence on its long experience among native Azerbaijani people (Iran) in its veterinarian aspect. We try our best to have a good clarification over these terms. [Jalal Shayegh, Peyman Mikaili, A. Nedaei, A. Lotfi. Golden Words in the History of Veterinary Medicine among Azerbaijani people. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):651-653]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.107 Keywords*: Ethnomedicine, veterinary, traditional remedies, ancient terminology, Azerbaijan, Iran	Full Text	107
108	The Effects Of Long Term Physical Activity On The Changes In The Rates Of In Apo Proteins A And B In Nonathlete Karim Salehzadeh¹, Yousef aghdami¹, Morteza Jourkesh² ¹Department of Physical Education, Azerbaijan University of Tarbiat Moallem, Tabriz, Iran; ²Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran Abstract: The Present study aims to evaluate the effects of a one-year-long volleyball practice on the changes in the rates of Apo proteins A and B in the blood serum of non-athlete men. In order to do so, 30 subjects were selected randomly from among non-athlete male students and then were divided into two control and experimental groups. The experimental group on average aged 23±2. Their average height was 172.2 ± 3 cm and the average weight was 69.6 ± 3.1kg. On the other hand, the control group aged on average 22 ± 2 and their average height and weight were 170.3 ± 3.8 cm and 69.3 ± 2.7 kg. The experimental group went through a one-year-long volleyball exercise program in which they had to practice for 90 minutes three times in a week. The control group did not have any special practice. The covariance analysis was used to probe the rates of Apo A and B and analyze the data. The rates of Apo proteins, measured before the test in both groups, were taken as the covariate to correct the groups’ mean, increase the test’s precision and lessen the error risk. The test results revealed that in the experimental group a one-year-long sport exercises has meaningfully changed the level of Apo A in the blood (P= 0.01). There was not a significant difference in the rates of Apo A in the posttest measurements in both groups (P= 0.01). The amount of Apo B was also meaningfully different in pre and posttest in the experimental groups but the changes in the rates of Apo B in both control and experimental groups did not differ meaningfully.[Karim Salehzadeh, Yousef aghdam, Morteza Jourkesh. The Effects Of Long Term Physical Activity On The Changes In The Rates Of In Apo Proteins A And B In Nonathlete. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):654-662].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.108 Keywords: Long-Term Physical Activity; Apo Protein A; Apo Protein B; Non-Athlete	Full Text	108
109	Relationship Between Geopotential Height Anomalies Over North America and Europe and the USA Landfall Atlantic Hurricanes Activity Yehia Hafez Department of Astronomy, Space Science & Meteorology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613, Egypt d_hafez@hotmail.com Abstract: The present paper investigates the relationship between geopotential height anomalies at level of 500 hpa over North America and Europe, and the USA landfall Atlantic hurricanes activity. The decadal data of the number of hurricanes by category which stroked the mainland USA for each decade through the period (1851-2006) are used through the present study. The daily NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data composites for geopotential height at 500 hpa level over North America and Europe for the period of (1949-2006) are used too. Hurricane datasets and anomalies in geopotential height are analyzed and correlated together. The results revealed that there are significant positive correlations between the anomalies in geopotential height over North America and East Europe simultaneously, and existence of Atlantic hurricanes of category 3 that strike USA. In addition to that, significant positive correlations between the anomalies in geopotential height over North America and existence of major hurricanes (category 3, 4 and 5) that landfall USA is found too. However, significant negative correlations between the anomalies in geopotential height over North Atlantic and existence of all USA Landfall Atlantic Hurricane categories are existed else category 1. In general one can conclude that anomalies in geopotential height at 500 hpa level over North America and Europe are control the USA landfall Atlantic hurricanes activity. [Yehia Hafez. Relationship Between Geopotential Height Anomalies Over North America and Europe and The USA Landfall Atlantic Hurricanes Activity. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):663-671]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.109 Keywords: Atlantic hurricanes; Geopotential height anomalies; North America; USA	Full Text	109
110	The Effects of Micronutrient application on soybean seed yield and on seed oil and protein content Abed vahedi Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran. Email: av1790@hotmail.com Abstract: In order to study the effects of applying the micronutrients zinc, manganese, and boron, and to compare the effects that incorporating them in the soil and spraying them on the crop on seed oil and protein contents and percentages, a study was conducted based on the factorial design with the two factors of incorporating these micronutrients in the soil and spraying them on the crop, in 16 treatments and four replications (a total of 64 trials), in 2009-2010 in Dasht-e-Naz in Sari of northern Iran. The treatments were as follows: T1=control, T2=Zns, T3=Mns, T4=Bs, T5=Zns, T6=Zns+Bf, T7=Zns+Mnf, T8=Zns+Znf, T9=Mns, T10=Mns+Bf, T11=Mns+Mnf, T12=Mns+znf, T13=Bs, T14=Bs+Bf, T15=Bs+Mns, T16=Bs+Znf. Results obtained showed that the highest seed oil percentage (25.03%) was achieved by spraying zinc on the crop, and that the biggest seed oil yield (359.31 Kg.h) was obtained by applying manganese to the soil. Results of the comparison of the means indicated that the highest seed protein content (36.12%) was achieved by spraying boron on the crop, and the greatest seed protein yield (545.54 Kg.h) was obtained when manganese was added to the soil. These results also showed that the largest number of total pods per plant (71.05), and the biggest seed yield (152.9 g.m^-2) were achieved by applying manganese to the soil. In the comparison of the interaction effects of the data, it was also shown that, although the highest seed oil percentage belonged to the spraying of zinc on the crop, yet the greatest seed yield among all the treatments (170.7 g.m^-2) was that of the treatment of adding manganese to the soil plus spraying zinc on the crop, in which the greatest number of pods per plant (77.87) and the highest seed protein yield (631.1 Kg.h) and the highest seed oil yield (284.5 Kg.h) were obtained. [Abed vahedi. The Effects of Micronutrient application on soybean seed yield and on seed oil and protein content. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):672-677]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.110 Keywords: Boron, manganese, oil, protein, soybean, zinc	Full Text	110
111	Effects of Water Infiltration to Soil in Increasing Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Peanut Ali Abdzad Gohari^1* and Ebrahim Amiri² ^{1, 2} Department of Agriculture, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran. aag_aligohari@yahoo.com Abstract:* An experiment was conducted to evaluate the Effects of water infiltration to soil in increasing yield and water use efficiency in peanut in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh, North of Iran. A was studied split-plot in a complete random block plan with 3 replications in the 2009 crop year. Irrigation management included no irrigation (dryland) and irrigations with 6, results of this research indicated that average final infiltration was 9.4 (cm/day) and the highest biomass, pods and seeds values for the 6 days irrigation management were 9453, 4093 and 2345 (kg/ha), respectively. The highest water use efficiency based on biomass, pods and seeds in the 6 days irrigation treatment were 2.88, 1.24 and 0.71(kg/m³). Volumetric moisture variations in different depths indicated that the moisture content in upper soil layers such as 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm was less than those of 40-60 cm and 60-80 cm layers which was due to water absorption in the first and second layers by the plant. [Ali Abdzad Gohari and Ebrahim Amiri. Effects of Water Infiltration to Soil in Increasing Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Peanut. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):678-682]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.111 Keywords: Infiltration, Peanuts, Water Content, Water Use Efficiency, Yield.	Full Text	111
112	Blood Utilization for Elective Surgeries at Main University Hospital in Alexandria, Egypt Samaa Z. Ibrahim, Heba M. Mamdouh, Amal M. Ramadan High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria, Egypt. Abstract: This study aimed to determine the efficiency of blood ordering and transfusion practices for patients undergoing elective surgical procedures and to assess the compliance with the international blood transfusion clinical practice guidelines. Auditing of blood bank registers for patients who underwent elective surgical procedures was done at the Main University hospital in Alexandria governorate. The total number of adult patients who had elective surgery for which requests for cross matching were made was 4844; of them only 1788 patients were transfused. A total of 13389 units of blood were cross-matched, but only 3373 units were transfused. Only 25.2% of total blood cross matched was utilized, leaving 74.8% unutilized. The overall C/T ratio was 3.9, the overall %T was 36.9% and the overall TI was 0.69. The overall percentage compliance with Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines was 27.7%. Institution-specific blood ordering schedules and protocols should be formulated to reduce exposure to transfusion and to screen for high- risk patient. Ongoing audit and monitoring of blood ordering and transfusion practices in the hospital are essential for improving the ordering, distribution, handling and administration of blood components. [Samaa Z. Ibrahim, Heba M. Mamdouh, Amal M. Ramadan. Blood Utilization for Elective Surgeries at Main University Hospital in Alexandria, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):683-689]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.112 Key words: blood ordering practices, transfusion practices, utilization indices	Full Text	112
113	Sparkle of Existential Time as a Sanctuary in Marital Counselling Seyed Mohammad Kalantarkousheh¹, Siti Aishah Hassan2, Rusnani Abdul. Kadir², Mansor Abu Talib2 ^1. Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran ^2. University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia kalantar.counseling@kiau.ac.ir Abstract: Nowadays, Existential thought is considered to be a practical approach among psychologists and counsellors. Nevertheless, what seems to be ignored is paying thoughtful attention to all dimensions of Existential thought which is an essential matter among counsellors and psychologists. Moreover, some issues in Existential thought such as time are disregarded among marital counsellors as well as individual counsellors. The goal of this article is to allocate exhausting existential time to benefit marital counsellors. Findings show that existential time has full potential to be applied for marital counselling. Furthermore, review of the related literature demonstrates that there is not enough experimental and descriptive research to evaluate the effect of existential time on matrimony. [Seyed Mohammad Kalantarkousheh, Siti Aishah Hassan, Rusnani Abdul. Kadir, Mansor Abu Talib. Sparkle of Existential Time as a Sanctuary in Marital Counselling. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):690-694]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.113 Keywords: Existential thought; existential time; marital counselling	Full Text	113
114	Discovering A Transformational Science of Marketing in Corporate, Social And Knowledge Perspectives: Is Not It About Time That A Marketing Scholar Becomes A Nobel Laureate? *^Wael Kortam and Abeer Mahrous** Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Commerce, Cairo University, Egypt ^wakortam@gmail.com Abstract:* This paper is for marketers who strive to bring about a change in marketing to change this world. This paper aimed at fulfilling this far reaching end by configuring and devising a transformational philosophical logic. This logic is composed of transformational postulates reaching out to transformational edges of marketing as a science. Such process would be reflected within transformational domains to be magnified and streamlined by transformational edges of marketing theory and practice. Firstly, transformational postulates are illuminated by the backbone argument of pragmatic versus dogmatic marketing creeds. This gives rise to four subsequent core controversial arguments, contrasting the critical issues of empiricism, valorization, context specificity and multidisciplinary against their rival extremes of theorization, generalized universality, global transcendence, and original authenticity. Second, these heated intellectual polarizations take marketing ideologies on a journey of revisits and blurring, to reconsider transformational marketing edges consolidated in the boundaries of customer orientation, convergence marketing, value-based marketing, knowledge-based marketing, interdisciplinary marketing, and contextual marketing. Third, such revisits are expected to fulfill their full transformational potential when viewed through the lenses of transformational marketing domains including corporate, social and knowledge perspectives, which telescope (focus?) the transformational influences of marketing thought and practice. Fourth, and conclusively, the paper is a proactive endeavor to unleash the transformational leverages of marketing actions in order to perpetuate the transformational thrust of marketing research and practice through the deliberate adoption of, and capitalization on, transformational agendas, methodologies and deliverable outputs. Thus the authors propose a cohesive progressive philosophy of marketing science that optimizes its change-catalyst extremes in order to broaden the horizons of academic marketing breakthroughs and decision/policy initiatives. The aim is to justify a well-earned legitimacy for marketing scholars to be Nobel Laureates, for their contributions to transforming their economic, moral and scientific universes. [Wael Kortam and Abeer Mahrous. Discovering A Transformational Science of Marketing in Corporate, Social And Knowledge Perspectives: Is Not It About Time That A Marketing Scholar Becomes A Nobel Laureate? Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):695-703]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.114 Keywords: Transformational Science of Marketing in Corporate; Social; Knowledge; Perspective; Nobel	Full Text	114
115	Effect of canola oil on mucosal leucine aminopeptidase activity enzymes in small intestine of turkey chicks Jamshid Ghiasi Ghalehkandi¹ , Ramin Salamat Doust Nobar ¹, Abolfazl ghorbai¹, Ali Asghar Gharachorlu⁴, Rahim Behesti², Alireza Fani ³, Afshin Zakeri⁵ ¹ Department of Animal Science, Islamic Azad University, shabestar branch, 53815-159 Shabestar, Iran ² Department of veterinary Science, Islamic Azad University, shabestar branch, 53815-159 Shabestar, Iran ³ Department of Animal Science, East Azerbaijan Research Center for Agricultural and Natural Resources, Tabriz, Iran ⁴ Islamic Azad University- Tabriz branch, Department of Basic Sciences, Veterinary Faculty. Tabriz, Iran. ⁵ Poultry section, Department of animal science, Faculty of agriculture, Tabriz branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Ghiasi_jam@yahoo.com* Abstract: Canola is one of the rapeseed varieties and is in temperate and cold climate areas. Contains 94% unsaturated fatty acid and 6% saturated fatty acid, thus, has best fatty acid composition among other oils. Canola oil causes alteration in pancreatic enzymes such as leucine aminopeptidase activity. The aim of this study was assessment of mucosal leucine aminopeptidase activity enzymes subsequently using of canola oil on turkey chicks diet. According to this survey results revealed that using of canola oil in turkey chick's diet causes increasing of leucine aminopeptidase activity (in 5% treatment than control and 2.5% treatments). It seems that use of different amounts of canola oil in turkey chick's diet causes increasing of leucine aminopeptidase activity, because this enzyme play a important role in protein hydrolyzing and this enzyme activity be more subsequently reducing of digesta transient ratio. [Jamshid Ghiasi Ghalehkandi, Ramin Salamat Doust Nobar, Abolfazl ghorbai, Ali Asghar Gharachorlu, Rahim Behesti, Alireza Fani. Effect of canola oil on mucosal leucine aminopeptidase activity enzymes in small intestine of turkey chicks. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):704-707]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.115 Key words: canola oil, leucine aminopeptidase, intestine, turkey chicks.	Full Text	115
116	Adult education in various countries ¹Sharareh Khodamoradi and ²Bahareh Ansari 1 Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Agricultural Development, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Corresponding author: Khodamoradi121@yahoo.com Abstract:* in developed countries, adult education is a form of informal education for people above 24 years is presented. In fact, a means of expanding knowledge, skills and abilities of adults. In these countries, adult education helps adults to variable conditions of political, social, economic and cultural adjustment, and pay to fix their shortcomings. In developing countries and backward because the problems in primary education, lack of resources and facilities, poverty, social existence, economic and cultural concept of adult education is different. In such countries the concept of adult education, literacy education. The field of adult education and literacy is plagued by confusion about definitions. Over the years definitions have evolved from provisions in federal law and initiatives of groups advocating particular methodologies or the needs of specific adult populations. The result is that definitions tend to merge statements about the goals to be achieved (e.g., improving the literacy of a particular population) with a particular means (e.g., adult basic education) to achieve the goal. [Sharareh Khodamoradi and Bahareh Ansari^. Adult education in various countries. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):708-712]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.116 Keywords: adult education; political; social; economic; cultural	Full Text	116
117	Information and communication technologies (ICT) and its effect on rural development ¹Mojtaba Sadighi and ²Mehran Bozorgmanesh 1, 2Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: sharif11070@yahoo.com Abstract:* Direct or indirect application of ICT, in rural development sector has also been referred to as “Rural Informatics”. Rural economies can be benefited from ICT by focusing on social production, social consumption and social services in the rural areas. The inculcation of a Citizen-to-Government (C2G) and Citizen-to-Citizen (C2C) interface would provide this link that would also lead to community participation in design and implementation of ICT interventions. This in return could promise better economic opportunities as well as social inclusion of rural people in the processes of governance. Such attributes in the social set up are essential prerequisites for good governance and rural development. Globalization and technological changes, the processes in the past fifteen years have been quickly lead to a new global economy have been driven with the reinforced technology and fuel (energy) that by providing information and knowledge. The global economy requires the kind of necessity and purpose of educational institutions. Since the current trend towards reducing incomplete information and access to accurate information is growing, other schools can not control time to transfer a set of prescribed information from teacher to student during a fixed time point are, but schools must to promote Culture of "Teaching for Learning For example, acquisition of knowledge and continuous learning skills which make possible during the individual's life. [Mojtaba Sadighi and Mehran Bozorgmanesh. Information and communication technologies (ICT) and its effect on rural development. Journal of American Science. 2011;7(6):713-716]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.117 Keywords: information and communication technologies (ICT), rural development	Full Text	117
118	The role of utilization Distance Education in adult education ¹Mehran Bozorgmanesh and ² Mojtaba Sadighi 1, 2 Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: mehran11070@yahoo.com Abstract:* Distance education dictates changes in behavior for both the teacher and the learner. The successful student develops persistence and skills in self-directing work. The successful distance education teacher becomes conversant with new technology and develops new instructional styles, moving from creating instruction to managing resources and students and disseminating views. Administrative and faculty support for distance education are critical to the success of this instructional method. Administrators should take note that the implementation of a distance education program may allow access to a greater number of students. However, the time and work associated with teaching at a distance exceeds the normal requirements of campus-based instruction. Students in distance education settings perform as well or better on assignments, class activities, and exams when compared to campus-based students. Nevertheless, students must maintain persistence and a clear focus to succeed in a distance learning situation. Self-direction, a passion for learning, and strong individual responsibility are important influences on achievement. There are indications that distance education works best for more mature, motivated, well-organized, and already accomplished learners. Distance education courses vary greatly in scope, level, and length. Some have a few assignments and require only a few months to complete, while others have a hundred or more lesson assignments requiring three or four years of conscientious study. Distance education is a method of education in which the learner is physically separated from the teacher and the institution sponsoring the instruction. It may be used on its own, or in conjunction with other forms of education, including face-to-face instruction. In any distance education process there must be a teacher, one or more students, and a course or curriculum that the teacher is capable of teaching and the student is trying to learn. [Mehran Bozorgmanesh and Mojtaba Sadighi. The role of utilization Distance Education in adult education. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):717-721]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.118 Keywords: Distance Education, adult education	Full Text	118
119	Income Bipolarization and Poverty: Evidence from Rural Nigeria Oluwole I. Ogunyemi¹ & Omobowale A. Oni² ¹Agricultural Economics Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. woleoguns@yahoo.com ²Agricultural Economics Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria waleoniayo@yahoo.com Abstract: The disappearance of the middle class- income bipolarization could result into tension and social conflict. If such conflict starts in the rural area, the possible resulting revolts would clog the wheel of economic production and policy implementation and there is possibility of spreading to the urban area. The study therefore estimated income bipolarization in the rural area of Nigeria from 1980 to 2004 using Foster-Wolfson –FW- (1994) and Lasso de le Vega and Urrutia – LU- (2006) indices. Bipolarization linked poverty was estimated for the periods through the later and Foster-Wolfson bipolarization estimates were linked with the poverty status and other socio-economic features of the rural households by tobit regression analysis. Bipolarization was found to be on reduction from 1992 to 2004 moving in the direction of poverty level. FW Bipolarization was 0.6125, 0.4067, 0.4775, 0.4108 and 0.3529 in 1980, 1985, 1992, 1996 and 2004 while LU Bipolarization was 0.1676, 0.1430, 0.1610, 0.1460 and 0.1383 for the same years respectively. Poverty has highest significant positive effect on bipolarization with a marginal effect of 0.02520. The marginal effects of age was 0.00014, female head households was 0.00119. Household size, father’s education, mother education, married status, farming and wage employment have significant negative marginal effects of 0.00037, 0.00027, 0.00013, 0.00636, 0.000697 and 0.00105 respectively. Income bipolarization is higher among households located in the South than their base category, the north. Poverty and its covariates have higher sum total interactive positive effect on bipolarization than their base categories, the non-poor covariates. There is need to reduce poverty for bipolarization to decline. The southern part needs more attention in bipolarization reduction strategies. All variables that reduce poverty like education would have to be harnessed further to reduce bipolarization to guide against the occurrence of its consequences. [Oluwole I. Ogunyemi & Omobowale A. Oni. Income Bipolarization and Poverty: Evidence from rural Nigeria. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):722-731]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.119 Key words: Middle Class, Disappearance, Bipolarization, Poverty, Rural	Full Text	119
120	Application 0f Distance Education in Agriculture Seyed Mehdi Mirdamadi¹, Sharareh khodamoradi² ^{1, 2} Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Corresponding author: skhodamoradi2007@yahoo.com Abstract:* Nowadays, using computers has changed man’s life at all aspects. Done researches in relation to development programs of all countries, represent central role of information technology and communication at these programs. information technology and communication can be used as a powerful tool for improving quality and efficiency of education so that change traditional practices of education and no more physical presence at classrooms. If so far, education benefited just from teachers and trainers, books were considered as major informational sources for education, nowadays education has faced with new communicational tools and environments. Recent progress at computer industry and local information networks, regional and international information (especially Internet), multimedia, communicational technologies, have placed new tools and practices against planners, programmers, managers and executers of educational programs. Influence of new informational technologies on educational centers (schools to universities) and even houses, have changed simple relationship between students and teachers completely. [Seyed Mehdi Mirdamadi, Sharareh khodamoradi. Application 0f Distance Education in Agriculture. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):732-738]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.120 Keywords: Distance Education, Agriculture	Full Text	120
121	Prevalence of Depression among Elderly and Evaluation of Interventional Counseling Session in Zagazig District -Egypt Naglaa M. Abdo¹, Shereen Eassa¹ and Ahmad M. Abdalla² ¹Community Medicine and Public Health and ²Psychiatry Departments, Faculty of Medicine Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. ^shereeneassa@yahoo.com Abstract:* P Depression is one of the most prevalent disabling and costly health problem among elderly. This work aimed to study the problem of depression among the elderly through determining the magnitude of depression among them, classifying the diseased according to the severity of depression, exploring some personal risk factors related to depression and evaluation an applied interventional counseling session for the diseased. This study is composed of two stages; the first one was a cross sectional design in which multistage random sample was applied to Zagazig District where 290 subjects were included in this study. The applied questionnaire included questions about sociodemographic status, some associated risk factors for developing depression and also Geriatric Depression Scale was applied to detect depressed patients and classify them according to the severity of the disease. The second stage was an interventional one applied to depressed elderly who were subjected to a counseling session educating them about the importance of counselling, follow up and recalling knowledge about treatment. Obtaining results revealed that the percentage of depression was 46. 6 % and those with mild or moderate condition constitute 75.6%. Depression significantly increased with age, female (OR 2.56), not married (OR 4.47) and those having previous death event among the surrounding (OR 7.68). The severity increases among age group over 75 years and more (OR 4.52) and those of low socioeconomic condition (OR 8.8). The applied counseling session had a significant impact on recalling knowledge about the prescribed drugs (60.7%), how to manage the missed doses (71.4%), using drug correctly (75.0%) and recalling medication name (75.0 %) (p<0.05). In conclusion depression is an undiagnosed public health problem. It significantly increases with age, female sex, not married subjects, and those having history of death event in their relatives. Moreover the severity of depression increases with age and low socioeconomic condition. The applied intervention counseling session had a good effect on improving drug knowledge and probably the attitudes of the depressed patients. So increasing the role of geriatric medicine in primary health care system and introduction of counseling session at outpatient clinics to increase compliance to treatment are good recommendations from that work. [Naglaa M. Abdo, Shereen Eassa and Ahmad M. Abdalla. Prevalence of Depression among Elderly and Evaluation of Interventional Counseling Session in Zagazig District –Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):739-748].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.121 Key words: depression, geriatric, counseling.	Full Text	121
122	Perceived reproductive morbidity and treatment seeking behavior among ever married women in Siwa Oasis, Egypt. Ola A. Akl¹, Hala K. Ibrahim², Heba M. Mamdouh² ¹ Department of Primary Health Care, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University; ² Department of Family Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University. hebamamdouh74@gmail.com, ola_akl@yahoo.co.uk Abstract: Information about reproductive morbidity in developing countries is scanty and mainly based on information obtained from clinics or hospitals which are not usually reflecting the true magnitude of the disease burden. A cross-sectional study were conducted to assess the self-reported reproductive morbidity and the factors affecting it and to investigate the health seeking behavior among a sample of women in Siwa (Oasis), Egypt. A total of 340 ever-married women in the reproductive age group of 15 to 49 years were interviewed using a pre-designed questionnaire. About three quarters of women reported having any obstetric (72.6%) or any gynecological morbidity (75.6%). The most commonly reported obstetric problem was symptoms of severe anemia (43.8%), while symptoms of lower RTIs (51.2%) and UTIs (35%) were the commonest gynecological problems. Overall, 58.5% of participants had sought treatment for any morbidity with the majority had sought services of the public sector facility (80%). Regression analysis showed that education, age at first pregnancy and duration of marriage were the factors associated with women reports of any reproductive morbidity. The present results reveal a high prevalence of reported reproductive morbidity in Siwa, Egypt. Factors such as education, duration of marriage and women age at first pregnancy were associated with reported morbidity among the sampled women. This high reported rate in peripheral and remote areas needs to be explored further. [Ola A. Akl^, Hala K. Ibrahim, Heba M. Mamdouh. Perceived reproductive morbidity and treatment seeking behavior among ever married women in Siwa Oasis, Egypt. Journal of American Science, 2011;7(6):749-756]. (ISSN:1545-0740). http://www.americanscience.org doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.122 Keywords: Perceived, reproductive, morbidity, Siwa, Egypt.	Full Text	122
123	*Moisture desorption isotherms of Lavandula officinalis* L. flowers at three temperatures** Hossein AhmadiChenarbon^1, Sara Movahed², Seyedeh Masoomeh Hasheminia³ ¹Department of Agriculture, Varamin Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin Pishva, Iran. ²Department of Food Engineering, Varamin Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin Pishva, Iran ³Department of Agriculture, Rodehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rodehen, Iran. ^email: h.ahmadi@iauvaramin.ac.ir Abstract: Lavander has been used as a medicinal plant and to treat several diseases. Knowledge of moisture desorption isotherms is useful in food dehydration and drying. The equilibrium moisture content for Lavandula officinalis L. flowers were measured by using the gravimetric static method with water activity ranging from 11% to 85% and three temperatures of 30, 40 and 50ºC. Five mathematical models (modified Henderson, modified Oswin, modified Halsey, modified Chung – Pfost and GAB equations) were used to fit the experimental data of desorption. The modified Halsey model was found to be the best model for describing desorption isotherms curves. [Hossein AhmadiChenarbon, Sara Movahed, Seyedeh Masoomeh Hasheminia. Moisture desorption isotherms of Lavandula officinalis L. flowers at three temperatures. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):757-761]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.123 Keywords: Lavandula officinalis; Equilibrium moisture content; Desorption	Full Text	123
124	Information Sharing in Designing a Supply Chain Model Considering Demand Forecasting Using Markov Process Nader Azad ¹, Ardavan Mirzaie², Majid Amin Nayeri¹ ^1. Department of Industrial Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran ^2. Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran n.azad@aut.ac.ir Abstract: In this paper, we incorporate information flow in a supply chain model. Also for decreasing the risk of the supply chain system, we first predict the customers’ demands and then this forecasting is used as an input to the supply chain model. In this paper a markov chain model will be used to forecast the customers’ demands. A simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is developed for solving the supply chain problem. The results indicate that the SA method and proposed markov chain model are efficient for a wide variety of problem sizes. [Nader Azad, Ardavan Mirzaie, Majid Amin Nayeri.Information Sharing in Designing a Supply Chain Model Considering Demand Forecasting Using Markov Process. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):762-766]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.124 Keywords: Supply chain model; Demand forecasting; Markov chain; Simulated annealing	Full Text	124
125	Status Inconsistency of Women: A Study in Hamadan, Iran Hamidreza Babaei¹, Amir Hossein Zomorrodian¹, Sarjit S. Gill¹, Leila Falahati² ^1. Department of Social & Development Science, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia ^2. Department of Resource Management and Consumer Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia. babaei1973@gmail.com Abstract: This research investigates the status inconsistency among women in Hamadan province, Iran. The study was carried out in eight cities and 32 villages. Questionnaire was applied to collect data from 767 women from urban areas and 786 women from rural area. Data analysis was done by using SPSS software and multi-variable regressions. The results show considerable status inconsistency among women in Hamadan. In addition, with decreasing social status of women here, the status inconsistency increases and the rate of status inconsistency in the rural area was higher than the urban area. [Hamidreza Babaei, Amir Hossein Zomorrodian, Sarjit S. Gill, Leila Falahati. Social Capital and Human Development: A Meta-Analysis in Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):767-774]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.125 Keywords; Status inconsistency, Socio-economic Status, Self-image, Expectations, Prediction, Women	Full Text	125
126	Sweet ent-kaurene diterpene glycosides of Stevia rebaudiana Leaves Bertoni and Biological Evaluation *^1El-Gengaihi, Souad,²Ibrahim Nabaweya,¹ Riad. Sahar,³ El-Regal, S.N. and Sherief Naglaa** ¹ Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Dept.,²Pharmacognosy Dept., ³ Medicinal Chemistry Dept., National Research Centre Dokki 12311 Cairo Egypt ⁴ Biochem. Dept. Fact. of Science Ain Shams Univ. Cairo Egypt souadelgengaihi@yahoo.com, souadgengaihi@hotmail.co.uk Abstract: Stevia rebaudiana, Bertoni, a sweet, non-caloric natural source, perennial herb native to Paraguay and Brazil. A rapid better resolved HPIC separation of sweet glycosides of Stevia rebaudiana leaves and different biological activities were determined. Eight sweet ent-kaurene diterpene glycosides (SEDG) were quantitatively and qualitatively fractionated by HPLC from the butanol soluble fraction. Two major sweet glycosides were chromatographically isolated. Acid hydrolysis and chemical degradation of the glycosides were performed; their aglycones were also isolated and identified. Hypoglycemic effect of the glycosides on diabetic rats was estimated. Kidney function was revealed; by creatinine and serum urea. Significant decrease in the levels of serum fasting glucose, glycohemoglobin (HbA₁), urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, total lipids, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases enzyme (AST&ALT). In addition, remarkable improvement in vitamins C, and E levels and antioxidant enzymes, glutathione, glutathione oxidase, glutathione reductase and lipide peroxides levels were observed in the liver tissues compared to diabetic controls. Histopathological investigations of the control diabetic rats were characterized. The kidney of diabetic rats treated with sweet glycoside showed mild protective effects as compared to the diabetic control rats. [El-Gengaihi, Souad, Ibrahim Nabaweya, Riad. Sahar, El-Regal, S.N. and Naglaa Sherief. Sweet ent-kaurene diterpene glycosides of Stevia rebaudiana Leaves Bertoni and Biological Evaluation. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):775-782]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.126 Key words: Stevia rebaudiana, glycosides, hypoglycemic, HbA, liver, kidney function antioxidant status.	Full Text	126
127	Maternal and Neonatal Toxicities induced by three Antirheumatic Drugs in Albino Rats Gamal M. Badawy^(1), Hassan I. El-Sayyad ⁽²⁾and Eman E. Al-Shahari ⁽¹⁾ ¹ Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufiya University, Egypt. ²Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt ^Gamalmib2000@yahoo.co.uk Abstract:* Because of their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties especially for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most often ingested drugs during pregnancy. The aim of the present work was to evaluate and compare some of the maternal and neonatal toxicity induced by three presently marketing antirheumatic drugs namely meloxicam, celecoxib and leflunomide. The study revealed an ascendent retardation in the body weight gain of experimental dams during gestation compared to control in a drug dependent manner for meloxicam, celecoxib and leflunomide, respectively. Moreover, maternal atrophy of femur cartilage thickness associated with lacking of the integrity was observed in the treated dams. Significant retardation in weight, size and length of the maternally treated newborns was also detected compared to control. A number of congential malformations associated with a significant decrease in ossified lengths of certain axial and appendicular bones and evident missing of ossification centers were observed in the maternal treated litters. The mentioned maternal and neonatal toxicity showed direct dependency on the applied drug. The results indicate that the tested drugs should be avoided during pregnancy and if necessary, this should be done with caution. [Gamal M. Badawy, Hassan I. El-Sayyadand Eman E. Al-Shahari. Maternal and Neonatal Toxicities induced by three Antirheumatic Drugs in Albino Rats. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):783-793].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.127 Keywords: Anti-inflammatory drugs; morphological and skeletal abnormalities; albino rats; Teratology	Full Text	127
128	Curcumin Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Ameliorates Serum Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Levels in Diabetes Rat model Irrespective of type of Diabetes Mohamed Khaled Mohamed Mahfouz Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Vet Medicine, Benha University drm_mahfouz@yahoo.com Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the impact of type of diabetes on serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the effect of chronic administration of curcumin on their levels in experimentally-induced diabetes in albino rats. The study included 60 (20 as control group) male albino rats; diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced using intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) after animals were maintained on high-fat diet for 2-weeks (20 rats) for induction of non-insulin dependent DM (NIDDM) or without dieting regimen for induction of IDDM (20 rats). One-week later, rats received oral curcumin (200 mg/kg). Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST) were used for clinical assessment. Two fasting venous blood samples were obtained after induction of diabetes and prior to initiation of therapy and at 6-wks after treatment for calorimetric estimation of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and ELISA estimation of fasting plasma insulin (FPI), serum interleukin (IL)-1β and -6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Results: Curcumin induced significant reduction of FBG levels, irrespective of type of diabetes and in NIDDM animals, post-treatment FPI levels were significantly lower compared to their pre-treatment levels. Diabetes, irrespective of its type, induced significantly higher pre-treatment serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both study groups compared to control group. However, curcumin significantly lowered serum levels of estimated cytokines at 6-weeks after treatment compared to pre-treatment levels. In group II, post-treatment RIST index was non-significantly higher compared to control index. In group III, pre-treatment HOMA-IR index was significantly higher compared to control index, while post-treatment HOMA-IR index was significantly lower compared to pre-treatment levels, despite still being significantly higher compared to control group. It is concluded that chronic administration of curcumin improves insulin sensitivity and thus imposing an anti-diabetic effect manifested as decreased FBG levels with concomitant decreased FPI and ameliorated the increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and such effects are manifested in both types of diabetes. [Mohamed Khaled Mohamed Mahfouz. Curcumin Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Ameliorates Serum Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Levels in Diabetes Rat model Irrespective of type of Diabetes. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):794-799]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.128 Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Curcumin, pro-inflammatory cytokines.	Full Text	128
129	Biochemical Determination of Tissue Ossification Markers in Experimentally-induced Myringosclerosis Ahmed Al-Shal¹, Nahla E. El-Azab², Mohamed Khaled Mohamed Mahfouz ³ Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Histology¹ & Medical Biochemistry², Faculty of Medicine & Vet Medicine³, Benha University, Benha, Egypt drm_mahfouz@yahoo.com Abstract: Objectives: To explore myringosclerotic tissue levels of two bone modeling markers: osteopontin (OPN) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in experimentally-induced, histologically-confirmed myringosclerosis (MS). Materials & Methods: The right middle ear of 24 normal healthy growing male Wister rats was inoculated, via transtympanic access, by Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3, after a period of 8 weeks the tympanic membrane (TM) was examined Otomicroscopically for transparency and graded as normal TM, mild or marked opacification. Then, tympanic bullae were removed and a part of myringosclerotic plaque was excised for ELISA estimation of tissue extract levels of OPN and OPG and the remainder of the TM was stained with hematoxylin-eosin for light microscopic grading of TM inflammation according to extent of calcification into 5 grades. Results: 20 ears developed otoscopically defined myringosclerotic changes, 14 ears showed mild and 6 had marked opacification that was localized in 4 ears and diffuse in 2 ears. Histological examination reported inflammation of grade III in 7, grade IV in 13 and grade V in 4 specimens. Mean estimated tissue extract level of OPN and OPG in studied animals were significantly higher compared to control animals with a positive significant correlation between histological grading and tissue-extract levels of both OPG and OPN and a positive significant correlation between otoscopic grading and tissue-extract levels of OPG, but the correlation was non-significant with OPN Conclusion: Increased myringosclerotic tissue extract levels of both bone modeling markers indicated their possible role in initiation and/or progression of sclerotic changes in TM after chronic suppurative otitis media. [Ahmed Al-Shal, Nahla E. El-Azab, Mohamed Khaled Mohamed Mahfouz. Biochemical Determination of Tissue Ossification Markers in Experimentally-induced Myringosclerosis. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):800-807]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.129 Keywords: suppurative otitis media, myringosclerosis, Osteoprotegerin, Osteopontin.	Full Text	129
130	Micro Vascular Density MVD-CD34 and VEGF Expression in the Liver of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis, Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma *Olfat Ali Hammam^1, Nawal El Badrawy², Maged El Ghanam², Moataz Hassan², Wael Safwat², Amgad Anas²** Departments of Pathology¹ and Hepato-Gasteroenterology², Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Ministry of Scientific Research, El-Nil Street, Warrak El-Hadar, P.O. Box 30, Imbaba 12411, Cairo, Egypt. ^totoali1@hotmail.com Abstract:* Purpose: The aim of this work is to study angiogenesis of the liver of patients with chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma by assessment of mirovessel density MVD-CD34 and VEGF in liver tissue. Method: Sixty patients with chronic liver disease and 30 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were subjected to clinical examination, laboratory investigations for hepatitis C, liver function tests and ultrasonography. Liver biopsy was performed for histopathological examination. They were 3 groups: chronic hepatitis [CH] (35), liver cirrhosis [LC] (25) and HCC (30) and ten healthy volunteers as controls with negative serological markers for hepatitis (C&B), HCC were 7 with grade I, 14 with grade II and 9 with grade III. Immunohistochemical staining for tissue vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was done and MVD-CD34 was assessed by Image Analysis System. Results: In normal liver tissue specimen, both CD34 & VEGF were negative. MVD-CD34 was increased significantly from CH to LC to HCC and increased significantly in grade I to II to III HCC. VEGF showed a significant increase in LC compared to CH & insignificant in mean HCC compared to LC. With differentiation of HCC, MVD-CD34 increased for grade I, to II to GIII (p< 0.01). VEGF showed a higher expression in grade I and decreased in grade II& III. Conclusion: MVD-CD34 is more responsible of angiogenesis than VEGF with progression of chronic liver disease to HCC. Further research for other factors mediating and cells contributing to angiogenesis is needed, which may have therapeutic implications in the control of chronic liver disease and HCC. [Olfat Ali Hammam^*1, Nawal El Badrawy², Maged El Ghanam², Moataz Hassan², Wael Safwat², Amgad Anas². Micro Vascular Density MVD-CD34 and VEGF Expression in the Liver in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis, Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):808-815].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.130 Keywords:Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) - Immunohistochemistry (IHC)- Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-Liver cirrhosis (LC)-Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-Hepatitis B virus (HBV).	Full Text	130
131	The Effect of Induction Therapy with Basiliximab on the Recurrence of Hepatitis C Virus in Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Retrospective Study) *Wael Safwat^1 – Rasha Refaie² – Medhat Abdel Aal² – Ibrahim Mostafa¹ – Mahmoud and El Meteini³** ¹Theodor Bilharz Research Institute ²Wadi Al Neel Hospital 3-Ain Shams University ^waelsafwat@yahoo.com Abstract:* Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) recurrence in HCV+ liver transplant recipients is almost inevitable and may be promoted by immunosuppression. Basiliximab, a high-affinity chimeric monoclonal antibody functions as an immunosuppressive agent, is effective in reducing acute rejection episodes in liver allograft recipients, but the influence on HCV recurrence might be a problem. Objectives: To study the effect of induction therapy with Basiliximab on HCV recurrence in adult living donor liver transplantation. Methods: This was a retrospective study to determine the effect of induction therapy with Basiliximab on the recurrence of HCV in the grafted liver. In this study 47 HCV patients were included who passed more than 6 month post-transplantation. All HCV recurrences were all proved histologically. All our patients received corticosteroids in addition to either tacrolimus (FK) or ciclosporine (Neoral), mycophenolate mofetil was given to all except 4 patients. Results: From the 47 transplanted patients 14 (29.8%) had HCV recurrence. In the group which used Basiliximab (Group I); the rate of HCV recurrence was 56.3%, while the group in which no Basilximab was used (Group II); the rate of HCV recurrence was 16.1% (P<0.001) highly significant. In patients who had HCV recurrence 64.3% of patients received induction therapy with Basiliximab, meanwhile in the non-recurrent group only 15.2% of patients received Basiliximab (P<0.001) highly significant. To out rule the role of either FK or Neoral in recurrence of HCV, we found that the rate of HCV recurrence was as follows: in a group of patients who received Basiliximab and FK; HCV recurrence occurred in 54.50%, in patients who did not receive Basiliximab but received FK; HCV recurrence occurred in 21.7% (P<0.001) highly significant. In patients who received Basiliximab and Neoral; HCV recurrence occurred in 60% and there was no HCV recurrence in patients who did not receive Basiliximab and received Neoral (P<0.001) highly significant. We also compared two groups of patients; those who received FK and Basiliximab (54.5%) had HCV recurrence, and in those who received Neoral and Basiliximab (60 %) had HCV recurrence (P > 0.05) non significant. Conclusion: The rate of HCV recurrence in LDLT is more when Basiliximab was used as induction therapy in patients undergoing LDLT for chronic HCV related end stage liver disease. [Wael Safwat^1 – Rasha Refaie² – Medhat Abdel Aal² – Ibrahim Mostafa¹ – Mahmoud and El Meteini³. The Effect of Induction Therapy with Basiliximab on the Recurrence of Hepatitis C Virus in Living Donor Liver Transplantation (Retrospective Study). Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):816-819].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.131 Keywords:* Therapy; Basiliximab; Recurrence; Hepatitis C Virus; Living Donor; Liver Transplantation	Full Text	131
132	Impact of Educational Program among Open Heart Surgery Patients on Minimizing the Incidence of Post Operative Infections *Sahra Z. Azer^1; Sanaa M. Alaa Eldeen²; Mohammed Abd-Elwahb³; and Amal M. Ahmed⁴** ¹Adult Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Egypt ²Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt ³Cardiothoracic Surgery Dept., Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt ⁴Medical - Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Egypt ^jojoelsary@yahoo.com Abstract:* The present study aimed to investigate the impact of educational program among open heart surgery patients on minimizing the incidence of post operative infections. Data were collected from cardiothoracic surgery department, intensive care unit, and outpatient clinic at Assiut University Hospital. The study was conducted on 60 adult patients with open heart surgery (30 - study group and 30 - control group) who have been selected randomly. Data were collected through: four tools; (cardiac surgery patient needs assessment sheet, cardiac teaching program based on individualized patient needs assessment, cardiac post operative observation checklist sheet, and cardiac post operative wound site infection evaluation sheet). Results of this study concluded that, more than half of the patients in study group 53.3 % were females, 70 % were married, and 40 % their ages ranged from 18 - 29 years. While the majority of the patients in the control group 63.3 % were male, 46.7 % were married, and 33.3 % from 30-39 years. Conclusion; Significant differences for improvements throughout educational program phases among study group regarding total score of knowledge and practice about open heart surgery. The study recommended that, pamphlets and simple illustration booklet should be available for patients illiterate to with simple explain how to safely live after open heart surgery. The patients must understand the importance of oral hygiene and visiting a dentist regularly because dental infections can affect the valve prosthetic. [Sahra Z. Azer; Sanaa M. Alaa Eldeen; Mohammed Abd-Elwahb and Amal M. Ahmed. Impact of Educational Program among Open Heart Surgery Patients on Minimizing the Incidence of Post Operative Infections. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):820-834].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.132 Key Words: Open heart surgery, Infection, Post operative care	Full Text	132
133	Image Processing and Numerical Analysis Approaches of Porosome In Mammalian Pancreatic Acinar Cell Waslat W. Elshennawy Department of Biology and Geology, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Cairo, Egypt dr-waslat@hotmail.com Abstract: Pancreatic acinar cells have a particular role in the synthesis, storage and regulated secretion of the different digestive enzymes present in pancreatic juice. Recently a detailed understanding of the molecular machinery and mechanism of cell secretion has come to light. So, it is now an accepted belief, that the mechanism of cell secretion is quite different, and a highly regulated process. The secretory vesicles (zymogen granules) dock and transiently fuse at the base of specialized plasma membrane structures called porosomes or fusion pores. In the present study, TEM images and a computer-assisted morphometry approaches have been used to analyze quantitatively the shape and fine structure of porosome in pancreatic acinar cell of post-feeding rat. The electron micrographs illustrated the porosome as a distinct permanent, lipoprotein, cup-shaped structure at the cell plasma membrane of the pancreatic acinar cell, facing the lumen and varies in shape and structure according to the stage of secretion. The computer-assisted morphometry summarized the structural and morphological importance of the porosome and revealed its different shapes during the cell secretion. The coloured images have clearly shown the supramolecular tripartite lipoprotein structure of the plasma membrane and porosomes. Histographic analysis showed the numerical values of the secreted materials and the three layers of both porosomes and plasma membrane which differed depending on the stage of cell secretion. [Waslat W. Elshennawy. Image Processing and Numerical Analysis Approaches of Porosome In Mammalian Pancreatic Acinar Cell. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):835-843].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.133 Key Words: cell secretion, image processing, histographic analysis, porosomes, secretion machinery, ultrastructure.	Full Text	133
134	The effect of non-linear terms on the process of computing water hammer with regard to friction coefficients for different cast iron pipe R. Daneshfaraz ¹, S. Sadegh-Fam ², M. Majedi-Asl ¹ ^1. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran ^2. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kermanshah, Kermanshah, Iran majedi1389@gmail.com Abstract: Water Hammer problems are complex and time-consuming even with very simple calculation method and usual boundary conditions. The governing equations of water Hammer are partial differential equation and are expressed based on continuity and momentum equations. One of the important procedures for solving the governing equations of unsteady flows is finite difference method. One procedure for simplifying the governing equations is neglecting the nonlinear terms such as without considering the amount of errors that are created with this process. Therefore in this paper, the phenomenon of water Hammer in the tank, pipe and valve system has been investigated in two manners, one with full equations and other with neglecting the nonlinear terms. For doing this, an FDM code has been written in MATLAB and the amounts of head along the pipe in sequential times and the differences between two manners have been given in diagrams. The obtained results indicate that for iron pipe with different friction coefficient (smooth, perennial and worn) by decreasing Chezy coefficient, wave damping increases and the effect of nonlinear terms decreases. [R. Daneshfaraz, S. Sadegh-Fam, M. Majedi-Asl. The effect of non-linear terms on the process of computing water hammer with regard to friction coefficients for different cast iron pipe. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):844-847]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.134 Keywords: Water Hammer; Non-linear and Linear Terms; wave damping; Chezy Coefficient; Tank and Pipe System	Full Text	134
135	Psychological reflection on anguish in players Ali Feiz Khademi ¹, Saadat Hajipour ¹ ^1. Faculty Member of Izeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Izeh, Iran a.khademi1389@yahoo.com Abstract: A great deal of the literature on the relationship between anguish and performance has come from a cognitive-behavioral perspective. This paper examines the relationship between the two constructs from a psychodynamic perspective. Included are a discussion of winning and the anguish of separation from an object relations perspective, the dread of success, self psychology, Freudian instinct theory, and the secondary gain that is found in defeat. Suggestions for future directions in treatment of anguish within the athletic context are offered as well as a postscript. [Ali Feiz Khademi, Saadat Hajipour. Psychological reflection on anguish in players. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):848-851]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.135 Keywords: Psychological reflection; anguish; players; performance	Full Text	135
136	The Effects of two different doses of Antioxidant Vitamin C supplementation on bioenergetics index in male college student Morteza Jourkesh¹, Iraj Sadri,Amineh Sahranavard¹, Ali Ojagi1¹, Mohammad Dehganpoori¹ ¹Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, shabestar, Iran mjourkesh@iaushab.ac.ir Abstract: In order to study the effects of consumption of 2 regimes of vitamin C (500 and 1000 mg) on bioenergetics index (aerobic and anaerobic power) in 36 physical education college male students, were selected non – randomly procedure and they were set in 3 groups. Average of age, weight, height and Fat percentage of subjects was (22.48 ± 1.84) years, (64.93 ± 7.84) kg (175.4 ± 5.66) cm and (10.94 ± 5.29) mm respectively. The period considered for consumption of vitamin C by experimental groups, was a 3 weeks period that in this period the first group consumed dose of (500 m.g) vitamin c and second group (1000 m.g) vitamin C and third group (control group) consumed placebo. The tests which have been exerted in this research consist of: assessment of anaerobic power by RAST test. 2) Assessment of aerobic power by Cooper test. Result indicated that there was not a significant (p <0.05) difference between 3 group in anaerobic and anaerobic power. Therefore we concluded that daily consumption of 500 or 1000 m.g vitamin C for a period of 3 week does not have any effect on the basis of improvement of anaerobic and aerobic power in male college students.[Morteza Jourkesh,Iraj Sadri,amineh sahranavard,ali ojahi,mohammad Dehganpoori. The Effects of two different doses of Antioxidant Vitamin C supplementation on bioenergetics index in male college student. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):852-858]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.136 Key words: Aerobic power, anaerobic power, Antioxidant, performance	Full Text	136
137	Removal of Cu from Aqueous Solution Using Slag Golshan Shirneshan¹, Noorallah Mirghafari² ¹ Department of Environmental sciences, Faculty of Natural Resource and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran golshan_sh@yahoo.com ² Department of Environmental sciences, Faculty of Natural Resource, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran Abstract: This study intends to establish the usage of steel slag in absorption of Cu Within this study the two types of blast furnace and converter slag were examined in laboratory conditions and the effects of parameters of time, concentration, solutions’ pH on the amount of absorption were studied. Studying the experiments showed convertor slag’s absorption of Cu per gr was greater in a balance time of 15 minutes with high concentrations of metallic elements of 500 and 1000 ppm, but increase in pH did not alter the absorption. And the highest absorption of Cu was that of blast furnace slag with the same conditions. The only difference was that the more the pH increased the greater the absorption was, in a way that the greater amount of absorption occurred in a pH of 7. Considering the great volume of slag and its feature of absorbing Cu, usage of this absorbent can be taken into consideration as a method of quality treatment and complimentary filtration of effluent. [Golshan Shirneshan, Noorallah Mirghafari. Removal of Cu from Aqueous Solution Using Slag. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):859-862]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.137 Keywords: Slag, Cu, Absorption, Effluent	Full Text	137
138	*The Efficacy of Different Bacillus Thuringiensis* Formulations for the Control of the Cotton Leafworm Spodoptera Littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Mona F. Abd-El Aziz^1 ; Nehad M. El-Barkey¹and Hassan. F. Dahi²* ¹ Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University. Egypt ²Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Doki, Giza, Egypt. ^dmonafawzy@yahoo.com Abstract:* The efficacy of three Bacillus thuringiensis formulations, Agerin, Dipel 2X and Dipel DF were tested against 2^nd larval instar of Spodoptera littoralis. The three formulations were tested in the laboratory, field and semi field experiments. The 48 hour LC₅₀ for Agerin, Dipel 2X and Dipel DF were 0.18, 0.07 and 0.10 % for the three formulations, respectively. The results of the field experiment indicated that the general mean of reduction were 59.0, 55.9 and 58.6 % for the three Bt formulations (Agerin, Dipel 2Xand Dipel DF, respectively). In addition, the general mean of mortality rate in the semi-field experiments were 60.3, 60.4 and 61.3 % for Agerin, Dipel 2X and Dipel DF, respectively. Moreover, the histopathological studies using ultrastructure microscopy were carried out on the midgut of 4^th larval instar after the treatment of the second instars with LC₅₀ of the three formulations. These results therefore confirm the opinion stated that the toxicities of the different three formulations, are similar to each other. Therefore the Egyptian Bacillus thuringiensis strain (Agerin) can be used for control of S. littoralis as it is cheap and readily available. [Mona F. Abd-El Aziz; Nehad M. El-Barkeyand Hassan. F. Dahi. The Efficacy of Different Bacillus Thuringiensis Formulations for the Control of the Cotton Leafworm Spodoptera Littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):863-871].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.138 Keywords: Different Bacillus; Thuringiensis; ormulations	Full Text	138
139	Effect of soybean on fertility of male and female albino rats Serag El Din, O.S.; ^Batta, H., Abd El Azim; Abd El Fattah, N. Zoology Department, Wmen’s College, Ain Shams University. ^Ph_forgany@yahoo.com Abstract: This study aimed to investigate whether consumption of soybean is useful or harmful on reproductive hormones; ovary; uterus; mammary gland; testis and subsequent fertility. In the former experiment, male and female Wister albino rats were used in the present study. Each sex was randomly divided into 4 groups, control group fed on the basal diet (AIN93 G), three treated groups given 30, 60 and 90 gm cooked soybeans/70 kg human body weight (b.w.) for three months. Female rats showed that soybean significantly decreased free estradiol hormone (E2); progesterone hormone; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH); ovary weight and number of ovarian follicles. On the other hand soybean significantly increased total E2; sex hormone binding proteins (SHBP); uterus weight and caused uterus proliferation and cystic hyperplasia. The mammary gland showed gradual hyperplasia and mammary ducts showed proliferation. In male rats soybean significantly decreased free testosterone hormone; LH and FSH, meanwhile total testosterone hormone, SHBP, testes weight and testes diameter were significantly increased accompanied with spermatogenesis arrest. [Serag El Din, O.S.; Batta, H., Abd El Azim; Abd El Fattah, N.. Effect of soybean on fertility of male and female albino rats. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):872-883].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.139 Keywords: Soybean; Fertility; Progesterone, Testosterone, Ovary; Testis.	Full Text	139
140	Improving Reproductive Performance by Glucose Injection in Damascus Does Goat during Early Summer Anas A. Salem¹, Hassan A. H.², Nasrat Abd El-Ati¹, and Gamal B. M.¹ ¹Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Egypt ²Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt anas12eg@yahoo.com Abstract: Goats are seasonally polyestrous having estrous activity during late summer, fall, and winter and showing no activity during summer and spring. The objective of the present study was to improve reproductive performance of Damascus doe goats in early summer including: estrous activity (EA), ovarian follicular (OF) growth, corpus luteum (CL) development, and progesterone (P₄) profile by injection of glucose (Glu). A total of twelve apparently healthy Damascus doe goats were used in this experiment and were classified randomly into two equal groups. Animals in group A were injected with Glu via the jugular vein; each animal of the treated group received 94.584 g Glu daily for nine days before the expected day of ovulation. The second group (B) was injected with saline solution and used as control. All animals in both groups were synchronized by PGF₂α (cloprostenol) three times (10 days between each interval and other) with notice that glucose was injected in the second interval. Blood samples were collected from each animal; the blood was then centrifuged and the serum was analyzed for progesterone. All does were subjected to ultrasonographic examination on days 5, 9, and 19 after the third injection of PGF₂α and post-treatment by glucose. The results revealed that glucose injection achieved estrous activity higher than in control (100% vs. 50 %, p>0.05). All animals showed the estrous activity through 24-72 hours after each dose of PGF₂α and post-treatment by glucose. The number of follicles (<5mm) in the treated group was higher than in control group (111 vs. 94 follicle, p>0.05), while the follicular diameter did not differ between the two groups. The ovarian activity on the left ovary was higher than on the right ovary (107 vs. 98 follicle, p>0.05). The ovulation rate as detected from the number of corpora lutea and progesterone level was higher in the treated group than control (p>0.05). Ovulation was significantly higher on the right ovary than on the left ovary (19 vs. 9 ovulation). Corpus luteum diameter in the treated group was significantly larger than in control group (1.2±0.11 cm vs. 0.97±0.13 cm, p>0.05). The average progesterone concentration increased significantly (2.36±0.84 ng/ml) in the treated animals than in the control (0.96±0.23 ng/ml). It could be concluded that glucose treatment led to improvement of number of estruses, ovarian follicles, corpora lutea and progesterone concentration in Damascus doe goats during early summer. Therefore, treatment with energy-yielding nutrient (glucose injection) on ovulation rate in goats may be recommended in periods of reproductive activity impairment. [Anas A. Salem, Hassan A. H, Nasrat Abd El-Ati, and Gamal B. M.. Improving Reproductive Performance by Glucose Injection in Damascus Does Goat during Early Summer. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):884-892].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.140 Key words: Doe goat, EA, OF, CL, Glu, PGF_2α and P₄	Full Text	140
141	Influence of Acute Pancreatitis Induction on Zymogen Granules of Pancreatic Acinar Cells Using Image Processing And Numerical Analysis Approaches Waslat W. Elshennawy Department of Biology and Geology, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Cairo, Egypt dr-waslat@hotmail.com Abstract: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a mild to severe inflammation of the pancreas with a clinical picture of a self – limited illness that sometimes progresses to a severe state leading to multiple organ failure eventually causing death. The initiating event of AP may be anything that injures the acinar cell and impairs the secretion of zymogen granules which enclose the digestive pro-enzymes. Therefore, the aim of this work was to assess the effect of acute pancreatitis on the ultrastructure of zymogen granules and to analyze this effect using image processing and numerical analysis approaches. Material and Methods: Ten male albino rats weighing 150-200g were divided into two groups; group [I] was treated with physiological saline injections i.p. as a control group. Acute pancreatitis was induced into group [II] by two injections of 250mg/100g b.w. of L-Arginine i.p. in an one hour interval as 20% solution in 0.15M Nacl. Electron micrographs obtained from zymogen granules were examined then were processed with CIS technique for image analysis and histographic analysis. Results : Ultrastructural results of zymogen granules of group [II] (rats received L-Arginine) revealed changes with different severity as; depletion, arrest towards the nucleus, dilatation or fusion together, some of them showed an atrophy in size, rupture of membranous boundary and eventually irregular in shape with loss of their rounded configuration and degraded. Obvious varieties appeared in coloured images and numerical values analysis that obtained from microphages of group [II] comparing with those of control group[I]. Conclusions: Influence of acute pancreatitis provoked deleterious effects in zymogen granules as consequence of intense inflammation. Despite of current knowledge, many hypothesis and questions remain unanswered concerning the effects of L-Arg. Image processing and numerical analysis which are considered to be valuable approaches in this study, may resolve some of mistiness of the impact of pancreatitis on the exocrine pancreas. Application of this technique gave more details of pathological changes which were unable to be seen by electron microscope only. So, it can be applied as good techniques for early diagnosis in the field of pathology to illustrate the fine details beyond that of electron micrographs. [Waslat W. Elshennawy. Influence of Acute Pancreatitis Induction on Zymogen Granules of Pancreatic Acinar Cells Using Image Processing And Numerical Analysis Approaches. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):893-904].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.141 Key Words: Histographic analysis, image processing, L-Arginine, pancreatitis, rat, ultrastructure, zymogen granules.	Full Text	141
142	A New Measurable Definition of Knowledge in New Growth Theory Hadi Ghaffari ¹, Mohammad Ali Molaei² 1. Dept. of Social & Economic Sciences, Payame Noor University, Arak, Iran Email: hghaffari2000@yahoo.com 2. Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Shahrood University of Technology, Iran. Email: malimolaei@yahoo.com Abstract: New Growth Theory helps us make sense of the ongoing shift from a resource-based economy to a knowledge-based economy. It underscores the point that the economic processes which create and diffuse new knowledge are critical to shaping the growth of nations, communities and individual firms. In all too many contributions to New (Endogenous) Growth Theory – though not in all – central reference is made to ‘a stock of knowledge’, a ‘stock of ideas’, etc., this variable featuring centre-stage in the analysis. Yet it is immediately apparent that this is far from being a crystal clear concept. The difficulty and uncertainty of being able to capture the value associated with knowledge is a real problem. The intent of this paper is introducing new thinking and theorizing about the knowledge and its measurability in new growth theory. Moreover the study aims to synthesize various strain of the literature with a practical bearing on knowledge concept. By contribution of institution framework which is found within NGT, we can indirectly measure the knowledge concept. Institutions matter because they shape the environment for production and employment of new knowledge. [Hadi Ghaffari, Mohammad Ali Molaei. A New Measurable Definition of Knowledge in New Growth Theory. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):905-910]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.142 Key Words: New Growth Theory (NGT), Knowledge, Institution Framework	Full Text	142
143	*Vegetative and Reproductive Characteristics of Iranian Gole-Gav-Zaban (Echium amoenum* Fisch & C. A. Mey) Accessions Cultivated in Mazandaran Province Elham Daneshfar¹, Ali Kuhkheil¹, Reza Omidbaigi¹ and Akhtar Zand¹ 1- Department of Horticulture, Agricultural faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran elham199danesh@yahoo.com Abstract:** Iranian Gole-Gav-Zaban (Echium amoenum Fisch & C. A. Mey) belonged to Boraginaceae family and is considered as a valuable Iranian endemic medicinal plant that has been used widely as traditional medicine since long times. Because of its convenience and being acceptance as a remedy for different sort of diseases by people. Use one of these (besides) side a little research has been ever done on this valuable endemic medicinal plant. There for is drastically short amount of available information about it. hence there is need of more work. By these descriptions, in present study, measuring of vegetative and reproductive character of Iranian Gole-Gav-Zaban was aimed. For fulfilling these aims (objects), accessions were planted in a completely randomized design with three replications in June 2010. Bushes characteristics were observed and documented. In the vegetative phases there weren’t considerable difference among accessions. But from the aspect of flower field character, the difference was significant. [Elham Daneshfar, Ali kuhkheil, Reza Omidbaigi and Akhtar Zand. Vegetative and reproductive characteristics of Iranian Gole-Gav-Zaban (Echium amoenum Fisch & C. A. Mey) accessions cultivated in Mazandaran province. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):911-914]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.143 Keywords: Echium amoenum, Vegetative phase, Reproductive phase, Oil	Full Text	143
144	A Survey on the condition of Micro Facies, Sedimentary Environment and the Cretaceous Deposits (With Particular Reference to Central Iran) Mehran Arian¹, Hamideh Noroozpour² ¹Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ²Young Researchers Club, Department of Geology, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author) Hamideh.Noroozpour@yahoo.com Abstract: Micro continent of central Iran is a part of middle Iran that is bounded with ophiolithic suture zones in Sistan, Naiin, Baft, Doruneh fault and Kashmar – Sabzevar ophiolites and is classifiable into Lut block, Shotori upland, Tabas subduction, Kalmard upland, Posht Badam block, Biaze - Bardsir basin and Yazd block by means of long faults which are dextral strike – slip faults and have westwards inclination. In many regions of Iran, except to Zagros, in approximate boundary of early and late Cretaceous, it is observed evidences of tectonic events which are mainly as land generating and can be compared with worldwide Austrian event, in everywhere in Iran except to rare cases (east of Tehran and Yazd). Upper Cretaceous beds in Iran do not have identical facial characteristics and it seems that in contrast to equal sedimentary condition in early Cretaceous, sedimentary basins in upper Cretaceous have been separated from each other and special condition has been dominated in each basin. As a result of that, lithostratigraphic units except to Zagros and Kopet Dagh have not been named and or have local names in upper Cretaceous of Iran. This article is an overview of the condition of Micro-facies, sedimentary environment and the Cretaceous deposits in central Iran. [Mehran Arian, Hamideh Noroozpour. A Survey on the condition of Micro Facies, Sedimentary Environment and the Cretaceous Deposits (With Particular Reference to Central Iran)). Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):915-924]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.144 Keywords: Cretaceous deposits, central Iran, Micro-facies, sedimentary environment	Full Text	144
145	An investigation of alongshore sediment transport trend, using experimental relations, morphological landscapes and coastline changes in the Persian Gulf Hamidreza Masoumi¹, Ahmad Motamed², Hamidreza Peyrovan³, Jamal Tarrah⁴ ¹Department of Geology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ²North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ³Soil Conservation and Watershed management Institute, Tehran, Iran ⁴Department of Geology, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran Masoumihamidreza61@yahoo.com Abstract: Predict of sediment transport and sedimentation rates are one of the main affecting in coastal areas management. Many tries with emphasis on effective reasons in sediment movements has been done to decide the rate of sediment transport, including the CERC formula. But accurately predict sediment transport rates and trends were affiliated of different such as accuracy and precision statistics, basic and initial data's. Since that may not be possible such information in some areas, was necessary used other techniques such as coastline changes and morphology. In this paper, alongshore sediment transport trends were considered in parts of northern coast of Persian Gulf, by local wave data's, CERC formula, morphological landscapes and coastline changes at the headlands and breakwaters. Coastal morphology and coastline changes were expounded with CORONA (1964) and SPOT (2005) satellite imageries. Alongshore sediment transport was outcome by CERC formula. Based on results, all of morphological landscapes and coastline changes in the study area were confirmed alongshore sediment transport trends got from CERC formula. In some areas that have limit data or lack of substantial document and prepare field information should used coastline changes and morphological settings with empirical relationships, were impossible to inspect the output. [Hamidreza Masoumi–Ahmad Motamed–Hamidreza Peyrovan– Jamal Tarrah. An investigation of alongshore sediment transport trend, using experimental relations, morphological landscapes and coastline changes in the Persian Gulf. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):925-930]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.145 Keywords: Alongshore sediment transport, morphological landscapes, Coastline changes, CERC formula, Persian Gulf coastlines	Full Text	145
146	3D Simulation of Flow over Flip Buckets at Dams M. Jorabloo¹, R. Maghsoodi², M. Elmi³, H. Sarkardeh³ ¹ Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch, Garmsar, Iran. ² Ph.D Student, Shahroud University of Technology, Shahroud, Iran. ³ Hydraulic Structures Division, Water Research Institute (WRI), Tehran, Iran. jorabloo.mehdi@yahoo.com Abstract: In the present numerical study, by using the Fluent software, the ability of it to predict the complex flow conditions is presented. In this purpose, experimental data over a flip bucket in different hydraulic conditions were selected. To simulate the turbulence phenomenon, k-e Standard turbulence model was selected. Moreover to predict jet surface the VOF free surface model was employed. Finally by comprising the numerical model and available experimental results, a good agreement was observed. [M. Jorabloo, R. Maghsoodi, M. Elmi, H. Sarkardeh. 3D Simulation of Flow over Flip Buckets at Dams. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):931-936]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.146 Keywords: Flip Bucket; Fluent Software; VOF Free Surface Model; k-e Standard Turbulence Model.	Full Text	146
147	Evaluating Strategy for Nongovernmental Scientific and Research Institutions Based on Balanced Score Card Model (Case Study: ACECR of Iran) Sohail Dadkhah ¹, Mohamad-Taghi Amini ², Atefeh Khosravi ³, Sohaila Dadkhah ⁴ ^1. Educational Assistance manager of Hormozgan Province ACECR, Bandar-e-Abbas, Iran ^2. Faculty Member, Department of Management, Payam-e-Noor University, Tehran, Iran ^3. Financial Expert of Local Electricity Provider Company of Hormozgan Province, Bandar-e-Abbas, Iran ^4. Official Expert of Work and Social Affairs, Kerman, Iran dadkhah1389@yahoo.co.uk Abstract: What prevents the strategies from getting operational in organizations is that, strategies remain at general level or general actions and orientations. To alleviate this problem, the researchers who proposed balanced score card model presented the concept of strategy map in this model. Strategy map tries to represent the organization’s strategy in the framework of cause and effect relationships and demonstrate how the organization’s strategy can be transformed into measurable objectives and specific operations which should be followed by organizational units and organization’s staffs. To implement its strategies, the academic center for education, culture and research (ACECR) as one of scientific and research institutes in Iran requires a strategy map to be prepared which will provide the essential framework for implementation of the designed strategic plans. In order to design the strategy map in the present study, we made use of the related literature, references, and opinions of experts, and we prepared 40 indicators for different aspects of balanced score card model. Afterwards, we put these indicators into a questionnaire and asked the ACECR managers to let us know their opinion regarding them. Analysis of filled questionnaires by Friedman test resulted in selection of 30 indicators to be put into strategy map, and the resultant ACECR strategy map was designed deductively since no similar one existed. Subsequently, quantitative measures and objectives were considered for each indicator. Ultimately the status of this institution after the first year of implementing the strategy was analyzed using the obtained indicators and we proposed several strategies for successful implementation of the strategy and reduction of exiting gaps. [Sohail Dadkhah, Mohamad-Taghi Amini, Atefeh Khosravi, Sohaila Dadkhah. Evaluating Strategy for Nongovernmental Scientific and Research Institutions Based on Balanced Score Card Model (Case Study: ACECR of Iran). Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):937-943]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.147 Keywords: Balanced score card; Strategy map; indicator; Measure	Full Text	147
148	An Effective Preprocessing Methodology for Textual Data Classification Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz ¹,Dr. Syed Muhammad Ahsen², Maryam Shaheen³, Muhammad Shaheen⁴ , Syed Athar Masood⁵ ^{1,2,3, 4} Department of Computer Science & Engg, UET Lahore, Pakistan ⁵ Department of Engineering Management, NUST College of E&ME, Rawalpindi Pakistan ¹ M.Shahbaz@uet.edu.pk, ² Ahsencs@hotmail.com, ³shaheen@uet.edu.pk, ⁴maryam.shaheen@gmail.com, ⁵ atharmasood2000@hotmail.com Abstract: In the present rapidly changing world, a massive amount of raw data is generated, collected and organized in databases. This data contains lot of useful and important information which is hidden and not directly accessible. There is vital need for in-depth data analysis tools which can turn raw data into knowledge. This situation is known as “data rich but information poor”. It is very time consuming, slow and expensive to analyze and understand the huge volume of data manually specially when the data is in the form of text. Textual data need huge resources to preprocess it to make it ready for the data/text mining algorithms. In this paper we have proposed an effect preprocessing methodology for textual data which have produce quality data efficiently and reliably. [Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz, Dr. Syed Muhammad Ahsan, Maryam Shaheen, Muhammad Shaheen, Syed Athar Masood. An Effective Preprocessing Methodology for Textual Data Classification. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):944-951]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.148 Keywords: Text Mining, Data Mining, Classification, Knowledge Discovery, Parsing, P-Tree	Full Text	148
149	Creation of next generation of Open Source Science Databases ¹Syed Ahsan, ²Muhammad Shahbaz, ³Syed Athar Masood ^1,2Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore ³Department of Engineering Management, NUST College of E&ME, Rawalpindi Pakistan ¹ ahsancs@hotmail.com, ² m.shahbaz@uet.edu.pk, ³ atharmasood2000@hotmail.com Abstract: From 1990s onwards, biological and chemical research in both the public and private sectors throughout the world has been transformed into industrial scale by the creation of databases with large amounts of high-quality, freely available DNA sequence data. These databases have not only enabled the comprehensive cataloging of human genes but have also accelerated the discovery of new forms of cellular regulation rendering biology and chemistry a discovery science thus providing the basis for novel experimental approaches. We however feel that the potential opportunities, accessibility and power of open source science and publicly available data have not transformed into gains and significant impact on scientific discovery. In this paper we have identified many issues with the existing conventional chemical biology and molecular biology databases and propose the development of ChemBank v3. [Syed Ahsan, Muhammad Shahbaz, Syed Athar Masood. Creation of Next generation Open Source Science Databases. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):952-955]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.149 Keywords: biological research, open source science, databases	Full Text	149
150	An Algorithm for the Removal of Redundant Dimensions to Find Clusters in N-Dimensional Data using Subspace Clustering ¹Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz, ¹Dr Syed Muhammad Ahsen, ²Ishtiaq Hussain, ¹Muhammad Shaheen, ³ Syed Athar Masood ¹Department of Computer Science & Engineering University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan ²National Centre for Physics, Quaid e Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan ³Department of Engineering Management, NUST College of E&ME, Rawalpindi Pakistan ¹ m.shahbaz@uet.edu.pk, ahsancs@hotmail.com, shaheen@uet.edu.pk, ³atharmasood2000@hotmail.com Abstract: The data mining has emerged as a powerful tool to extract knowledge from huge databases. Researchers have introduced several machine learning algorithms to explore the databases to discover information, hidden patterns, and rules from the data which were not known at the data recording time. Due to the remarkable developments in the storage capacities, processing and powerful algorithmic tools, practitioners are developing new and improved algorithms and techniques in several areas of data mining to discover the rules and relationship among the attributes in simple and complex higher dimensional databases. Furthermore data mining has its implementation in large variety of areas ranging from banking to marketing, engineering to bioinformatics and from investment to risk analysis and fraud detection. Practitioners are analyzing and implementing the techniques of artificial neural networks for classification and regression problems because of accuracy, efficiency. The aim of his short research project is to develop a way of identifying the clusters in high dimensional data as well as redundant dimensions which can create a noise in identifying the clusters in high dimensional data. Techniques used in this project utilizes the strength of the projections of the data points along the dimensions to identify the intensity of projection along each dimension in order to find cluster and redundant dimension in high dimensional data. [Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz, Dr Syed Ahsan, Ishtiaq Hussain, Muhammad Shaheen, Syed Athar Masood. An Algorithm for the Removal of Redundant Dimensions to Find Clusters in N-Dimensional Data Using Subspace Clustering. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):956-964]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.150 Keywords: Classification, Regression, Clusters, Data mining, Algorithm	Full Text	150
151	Competence of Nurses' Managers in Different Work Environment at Assiut University Hospitals ¹Kawther Abd El-Motagally Fadel,²Samah Mohamed Abdalah, ²Fatma Rushdy Mohamed and ²Eman kamel hossny ¹Faculty of Medicine-Assiut University, ²Faculty of Nursing- Assiut University, Egypt Abstract: Background: Healthcare providers are increasingly inclined to question the quality and efficacy of the care they provide. Nurse competence plays an important role in guaranteeing the quality of nursing interventions and outcomes. It is claimed that a key responsibility of nurse administrators is to ensure staff nurse competence. Nurses should maintain and demonstrate competence throughout their professional career. Nurse Managers have to continuously assess safe patient care. Aim of the Study: to assess competence of nurses' managers at different work environment at Assuit University Hospitals, and compare nurse’s competence at different work environments at Assuit University Hospitals. SUBJECT AND METHODS: the present study is descriptive, was conducted in all units of Assiut University Hospitals. It included all nurses' managers who are working in different departments at the time of the study. A personal interview questionnaire sheet which consist of two parts: 1^st Personal characteristics data which include name, age, department, marital status, educational level, position, years of experience and years of experience of the present position (head nurse, supervisor, assistant director, director of nursing), 2^nd Nurse Competence Scale (NCS)was consisted of seventy three items structured in seven competence categories: helping role (seven items), teaching- coaching (sixteen items), diagnostic functions (seven items), managing situations (eight items), therapeutic interventions (ten items), ensuring quality (six items) and work role competences (nineteen items). The Scoring System was four-point scale (0 = not applicable in my work, 1 = very seldom, 2 = occasionally and 3 = very often in my work). The levels of competence are measured with a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS 0-100 mm), which the total score of the with 0 meaning a very low level of competence, 1-30 mild level of competence, 31-60 good level of competence, 61-99 excellent level of competence and 100 a very high level of competence. Results: the nurses' managers in main Assiut University Hospital are most competent than Pediatric and Women Health Hospital in all competence categories. The level of competence categories in emergency is highest than special & general, intensive care unit and operating room. The total VAS mean levels of competence of all categories ranged from 55.93 to 73.5. Conclusions: nurses' managers have excellent level of competence in work role category, followed by teaching coaching category, then in managing situation category. Main Assiut University Hospital nurses' managers are competent than Pediatric Hospital and Women Health Hospitals in all competence categories. The emergency units nurses' managers are competent than other different work settings following by operating rooms. [Kawther Abd El-Motagally Fadel,Samah Mohamed Abdalah, Fatma Rushdy Mohamed and Eman kamel hossny. ompetence of Nurses' Managers in Different Work Environment at Assiut University Hospitals. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):965-975].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.151 Key words: Competence, nurse manager, work environment	Full Text	151
152	Online Classes and Traditional Classes in adult education Mina Abarashi Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Email: sharif11070@yahoo.com Abstract: Distance education places students and their instructors in separate locations using some form of technology to communicate and interact. The student may be located in the classroom, home, office or learning center. The instructor may be located in a media classroom, studio, office or home. Distance education delivers classes (live or pre-taped) to students in their home, office, or classroom. It is used by K-12, higher education, continuing education and business. As the cost of delivering quality education increases, institutions find that limited resources prevent them from building facilities, hiring faculty, or expanding curricula. They are using distance education to maximize resources and are combining their assets with others to produce programming. Distance education is offered internationally, nationally, regionally, and locally over all forms of conferencing technology. The student may receive information via satellite, microwave, or fiber optic cable, television (broadcast, cable or Instructional Television Fixed Services (ITFS), video cassette or disk, telephone - audio conferencing bridge or direct phone line, audio cassette, printed materials - text, study guide, or handout, computer - modem or floppy disk, and compressed video. Recent rapid development of technology has resulted in systems that are powerful, flexible, and increasingly affordable. The base of available information technology resources is increasing with dramatic speed. Much has been learned about connecting various forms of technology into systems, so that the ability to link systems is growing. Most distance learning systems are hybrids, combining several technologies, such as satellite, ITFS, microwave, cable, fiber optic, and computer connections. [Mina Abarashi. Online Classes and Traditional Classes in adult education. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):976-979]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.152 Keywords: Online Classes, Traditional Classes, distance education	Full Text	152
153	Important factors of the presence of users in virtual spaces ¹ Hamidreza Hossein and ² Arezoo RezaeiRad 1, 2 Department of Communication, Damavand branch, Islamic Azad University Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: hamidreza.hossein@gmail.com Abstract:* Internet establishment in Iran dates back to about two decades. during that years, several revolutions happened to develop and use Internet in this country. Users’s customs also have been varied. So, this research has done by surveying method and goal of gain information reasons of users’s presence in virtual space among 1667 users from Tehran, in order to assess such behaviors especially their presence in virtual space. in this project, needed data have been collected by questionnaire tool. Before doing main project, pre-test performed among 160 respondents. Validity and reliability of research was determined by professors’s arbitration and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient calculation (equals 95%), respectively. Main results of this research relate to users’s presence in virtual space. In 1990’s most users used Internet in order to gain news and information but now, in 2010’s it was revealed that users in Tehran (that constitute more than 30% of users in Iran) searching for scientific- educational – entertaining – news and etc contents more than everything. Email and signing in social networks are among other reasons of being attract to internet too. same users also took networks such as twitter and face-book at top of other social networks. Iranian’s presence in these networks and also Persian blog management attracted about 40% of users to itself. Also they rather tend to use Persian sites with local origin. This research suggests to policy makers and decision makers of Iran internet network to start programming and manage their cultural-social behaviors by using new communicational and informational tools in order to lead new users’s customs. Also quantitative increase of Iranian sites and quick updating, are best methods in order to keep cultural heritage and controlling them. [Hamidreza Hossein and Arezoo RezaeiRad. Important factors of the presence of users in virtual spaces. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):980-984]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.153 Key words: internet, users, virtual spaces, social networks	Full Text	153
154	Effect of Chlorhexidine in Prevention of Oral Lesions in Leukemic Children Receiving Chemotherapy Azza M. Darwish¹; Mostafa A. S. Salama²; Nehad S. Basiouny¹ and Noha M. Arafa¹ ¹Pediatric Nursing Dept., Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt. ²Pediatric Medicine Dept., Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt nehadbasiouny@yahoo.com Abstract: Leukemia is the most common childhood cancer. Untreated leukemia results in death from infections or hemorrhage. The primary treatment of ALL is chemotherapy which is usually associated with a number of side effects among which is oral mucositis (stomatitis). It is one of the most debilitating complications following chemotherapy treatment administration. These lesions may produce discomfort and pain which interfere with eating, patient compliance to treatment and potential risk of oral infection. Good and consistent oral hygiene is one of the basic roles of the pediatric nurse to prevent and reduce the complication of oral infection. It includes oral assessment before the initiation of chemotherapy treatment and during its administration followed by creating an oral care plan. Chlorhexidine gluconate is effective in the prevention of oral lesion and in decreasing the severity of stomatitis. The aim of the present study is to determine the effect of using chlorhexidine gluconate in the prevention of oral lesions in leukemic children receiving chemotherapy. The study was conducted at the Haematology Unit of Alexandria University Children`s Hospital at EL-Shatby and at the Oncology department at the Health Insurance Student Hospital in Alexandria. The subjects of this study comprised 50 children of both sexes with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Children were divided into two groups: group 1 (study group) received 0.1 % of chlorhexidine gluconate and group II (control group) who was left to the routine hospital care. Tool consisted of three parts to collect the study data: Children's Bio socio-demographic data; Children's Medical data; Oral assessment guide (OAG) tool. The main result showed that children among the study group had healthier oral cavity and lower degree of oral mucositis no one developed severe oral mucositis compared to the children in the control group following 10 days of chemotherapy administration. The main recommendation is to creat an oral care plan to each child individually involving cleaning teeth by using a mouth wash with Chlorhexidine gluconate. This is important for preventing oral complications, decreasing severity of oral mucositis and treating gingivitis (swelling, redness and bleeding of the gums). [Azza M. Darwish; Mostafa A. S. Salama; Nehad S. Basiouny and Noha M. Arafa. Effect of Chlorhexidine in Prevention of Oral Lesions in Leukemic Children Receiving Chemotherapy. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):985-996].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.154 Key words: lymphoblastic leukemia, chemotherapy, oral mucositis, Chlorhexidine gluconate.	Full Text	154
155	Posttraumatic Stress among Undergraduate Emergency Nursing Students Hayam I. A. Asfour¹ and Fatma Hussein Ramadan^2 ¹Critical Care & Emergency Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, University of Alexandria. ²Psychiatry Nursing and Mental Health Department, Faculty of Nursing, University of Alexandria. fatma_ramadan45@yahoo.com Abstract:* Undergraduate emergency nursing students are often exposed to stress when helping patients in emergency situations. Emergency nursing students are vulnerable to the development of symptoms of post-traumatic stress Disorder (PTSD). Stress reactions among helpers can be regarded as a natural behavior and reaction when experiencing a traumatizing event and by the stress resulting from helping or wanting to help a traumatized or distressed person. Any trauma exposure can trigger post traumatic stress disorder. Selley reiterates that health workers as well as primary victims are at risk of developing PTSD. The aim of this study was to examine posttraumatic stress among undergraduate emergency nursing students. Methods: The sample of this study consisted of 250 undergraduate students attended and studied emergency nursing course during the period from February till May 2009. Two instruments were used to measure reactions to traumatic events, Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R) and the Post Traumatic Symptom Scale (PTSDS). Results: Of those who reported a traumatic situation the majority of them scored 30 or more on the IES-R subscale. Scores over 30 indicate a stress reaction with certain likelihood of post-traumatic disorder. On the PTSDS-subscale the majority of students scored 5 or more, which indicates a relative strong reaction. Conclusion: The high prevalence of post-traumatic stress in undergraduate emergency nursing students indicates an inability to cope with stress in daily life. [Hayam I. A. Asfour and Fatma Hussein Ramadan. Posttraumatic Stress among Undergraduate Emergency Nursing Students. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):997-1004]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.155 Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress; Undergraduate; Emergency; Nursing; Student	Full Text	155
156	Prevalence and Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury in the intensive care unit according to RIFLE criteria: A single-center study *Mohamed Fouad^ and Mabrouk I. Ismail** Nephrology unit, Internal Medicine Department, Zagazig University Hospital, Zagazig, Egypt ^Dr.M.Fouad@hotmail.com Abstract:* Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This requires clinicians to be familiar with recent advances in definitions, diagnosis, prevention, and management of AKI in the ICU. The Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) represents the efforts of a workgroup seeking to develop consensus and evidence-based statements in the field of AKI. The ADQI group proposed a consensus graded definition, called the RIFLE criteria (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End stage). Objective: To estimate the prevalence of AKI in ICU and assess the ability of the RIFLE criteria to predict the outcome of AKI in ICU. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study in the internal medicine ICU, Zagazig University Hospital between January 2010 and December 2010. We excluded patients younger than 15 years, patients receiving chronic hemodialysis admitted to ICU, kidney transplant patients, length of hospital stay were <24 hours, or readmitted to the ICU during the study period. RIFLE criteria classified AKI patients into three stages of increasing severity Risk(R), Injury (I), and Failure (F). The outcomes of AKI patients in ICU were recovery, kidney loss, end stage renal disease (ESRD) or death. Results: The total number of ICU admissions during the study period was 8304 patients. After application of exclusion criteria, the number of the study became 5440 patients. According to RIFLE criteria 1885 (34.65%) had AKI. RIFLE criteria classified them into Risk 13.32%, Injury 11.91% and Failure 9.41%. The crude outcome of AKI patients as follows 77.24% recovered, 9% lost kidney functions and required renal replacement therapy (RRT), and 2.28% reached ESRD. The crude mortality of AKI patients was 20.47% versus 7.76% mortality in patients without AKI. The hospital recovery stratified by RIFLE criteria decreased with worsening RIFLE classes (R, I, F) 84.27%, 79.62% and 64.25% respectively. Patients' lost kidney functions and required RRT stratified by RIFLE criteria increased with worsening RIFLE classes 5.79%, 7.4% and15.62% respectively. Patients reached ESRD stratified by RIFLE criteria increased with worsening RIFLE classes 1.2%, 2% and 4.1% respectively. The hospital mortality AKI patients stratified by RIFLE criteria increased with worsening RIFLE classes 14.48%, 18.36% and 31.64% respectively. The urinary output (UOP) criteria associated with lower mortality and higher recovery rate than creatinine criteria. Conclusion: The prevalence of AKI in the internal medicine ICU, Zagazig University Hospital according to RIFLE criteria is 34.65%. RIFLE criteria are useful in predicting the outcome of AKI patients. [Mohamed Fouad and Mabrouk I. Ismail.Prevalence and Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury in the intensive care unit according to RIFLE criteria: A single-center study. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):1005-1012].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.156 Keywords: Prevalence; Acute Kidney Injury; intensive care unit; RIFLE criteria	Full Text	156
157	Postural Changes during Normal Pregnancy *Amal M. Yousef^1, Hala M. Hanfy¹, Fayiz F. Elshamy¹, Mohammed A. Awad^1 and Ibrahim M. Kandil²* ¹Department of Physical Therapy for Obstetric and Gynaecology, Faculty of physical therapy, Cairo University, Egypt ² Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt. ^awad18111972@yahoo.com Abstract:* This study was conducted to determine the postural changes during normal pregnancy. Forty normal primigravid women at first trimester of pregnancy (12 weeks’ gestation) from the Out-Patient Clinic of Obstetric Department at Bab EL-Sheria Hospital, AL-Azhar University shared in this study. Their ages ranged from 20 to 30 years old and body mass index did not exceed 30 kg/m². Thoracic kyphosis angle, lumbar lordosis angle and pelvic inclination angle were evaluated by the formetric II at 12, 22 and 32 weeks’ gestation in Spinal Shape Analysis Laboratory at Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University. The obtained results showed a statistically highly significant increase (P< 0.001) in the thoracic kyphosis angle, lumbar lordosis angle and pelvic inclination angle between 12&22, 22&32 and 12&32 weeks’ gestation. Accordingly, it could be concluded that there is a statistically highly significant increase in the thoracic kyphosis angle, lumbar lordosis angle and pelvic inclination angle during normal pregnancy. [Amal M. Yousef, Hala M. Hanfy, Fayiz F. Elshamy, Mohammed A. Awad and Ibrahim M. Kandil. Postural Changes during Normal Pregnancy. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):1013-1018]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.157 Key words: Pregnancy, Posture, Formetric II, Thoracic kyphosis, Lumbar lordosis, Pelvic inclination	Full Text	157
158	Predictors of Fertility among Egyptian Females at Reproductive Age at El-Manial Maternity Hospital Hanan Fahmy Azzam* Lecturer of Maternal & Newborn Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Cairo University *Hananha_azzamaz@yahoo.com Abstract: Background: The most common and well documented risk factors which can contribute to female infertility include over weight or underweight; hormonal imbalances; fibroid; reduced oocyte quality; chromosomal abnormalities; sexually transmitted diseases; age older than 27; history of pelvic inflammatory diseases; smoking and alcohol intake; and immune system disorders. Aim of this study was to explore the predictors that might affect Egyptian female fertility. Subject &Methods. Design: A Descriptive design was adopted in this study to explore the predictors that might affect Egyptian female fertility. Sample, a total of 300 married infertile women was recruited from the outpatient gynecological clinic at El Manial Maternity Hospital, Cairo University, Egypt according to the certain criteria. Tools utilized for Data collection were collected by using an interviewing questionnaire schedule. Results of the present study revealed that age of the woman (P=0.008); age at marriage (P=0.007); BMI (P=0.010); eat snacks (P=0.043); fatty saturated diet (P=0.029); polycystic ovary (P=0.040); cervicitis (P=0.012); utilized contraceptives methods (P<0.001); frequency of sexual intercourse/week (P=0.028) were a predictors that might affect the female fertility. The study concluded that, the women with the following profile: older age at marriage, overweight and obese, depending on fatty saturated diet, eat snacks, had history of polycystic ovarian syndromes, had cervicitis, used contraceptive methods, might be at risk for the occurrence of infertility. Recommendation, based on the findings of the present research the following recommendation is suggested: Raise women’s awareness regarding to adopting healthy life style as follow dietary program and practice exercising. [Hanan Fahmy Azzam. Predictors of Fertility among Egyptian Females at Reproductive Age at El-Manial Maternity Hospital. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1019-1029]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.158 Key words: Predictors - Fertility –Reproductive Age	Full Text	158
159	Extra Signal Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization for Detection of Typical and Atypical BCR/ABL Gene Rearrangements in Egyptian Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients Hoda M. El Gendi¹, Soha E. Arab Abd El wahab¹, Dina A. Fouad¹, Hanaa R. Mohamed² Deena M. Habashy¹, Nahed A. Al Refaey², Mona R. Al Kafoury², Ghada M. El Gohary³ and Mahmoud T. Mohammad² ¹Clinical Pathology Department,²National Research Center,³Internal Medicine Department ^2,3Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University. Cairo – Egypt ^monakafoury@yahoo.com Abstract: Background: For many years, conventional karyotyping has been used as the golden diagnostic tool for t (9; 22) (BCR/ABL) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Recently, there have been an emerging generation of complex translocations and submicroscopic deletions involving BCR & ABL genes in addition to the classic t(9;22), which have a prognostic impact on the course of the disease, and require sensitive and specific molecular techniques for their detection. Objective: The present study aimed to explore the utility of extra signal fluorescence in situ hybridization (ES-FISH) compared to double fusion FISH(DF-FISH) and conventional karyotyping (CK); for detecting the incidence of typical and atypical patterns of BCR/ABL gene rearrangements and clarify their prognostic significance in CML. Subject and Methods: A series of 64 consecutive BCR/ABL⁺Egyptian CML patients (42 chronic phase, 9 accelerated phase, 13 blastic crisis),were investigated for typical and atypical BCR/ABL rearrangements using extra signal and double fusion FISH probes. Results: ES-FISH and DF-FISH showed higher sensitivity for detection of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) as a sole anomaly when compared to karyotyping in all phases of CML. ES-FISH was the most sensitive method for detection of ABL deletion (14.2% in chronic phase, 33.3% in accelerated phase, 30.8% in blastic crisis) when compared to DF-FISH and karyotyping. Interestingly, ES-FISH, was the only method capable for detection of minor BCR/ABL rearrangement in 1 patient in blastic crisis phase. On the other hand, DF-FISH showed superiority for detection of BCR deletion. Both DF-FISH and karyotyping were capable of detection of trisomy 9 and variant translocation, while ES-FISH yielded confusing atypical signals regarding them. There was a moderate agreement between D-FISH & ES-FISH (P<0.01), a strong agreement between D-FISH and CK, while no agreement was found between the results of ES-FISH and CK and (P>0.05). In conclusion, karyotyping is mandatory to be applied at diagnosis of CML. ES-FISH is the method of choice for detection of ABL deletions, despite it cannot detect neither BCR deletions nor variant translocations. Karyotyping coupled with ES-FISH are adequate for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of CML with the classical t(9;22) and for cases with ABL deletion. [Hoda M. El Gendi, Soha E. Arab Abd El wahab, Dina A. Fouad, Hanaa R. Mohamed Deena M. Habashy, Nahed A. Al Refaey, Mona R. Al Kafoury, Ghada M. El Gohary and Mahmoud T. Mohammad. Extra Signal Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization for Detection of Typical and Atypical BCR/ABL Gene Rearrangements in Egyptian Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):1030-1038]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.159 Keywords: Chronic myeloid leukemia, ES-FISH, D-FISH, BCR/ABL gene.	Full Text	159
160	Effective Factors on agricultural productions Variation in Iran Using Entropy Index Seyed Nemat Mousavi, Abozar Rosta, Suleiman Keshavarz, Seyed Mohammad Reza Akbari ^1, Department of Agricultural Economics, Marvdasht Branch,Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran Abstract: One of the most important concerns in Iran's agriculture is the high risk of this field comparing to other fields, considering its special circumstances such as weather variety, farm's dispersion and sizes. One way to defeat such concerns is to use crop diversity in agricultural products. There are various indexes in calculating the crop diversity. In the following study, entropy index is used. This index cloud decreases the risk in Iran's significant crops. This research has used the data on 5 crops such as Wheat, barley, rice, cotton, and beet in indexes which are effective on such crops price, crops annual average costs, crops BIM, export/import amount, agriculture and non-agriculture average income in years between 1994 and 2008. Compound data were analyzed by regression approach. Results show that all indexes have significant relations with crop diversity index. [Seyed Nemat Mousavi, Abozar Rosta, Suleiman Keshavarz, Seyed Mohammad Reza Akbari. Effective Factors on agricultural productions Variation in Iran Using Entropy Index. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):1039-1043]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.160 Keywords: crop diversity, entropy index, risk, Iran's agriculture, compound data	Full Text	160
161	Strategies for development and promotion of entrepreneurship education in Iran ¹ Reza Nahavandi and ² Hamidreza Hossein 1,2 Department of communication, Damavand branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: Rezanahavandi95@yahoo.com Abstract:Current era countries, Undoubtedly are faced with changes and revolution and various national and regional threats and survival and security of countries in long-term requires finding solutions and new ways of tacking problems. in this conditions, we need entrepreneur whom be able to refresh economy of country through creativity, innovation, perseverance, self-reliance and tolerate ambiguity and taking important step toward development. thus, in vast scope, all active elements in country including state, parliament, state institutes, and private ones and also their managers should deal with entrepreneurship and development in that country. in this study, ways of developing entrepreneurship education was identified and explained by comparative study about successful entrepreneurship strategies in countries, theories of entrepreneurship and development models of entrepreneurship and also by considering native condition of country. [Reza Nahavandi and Hamidreza Hossein. Strategies for development and promotion of entrepreneurship education in Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1044-1048]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.161 Key words* : entrepreneurship, employment, small business, developing entrepreneurship education	Full Text	161
162	Workplace Violence - A Survey of Diagnostic Radiographers in Ismailia Governorate Hospitals, Egypt *Reem A Abbas^1 and Selim F Selim²** ¹Community, Occupational and Environmental Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt. ² Radiology Department, Suez Canal Authority Hospital, Ismailia City, Egypt. reemabbasabbas@yahoo.com Abstract:* Violence in hospitals is becoming more frequent and more aggressive worldwide. Radiographers, as members of the frontline hospital personnel are at increased risk of workplace violence. So, this study aimed to determine the magnitude and the nature of workplace violence towards radiographers in hospitals, to identify its risk factors, and to study its impact on victims. All diagnostic radiographers in Ismaillia Governorate Hospitals (n=123), except those who were on extended leaves or who had less than one year clinical experience (n=22), were invited to complete a standardized questionnaire designed specifically to study workplace violence in the health sector. Out of 101 radiographers, 94 agreed to participate in this study (response rate = 93.1%). The majority of the participants (79.8%) had experienced workplace violence of any kind. Verbal abuse was the most common type. Patients' relatives were the main perpetrators. Most of violent incidents were not reported. Easy public access, crowding and noise, understaffing, and long waiting times, were the potential factors contributing to hospital violence. Many negative consequences on the victims' psychological status and work performance have been revealed. It could be concluded that workplace violence towards radiographers is a significant problem in hospitals. So, effective preventive strategies for hospital violence should be implemented. [Reem A Abbas and Selim F Selim. Workplace Violence - A Survey of Diagnostic Radiographers in Ismailia Governorate Hospitals, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1049-1058].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.162 Keywords: Workplace violence; diagnostic radiographers; health sector.	Full Text	162
163	Smoking Behavior, Knowledge and attitudes among Medical Workers in the National Cancer Institute, Cairo University Manar M. Moneer¹, Maissa K. Noaman¹ and Nargis A. Labib² ¹Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University ²Department Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University mailbox_mcs@yahoo.com Abstract: Objective: To assess smoking behavior of medical workers in the National Cancer Institute (NCI), their knowledge and attitude towards smoking. Material and Methods: This is a cross-sectional survey with anonymous self-administered questionnaires for physicians and nurses. It included three sections; 1) demographic data, 2) questions about knowledge of smoking hazards, religious and lawful aspects and 3) questions regarding smoking status and attitude towards quitting and prohibiting smoking in work and public places. Results: Participants were 246; 185 responded (75.2%). Smokers constituted 25.4% of the sample. Responding current smokers were 37. The majority of smokers reported previous trials to quit, mainly due to health concern (73.3%). All workers know that smoking is harmful to health, the majority were positive about the hazard of passive smoking as well. Ever-smokers showed a negative attitude towards total prevention of smoking at workplace; however, current smokers react positively to smoking restriction in work and public places, about 2/3 stop immediately when confronted by a stop smoking sign. Twenty-seven workers (73%) reported less smoking in response to restriction. A large percent (73%) smoke in presence of nonsmokers, however nearly 92% respond to a colleague's demand to stop smoking. It is concluded that smoking remains a common habit among medical works in the NCI in spite of having a good knowledge about its hazards and direct contact with smoking victims. We should search for the suitable approach for this category of smokers to motivate them to quit other than talking about health hazards. [Manar M. Moneer, Nargis A. Labiband Maissa K. Noaman. Smoking behavior, knowledge and attitudes among medical workers in the national cancer institute, cairo university. Journal of American Science, 2011;7(6):1059-1064]. (ISSN:1545-0740). http://www.americanscience.org doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.163 Keywords: Smoking, Knowledge, attitude, medical workers.	Full Text	163
164	Genetic alterations and gene expression profile in male Balb/c mice treated with carbon tetrachloride with or without carboxymethyl chitosan Sekena H. Abdel-Aziem¹, Aziza M. Hassan¹§§, Asmaa S. Salman², Ahmed I.Waly³, Mosaad A. Abdel-Wahhab⁴ ¹Cell Biology Department; ²Genetics and Cytology Department; ³Preperation & Finishing of Cellulosic Materials Department; ⁴Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt §§ Corresponding author: Fax: 202-3337-0931, E-mail: Dr_azizahassan@yahoo.com (Aziza M. Hassan) Abstract: Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), which is a water-soluble derivative of chitosan, it has attracted much attention as a new biomedical material. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the chemopreventive effects of CMC against Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced genotoxicity and alterations in gene expression in male Balb/c mice. Materials and Methods: Sixty male Balb/c mice were divided into six groups included the control group; the group treated orally with CCl₄ (0.5 ml/kg b.w) for three doses at 48 h intervals and the groups treated orally with CMC (140 and 280 mg/kg b.w.) alone for three weeks or in combination with CCl₄. The results indicated that treatment with CCl₄ resulted in increased caspase-3 activities, induction of micronucleus (MnPCEs), frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE's), total chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow, DNA fragmentation percentage in liver, comet formation in liver and bone marrow, over expression in bax and down expression in Bcl-2. CMC at the two tested doses succeeded to induce a significant improvement in all tested parameters in a dose dependent fashion. Moreover, CMC itself was safe at the tested doses. It could be concluded that CMC is a promise candidate against genotoxicity. [Sekena H. Abdel-Aziem, Aziza M. Hassan, Asmaa S. Salman, Ahmed I.Waly, Mosaad A. Abdel-Wahhab. Genetic alterations and gene expression profile in male Balb/c mice treated with carbon tetrachloride with or without carboxy-methyl chitosan. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1065-1076]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.164 Key words: genotoxicity, Carboxymethyl chitosan	Full Text	164
165	Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):1077-1086]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 10	Full Text	165
166	*Cytopathic effect of coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori* in Albino rats and Swiss mice Rajaa M. Milyani** Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University. Corresponding author: helicobacter2011@hotmail.com ABSTRACT:* The effect of coccoid forms of a vaculating cytotoxin A positive Helicobacter pylori strain on Mus musculus (Swiss mice) and Rattus norvegicus (Albino rats) was studied. Two groups of Swiss mice and Albino rats were used. The first group of mice and rats was orally inoculated with coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori, whereas, the second group of mice and rats were untreated and used as a control. The animals that had been orally inoculated with a total count of 7.0x10⁵bacterial cell / ml died after 5-7 days of inoculation (mice), whereas, rats died after 7-9 days. Symptoms of mouth ulcers, darkening of the ventral part and peripheries and loss of weight were apparent, in addition to slow movement and general weakness compared to the control group. Histological examination of the stomach of the inoculated animals showed marked degeneration of the epithelial lining membrane and dark dense bodies - most probably - coccoid forms inside gastric glands. In addition dialated blood vessel, degenerated, vacuolated fused cells with coccoid forms and intravascular haemolysis were observed. These findings may indicate the toxicity of coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori and hence their possible pathogenic role in humans. *[Rajaa M. Milyani. Cytopathic effect of coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori* in Albino rats and Swiss mice. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):1087-1092]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.166 Key words:** Helicobacter pylori, Albino rats, Swiss mice, coccoid forms, toxicity, cytopathic effect.	Full Text	166
167	*Protective effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) against metalaxyl induced hepatotoxicity in albino mice* Hawazen A. Lamfon Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia. hlamfon@yahoo.com Abstract: The present work studied the effect of metalaxyl, an acylalanine fungicide, on the liver of albino mice and the possible role played by the aqueous extract of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in attenuating the hepatotoxicity of metalaxyl. Metalaxyl treatment induced many histological changes in the liver including congestion of blood vessels, cytoplasmic vacuolization of the hepatocytes, necrosis and fatty degeneration. Metalaxyl caused marked elevation in serum ALT and AST. It also caused an increase in malondialdehyde and depletion of the activity of the antoxidant enzymes, catalase and superoxide dismutase in the liver. Treating animals with metalaxyl and ginger extract led to an improvement in both the histological and biochemical alterations induced by metalaxyl. Moreover, ginger reduced the level of malondialdehyde and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, SOD and CAT. These results indicated that gingerhave protective effect against liver damage induced by metalaxyl and this may be attributed to its antioxidant and free radicals scavenging properties. [Hawazen A. Lamfon. *Protective effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) against metalaxyl induced hepatotoxicity in albino mice.* Journal of American Science, 2011;7(6):1093-1100]. (ISSN:1545-0740). http://www.americanscience.org doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.167 Keywords: Protective effect; ginger (Zingiber officinale); metalaxyl; hepatotoxicity; albino mice	Full Text	167
168	Low Intensity Laser Versus Synthetic Bone Graft To Increase Bone Density After Enucleation Of Large Cystic Lesions Of Jaws Khaled A. Elhayes Corresponding author: pdkae@yahoo.com Ass. Professor Oral& Maxillofacial Surgery, OMFS Department, Faculty of Oral& Dental Medicine, Cairo University. Abstract: Materials and Methods: This study included 27 patients of both sex (17 males & 10 females) aged 20 - 48 years. They were divided into 3 groups, each group contained 9 Patients. All patients in all groups were selected to have large cystic cavities in their dental arches of different etiological factors, ranged in diameter 1.5 – 3.5 cm, and not approaching any vital structures. They underwent surgical enucleation of these cystic lesions. Patients of group (I) have received bone substitute in form of Algipore granules that were packed inside the bony cavities of enucleated cysts till complete filling. While Patients in group (II) have not received any grafting materials after cysts enucleation, but low intensity diode laser was applied to all of them in six sessions for each patient. Patients in group (III), control group, have not received any grafting materials after cysts enucleation. Radiographic evaluation of all patients was performed using digital radiography system (Digora). Radiographs were taken preoperatively and at intervals of 1 day, 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months post surgically. The mean bone density at the same region of opposite side was also measured for comparison. Results: It was found that there was a significant higher bone density in Algipore group than other two groups at 1 day and 6 weeks time intervals, while there was no significant difference between Algipore and Laser groups at 3 months and 6 months post surgically.But both groups showed significantly higher bone density than control group at these 3 & 6 months time intervals. Furthermore, the bone density was significantly higher in Laser group than control group at 6 weeks time interval. In control group, there was no significant difference in bone density between all time intervals. In group I & II, there were significant increase in bone density in all time intervals compared with preoperative density, but, there were no significant difference in bone density between different time intervals in control group. Conclusion: Algipore (CORALS) can be a dependable bone substitute material for grafting bony defects in both jaws, Low intensity laser has also the ability to significantly increase bone density of empty cavities of jaws after enucleation of large cysts, so, it is preferred than Algipore specially with cases having infected lesions. [Khaled A. Elhayes. Low Intensity Laser Versus Synthetic Bone Graft To Increase Bone Density After Enucleation Of Large Cystic Lesions Of Jaws. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):1101-1108]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.168 Key words: Bone substitute material, Diode laser	Full Text	168
169	Survey of Relationship between the Capital Structure and Stocks Liquidity at the Accepted Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange Organization ¹Ali Ahmadzadeh and²Ameneh Malekinejad ¹(Corresponding Author), M.Sc of Accounting, lecturer of Accounting, Department of Management, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran. E-mail: ahmadzadeh.ali@iaushab.ac.ir, ali.ahmazade11@gmail.com ²M.Sc of Accounting, lecturer of Accounting, Department of Management, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran. E-mail: mnh.maleki@gmail.com Abstract: Taking a look at the asymmetry of the current data at the market, the present research tries to attain some conclusions regarding the stock share holders and investors’ responses towards the financial leverage and issuing of audited financial reports within seven transactional days before event (issuing financial reports) Compared to seven transactional days after event. With the application of the nonparametric tests in two cross sectional and pooled method amongst the companies which are member of Tehran Stock Exchange organization from 13 industries, the reactions toward the prices was measured by making use of four liquidity Proxies within the period of 2002-2007. The results showed a weak relation between the leverage and the liquidity ranking, and other variables including the proportional spread of stock price, Stock Price Depth and number of stocks circulation times(Turnover Rate of Stock), did not demonstrate a significant relation. The results show that the capital structure is a related and dependent factor (even if the weak one) for decisions made by the investors and the shareholders. In fact, they consider the risk of cash flows resulted from debts in their decision-making process parameters. [Ali Ahmadzadeh and Ameneh Malekinejad. Survey of Relationship between the Capital Structure and Stocks Liquidity at the Accepted Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange Organization. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1109-1118]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.169 Keywords: Spread of stock price, Stock Price Depth, Turnover Rate of Stock, Liquidity ranking and Asymmetric information	Full Text	169
170	Intervening Variables of Human Errors in Iranian Public Hospitals Leila Keikavoosi-Arani¹, Pouran Raeissi², Seyd Jamaledin Tabibi³, Amir Ashkan Nasiripour ⁴ ¹Ph.D. Student in Health Services Management, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ² School of Management and Medical Information Services, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ³ Department of Health Services Management, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ⁴ Department of Health Services Management, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.(Corresponding author) Email: nasiripour@srbiau.ac.ir Abstract: Patient safety and the prevention of medical errors have become the focus of most healthcare providers. This study aimed to determine intervening variables of human errors in Iranian public hospitals. The data were collected via researcher-made questionnaire with the reliability coefficient 0.98. The questionnaire was scored by five point Likert Scale. Rotation method of Varimax with Kaiser Normalization was used via Factor analysis. The results of the study showed factor of healthcare provider explained 7.81 percent of total variance. It had twelve intervening variables affect medical errors in Iranian public hospitals. The most factor loadings (0.718) was related “Inadequate ability of healthcare provider to decision making accurately and timely” and the Least factor loadings (0.53) was related “Inadequate awareness/consciousness of health care providers (consume alcohol, Drowsiness)”. The findings of this study revealed the systemic approach must be replaced in hospitals setting to ensure the provision of patient safety and showed the most important causes for the avoidance of the culture of blame. [Leila Keikavoosi-Arani, Pouran Raeissi, Seyd Jamaledin Tabibi, Amir Ashkan Nasiripour. Intervening Variables of Human Errors in Iranian Public Hospitals. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1119-1123]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.170 Keywords: Human Errors, Hospital, Intervening Variables.	Full Text	170
171	Carbon sequestration potential of Eucalyptus and Acacia plantation in central areas of Iran Seyed Armin Hashemi¹ ¹Department of Forestry, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University,Lahijan, Iran. hashemi@liau.ac.ir Abstract: Carbon sequestration potential of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh and Acacia salicina Lindl planted in 1980 was studied at the age of 30 years in the elevation plain areas of Iran. Two station of this plantation in province were selected the sample plots and the diameter at breast height of all trees was measured. At least, there trees from each diameter class were randomly selected and cut and different parts of the trees including, trunks, branches and leaves were separately weighed. The main roots of one tree from each diameter class were also nine collected and weighed. To estimate the man weight of litter per hectare, 40 sample plots of one square meter were randomly chosen and the amount of litter was determined. The percent of organic carbon in leaves and litter was also calculated in the laboratory. The amount of carbon sequestrated in the soil of plantation area was calculated and compared with control. This study showed that the amount of carbon sequestrated by E.camaldulensis in the productive site and poor site was about 8.2 and 1.73 ton ha^-1year^-1, respectively. On the other hand, for Acacia salicina in the poor site of this figure was 2.1 ton/ha in year. The highest the amount of sequestrated carbon in E.camaldulensis was in 30 centimeter diameter class. This figure for Acacia was in 25 centimeter diameter class. The amount of carbon sequestrated in different parts of the tree showed a significant difference at 0.01 also in E.camaldulensis, there was a significant difference in the amount of carbon sequestration between the suitable and poor sites. This study showed that there is a great potential of plantations in Fars province and similar areas of the country. This plantation will maintain suitable green areas and belts and produce wood materials for consumption in several ways. Forever planting trees will lead to the reduction of co₂ in atmosphere which reduces the greenhouse effect, a program which is university promoted and partially sponsored by united nations and some industrialized countries. [Seyed Armin Hashemi, Department of Forestry, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1124-1128]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.171 Key words: Carbon sequestration, plantation, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh, Acacia salicina Lindl., Iran	Full Text	171
172	Impact of Educational Program among Open Heart Surgery Patients on Minimizing the Incidence of Post Operative Infections Sahra Z. Azer¹; Sanaa M. Alaa Eldeen²; Mohammed Abd-Elwahb³;Amal M. Ahmed⁴ ¹Adult Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, ²Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, ³Cardiothoracic Surgery Dept., Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, ⁴Medical - Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University sahra_zaki_azer@yahoo.com Abstract:* The present study aimed to investigate the impact of educational program among open heart surgery patients on minimizing the incidence of post operative infections. Data were collected from cardiothoracic surgery department, intensive care unit, and outpatient clinic at Assiut University Hospital. The study was conducted on 60 adult patients with open heart surgery (30 - study group and 30 - control group) who have been selected randomly. Data were collected through: four tools; (cardiac surgery patient needs assessment sheet, cardiac teaching program based on individualized patient needs assessment, cardiac post operative observation checklist sheet, and cardiac post operative wound site infection evaluation sheet). Results of this study concluded that, more than half of the patients in study group 53.3 % were females, 70 % were married, and 40 % their ages ranged from 18 - 29 years. While the majority of the patients in the control group 63.3 % were male, 46.7 % were married, and 33.3 % from 30 - 39 years. Conclusion; Significant differences for improvements throughout educational program phases among study group regarding total score of knowledge and practice about open heart surgery. The study recommended that, pamphlets and simple illustration booklet should be available for patients illiterate to with simple explain how to safely live after open heart surgery. The patients must understand the importance of oral hygiene and visiting a dentist regularly because dental infections can affect the valve prosthetic. [Sahra Z. Azer; Sanaa M. Alaa Eldeen; Mohammed Abd-Elwahb; Amal M. Ahmed. Impact of Educational Program among Open Heart Surgery Patients on Minimizing the Incidence of Post Operative Infections. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1129-1143]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.172 Key Words: Educational Program; Heart Surgery; Patient Post Operative Infection	Full Text	172
173	A comparative study in Money Attitude among University Students: A Gendered View Leila Falahati* Department of Women Studies, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Corresponding author: L.falahati@gmail.com Abstract:* The paper aims to examine gender differences in money attitude among college students. Using the stratified sampling method, 2,340 college students from six public and five private colleges were studied. The findings indicate gender differences for different dimensions of money attitude, in which males were attached to money as a power/prestige tool while experiencing anxiety and having a retentive attitude toward money. Meanwhile female students were conservatively minded about money, as well as being attached to money for self-gratification purposes. [Leila Falahati, A Comparative Study in Money Attitude among University Students: A Gendered View. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1144-1148]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.173 Keywords: Money Attitude, Gender, University Students, Financial Behavior,	Full Text	173
174	Time in Mullah Sadra’s and Henri Bergson’s thoughts Goodarz Shateri, Reza Davari Ardakani Department of Philosophy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran shateri1389@yahoo.co.uk Abstract: "Time" is one of the existential aspects of human and, Man always finds himself bounded by the time, as if man is its captive and has no way out of such captivity. Mulla Sadra and Bergson are two philosophers from two different philosophical schools, who have opened new horizons and masterminded new patterns in their interpretation of time. Mulla Sadra and Bergson believed that the reality of time should be interpreted in relation to existence. Mulla Sadra conceives time as a reality which is abstracted from the existence quality of material being; Bergson also conceives time as being synonymous with motion and calls it a duration (duree), which can be comprehended only through consciousness and pure intuition, and forms the foundation of our existence. In this paper, after elucidating time from viewpoints of these two philosophers, we will try to create proximity between these two points of view and open up a window for conjunction and adaptation. [Goodarz Shateri, Reza Davari Ardakani. Time in Mullah Sadra’s and Henri Bergson’s thoughts. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1149-1155]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.174 Keywords: Bergson; Mulla Sadra; time; duration	Full Text	174
175	Serum Levels Of Proinflammatory Cytokines (Interleukin 6 & Interleukin 15) And Adiponectin In Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis With Different Thyroid Function States *^1Soha Z. El-Shenawy, ²Mahmoud H. Hemi and ³Hatem Attia** Departments of ¹Clinical Biochemistry & ³Clinical Pathology, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Egypt Department of ²Internal Medicine, Al- Azher Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Egypt ^sohazaki69@yahoo.com Abstract:* Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is a localized autoimmune disease which is characterized by an overactive immune response of the body directed against its own tissues causing prolonged inflammation. Numerous cytokines have been identified at sites of chronic inflammation such as arthritis, thyroiditis and periodontitis as interleukin 6 and interleukin 15. Adiponectin, adipocyte-derived proteins, have immunoregulatory properties and it controls immune responses and inflammation.This study aimed to determine the levels of adiponectin, interleukin 6 and interleukin 15 in patients sera of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with different thyroid functional states (hypothyroidism, euthyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism). Subjects and methods: Seventy patients (8 males, 62 females) of newly diagnosed Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) in Al-Azhar University Hospitals were selected on the basis of high serum levels of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO Ab). The patients were divided according to the thyroid function tests into three groups: Free triiodothyronine (FT3), free tetraiodothyronine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The first group was patients with hypothyroidism (H) (3 males, 25 females with mean age 46.5±6.23) with increased TSH and decreased both FT3 and FT4; the second group was patients with euthyroidism (E) (2 males, 16 females with mean age 48.77±6.56) with normal TSH, FT3 & FT4 and the third group was patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) (3 males, 21 females with mean age 48.95±6.61) with increased TSH and normal both FT3 and FT4. The fourth group is a healthy control group (C) (2 males, 15 females with mean age 49.52±7.55) with matched age, gender and body mass index (BMI) with the patient groups. TPO Ab, FT3, FT4, TSH, adiponectin, IL-6 and IL-15 serum levels were measured in all groups. Obtained results revealed a highly significant increase in the mean serum levels of TPO Ab, IL-6 and IL-15 were detected in each of the three patient groups compared to the control group. A positive correlation between adiponectin and each of BMI and WHR in group II (E) only was detected. Also, a highly positive correlation was found between IL-6 and IL-15 in the patient groups. On conclusion, IL-6 and IL-15 may have a possible role in the pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis irrespective to thyroid function states. In contrast, the serum level of adiponectin may have no role in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. [Soha Z. El-Shenawy, Mahmoud H. Hemida and Hatem Attia. SERUM LEVELS OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES (INTERLEUKIN 6 & INTERLEUKIN 15) AND ADIPONECTIN IN HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS WITH DIFFERENT THYROID FUNCTION STATES. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1156-1162].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.175 Keywords: Hashimoto^,s thyroiditis (HT), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 15 (IL-15), adiponectin	Full Text	175
176	Theoretical Study of the Tautomeric Preference and Self Association Processes of 2-Pyrrolidinone Ahmed M. El Defrawy^, Maii S. Mashaly^δ, Mamdouh S. Soliman Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt. ameldefrawy@mans.edu.eg Abstract: Relative tautomerization energies, dipole moments for the tautomers of 2-pyrrolidinone was studied by quantum-chemical calculations, using the B3LYP level of calculation with the 6-311G(d,p) basis set in the gas phase with full geometry optimization. Entropies, enthalpies and Gibbs free energies for the tautomerization process of 2-pyrrolidinone was obtained using the RHF/6-31G(d) level of computation. The calculations showed that, the Keto form is the most stable form in the gas phase. The entropy effect on the Gibbs free energy change of the tautomerization process 2-pyrrolidinone is found to be very small, and has practically no significance for the tautomeric equilibria of the 2-pyrrolidinone. The enthalpic term is dominant in the determination of the equilibrium constant. The ability to form dimer, trimer and tetramer was investigated concerning the energetical changes; dipole moments using the RHF/6-31Gd level of computation. The thermodynamic parameters at different temperatures were studied using the PM3 semiemperical method. The results showed that, there is a high interconversion process between the cyclic and open dimer. Also, the probability to form higher association forms is presumably rare. At room temperature 2- pyrrolidinone only could exist in a dimer form in equilibrium with the monomer. The results are in good agreement with the available experimental data. [Ahmed M. El Defrawy, Maii S. Mashaly, Mamdouh S. Soliman. Theoretical Study of the Tautomeric Preference and Self Association Processes of 2-Pyrrolidinone. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1163-1172]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.176 Key wards: 2-pyrrolidinone, tauomerization, self association, thermodynamic Parameters, theoretical.	Full Text	176
177	Determination of Lead by Square Wave Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetery Using Ammonium Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate M. A. Morsi, A. M. A. Hilmy, H. A. Etman, A. M. A. Ouf, and M. G. Elghalban^* Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt. ^*mgelghalban@mans.edu.eg Abstract: In this work optimal working conditions were established for the determination of trace levels of lead on hanging mercury drop electrode with Ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) as a preconcentrating agent in acetate buffer media using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. The optimized experimental conditions include pH, APDC concentration, accumulation time, accumulation potential, scan rate, pulse amplitude and SW frequency on the voltammetric response were studied. A linear relationship between the peak current and lead concentration was obtained over the rang (5-40 ppb) with correlation coefficient of 0.99911. Detection limits of 0.89 ppb was obtained with standard deviation of 0.03706. The interference by metal ions which are of great significance in real matrices have been studied. The formation of complex formed between lead and APDC was investigated using both of SWASV and cyclic voltammetry technique. The method was successfully applied for the determination of lead in tap water samples. [M. A. Morsi, A. M. A. Hilmy, H. A. Etman, A. M. A. Ouf, and M. G. Elghalban. Determination of Lead by Square Wave Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetery Using Ammonium Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1173-1179].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.177 Key Words: Lead, APDC, Square wave, Cyclic Voltammetry, tap water	Full Text	177
178	Gender Differences in Financial Literacy among College Students Leila Falahati* Department of Women Studies, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Corresponding author: L.falahati@gmail.com Abstract:* The paper aims to examine gender differences in financial literacy among college students. Using the stratified sampling method, 2,340 college students from six public and five private colleges were studied. The findings indicate gender differences in different dimensions of financial literacy, in which males were more knowledgeable in financial matters than female students. The results revealed that among the six dimensions of financial literacy, male students have more knowledge concerning credit and risk management, while females are more knowledgeable in respect of general financial literacy. [Leila Falahati, Gender Differences in Financial Literacy among College Students. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):1180-1183]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.178 Keywords: Gender, Financial Literacy, College Students, Financial Education	Full Text	178
179	Experimental study of the effect of polyethylene fibers with random distribution on the engineering behavior of the mixture of flimsy sand with clay soils Mahmood Ghazavi¹, Akbar Pashazadeh² and Morteza Chekaniazar³ ^1.Khajeh Nasir Toosi (KNT), University of Technology, Tehran, Iran ^2.Department of Civil Engineering, Central Tehran, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ^3.Department of Civil Engineering, Maragheh Branche, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh, Iran geocivilpasha@yahoo.com Abstract: In this research, the shear resistance parameters of mixture of reinforced sand-kaolinite were determined with random distribution of polyethylene fibers (PEF). All samples were compressed to a certain density and then the direct shear test was done. The dimensions of direct shear set were 10×10×2 cm. Different materials such as sand, Kaolinite and polyethylene were used in the experiments. In these experiments, moisture content, amount of polyethylene (PEF), fiber size and speed of shear stress were variable. Test results show that by increasing fiber ratio the shear resistance parameters of sand-kaolinite mixture increase. Also, in reinforced mixture of sand-kaolinite the shear resistance increases by increasing the speed of shear stress. [Mahmood Ghazavi, Akbar Pashazadeh, Morteza Chekaniazar. Experimental study of the effect of polyethylene fibers with random distribution on the engineering behavior of the mixture of flimsy sand with clay soils. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1184-1188]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.179 Key words: Sand-Kaolinite, Reinforced soil, Fibers, Direct shear test, shear stress speed	Full Text	179
180	Ethnic and Gender Differences in Financial Management among College Students Leila Falahati¹, Hamidreza Babaei² ^1.Department of Women Studies, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ^2.Department of sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. L.falahati@gmail.com Abstract: The paper aims to examine ethnic and gender differences in financial management among college students. Using the stratified sampling method, 2,340 college students from six public and five private colleges were studied. The findings indicate gender differences in financial management, in which female students performed greater financial management than male students. The results revealed significant ethnic differences in financial management, in which Malay students performed greater financial management than Chinese and Indian students. [Leila Falahati, Hamidreza Babaei, Ethnic and Gender Differences in Financial Management among College Students. Journal of American Science, 2011;7(6):1189-1192]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.180 Keywords: Ethnic, Gender, Financial Management, College Students, Financial Education	Full Text	180
181	[Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1193-1203].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Withdrawn	Full Text	181
182	Review of the effectiveness of management systems on empowerment of employees: A case study in an Iranian Power Generation Management Co. Dr. Mojtaba Rafiey¹, Dr. Hadi Ghaffari^2, Mahdi Bandarkhany³ ^1. Assistant Professor of Payam Noor University, Central Province, Iran- Email: mjtb_rf@yahoo.com, Assistant Professor of Payam Noor University, Central Province, Iran-^3.Shazand Power Generation Management Co, Email:Bandarkhany@hotmail.com, M.A In public administration management *Abstract:* One of the most important subjects in management research is empowerment of employees. Many researchers have studied empowerment in different organizations, and presented different theories about it. In this paper in order to find relationship between management system and increasing employee's empowerment, one main and three sub-hypotheses have been posed: Main hypotheses: the existence of integrative management systems would effect on increasing the employ's empowerment system ISO14001 and occupational health management system ISO18001. The method of research is experimental and tools to gather the data is questionnaire. The statistical society of this research is the employees of Shazand Power Generation Management Co. the number of sample is that had responded to the questionnaire were 100 employees. After analysis the data by software SPSS the following results had been seen: The existence of management systems with 0.802 coefficient correlation would effectively and strongly impact the employ's empowerment increasing and also the result of this study indicated that the existence of environmental management system with 0.633 coefficient correlation, the existence of quality management system with 0.733 coefficient correlation and the existence of occupational health and Safety management system with 0.833 coefficient correlation have had the most effect on the employees' empowerment. [Mojtaba Rafiey, Hadi Ghaffari, Mahdi Bandarkhany. Review of the effectiveness of management systems on empowerment of employees: A case study in an Iranian Power Generation Management. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1204-1210]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.182 *Key words*: Integrative management system, Quality management system ISO9001, Environment management system ISO14001. Empowerment	Full Text	182
183	The Potential Health Hazard of Tartrazine and Levels of Hyperactivity, Anxiety-Like Symptoms, Depression and Anti-social behaviour in Rats *Mervat M. Kamel^, Heba S. El-lethey** Department of Animal Hygiene and Management, Faculty of veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt mevy58@yahoo.com Abstract:* The current research aimed to determine the influence of different doses of exposure to tartrazine on levels of hyperactivity, anxiety, depression and anti-social behaviours in rats. Forty five weanling male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups of 15, divided on 2 replicates and administered our treatment daily in drinking water at different concentrations; 0, 1% and 2.5% for a 16 weeks period. Different animal models of anxiety; open field, elevated plus maze and dark-light transition tests were employed in our study. Tests for depression as well as social interaction were also used. Tartrazine-treated rats showed hyperactivity in open field test presented by increased horizontal locomotion. Anxiogenic effect of tartrazine was evidently observed during open field, elevated plus-maze and dark-light transition tests. Furthermore, tartrazine intake significantly promoted depression as expressed by prolonged immobilization during forced swim test. Impairment in social interaction test was also detected signifying the relevance of administered dose especially on numbers of bouts of social contacts. This study provides sufficient scientific evidence that a causal link truly exists between tartrazine and inflection of hyperactivity, anxiety and depression-like behaviours in rats and points to the hazardous impact of tartrazine on public health. [Mervat M. Kamel, Heba S. El-lethey. The Potential Health Hazard of Tartrazine and Levels of Hyperactivity, Anxiety-Like Symptoms, Depression and Anti-social behaviour in Rats. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1211-1218].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.183 Key words: Food azo-colours tartrazine, hyperactivity, anxiety, depression, social interaction, Wistar rats.	Full Text	183
184	A Study on the Vibrational Effects of Adding an Auxiliary Chassis to a 6-Ton Truck Mousa Hadipour ¹, Farshid Alambeigi ², Ruhollah Hosseini ³, Reza Masoudinejad ⁴ ^1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran ^2. School of Mechanical Engineering, K.N Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran ^3. School of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran ^4. School of Mechanical Engineering, Shahr-e-Kord University, Shahr-e-Kord, Iran mehran_fh68@yahoo.com Abstract: Some of the truck producer involved in production of municipal-service vehicles make some modifications in the main chassis and permit overloading on it. With doing these modifications some special instructions must be considered such as: decreasing speed, strengthening the springs and chassis beams, and so on. Hence chassis vibrational behavior will change the dynamic behavior of automobile effectively, adding auxiliary chassis is an alternative trend to change the rigidity. But, the main question that must be answered is: Are natural frequencies of the modified chassis in suitable range? So, this paper investigates the vibrational characteristics of the chassis before and after strengthening. For this purpose, the modal analysis has been accomplished by the commercial finite element packaged ANSYS and natural frequencies and mode shapes have been determined. In addition, the relationship between natural frequencies and engine operating speed has been explained and, finally advantages of the modified chassis which leads to the increase of the rigidity with no much changes in natural frequencies, has been discussed. The results show that the road excitation is the main disturbance to the truck chassis as the chassis natural frequencies lie within the road excitation frequency range. [Mousa Hadipour, Farshid Alambeigi, Ruhollah Hosseini, Reza Masoudinejad. A Study on the Vibrational Effects of Adding an Auxiliary Chassis to a 6-Ton Truck. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):1219-1226]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.184 Key words: Vibration, Modal analysis, Truck chassis, Auxiliary chassis, Finite elements.	Full Text	184
185	Evaluation of Rubisco and PEP-carboxylase Levels as Affected by Salicylhydroxamic Acid within Developing Grains of Wheat Davood Eradatmand Asli, Alireza Houshmandfar Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran eradatmand@iau-saveh.ac.ir Abstract: Effects of exogenous application of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) on relative levels of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) were studied at different grains growing in the same spikelet of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. PBW-343). A concentration of 10 ppm salicylhydroxamic acid was applied at anthesis stage in five replications with the help of cotton plugs, which remained on ears of mother shoots (MS) for 48 hours. The labeled spikes were sampled five times, seven-day intervals started from seventh day after anthesis (DAA) up to 28^th DAA, and at maturity.The spikelets were divided into two grain types included basal (bold) and apical (small). The salient point emerging through the use of salicylhydroxamic acid was that both bold and small grains showed an increase in relative levels of Rubisco and PEP-carboxylase at 21^st and 28^th DAA stages. The behavior of Rubisco in two types of grains showed an increase in its levels upto 14^th DAA in bold grains and 21^st DAA for smaller grains followed by a gradual decrease towards maturity. The smaller grains possessed a lesser per se levels of Rubisco per unit basis with the highest gap at mid ripening stage. The only exception was at maturity which the smaller grains possessed relatively higher levels of Rubisco than the bolder grains. Analysis of data with regard to PEP-carboxylase activity revealed more or less the similar pattern as that of Rubisco activity. [Davood Eradatmand Asli, Alireza Houshmandfar. Evaluation of Rubisco and PEP-carboxylase Levels as Affected by Salicylhydroxamic Acid within Developing Grains of Wheat. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1227-1231]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.185 Keywords: -1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; CN-resistant respiration; SHAM; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; Triticum aestivum L.	Full Text	185
186	Evaluation of tunnel excavation methods for Neelum Jhelum Hydro Power Project, Pakistan. Mohammad Saleem Khan , Syed Tahir Ali Gillani , Muhammad Waqas Khan Associate Professor, Department of Geological Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Pakistan. Telephone No. 0092-3004174376. Email: msaleemkhan1984@yahoo.com Professor, Department of Geological Engineering, UET, Lahore, Pakistan. * M.Sc Student, Department of Geological Engineering, UET, Lahore Pakistan. Abstract: Pakistan is passing through a phase of severe energy shortage. To meet the challenge, Pakistan has started a couple of hydropower projects. One of these is Neelum Jhelum Hydro Power Project (NJHPP), which consists of three main components, one diversion dam at Nouseri on Neelum River, 2^nd 33-km long tunnel of 82 M² cross sectional area for conveying water to obtain 420-M head and 3^rd component is power house for generation of 969 MW power. Presently, the major issue of NJHPP is the selection of excavation method which should meet the fast completion of project due to energy crisis in the country & to avoid legal conflict with neighbor country. The selection of excavation method depends upon number of factors such as geology, tectonic setup, strength of rocks, hydro geological conditions of the area, geometry of the tunnel and many other factors. In this study, large number of samples of rocks were collected from the project area and analyzed. On the basis of present work three methods, Drill and blast, excavation through Road Header &excavation through Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) have been evaluated to determine the suitability for this project. Apparently, the existing status indicates that there is no major problem in the use of drill and blast and road header excavation method except their slow advancement rate. However to meet the fast excavation requirement for achievement of the completion target in 2014, TBM is the only left over option. The results of the strength and the other parameters of rocks are supporting TBM except the disaster expected through the potential fault planes which run along the way of the tunnel & convergence pressures of mud rocks. It is suggested that detail geological investigation should be carried out along the tunnel route to support the final decision for selection of TBM. [Mohammad Saleem Khan, Department of Geological Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Pakistan. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1232-1236]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.186 Keywords: Excavation method, geology, tectonic setup, strength of rocks, geological investigation	Full Text	186
187	Effects of salicylhydroxamic acid on relative levels of starch and total sugars in different grains growing in the same spikelet of wheat Alireza Houshmandfar, Davood Eradatmand Asli Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran houshmandfar@iau-saveh.ac.ir Abstract: The effects of salicylhydroxamic acid on relative levels of starch and total sugars were studied in different grains (bold and small) growing in the same spikelet of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. PBW-343). The plants were grown in a screen covered hall under otherwise natural conditions. A concentration of 10 ppm salicylhydroxamic acid was applied at anthesis stage with the help of cotton plugs, which remained on ears of mother shoots (MS) for 48 hours. Labeled spikes were sampled five times, seven-day intervals started from seventh day after anthesis (DAA) up to 28^th DAA, and at maturity. The application of salicylhydroxamic acid presented the unique observations. The inhibitor behaved in an enigmatic way and proved to be a promoter when being assessed under the criterion of relative levels of starch and total sugars. The salient points emerging through the use of salicylhydroxamic acid were that (i) both bold and small grains showed an increase in relative levels of starch and total sugars from 14^th and 28^th DAA stages respectively (P<0.01) and (ii) in spite of aforementioned increment, they continued to exhibit the disparity between them and at maturity the smaller grains still showed lower starch and higher total sugars than the bolder grains. [Alireza Houshmandfar, Davood Eradatmand Asli. Effects of salicylhydroxamic acid on relative levels of starch and total sugars in different grains growing in the same spikelet of wheat. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1237-1243]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.187 Keywords: CN-resistant respiration; inhibitor; SHAM; spike; Triticum aestivum L.	Full Text	187
188	Light Weight Distributed QoS Adapter in Large-Scale Ad hoc Networks Seyed Hossein Hosseini Nazhad Ghazani¹, R.M.Alguliev² ¹Ph.D. Candidate, Institute of Information Technology of ANAS, Baku, Azerbaijan ²Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Corresponding member of ANAS, Baku, Azerbaijan ¹S.HosseiniNejad@gmail.com ²Secretary@iit.ab.az Abstract: Considering the comfortably establishing ad hoc networks, the use of this type of network is increasing day to day. On the other side, it is predicted that using multimedia applications will be more public in these network. As it is known, in contrary to best-effort flows, the transmission of multimedia flows in any network need support from QoS. However, the wireless ad hoc networks are severely affected by bandwidth, and establishing a QoS in these networks face problems. In this paper, we have proposed a thoroughly distributed algorithm to support the QoS in ad hoc networks. This algorithm guarantees the QoS of the real-time applications vis-a-vis each other and best-effort flows as well. The algorithm suggested in this paper dynamically regulates the Contention Window of the flows and serves the flows in terms of their requests QoS choosing the smallest CW in every node. This algorithm also uses the fixed and/or less stationary nodes for the transmission of real-time flows by increasing the QoS of the multimedia flows. This algorithm is preferred because it prioritizes the flows that are of the same class but have not obtained favorite QoS compared to other flows of the same class in addition to classifying the flows in the network and offering better services to the classes of higher priority. All this occur without the controlled packets forwarding and resource reserving and freeing method. We have proved the correctness of this algorithm using Markov's mathematical model. [Seyed Hossein Hosseini Nazhad and R.M.Alguliev. Light Weight Distributed QoS Adapter in Large-Scale Ad hoc Networks. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1244-1251]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.188 Keywords: Ad Hoc, Quality of Service, Scheduling, Differential Service	Full Text	188
189	Study of the Effects of Micronutrient Application on the absorption of macro- and micronutrients in the Soybean Cultivar Telar in the North of Iran Abed vahedi Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran. E mail: av1790@hotmail.com Abstract: In order to study the effects of applying the micronutrients zinc, boron, and manganese (which are added to the soil and sprayed on the crop) on the absorption of the macro- and micronutrients in soybean seeds, an experiment was carried out using the factorial design with the two factors of adding the micronutrients zinc, manganese, and boron to the soil and spraying them on the crop, with 16 treatments and four replications (a total of 64 trials). On the basis of the soil test which had been conducted, the required amounts of the micronutrients (40, 30, and 10 Kg.h of zinc sulphate, manganese sulphate, and boric acid, respectively) were added to the soil before seeding. In the spray treatments, zinc and manganese (0.30 %) and boron (0.20 %) were sprayed on the crop at the start of stem elongation a d at flower bud formation. Results of the comparison of the means showed that the highest concentration of nitrogen (6.65 %) and phosphorous (0.18 %) in the seeds were obtained when zinc was sprayed on the crop, the highest potassium concentration in the seeds (0.92 %) was achieved when manganese was added to the soil, and the highest zinc concentration in the seeds (52.5 ppm) was observed when zinc was applied to the soil. These results also indicated that, among the treatments of spraying the micronutrients on the crop, the highest manganese concentration in the seeds (24.77 ppm) was obtained when manganese was sprayed on the crop, that the highest boron concentration in the seeds(46.58 ppm) was achieved when boron was added to the soil (and that this boron treatment had a statistically significant difference with the others). Comparison of the interaction effects of the data showed that the highest seed nitrogen concentration (6.72 %) was observed when zinc was sprayed on the crop, that the highest seed phosphorous concentration (0.22 %) was obtained when boron was added to the soil, that the highest seed potassium concentrations (0.93 % and 0.94 %) were achieved when zinc and manganese were sprayed on the crop, respectively, that the highest seed zinc concentrations were observed by adding manganese to the soil plus spraying zinc on the crop (55.33 ppm) and by adding zinc to the soil plus spraying zinc on the crop(55 ppm), that the highest seed manganese concentration (23.67 ppm) was obtained by adding zinc to the soil plus spraying manganese on the crop or by adding manganese to the soil plus spraying boron on the crop, and, finally, that the highest seed boron concentrations (44 and 41.67 ppm) were achieved by spraying boron on the crop and by adding manganese to the soil plus spraying boron on the crop, respectively [Abed vahedi. Study of the Effects of Micronutrient Application on the absorption of macro- and micronutrients in the Soybean cultivar Telar in the North of Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1252-1257]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.189 Keywords: B, Cultivar, Mn, Soybean, Zn	Full Text	189
190	Investigation on the Consolidation Behaviour of Aluminium/nano-SiC Composite Powders Using Non-Linear Compaction Equation H.R. Hafizpour,M. Khoeini Department of Materials Science, Saveh Branch, Islamic AZAD University, P.O. Box 39187-366, Saveh – Iran. Hamid_hafiz@alum.sharif.edu Abstract: The densification response of aluminium powder reinforced with nanometric SiC particles (50 nm) during uniaxial compaction was studied. To determine the effect of SiC nanoparticles on the compressibility of the matrix, monolithic Al powder was also examined. The effect of SiC nanoparticles on the densification mechanisms, i.e. particle rearrangement and plastic deformation, was analysed using modified Cooper–Eaton equation. The results showed that with increasing the reinforcement volume fraction (up to 20 vol.-%), the contribution of particle rearrangement increases whilst the plastic deformation is limited. At high compaction pressures, the reinforcement particles significantly influence the yield pressure of the composite powder, retarding the densification. The influence of the reinforcement particle size is discussed in this paper. [H.R. Hafizpour, M. Khoeini. Investigation on the Consolidation Behaviour of Aluminium/nano-SiC Composite Powders Using Non-Linear Compaction Equation. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1258-1262]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.190 Keywords: Densification; Nanocomposite; Al/n-SiC; Non linear Compaction equation	Full Text	190
191	A Method for Defuzzification Based On Central Interval and its Application in Decision Making S. Abbasbandy and R. Saneifard Department of Mathematics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran abbasbandy@yahoo.com Abstract: In this paper, a new method to rank fuzzy numbers by central interval is proposed. The central interval can be used as a crisp set approximation with respect to a fuzzy quantity. Therefore, a method for ordering the fuzzy numbers is defined accordingly. This method can effectively rank various fuzzy numbers, their images and overcome the shortcomings of the previous techniques. The proposed model is studied for a broad class for fuzzy numbers. The calculation of this method is far simpler than the other approaches. Finally, this study compares the proposed definition with some of the known ones. [S. Abbasbandy and R. Saneifard. A Method for Defuzzification Based On Central Interval and its Application in Decision Making. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1263-1271]. (ISSN:1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. doi:10.7537/marsjas070611.191 Keywords: Fuzzy numbers; Ranking; Defuzzification; Interval-Value; Central interval	Full Text	191

The manuscripts in this issue are presented as online first for peer-review, starting from March 29, 2011.
All comments are welcome: editor@americanscience.org; americansciencej@gmail.com, or contact with author(s) directly.

The effect of vitamin E on post-thawed buffalo bull sperm parameters

Rahim Beheshti1, Aiden Asadi2, Naser Maheri-Sis

Department of Animal Science, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar Iran

Preparation of Layer Nano-Silicate/Alumina Castable Composites

Micro Vascular Density MVD-CD34 and VEGF Expression in the Liver of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis, Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

*totoali1@hotmail.com

Hayam I. A. Asfour1 and Fatma Hussein Ramadan*2

[Hayam I. A. Asfour and Fatma Hussein Ramadan. Posttraumatic Stress among Undergraduate Emergency Nursing Students. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):997-1004]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

[Reza Nahavandi and Hamidreza Hossein. Strategies for development and promotion of entrepreneurship education in Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1044-1048]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Workplace Violence - A Survey of Diagnostic Radiographers in Ismailia Governorate Hospitals, Egypt

Rahim Beheshti¹, Aiden Asadi², Naser Maheri-Sis

^*totoali1@hotmail.com

Hayam I. A. Asfour¹ and Fatma Hussein Ramadan^*2