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Science Journal

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The Journal of American Science

ISSN 1545-1003

Volume 7, Issue 9, Cumulated No. 42, September 25, 2011

Cover Page, Introduction, Contents, Call for Papers, am0709

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CONTENTS

No.	Titles / Authors	page
1	MIMO – OFDM WIMAX for Commercial Networks in Urban Environment ¹Syed Ahsan, ²Muhammad Shahbaz, ³Sajid Mehmood, ⁴Syed Athar Masood ^1,2,3Department of Computer Science University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore ⁴Department of Engineering Management, NUST College of E&ME, Rawalpindi Pakistan ¹ ahsancs@hotmail.com ² m.shahbaz@uet.edu.pk ⁴ atharmasood2000@hotmail.com Abstract: The demand for global connectivity and seamless data and voice services on-the-go has increased the requirements for all data-centric applications and accessibilities irrespective of geographical location. New systems and standards are in a phase of continuous evolution. They will finally bring the information services provided by the Internet and the World Wide Web to mobile users, together with a variety of new multimedia entertainment services. Mobile Communication Technology 1^st Generation (AMPS), 2^nd Generation (GSM), even 2.5 Generation (GPRS & EDGE) could not fulfill the rising need for greater data rates to support real-time applications. Even 3^rd Generation (UMTS) which is currently being roll-out in most of the world does not provide data rates high enough to support real-time applications. Need for 4^th Generation Mobile Communication (LTE & WiMAX) is growing resulting into new standards being set for Mobile Communication Evolution for complete IP-Based network support. In this paper we explore the possible suitability of implementing and applying MIMO-OFDM in an urban environment. [Syed Ahsan, Muhammad Shahbaz, Syed Athar Masood. MIMO-OFDM WIMAX for Commercial Networks in Urban Environment. Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):1-4]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: global connectivity, data-centric applications, 4 th generation mobile communication	Full Text	1
2	Effect of Low herbicides use on weed control in sustainable agriculture Einallah Hesammi Faculty member, Department of Agronomy, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch. Iran a.hesami@iau-shouhtar.ac.ir and ainellah@yahoo.com Abstract: The To consider and study four types of dual herbicides with minimum and maximum values in controlling wheat herbicides in different tillage systems enrolling in stability and protecting environment to avoider from soil erosion, a test was done. This test was run in three certs. Randomly. The test timers included min common tillage systems and herbicides content Mesosulfuron with350 and400 gram associated to Sorefketant Sitogate, Sulfosulfuron26.6 and31 gr per hectare. With Sorefketant Sitogate, Assert 25%, 2and3 liters/hectare and Metribozine 70%, 200 and 300gr/hectare. Results showed that the common Tillage system has a role in decreasing herbicides globosity better than minimum Soil seeking; and application of Sulfosulfuron herbicide with 31gr/hectare value in common tillage and Mesosulfuron with 400gr value in minimum tillage are harmful in control of herbicides. On the Other hand Mesosulforon Methyl 30%-Iodosulforon Methyl 30%, 350 and 400gr trade, Sulfosulfuron 26.6 and 31gr effective matter, Assert 2and3 liter effective matter were more appropriate in controlling type of herbicides for each two tillage system. [Einallah Hesammi. Effect of Low herbicides use on weed control in sustainable agriculture.Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9):5-7]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org Keywords: dual herbicide, weed, wheat	Full Text	2
3	Phytoremediation of Soil Heavy Metals by Some Fast Growing Halophytes and Maize Plants Eid, M.A. Soil Science Departments, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Hadayek Shoubra, Cairo, Egypt; mohamedabceid@hotmail.com Abstract: Phytoextraction of heavy metal from contaminated soils is promising remediation technology. Till now, more than several hundreds of plant species have been used. However, phytoextraction using halophytes is still not extensively researched. This work was carried out to evaluate of phytoextraction potential for three fast growing halophytic grasses Leptochloa fusca, Sporobolus virginicus and Spartina patens vs Zea mays plants. The highest values of shoot accumulation were found in Leptochloa fusca to record 335 and 45 mg kg^-1 DW for Zn and Ni compared with 103 and 16 mg kg^-1 DW in maize plants. However, the value of Zn concentration in shoot of maize surpassed those found in Sporobolus virginicus (85 mg kg^-1 DW) and in Spartina patens (43 mg kg^-1 DW). Only the halophytic species succeeded to translocate Cu into their aerial parts. The highest Cu accumulation value was achieved by Sporobolus virginicus (25 mg kg^-1 shoot DW) followed by Leptochloa fusca (21 mg kg^-1 shoot DW) and Spartina patens (17 mg kg^-1 shoot DW) while, Zea mays accumulated 7 mg kg^-1 shoot DW. The capacity of Ni accumulation in shoot of tested plants was ranked in descending order Leptochloa fusca, Sporobolus virginicus, Spartina patens and Zea mays. Despite of Z. mays had completely failed to translocate Cu into shoot but, it had the greatest phytostablisation potential, recording the lowest values of extractable metal in contaminated soil. [Eid, M.A. Halophytic Phytoremediation of Soil Heavy Metals by Some Fast Growing Halophytes and Maize Plants. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9): 8-16].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words: Leptochloa fusca, Sporobolus virginicus, Spartina patens, Zea mays, Heavy metals, Phytoextraction, Phytoremediation.	Full Text	3
4	Fuzzy TM-ideals of TM-algebras Samy M. Mostafa¹, Mokhtar A. Abdel Naby² and Osama R. Elgendy³ Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Eduction, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Cairo, Egypt dr_usamaelgendy@yahoo.com Abstract: The fuzzification of TM- ideals in TM-algebras is considered, and several properties are investigated. Characterizations of a fuzzy ideal are provided. Mathematical Subject Classification: 06F35, 03G25, 08A30 [Samy M. Mostafa, Mokhtar A. Abdel Naby and Osama R. Elgendy^,Fuzzy TM-ideals of TM-algebras. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9): 17-21]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: TM-algebra, TM-ideal, fuzzy TM-ideal, homomorphism of TM-algebra.	Full Text	4
5	A Comparative Clinical Study Between Bone Onlay Graft And Connective Tissue Graft In Reconstruction Of Interdental Papillae Between Two Implants Ahmed Dardir Mohamed ¹ ; Omnia Abo Ul-Dahab ² ; Khaled Abuo-Elfadl ³ ; Reda Abd El Rahman ⁴ and Mona Shoeib ². 1. Lecturer, Oral Medicine and Periodontal Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology. 2. Professor, Oral medicine and Periodontal Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University. 3. Professor, Oral medicine and Periodontology. Vice president of Nahda University. 4. Professor, Oral medicine and Periodontology. Dean, Faculty of Oral & Dental Medicine, Future University. Corresponding author: ahmed_derro@hotmail.com Abstract: Gingival esthetics has become a decisive factor in the overall success of an implant-supported restoration, Successful implant therapy is no longer judged by whether or not the implant simply osseointegrates. The aim of the present study was to clinically evaluate and compare between bone graft and connective tissue graft in reconstruction of inter-implants papillae.Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 16 patients; (all male) with a mean age of 34 years (25-44). Each patient received two adjacent implants placed in the anterior esthetic zone. The sixteen patients were divided into two groups: Group (A): spongy bone sheets were used in reconstruction of the papilla. Group (B): connective tissue graft was used in reconstruction of the papilla. Results: The comparison between spongy bone sheets (group A) and subepithelial connective tissue graft (group B) in reconstruction of inter-implants papillae showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding the clinical soft tissue height at two, four and six months follow-ups , however in comparing between percentage increase in clinical soft tissue height, Group A showed statistically significantly higher mean % increase in clinical soft tissue height than Group B from 4 months to 6 months and after 6 months .Conclusion: Osteoplant Flex bone sheets and Sub-epithelial connective tissue graft can be successfully used in reconstruction of inter-dental papilla between two implants. However, Successful interimplant papilla reconstruction depends on a lot of variables that have to be in mind beside proper treatment plane which is the key for favorable esthetic results. [Ahmed Dardir Mohamed; Omnia Abo Ul-Dahab; Khaled Abuo-Elfadl; Reda Abd El Rahman and Mona Shoeib. A Comparative Clinical Study Between Bone Onlay Graft And Connective Tissue Graft In Reconstruction Of Interdental Papillae Between Two Implants Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9): 22-32](ISSN: 1545-1003) http://www.americanscience.org Keyword: Bone Onlay Graft And Connective Tissue Graft In Reconstruction Of Interdental Papillae.	Full Text	5
6	Effect of apical patency apically extruded debris during canal enlargement using hand or rotary instruments Manar Mohamed Galal Hamouda, Hossam Mohamed Essam El-Din Tawfik, Ahmed Fawzy Abou Elezz, Dalia Yehia Ibrahim Department of Operative, Endodontic and Dental materials National Research Center Department Faculty of Dentistry- Ain Shams UniversityLecturer in Department of Operative dentistry Faculty of Dentistry- Suez canal University Department of Orperative, Endodontic, and Dental materialsOral and dental medicine DivisionNational Research Center Abstract:The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of apically extruded debris of Protaper, HeroShaper and RT file. A sixty freshly extracted mandibular molars with root canal curvature angulation between 17 and 35 degree were used in this study. The experimental samples were divided into three equal groups according to the instrument used. Group one was instrumented using rotary hand NiTi Protaper, while group two was instrumented using NiTi HeroShaper. The third group was instrumented using StSt RT hand file. The effect of apical patency was evaluated by subdividing each group into two subgroups, one prepared with apical patency while the other prepared without using it. The amount of apically extruded debris was evaluated using electric microbalance. The result showed that the tested NiTi systems extruded apically more debris than the StSt file . The incorporation of apical patency in enlargement of root canal resulted in increase of the amount of extruded debris in all groups. [Manar Mohamed Galal Hamouda, Hossam Mohamed Essam El-Din Tawfik, Ahmed Fawzy Abou Elezz, Dalia Yehia Ibrahim. Effect of apical patency apically extruded debris during canal enlargement using hand or rotary instruments. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9):33-37]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org Keyword: apical patency apically extruded debris during canal enlargement using hand or rotary instruments.	Full Text	6
7	Histological And Ultrastructural Changes In Mammalian Testis Under The Effect Of Hydrocortisone *Waslat W. Elshennawy and Hanaa R. Abo Elwafa** Biology and Geology Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt ^dr-waslat@hotmail.com Abstract:* Hydrocortisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid currently utilized in the medical fields for the treatment of various types of diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the histological and ultrastructural changes induced in mammalian testis under the effect of hydrocortisone. Twenty adult male rats weighing 150-200g were divided into two groups; group I, injected i.m. with hydrocortisone sodium succinate (30mg/100g b.wt.) , daily for 15 days. Whereas, group II were kept as control. (injected with 0.6ml of bacteriostatic water). Histologically, testes of treated rats displayed thickening of tunica albuginea, disruption of spermatogenesis evident, marked reduction in germ cells caused dilatation of intercellular spaces, detachment of Sertoli cells from the irregular basal lamina, in addition to necrotic Leydig cells with infiltration of the interstitial tissues. Ultrastructurally, treated testes showed thickening and irregularity of the surrounding basal lamina, cytoplasmic vacuolation of atrophied Sertoli cells, shrinkage and pyknotic nuclei of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes, condensed Golgi apparatus and detachment of the acrosomal granule from the anterior hemisphere of the nucleus of rounded spermatids, and disappearance of elongated spermatids and spermatozoa. Also, necrotic Leydig cells were observed in interstitial tissue. In conclusion, hydrocortisone administration into adult male rats exerts a clear effect on testicular structure and ultrastructure, which leads to much deficiency in their performance. So, it should be utilized under restricted precautions in the medical fields to protect the human health from its hazardous impact. [Anas Ezz, Eman Mohamed Zahran, and Azza Hamdi El-Soussi. Barriers and facilitators to research utilization in critical care settings. Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):38-48]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words: glucocorticoids, histology, hydrocortisone, rat, testis, ultrastructure	Full Text	7
8	Investigation to Production Machinable Austempered Ductile Iron (MADI) Najmeddin Arab najmarab@iau/saveh.ac.ir Department of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran Abstract: Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) are materials which have attractive properties such as ductility, high strength, hardness and good wear resistance. These properties can be achieved by proper chemical composition, heat treatment and adequate microstructure. The main barrier in progress application of ADI, is low machinability. In this paper, an investigation has been conducted on ADI Alloys with different heat Traetment times and temperatures and measuring of hardness as a criteria for machinability. It was shown that by increasing in Austenizing and austempering temperatures, the hardness decrease, which it is benefit to increase machinability. Based on these results an optimal processing window has been established. [Najmeddin Arab. Investigation to Production Machinable Austempered Ductile Iron (MADI). Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):49-52]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Austempered Ductile Iron, Machining ADI, MADI, Heat Treatment	Full Text	8
9	Effect of Conservative Measures in Improving Hemorrhoid Stages and Relieving Symptoms among Patients with Hemorrhoid *Zeinab H. Ali¹ ; Nessrien O. El-Sayed²; and ^Nadia M. Taha³** Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Helwan¹, Ain Shams², and Zagazig³ University ^dr_nadya_mohamed@yahoo.com Abstract:* Hemorrhoids (piles) are swollen veins at or near the anus, normally asymptomatic. They do not constitute a disease, unless they become symptomatic. Symptomatic hemorrhoids affect at least 50% of the American population at some time during their lives, with around 5% of the population suffering at any given time, and both sexes experiencing the same incidence of the condition. In Egypt, hemorrhoid is considered one of the most frequent diseases of the anal region with high prevalence (nearly 50% of proctological visits in a colorectal unit) involving any age and affecting both males and females equally. Aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of conservative measures in improving hemorrhoid stages and relieving symptoms among patients with hemorrhoid. Hypothesis were; Patients who received conservative measures (diet & hygienic care) will be having better improvement in hemorrhoid stage and symptom scores post intervention and one month later as compared to prior intervention. Patients who received conservative measures and Kegel exercise will be having better improvement in hemorrhoid stage and symptom scores post intervention and one month later as compared to prior intervention. This quasi-experimental study was conducted at outpatient surgery clinics in El-Naser Insurance Hospitals in Helwan City, El-Demerdash Hospital affiliated to Ain Shams University, and Ahmed Maher Educational Hospital, in Cairo, on a consecutive sample of 90 adults complaining of stage one or two of hemorrhoid. Four tools were used for data collection; namely an interview form, hemorrhoid symptoms, assessment sheet, hemorrhoid stages, assessment sheet and observational checklist about kegel exercise for hemorrhoids. An individualized conservative measure was developed based on the findings of the assessment, and in the light of related literature, it was implemented, and evaluated. Results revealed severity of the hemorrhoid symptoms and stages among the studied sample in the pre-intervention stage with statistically significant improvements at the post-intervention phase (p<0.001). As well, there was some improvements in hemorrhoid stages in the two studied groups as compared to the control group (p<0.001). There were improvements in the hemorrhoid stages and symptoms among patients in the study group (1) as compared to study group (2) (p<0.001) as a result of kegel exercise provided to patients in the study group (1). These results revealed that, conservative measures provided to the patients in the studied groups (1, 2), as well as the provided Kegel exercise followed by patients in the study group (1) were effective in improving their hemorrhoid's symptoms and stages. It is concluded that conservative measure has highly statistically significant positive effect in improving the hemorrhoid stages and symptoms of patients used diet and hygienic care or kegel exercise It is recommended to generalize such conservative measures in hospitals for teaching hemorrhoid patient hygienic care, diet, and application of the instructions regarding nutrition, voiding habit and hygienic care in addition to exercise. [Zeinab Hussein Ali ; Nessrien Ossman. El-Sayed; and ^Nadia Mohamed Taha. Effect of Conservative Measures in Improving Hemorrhoid Stages and Relieving Symptoms among Patients with Hemorrhoid. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9): 53-65].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words:* conservative measures, kegel Exercise, hemorrhoid stages, hemorrhoid symptoms.	Full Text	9
10	The Relation between some Immunosuppressive Agents and Widespread Nature of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Post Vaccination A. M. Hegazy¹, F. M. Abdallah², L. K. Abd-El Samie³, and A. A. Nazim⁴ ¹Avian & Rabbit Med. Dept., Faculty of Vet. Med., Zagazig Univ. Zagazig, Egypt. ² Virology Dept., Faculty of Vet. Med., Zagazig Univ. Zagazig, Egypt. ³ Avian & Rabbit Dis., Vet. Hospital, Faculty of Vet. Med., Zagazig Univ. Zagazig, Egypt. ⁴M. V. Sc., Faculty of Vet. Med., Zagazig Univ. Zagazig, Egypt. lamsamie@yahoo.com Abstract: The effect of chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) and mycotoxicosis on immune response of chicken after vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza. Sixteen chicken flocks (4 broiler flocks ranged between 4 - 6w old and 12 layer flocks ranged between 12 - 57w old), vaccinated against HPAI once in case of broiler flocks and three times in case of layer flocks showed non protective titer by HI and ELISA tests, were tested for the presence of Anti-CIAV antibody using commercially available ELISA kit and the flock's rations were examined for the presence of aflatoxin and ochratoxin using HPLC. All tested flocks were seropositive against CIAV in both broiler flocks (with percentage of 70% & ELISA titers ranging from 2105 to 3728) and layer flocks (with percentage of 71.67% & ELISA titers ranging from 2007 to 3194) of different ages, breeds, and localities in Sharkia province, Egypt. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of aflatoxin & ochratoxin residues in rations despite using antimycotoxin feed additives. The study revealed that CIAV infection and mycotoxicosis might be the cause of vaccination failure against AIV and so the repeated occurrence of AIV infection even in the vaccinated flocks in Sharkia province, Egypt. [A. M. Hegazy, F. M. Abdallah, L. K. Abd-El Samie and A. A. Nazim, The Relation between some Immunosuppressive Agents and Widespread Nature of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Post Vaccination. Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):66-72] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words: HPAI, CIAV, HI, ELISA, mycotoxins, GMT.	Full Text	10
11	Biochemical Alterations Induced by Subchronic Chlorpyrifos Exposure in Wistar Rats: Ameliorative Effect of Zinc Suleiman Folorunsho Ambali¹, Ahmad Tijanni Abubakar², Mohammed Umoru Kawu¹, Chidiebere Uchendu¹, Muftau Shittu¹, and Suleiman Olawoye Salami³ ¹Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, ²Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria ³Kwara State Minisry of Agriculture, Ilorin, Nigeria, Corresponding author: Dr. S.F. Ambali Toxicology Unit, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; E-mail- fambali2001@yahoo.com; atunluse@gmail.com; Tel No: +234 8037015411 Abstract: Studies have shown that oxidative stress is partly involved in the molecular mechanism of chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity. The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of zinc on alterations in biochemical changes induced by subchronic chlorpyrifos (CPF) exposure in Wistar rats. Forty adult Wistar rats of either sex used for the study were divided into 4 groups of 10 animals each. Group 1 was administered soya oil (2 ml/kg) while group II was given zinc gluconate (50 mg/kg). Rats in group III were administered chlorpyrifos (10.6 mg/kg~ 1/8th LD₅₀) only while those in group IV were pretreated with zinc gluconate (50 mg/kg) and then administerd with CPF (10.6 mg/kg), 30 min later. The regimens were administered orally via gavage for 8 weeks. The rats were evaluated for toxic signs, weekly body weight changes and death. The sera obtained from blood samples were analysed for the levels of electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-), total proteins, albumin, globulin, glucose, urea, alanine aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase and malonaldehyde (MDA). The liver was also examined for MDA concentration. The result showed that CPF caused alterations of these biochemical parameters, which were ameliorated by pretreatment with zinc. [Suleiman Folorunsho Ambali, Ahmad Tijanni Abubakar, Mohammed Umoru Kawu, Chidiebere Uchendu, Muftau Shittu, and Suleiman Olawoye Salami. Biochemical Alterations Induced by Subchronic Chlorpyrifos Exposure in Wistar Rats: Ameliorative Effect of Zinc. Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):73-81]. (ISSN: 1545-1003) Key words: Organophosphate, chlorpyrifos, biochemical parameters, oxidative stress, amelioration, zinc	Full Text	11
12	An etiological study of the laryngeal cancer in the patients admitted in Imam Hospital of Urmia, Northwestern Iran Hassan Latifi ¹, Peyman Mikaili ², Majid Kassiyanzadeh ³, Kaveh Latifi ⁴ ^1.Department of Otolaryngology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical sciences, Urmia, Iran ^2.Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran ^3.Student of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical sciences, Urmia, Iran ^4.Student of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Teheran Azad University, Tehran, Iran peyman_mikaili@yahoo.com Abstract: Introduction:* Laryngeal cancer accounts for 2% of total human cancers and also 30-35% of cancers of head and neck. Before 1860s, laryngeal cancer was rarely recognized. Different types of neoplasms involve laryngeal region, including sarcoma, adenocarcinoma, cylindroma, lymphoma, histiocytoma etc. Although the laryngeal cancer seems to be common in the northwestern Iran, to our best knowledge, it has been poorly documented. The aim of this study is evaluating the clinical and statistical profile of laryngeal cancer in northwestern Iran in detail, including information about etiology, clinical manifestations and usual treatment methods in a three year long study. Subjects and Methodology: This study was performed in the period of three years on the all referred patients (n=50, male to female ratio: 48:2) with laryngeal cancer, accepted in the major state Imam hospital of Urmia. The medical documents of all accepted patients were completely recorded. They all underwent laryngoscopy and biopsy samples were collected. Their laryngeal cancer was approved by pathological tests in the medical center. Of all 50 patients, 46 cases (92%) underwent surgery and/or radiotherapy. Only 4 patients (8%) after primary diagnosis discharged or transferred to other medical centers, thus, we missed them and we could not follow them up anymore. Results: Almost all of 50 studied patients (m=48, f=2) were in 7th and 8th age decades. The average of malignancy occurrence age was 65.5 years for female and 62.3 for male patients. In the drawn age graph, 31 cases are located above and 17 cases below the average value. Regardless the gender, the average age of malignancy occurrence is 62.5. The results showed that 90% of the patients were smokers and only the rest 10% had no smoking history. More than the half of the patients had signs of voice changes. 98% (n=49) of pathological lesions of laryngeal cancer were detected as SCC and only one case (2%) was as adenocystic carcinoma. The results of our study showed the incidence of cancers of glottis origin are 56% and the suprepiglottic, was 40%, with no cases (0%) of infraglottic origin. In our study, 90% of the cases were smokers and 70% of latter had 20-year long smoking history. Statistically, there was a significant relation between smoking and laryngeal cancer (r > 0.89; p< 0.01). Conclusion: For about 90 percents of the patients, we may consider a survival of 5 years. But if the cancer spread to the infraglottic or inner posterior parts of the larynx, the five-year survival decreases to 70 percents of them. The patients should be educated so that they do the follow-up visits, although the surgery has been successfully done. This is because, sometimes the tumor, even after a radical excision, may proliferate and remised, and then the common therapy will fail. We propose educational programs for the patients after laryngeal cancer surgery. [Hassan Latifi, Peyman Mikaili, Majid Kassiyanzadeh, Kaveh Latifi. An etiological study of the laryngeal cancer in the patients admitted in Imam Hospital of Urmia, Northwestern Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):82-86]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Laryngeal cancer, incidence, occurrence, etiological study, Northwestern Iran	Full Text	12
13	Common Iranian traditional herbal medicine with cold nature used as infusion Peyman Mikaili¹, Jalal Shayegh², Mohammad Hossein Asghari³, Shadi Sarahroodi⁴, Massoumeh Sharifi ⁵ ^1.Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran ^2.Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran ^3.Student of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran ^4.Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran ^5.M.Sc. Student of Nursing of Intensive Care, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran peyman_mikaili@yahoo.com Abstract: Introduction:* Herbal therapy in Iran dates back to a long time ago and a number of writings regarding this issue are left by great physicians e.g. Avicenna and Rhazes. Today, in spite of remarkable advances in modern medicine, we are confronted with an increasing tendency towards herbal remedies among those seeking for traditional therapies. But according to our knowledge, there is no report about the plants used in Iranian herbal medicine with cold nature. Materials and Methods: The junior medical students were grouped into several groups. Then, the information gathered from ethno-pharmacologists, herbal-drug sellers and rural native-healers, from different regions of Iran, especially Northwest, Southwest, Central and Northern provinces. All data collected, were summarized for every species. For each repeated report of a certain indication we added “a point” to the specification of that plant. If the number of every reported indication was more than 7-15 times we reported that indication or pharmacological effect in our final report in this article. We thought that, the higher frequency of the reports of an activity or indication, may mean the most reliable applications of that plant in Iranian traditional medicine. Results: 17 species received the higher points as cold plants in Iranian traditional herbal medicine. These herbs are presented here with their specifications. We have summarized the collected data as Scientific name, Family names, English name, Persian name, therapeutic nature (cold, hot or balanced), suggested actions and pharmacology, indication and usage, used parts/preparation, mode of administration. Other comments are added in the end of the represented data. Conclusion: According to the data of this study, we did not find any direct relationship between the pharmacological properties and the cold or hot nature of the studied plants. This report, according to our best knowledge, was the first specific one describing the plants with cold nature in Iranian herbal medicine. But, for recognizing the exact relationship between cold nature and the pharmacological activities of the plants, other extended studies should be performed. [Peyman Mikaili, Jalal Shayegh, Mohammad Hossein Asghari, Shadi Sarahroodi. Common Iranian traditional herbal medicine with cold nature used as infusion. Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):87-91]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Herbal medicine, Iranian traditional medicine, cold nature of herbs, a field study	Full Text	13
14	The etiological evaluation of the nasal bone fracture in the patients admitted in Imam Hospital of Urmia, Northwestern Iran Hassan Latifi ¹, Peyman Mikaili ², Reza Samarei ¹, Dawood Nasr-Arkan ³, Kaveh Latifi ⁴ ^1.Department of Otolaryngology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical sciences, Urmia, Iran ^2.Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran ^3.Student of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical sciences, Urmia, Iran ^4.Student of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Teheran Azad University, Tehran, Iran peyman_mikaili@yahoo.com Abstract: Introduction:* Nasal bone fracture is one of the most common fracture in the maxilla-facial region of the head. Almost the facial traumas in the adults occur in car accidents due to the trauma to the face. The familial struggles or fracas also account for other types of these injuries, which occur more commonly in the urban regions and big cities. The diagnosis of nasal bone fracture is usually complicated by ecchymosis and swelling of the traumatic site. Since the nasal bone fractures are the most common facial fractures, and due to the esthetic importance for the patients, it cause a great deal of costs and social and psychological complications. Regarding the local and cultural factors in these conditions, we designed this study to elucidate more clearly the exact influencing factors and causes in nasal bone fracture in northwestern Iran. Methodology: All patients with nasal bone fractures to the main state hospital (Urmia Imam Khomeini), were included in the study during 2000-2007. All necessary information were recorded, including the gender, age, etiology of nasal bone fracture, occupation, urban or rural residency, and the type of nasal bone fracture, including lateral or frontal. The data were tabulated and analyzed by SPSS version 17. The p-value more than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Of total 350 patients, 38 patients were in age group 1 month to 10 years old, 142 cases in 11-20, 96 cases in 21-30, 41 cases in 31-40, 18 cases in 41-50 and 15 cases had more than 50 years old. In the age group of less than 1 month, there were no nasal bone fractures. The patients were according to the occupation as 27 soldiers (7.7%), 117 school pupils (33.4%), 41 farmers (11.7%), 28 workers (8%), 57 housekeeping wives (16.3%), 25 students (7.1%), 55 businessmen (15.7%). The fractures were 280 cases of lateral (80%) and 70 cases (20%) of frontal type. There were no significant difference in urban (n=212) and rural (n=138) nasal bone fracture (p> 0.05). In urban pattern 171 cases (80.6%) lateral and 41 (19.3%) frontal and in rural regions 109 cases (78.9%) and lateral cases 29 (21.01%). Conclusion: According to the findings of our study, the followings are suggested: instructing the people to enhance the cultural level to improve the interpersonal and individual interactions through mass media; enhancing the safety of pedestrian ways and crowded public places; instructing people to observing the traffic rules to decrease the accident dangers; obligation of using the safety cap for motor-cyclists; and observing the safety codes high risk sport fields. [Hassan Latifi, Peyman Mikaili, Reza Samarei, Dawood Nasr-Arkan, Kaveh Latifi. The etiological evaluation of the nasal bone fracture in the patients admitted in Imam Hospital of Urmia, Northwestern Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):92-96]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Nasal bone fracture, facial fractures, incidence, occurrence, Northwestern Iran	Full Text	14
15	“Achieving Optimum Scientific Standards for Designing and Producing Fabrics Suitable for Ultraviolet Protective Clothing” G., E., Ibrahim Spinning, Weaving and Knitting Dept, Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt ghalia1980@yahoo.com Abstract:This research is mainly concerned with producing woven cotton fabrics used in Ultraviolet Protective Clothing. The produced fabrics were treated with U.V. Fast AO. Different parameters were studied including, fabric structure (plain weave 1/1, twill 3/3 and satin 6), Three weft sets were also used (24,30 and 36 pick/cm) and using two yarn counts (30/1 and 40/1 English ).Their influence on the performance of the end-use fabric and the achieved properties were studied. On the other hand physic-chemical properties including, U.V resistance, air permeability, water permeability, handle, thickness and weight were evaluated according to the final product needs. Some more results were reached concerning structures and materials. Most samples have achieved the expected results. [G., E., Ibrahim. Achieving Optimum Scientific Standards Fabrics Suitable for Ultraviolet Protective Clothing. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9): 97-109].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keyword: Achieving Optimum Scientific Standards Producing Fabrics Suitable for Ultraviolet Protective Clothing.	Full Text	15
16	Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Management Guideline: Comparison between Intensive Care Unit and General Word at Mansoura University Hospital ^*Amira Ahmed Hassanin and Nayra Mohamed Tantawey Adult Care Nursing, and Critical Care Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; ^dr_amira_ahmed@yahoo.com Abstract:* A pressure ulcer (PU) is areas of localized damage to the skin, which can extend to underlying structures such as muscle and bone. Damage is caused by a combination of factors including pressure, shear, friction and moisture. Pressure ulcers can develop in any area of the body, but generally occur over areas of bony prominences. Pressure ulcers occur in approximately 17-20 % of hospitalized patients(1). Patients with stroke in intensive care units and ward are particularly at risk because they are relatively immobile. Therefore, the best treatment for pressure ulcers is to prevent their development. Prevention depends on excellent nursing care that concentrates on meticulous skin care and relief of pressure (2). The aim of this study to determine the effectiveness of nursing care for prevention and management of pressure ulcer in the intensive care unit and comparison with care in general medicine wards. The sample of this study consisted of 50 adult patients from both sexes admitted to the ICU during nine months and complain from stroke, the patients were included if they stayed for at least 5 consecutive nights in intensive care unit and transport to medical general word to stay another five nights or more. [Amira Ahmed Hassanin and Nayra Mohamed Tantawey, Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Management Guideline: Comparison between Intensive Care Unit and General Word at Mansoura University Hospital. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9): 110-117]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Pressure ulcers, prevention, pressure ulcer management.	Full Text	16
17	*Innervation of the Olfactory Apparatus of Varanus Niloticus* (Squamata– Lacertilia-Varanidae) Ahmed Imam Dakrory Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University; dakrory2001@yahoo.com Abstract:*The olfactory apparatus of Varanus niloticus niloticus* includes the main olfactory organ and the vomeronasal organ or organ of Jacobson. The vomeronasal organ is innervated by two associated nerves: the terminal and the vomeronasal nerves. They arise from the sensory epithelium in combination. The terminal nerve carries a terminal ganglion. The nervi terminalis and vomeronasalis combine together as one separate nerve which leaves the cavity of the nasal capsule together with three bundles of the olfactory nerve through the fenestra olfactoria advehens. The main olfactory organ is innervated by the olfactory nerve which arises from the sensory olfactory epithelium and leaves the capsular cavity through the fenestra olfactoria advehens as separate bundles. The three nerves enter the cranial cavity through a large fenestra olfactoria evehens. They connect separately the anterior part of the brain. The nervi terminalis and vomeronasalis enter the accessory olfactory bulb whereas, the nervus olfactorius enters the main olfactory bulb. The olfactory bulb has a long olfactory peduncle. The three nerves carry pure special sensory fibres. [Ahmed Imam Dakrory, *Innervation of the Olfactory Apparatus of Varanus Niloticus* (Squamata– Lacertilia-Varanidae)]Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9):118-125].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words:** Varanus niloticus niloticus, olfactory apparatus, Nervi vomeronasalis- terminalis, Nervus olfactorius.	Full Text	17
18	Reliability of three-dimensional motion analysis in assessment of Bell’s palsy Nevein M.M. Gharib^a,, Sahar M. Adel^b, and Nirmeen A. Abdel-Ghaffar^c ^a Department of Physical Therapy for Neuromuscular Disorders and its Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. ^b Department of Physical Therapy for Basic Science, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. ^c Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. ^neveinmohammed@yahoo.com Abstract: Objective analysis of facial movements forms an important consideration in the assessment and outcomes of several medical disciplines. This study was conducted to investigate the reliability of the three- dimensional (3-D) motion analysis system as a method for assessment of Bell’s palsy quantitatively. Sixty female patients suffered from Bell's palsy; their ages ranged from 25-40 years, participated in this study. Three-dimensional motion analysis by Qualisys motion capture system was used to analyze facial movements by measuring specific facial angles. Measurements were taken for both the affected and non-affected sides to measure the facial asymmetry (from both contracted and relaxed positions). The intra-examiner and inter-examiner reliability of the measurement were examined. The measured angles were correlated with the manual muscle testing (MMT) of the corresponding muscles. Facial Disability Index was also used to assess facial function. Statistical analyses revealed that there was a statistical non-significant difference in the angles recorded between both examiners. The intra examiner and inter-examiner reliability of the measured angles were highly accurate with Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) between 0.88 and 0.97. Qualisys motion capture system proved to be strongly correlated with the grades of MMT of the corresponding muscles (Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient [r] ranged from 0.61 to 0.81). It was concluded that 3-D motion analyses by Qualisys motion capture system can be considered as a reliable method for assessment of Bell’s palsy and can detect and characterize a wide range of clinically significant facial functional deficits. [Nevein M.M. Gharib, Sahar M. Adel, Nirmeen A. Abdel-Ghaffar, Reliability of three-dimensional motion analysis in assessment of Bell’s palsy] Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):126-134]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Three-Dimensional Motion Analysis; Bell's palsy; Reliability; Manual muscle testing; Facial Disability	Full Text	18
19	Effects of vitamin K on ruminant animal: A Review Hamed AminiPour1, Naser Maheri Sis2, Saeid Najafyar Razlighi1, Mohammad SalamatAzar1, MohammadHasan Babazadeh1, Mohammad Taher Maddah1, Navid Reazei1, Mojtaba Namvari1 ^{1. Department of Animal Science, Islamic Azad University Sarab Branch, Sarab, Iran.} ^{2. Department of Animal Science, Islamic Azad University Shabestar Branch, Shabestar, Iran.} h.aminipor@gmail.com Abstract: Vitamin K is a group of structurally similar, fat soluble vitamins that are needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins, mostly required for blood coagulation but also involved in metabolic pathways in bone and other tissue. They are 2-methyl-1, 4-naphthoquinone derivatives. This group of vitamins includes two natural vitamers: vitamin K1 and vitamin K2. Vitamin K1 is also known as vitamin Kj, phylloquinone or phytomenadione (also called phytonadione). Plants synthesize vitamin K1 while bacteria can produce a range of vitamin K2 forms, including the conversion of K1 to K2 by bacteria in the small intestines. No known toxicity exists for vitamins K1 and K2. Three synthetic types of vitamin K are known: vitamins K3, K4, and K5. Although the natural K1 and K2 forms are nontoxic, the synthetic form K3 (menadione) has shown toxicity. Vitamin K was identified in 1929 by Danish scientist Henrik Dam when he investigated the role of cholesterol by feeding chickens a cholesterol-depleted diet.[2] After several weeks, the animals developed hemorrhages and started bleeding. These defects could not be restored by adding purified cholesterol to the diet. It appeared that—together with the cholesterol—a second compound had been extracted from the food, and this compound was called the coagulation vitamin. The new vitamin received the letter K because the initial discoveries were reported in a German journal, in which it was designated as Koagulationsvitamin. [Hamed AminiPour1, Naser Maheri Sis2, Saeid Najafyar Razlighi1, Mohammad SalamatAzar1, MohammadHasan Babazadeh1, Mohammad Taher Maddah1, Navid Reazei1, Mojtaba Namvari1. Effects of vitamin K on ruminant animal: A Review. Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):135-140]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keyword:* Effects of vitamin K on ruminant animal: A Review	Full Text	19
20	Effect of polarity on control based power supply Afshin shaabany ¹, Fatemeh Jamshidi ² ^{1, 2} Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran afshinshy@yahoo.com Abstract: In order to ensure the weld seam more beautiful in welding process, a variable polarity power supply is designed based on 80C196KC control technology. The main circuit of the power supply contains the first inverter circuit and the second inverter circuit. The first inverter circuit uses the soft-switching control technique and realizes the inverted closed-loop constant current control; the second inverter circuit realizes the output waveform control and the variable polarity control. [Afshin shaabany, Fatemeh jamshidi. Effect of polarity on control based power supply. Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):141-143]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Control; inversion; Pulse width modulation; Variable polarity power supply.	Full Text	20
21	Management Software for Stratospheric Airship Afshin shaabany ¹, Fatemeh Jamshidi ² ^{1, 2} Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran afshinshy@yahoo.com Abstract: In this paper a management software for avionics system of stratosphere airship is introduced that is sufficiently accurate and reliable. This paper introduces the object-oriented design of the management software based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML). First, the UML notation used in this paper and modeling steps is introduced. Then, the avionics system of stratosphere airship is depicted. Moreover, requirement analysis is proposed. Finally, we present the framework of management software and the detailed design of the class model. [Afshin shaabany, Fatemeh jamshidi. Management Software for Stratospheric Airship. Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):144-148]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Management Software; Software Design; Stratosphere Airship	Full Text	21
22	Developing Standard Active Queue Management in MMPP Afshin Shaabany, Fatemeh jamshidi Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran; afshinshy@yahoo.com Abstract: Access to the large web content in wide computer networks such as the Internet engages many hosts, routers/switches and faster links and they may challenge the internet backbone to operate at its capacity and this may result in congestion and raises concerns over various Quality of Service (QoS) issues like high delays, high packet loss and low throughput of the system for various Internet applications. Thus, there is a need to develop effective congestion control mechanisms to meet Quality of Service (QoS). In this paper, our emphasis is on the Active Queue Management (AQM) mechanisms, a new analytical approach based on 4-state Markov Modulated Poisson Process (MMPP) is introduced. [Afshin Shaabany, Fatemeh Jamshidi. Developing Standard Active Queue Management in MMPP. Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):149-152]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: AQM: Active Queue Management. MMPP: Markov Modulated Poisson Process. CT-MMPP: continues Time – MMPP.MQL: Mean Queue Length.	Full Text	22
23	Evaluation in E-learning: Case of IRAN Mohammad Reza Sarmady, Mehran Farajolahi, Ardavan Mirzaie Department of Education, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran aa_mirzaie@yahoo.com Abstract: In this paper, we describe about e- learning evaluation. In the first, a review of literature and clearing evaluation means are done and then describe about differences between e-learning and traditional instruction. Some approaches for evaluation orientations are proposed. Evaluation concept and difference between measurement, assessment and evaluation of e-learning become subsequent. In follow we explain about purpose and goal evaluation and then talk about evaluation criteria. Evaluation criteria are including navigation, screen design, instruction structure, content, interactivity and applicability. In the conclusion we discuss about heuristic evaluation. [Mohammad Reza Sarmady, Mehran Farajolahi, Ardavan Mirzaie. Evaluation in E-learning: Case of IRAN. Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):153-159]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Evaluation, education, assessment, measurement, e-learning	Full Text	23
24	Fire Temples at Sassanid Era Dr. Zakarya Valaei Tabriz municipality, Mayor‘s advisor in Regulatory Affairs of marginalization E-mail: z_valai@yahoo.com Abstract: Fire temples mean different places and/or religious constructions in which all followers and believed people of Zoroastrian made fire and performed their religious ceremonies. Although there are some Zoroastrian temples belonging to pre-Sassanid period, but the formation of these centers returns back mainly to Sassanid time. The real goal of this research is to study any religious architecture of Sassanid time and why public beliefs in Zoroastrian had great effects in architecture and how the religious leaders made required situation for religious architecture such as temples and/or four-dams by inviting people to Zoroastrian ideas. Rather than booklet studies and benefiting from different books and translation, it has been used in this essay from field studies and also three important and official temples in Iran including: Azar Goshnasb, Azar Barzin Mehr and Azar Faranbagh. We have visited different temples at different states and then current temples at India at Pouna & New Delhi cities and Chinese temples as well. Generally we may say that all these temples are similar with each other of course with little differences. It seems that the fire place for followers to worship is similar. Different professors studied this item including Professor Schatzer and others. According to the researches of these people, we may find new information about the structure and architectural form of temples. Fire is holy in Zoroastrian believes and all followers have been instructed to worship it accordingly. All Zoroaster’s thoughts have been collected in a holy book under the title of “Avesta”.For this purpose, Sassanid kings managed to establish different temples and/or four-dam structure throughout their domain area with similar and harmonized architectural forms. But each temple was allocated to a special class of society from worshiping point of view and for maintenance of holy fire in it On the other hand, by studying and researching these places and religious structure we may find complete and new information in addition to make clear any religious and political relations and culture of Sassanid society accompanied with a new way for researchers to find historical works, classic architecture and cultural heritage of ancient Iran. [Zakarya Valaei. Fire Temples at Sassanid Era. Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):160-167]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Architecture, Temples, Sassanid, Azargoshnasb and Azar Barzin Meh	Full Text	24
25	Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):168-176].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 9	Full Text	25
26	Pharmacological and Acute Toxicity Studies of some Synthesized Macrocyclic Bis-Schiff-Base Candidates Hatem S. Ali^a, Mohamed A. Al-Omar^b and Abd El-Galil E. Amr^c,d ^aDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. ^bDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. ^cDrug Exploration & Development Chair (DEDC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia ^d Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt hatemali888@hotmail.com Abstract: A series of macrocyclic Schiff-bases have been prepared via the cyclo-condensation of pyridine-2,6-dicarbonyl dichloride (1) with appropriate dibasic amino acids. The macrocyclic tricyclo-bis-acid hydrazide 3 was chemically synthesized, starting from the acid chloride 1 by coupling with L-ornithine methyl esters to afford the corresponding bis-ester 2, followed by coupling with hydrazine hydrate. Condensation of bis-hydrazide 3 with diacid anhydrides or aromatic aldehydes in refluxing acetic acid or ethanol gave the corresponding macrocyclic bis-imides 4, 5 and macrocyclic bis-hydrazones 6a-j, respectively. The pharmacological screening showed that many of these newly synthesized compounds have good anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities comparable to diclofenac potassium and valdecoxib as reference drugs. The structure assignment of the new compounds was based on chemical and spectroscopic evidences. [Hatem S. Ali, Mohamed A. Al-Omar and Abd El-Galil E. Amr,Pharmacological and Acute Toxicity Studies of some Synthesized Macrocyclic Bis-Schiff-Base Candidates^.Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):177-184].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Macrocyclic candidates, amino acids, Schiff-bases, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.	Full Text	26
27	Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of New Tetrazole Derivatives from 1((1H-tetrazol-5-yl) methyl)-1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole as synthon Omar M. Ali^1,2, Abd El-Galil E. Amr³^,4, Mahmoud M. M. Ramiz⁵, El-Sayed E. Mostafa⁶ and Amira S. El-banna¹ ¹ Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt ²Taif University, Faculty of Medical and Applied Science, Turabah, Taif, KSA ³ Drugs Exploration & Development Chair (DEDC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia ⁴ Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt ⁵Department of Physics and Mathematical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt ⁶Department of Microbial Chemistry, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt omali_66@hotmail.com Abstract:* A series of benzotriazoles and tetrazole derivatives was synthesized using 1((1H-tetrazol-5-yl) methyl)-1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole 3 as starting material. Treatment of 3 with ethyl bromoacetate gave 4, which was treated with hydrazine hydrate to give the hydrazide 5. The hydrazide 5 was reacted with aromatic aldehydes or D-mannose and D-xylose to give the corresponding hydrazones 6 and 7a,b, which were reacted with acetic anhydride in pyridine at room temperature and with reflux to afford the corresponding per-O-acetyl derivatives 8a,b and cyclised products 9a,b, respectively. The antimicrobial screening showed that many of these newly synthesized compounds had good antimicrobial activities comparable to streptomycin and fusidic acid as positive standards. [Omar M. Ali, Abd El-Galil E. Amr, Mahmoud M. M. Ramiz, El-Sayed E. Mostafa and Amira S. El-banna^.Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of New Tetrazole Derivatives from 1((1H-tetrazol-5-yl) methyl)-1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole as synthon^.Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9):185-191].(ISSN:1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: synthesis, triazoles, tetrazoles, sugars, antimicrobial activities	Full Text	27
28	SMART ACCESS CONTROL WITH FINGER VEIN AUTHENTICATION AND NEURAL NETWORK Azadeh Noori Hoshyar¹, Riza Sulaiman², Afsaneh Noori Houshyar³ ¹Master of Computer Science, Department of Computer Science, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43000, Malaysia. a_noori_h@yahoo.com ²Associate Professor in Industrial Computing, Department of Industrial Computing, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43000, Malaysia. rs@ftsm.ukm.my ³Master of Industrial Computing, Department of Industrial Computing, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43000, Malaysia. a_nh86@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: Biometrics systems for identification purposes have been developed for decades. Different methods include fingerprint, face, iris, retina, signature, gait, voice, hand vein, hand/finger geometry, DNA information have been proposed while fingerprint, face, iris and signature are considered as traditional identification methods. Each method has its disadvantages. Fingerprint systems usually have low security because they remain after touching a surface, hence patterns can be copied. Similarly, face and voice patterns can easily be cloned. Iris scanning reflects a light into eyes which make the system unfriendly. Contrasting with other biometrics, vein patterns makes the systems more secure and distinguishable because they are hidden inside the body and the situation of outer skin can not effect on that. This study investigated a Smart Access Control using Finger Vein authentication and Neural Network. Fourteen finger vein images collected from individuals by shining a near-infrared light through fingers. Automated image cropping was implemented. Image processing was done for reducing noise of finger vein images. The patterns of veins were extracted by combining two segmentation methods include: (i) Morphological Operation (ii) Maximum Curvature Points in Image Profiles. After extracting the vein image features, Neural Network was used to get the quality of training and testing. Neural Network was also applied for the purpose of recognizing individuals. [Azadeh Noori Hoshyar, Riza Sulaiman, Afsaneh Noori Houshyar. SMART ACCESS CONTROL WITH FINGER VEIN AUTHENTICATION AND NEURAL NETWORK. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9):185-191]. (ISSN:1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Finger Vein authentication, Vein recognition, Verification, Feature extraction, segmentation	Full Text	28
29	Amendment Effect of Antioxidants of Barley and Oat against Teratogenicity Induced by Amitraz Omina, I. Ali ¹, Hanaa, M.R. Hegazy² and Fatma,M.Fakhry ¹ ¹ Toxicology Dept. ,Animal An. Health Res. Inst., Cairo, Egypt ² Toxicology Dept., Fac. of Vet. Med., Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt drhantox@yahoo.com Abstract: The present study investigated the protective effect of phytonutrients and antioxidants in barley and oat added to diet on teratognic effects induced by amitraz® after maternal exposure during pregnancy. 40 pregnant albino rats were divided into 4 groups each of 10. one group was kept as control fed the balanced ration& administered distilled water. Three groups were administered amitraz® (50 mg/ kg b.w.) by gavage during organogenesis from days 6 through day15 of gestation, a group of them fed the balanced ratio and the other 2 groups fed the same diet supplemented with barley or oat (20%), 4 days prior of gestation and continued till the end of the experiment. All dams underwent a caesarean section on day 20 of gestation and their fetuses were examined for external, visceral and skeletal abnormalities. Amitraz induced maternal toxicity manifested as lower body weight gain, developmental toxicity included fetal death, a decrease in fetal body weight and length, as well as increased incidence of fetal external, visceral & skeletal anomalies. These findings were prevented or in lower incidence in groups provided with barley or oat. The obtained data were reviewed and discussed. Conclusively, barley and oat supplement have protective and positive modulation response due to their phytonutrients and antioxidants against congenital anomalies induced by amitraz®. In recommendation, the incorporation of cereal grains such as barley and oat in the food products are chemopreventive agents for adverse effects of xenobiotics. [Omina, I. Ali ,Hanaa, M.R. Hegazy and Fatma,M.Fakhry. Amendment Effect of Antioxidants of Barley and Oat against Teratogenicity Induced by Amitraz. Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):201-207]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Kwywoed: Amendment Effect, Antioxidants Barley, Oat against Teratogenicity Induced Amitraz	Full Text	29
30	Organic Agriculture in Egypt: Production Economics and Challenges (A Case Study of Fayoum Governorate) Enas E. Sadek * and Ayman A. Shelaby Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt * ess00@fayoum.edu.eg Abstract: The organic agriculture is no more a phenomenon of developed countries. The organic agriculture is revolutionary hitting the agriculture sector in Egypt. Fayoum governorate is considered the third between the Egyptian governorates with regard to the organic agricultural land and many researchers considered developing research about. The profitability of organic production is high when targeting international markets as the awareness of using organic products in Egypt is still in progress. Years of experience, area cultivated, and the growing method are constraints for the productivity per feddan of the organic production. [Enas E. Sadek and Ayman A. Shelaby. Organic Agriculture in Egypt: Production Economics and Challenges (A Case Study of Fayoum Governorate). Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9):208-215].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Organic -agriculture	Full Text	30
31	Assessment of Dysmenorrhea and Menstrual Hygiene Practices among Adolescent Girls in Some Nursing Schools at EL-Minia Governorate, Egypt Neamat A. Abd El-Hameed ¹, Maher S. Mohamed², Nadia H. Ahmed ³^, and Eman R. Ahmed ³ ¹Nursing Technical Secondary School,El-Minia Governorate, Egypt,²Obstetrics & Gynecological Medicine Dept., Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Egypt, ³ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assuit University, Egypt. emomedo2@yahoo.com Abstract: Most females exhibit some degree of pain and discomfort during menstrual period, which can impact on their daily activities, and disturb their productivity at home or at their workplace. In our country many girls may lack appropriate and sufficient information regarding dysmenorrhea and menstrual hygiene, causing incorrect unhealthy behavior during their menstrual periods. This study was done for the adolescent girls to assess the prevalence & pattern of dysmenorrhea and to examine the menstrual hygiene practices among students in some Elminia nursing schools. This study conducted in some nursing school at EL-Minia governorate (Mallawy, and Abu- korkas) nursing schools. These schools were selected for data collection between the periods from Feb. 2009 to May 2009. The sample comprised 160 eligible female students according to the following criteria 14: 19 years of age, single female and free from medical & gynecological problems. The study applied a descriptive cross sectional design in which two tools were used for data collection. A special structured questionnaire was designed to assess sociodemographic characteristics, information about menstrual characteristics and practices related to menstrual hygiene and verbal multidimensional scoring system for assessment of dysmenorrhea was used to assess the severity of pain. This study was carried out in two phases; preparatory phase and the implementation phase. The present study reported a high prevalence rate of dysmenorrhea (94.4%) was categorized as (49.0%) for 1^stdegree of pain, (34.4%) for second-degree and (16.6%) for third-degree. Measures taken to relieve dysmenorrhea were found to be: intake of certain types of domestic hot drinks (43.0%), taking analgesics (22.5%), and (66.2%) Perform physical activities during menstrual period. All students (100.0%) took complete hot baths during menstruation. About one-fourth (26.9 %) of students just took rest and staying at home, who believed that physical activities will increase the menstrual pain and increase feeling of exhaustion. On conclusion the high prevalence of dysmenorrhea was observed and the useful measures mentioned and encouraged are: exercise practiced by (66.2%) of students and the entire students (100%) take hot bath during menstruation (76.8%) from them practiced hot bath as a management for dysmenorrhea, however the necessity to adopt a healthy behavior, which includes: appropriate nutrition and appropriate use of medications based on a physician's prescription was a very important issue. [Neamat A. Abd El-Hameed, Maher S. Mohamed, Nadia H. Ahmed and Eman R. Ahmed, Assessment of Dysmenorrhea and Menstrual Hygiene Practices among Adolescent Girls in Some Nursing Schools at EL-Minia Governorate, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(9)216-223].(ISSN:1545-1003) .http://www.americanscience.org. Key Words: dysmenorrhea, menstrual hygiene, adolescent girls	Full Text	31
32	Determination of Some Heavy Metals in Table Hen's Eggs Azza M. K. Sobeih^1and Hanaa, M.R. Hegazy² ¹Food Control Dep., Fac. of Vet. Med. Kafrelsheikh Univ. Egypt. ²Forensic Med. and Toxicology Dep., Fac.of Vet. Med., Kafrelsheikh Univ. Egypt. : dr.azzasobeih@yahoo.com Abstract:* The aim of this study was to determine the content of copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and arsenic in table hen's egg samples (commercial, home produced and organic, 40 for each), in Egypt. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used for analysis of metals. The mean of heavy metals levels (ppm fresh weight) for commercial, home produced and organic egg samples were 0.644 ± 0.02, 0.62 ± 0.03 and 0.436 ± 0.04 Cu; 53.35 ± 1.06, 60.56 ± 1.14 and 49.76 ± 0.6 Zn; 0.23 ± 0.08, 0.057 ± 0.02 and 0.096 ± 0.04 Pb respectively, while Cd and As could not be detected from any of the examined samples. The average daily intake (mg/kg/person) due to consumption of 100g eggs/day were calculated as 0.058 Cu, 5.52 Zn and 0.013 Pb while ADI (mg/70kg person/day) are 35,70 and 0.5 for the same metals respectively. It was concluded that eggs are poor source of Cu and Zn, but home produced and organic eggs (20% each) are less contaminated by lead than commercial eggs (40%). All the examined (100%) hen's eggs samples were within permissible limit (PL) for Cu, Cd and As but 85% of commercial, 100% of home produced and 90% of organic egg samples were within PL of Pb while all samples (100%) were higher than PL of Zn. It was concluded that indoor feeding of home reared hen in Egypt lower level of heavy metal contamination in eggs. [Azza M. K. Sobeihand Hanaa, M.R. Hegazy, Determination of Some Heavy Metals in Table Hen's Eggs. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9): 224-229] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words: Heavy metals, table hen's eggs, spectrophotometer.	Full Text	32
33	**Actinomyces hyovaginalis: A novel bacterial isolate with transforming activity of vitamin D₃ to 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃** Ahmad M. Abbas; Khaled M. Aboshanab, Mohammad M. Aboulwafa * and Nadia A. Hassouna Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., POB: 11566, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt; ^maboulwafa@yahoo.com Abstract:* A total number of 180 bacterial isolated were recovered from various soil samples collected from different localities in Egypt using paraffin baiting technique. A screening program applied on the collected isolates scored five isolates coded A11-2; A13-4; A8-4; A26-7 and A26-8 with potential activity for vitamin D3 transformation. Preliminary analysis, using TLC, showed that the selected isolates were able to transform vitamin D₃ into 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (calcitriol) with 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (calcidiol) as an intermediate. Mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analyses of the produced calcidiol and calcitriol by the respective isolates showed that isolate A11-2 exhibited the highest product intensity of the m/z precursor ions of both calcidiol and calcitriol. The isolate A11-2 was selected and identified using microscopical, culture and biochemical characteristics as well as Biolog microbial identification system as Actinomyces hyovaginalis. This is the first report for vitamin D₃ transformation into its biologically active forms by the genus Actinomyces. [Ahmad M. Abbas; Khaled M. Aboshanab, Mohammad M. Aboulwafa and Nadia A. Hassouna Actinomyces hyovaginalis: A novel bacterial isolate with transforming activity of vitamin D₃ to 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9): 230-237]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: vitamin D₃ biotransformation, calcidiol, calcitriol, Actinomyces hyovaginalis.	Full Text	33
34	On Assessment of Brain Function Adaptability in Open Learning Systems Using Neural Networks Modeling (Cognitive Styles Approach) H . M. Mustafa and Saeed. M. Badran Faculty of Engineering, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, KSA Mustafa_hasan47@yahoo.com hhasan@bu.edu.sa sbadran@bu.edu.sa Abstract: The piece of research presents a conceptual overview on diverse cognitive styles reflections in adaptable Open Learning systems. The main goal of this approach is quantitative forecasting the performance of adaptable Open Learning (equivalently e-learning) Systems using cognitive Neural Network modelling. Furthermore, analysis of interactive two diverse learners' cognitive styles with a friendly adaptable teaching environment (e-courses material). Consequently, presented paper provides e-learning systems' designers with relevant guide for learning performance enhancement. Additionally, it supports e-learners in fulfilment of better learning achievements during face to face tutoring. Accordingly, quantitative analysis of e-learning adaptability performed herein, via assessment of matching between learning style preferences and the instructor's teaching style and/or e-courses material. Interestingly, application of two realistic cognitive models using Artificial Neural Network gives an opportunity to experience well assessment of adaptable e-learning features. Such as adaptability mismatching, adaptation time convergence, and individual differences of e-learners' adaptability. [H .M. Mustafa and Saeed. M. Badran, On Assessment of Brain Function Adaptability in Open Learning Systems Using Neural Networks Modeling (Cognitive Styles Approach). Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):238-247]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: E-learning Systems; Cognitive Learning Style; Artificial Neural Networks; Learning performance parameters.	Full Text	34
35	“The Efficacy of Schema Therapy on Women Suffering from Dysthymia Disorder: Reduction of Depression Severity and Early Maladaptive Schema” (A single Case Study) Seyed Mehdi HosseiniFard, Behroz Dolatshahi, Asghar Dadkhah, Parvane Mohamadkhani ^{University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR), Tehran, Iran;} mehdih6@ gmail.com Abstract:Objectives: The present study aimed to examine the efficacy of schema therapy in treatment of women’s dysthymia disorder. Method: Six women, who suffered from dysthymia disorder, were chosen based on structured diagnostic clinical interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder i.e. DSM-IV (SCID). Subjects were chosen by purposive sampling and after being qualified in accordance with therapeutic conditions, they entered into treatment process. The study employed a single system multiple–baseline design. The schema therapy was given to six women over the course of 16 weekly sessions and the follow-up stage was pursued two months after the end of treatment. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI- II) and Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form (YSQ-SF) were the research tools. Optical Analysis and Cohen’s Coefficient of Effect size were used for statistical significance. Recovery percentage was also applied to measure clinical significance. Findings: The schema therapy was effective on reduction of depression symptoms and early maladaptive schemas. Conclusion: Schema therapy has appropriate efficacy in treatment of women suffering from dysthymia disorder. [Seyed Mehdi HosseiniFard , Behroz Dolatshahi , Asghar Dadkhah , Parvane Mohamadkhani. “The Efficacy of Schema Therapy on Women Suffering from Dysthymia Disorder: Reduction of Depression Severity and Early Maladaptive Schema” (A single Case Study). Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9): 248-255].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org Keywords: Schema Therapy, Dysthymia disorder, Beck Depression Inventory	Full Text	35
36	Leptin and Thyroid Hormones as Endocrinal Biomarkers of Inflammation in End-Stage Renal Disease and Renal Transplant Khadiga Abou Gabal^1; Khalid El-Hadidi² and Tarek M.Aly³ ¹Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt ²Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt ³ Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt ^kshadidi@hotmail.com Abstract: Background: Renal functions affect thyroid and adipocytokines as leptin in many ways. Low free triiodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4) are frequent alteration in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This derangement has been recently linked to inflammation in haemodialysis patients. Whether this association holds true in relation to other inflammation markers in hemodialysis patients and who undergoing kidney transplantation has been under our study. Methods: We investigated the relationship between low-grade inflammation [C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum albumin levels] and free triiodothyronine (fT3) in a cohort of 30 patients from different centers of hemodialysis: Faysal Kidney Dialysis Unit and Health Insurance Dialysis Units: [10 were under hemodialysis (HD group); 10 were with succeeded kidney transplant (ST group); and 10 with failed kidney transplant (FT group)] and all investigations and BMI were done for all patients, no inter-current illnesses was found] and a group of 10 healthy subjects. Thyroid hormones were measured using enhanced chemiluminescnce technique; serum leptin was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA); CRP and the other routine chemistry tests were done using the chemistry automation. Results: HD group had significant lower fT3 levels (2.3+21 pg/ml) than ST group (2.89+29 pg/ml); P<0.01, while had no significant difference in fT3 levels compared with FT group (2.34+21 pg/ml); P>0.05. The healthy subjects showed highly significant difference in fT3 levels (3.34+29 pg/ml) than in all HD, ST and FT groups; (P<0.01). In HD group, free T3 levels were inversely related to serum creatinine, cholesterol (R=-0.645; P<0.05 and R= -0.715; P<0.01 respectively) while were directly related to diastolic blood pressure (R=0.342; P<0.05). In FT group, serum leptin showed a direct correlation with CRP and serum creatinine (R= 0.725; P<0.01 and R=0.758; P<0.01 respectively) and an inverse correlation with hemoglobin (R=-0.747; P<0.01) while fT4 showed a direct significant correlation with serum albumin (R=0.651; P<0.05). Conclusion: The relationship between fT3, fT4, CRP and serum albumin suggests the inflammation– malnutrition involved in the low T3, low T4 syndromes in hemodialysis patients. Among patients with ESRD undergoing kidney transplantation, those displaying lower pretransplant serum fT3 and fT4 levels are at higher risk for subsequent graft failure. We need values of serum fT3 and fT4 levels for graft survival in a larger scale suggesting that measurement of pretransplant serum fT3 and fT4 levels might represent a clinically useful parameter to identify patients with increased risk for graft failure. A possible role of adipocytokines may be found in the metabolic disturbances that frequently accompany thyroid dysfunction in chronic renal failure. [Khadiga Abou Gabal; Khalid El-Hadidiand Tarek M.Aly, Leptin and Thyroid Hormones as Endocrinal Biomarkers of Inflammation in End-Stage Renal Disease and Renal Transplant. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9): 256-262].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: ESRD; hemodialysis; transplantation; inflammation; CRP; leptin; low T3 syndrome; low thyroxine.	Full Text	36
37	Evaluation of the Effect of Omega 3 Fatty Acid (N-3) on Socket Healing in Orchiectomized Rats Heba M. Eltokhey and Dalia H. Zahran^* Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; ^dhzahran@gmail.com Abstract:* Although osteoporosis has been long considered a disease of post-menopausal women, it is now increasingly being recognized among the growing population of elderly men as a source of substantial morbidity and even mortality in the aging male. It is firmly established that androgen withdrawal induced by orchiectomy (ORX) results in decreased bone mass in animal models especially in rodents that may be associated with an increase of bone resorption and fracture risk. The current research was aimed to determine the effect of fish oil supplementation on socket healing and bone structure and composition in orchiectomized rat model. Thirty male albino rats were randomized into two groups: sham-operated (Control) group (n=10) or bilaterally orchiectomized (ORX) group (n=20). The ORX groups were divided equally among the following treatment: orchiectomy and orchiectomy + 10% fish oil (omega 3). Four weeks after surgery, the right 1^st molars were extracted. Twelfth weeks after surgery, rats were sacrificed and right mandibular bone was evaluated by light, scanning electron microscope and elemental analysis. Light microscopic examination of group II revealed osteoporosis that was evident as wide intercommunicating marrow spaces and many discontinuous trabeculae with an isolated trabecula were observed. Also, irregular, resorped outer cortical surface with many osteoclasts in their Howship's lacunae were observed. However, almost restoration of bone microarchitecture was observed in group III rats (Omega 3). SEM of group II showed significant morphological changes (pore formation, fissures, disintegrated bone architecture, reduced compactness and exposure of collagen fibers). However, in Group III sockets there were significant restoration of bone morphology. The X-ray microanalysis of Group II revealed a decrease in calcium ratio and an increase in phosphorous ratio as compared to Group I. However, Group III that received omega 3 showed higher calcium level and lower phosphorus level when compared to Group II. It is concluded that fish oil supplementation has a positive effect on socket healing and bone structure and composition in orchiectomized rats. [Heba M. Eltokhey and Dalia H. Zahran, Evaluation of the Effect of Omega 3 Fatty Acid (N-3) on Socket Healing in Orchiectomized Rats. Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):263-271]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: osteoporosis, orchiectomy, tooth extraction, socket healing, omega 3 fatty acids.	Full Text	37
38	The relation between fabric construction, treatments and sewability F. Fathy Saied¹, Z. m.abdel-megeid² and L.K. El Gabry^2* Academy of Specific Studies, Worker University¹ and National Research Centre², Textile Research Division, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. z_algory@yahoo.com Abstract: In this study, the effects of fabric construction and treatments on the sew ability of cotton/polyester woven fabric are investigated. Fabric mechanical tests are measured using FAST (Fabric Assurance by Simple Testing) system, for assessing aspects of the performance in garment manufacture and garment appearance after wear. The optimization construction are used to carry out treatments impart to improve pilling and antimicrobial activity. The effect of fabric construction and treatments on sewing needle penetration of untreated and treated fabric is measured for determine any damage which appears in garment. It was found that formability, bending rigidity and shear rigidity decrease with decrease the weft count, but extensibility increase consistently. Also, the construction of plain has count No.40/1 gave low force penetration. [F. Fathy Saied, Z. m.abdel-megeid and L.K. El Gabry. The relation between fabric construction,treatments and sewability. Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):272-280]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Construction, FAST, Cotton/polyester blend fabric, sewability, ant pilling and antimicrobial.	Full Text	38
39	Diagnosis of Breast Cancer and Clustering Technique using Thermal Indicators Exposed by Infrared Images Hossein Ghayoumi Zadeh ¹, Iman Abaspur Kazerouni ¹, Javad Haddadnia¹ ^1. Sabzevar Tarbiat Moallem University/Department of Electrical Engineering, Sabzevar, Khorasan Razavi Iran h.ghayoumizadeh@gmail.com Abstract: In this paper we proceed breast cancer detection through thermal indicators at infrared images to be taken from the patient. The work is notably important according to non application of harmful radiations where are used to produce mammography images for instance. In this method it has been tried to provide people in general, easy detection of breast cancer by using image processing techniques along with computer artificial intelligence tools. In this paper we proceed Half technique to detach breast region out of thermal image and then we cluster detachments using Fuzzy K- Means method. The presented method is highly important in breast cancer detection through which, while applying the technique, there would be possibility to diagnose the cancerous region and cut it away within few seconds. In a better word, there have been used three assimilate procedures of asymmetry analysis, thermogrphy development and K- means clustering to minimize error occurrence. Since breasts with malignant tumors have higher temperature than healthy breasts and even breasts with benign tumors, in this study, we look for detecting the hottest regions of abnormal breasts which are the suspected regions. [ Hossein Ghayoumi Zadeh, Iman Abaspur Kazerouni, Javad Haddadnia. Diagnosis of Breast Cancer and Clustering Technique using Thermal Indicators Exposed by Infrared Images. Journal of American Science 2011;7(9):281-288]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Breast cancer; Half Circular; k-means; Thermograph	Full Text	39
40	Application of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score in Comparison to Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE III) Score to Patients with Cancer Admitted to the Intensive Care Department: An Egyptian Experience Mahmoud A Elbadry, Lamiaa Hamed, Akram Abdelbary and Awadh Bamakhramah Critical Care Department, Faculty of Medicine Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt Abstract: Introduction: Prognostic models, such as Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score, and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III were developed to quantify the severity of illness and the likelihood of hospital survival for a general intensive care unit (ICU) population. Little is known about the performance of these models in specific populations, such as patients with cancer. Objective: The aim of present study was to describe the utility of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score in assessing the severity of organ dysfunction compared to Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE III) in patients with cancer patient admitted to the intensive care unit.Methods Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Eighty patients (in Critical Care Department, Cairo University, Egypt) included in eight month (October 2009 to May 2010) for an acute medical complication. They were divided into two groups. Group (1) included 50 patients having malignancy and group (2) included 30 patients with no malignancy. All had eligibility criteria of multiorgan failure. Interventions: None. Measurements: the worst variables included in the APACHE III and SOFA scores were collected during date of admission and follow up in the first 24 hrs of the ICU stay. Discrimination was determined by computing the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC). Calibration was calculated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. Results: In group (1); the main reasons for ICU admission were hepatic coma (28%), respiratory failure (18%), postoperative care (18%), and other (36%).The ICU mortality rates was 54% , that increased into 81.8% when mechanical ventilation was required. ICU length of stay (LOS) 4.56 ± 2.21, 5.33± 3.71 days in survivors and nonsurvivors, respectively. While in group (2); the main reasons for ICU admission were shock (26.7%), renal (20%) ,respiratory failure (16.7%), hepatic coma (16.7%), and other (19.3%).The ICU mortality rates was 26.7%,that increased into 61.5%. when mechanical ventilation was required. ICU length of stay (LOS) 12.04 ± 10.82, 9.62± 7.38 days in survivors and nonsurvivors, respectively. Discrimination was superior for APACHE III on 24hr (AROC = 0.95, 0.83). Calibration was better using APACHE III on 24hr, , showed good calibration as indicated by hosmer –lemoshow (chi 5.275,14.25 at df 7,8 , p: 0.626,0.075),in group (1)&(2) respectively. Conclusion: The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE III) reported to have better discrimination ability than SOFA-based model at 24hour of admission and a better accuracy to predict ICU mortality in oncological and non oncological patients. [Mahmoud A Elbadry, Lamiaa Hamed, Akram Abdelbary and Awadh Bamakhramah Application of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score in Comparison to Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE III) Score to Patients with Cancer Admitted to the Intensive Care Department: An Egyptian Experience. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9): 289-296]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keyword: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score in Comparison to Acute Physiology	Full Text	40
41	Identification of Factors Affecting Complications of Chest Drains in Menoufia University Hospital Neama Ali Riad and ^Amina Ebrahim Badawy Medical-Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Menoufia University ^deanmahmoud@yahoo.com Abstract: A chest tube or chest drain is an essential life saving measure for the management of pneumothorax, hemothorax and hemopneumothorax developed as a consequence of chest trauma. Despite the enormity of its clinical utility, this procedure carries considerably significant preventable morbidity. The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting complications of chest drains. Prospective observational study was carried out in Menoufia university hospital on 52 patients in the emergency department, ICU and cardiothoracic surgical department. Data were collected at the time of drain insertion and continued until drain removal. The period of data collection was 12 months from January 2010. Two structured format were used to collect data pertinent to the study. Sociodemographic and medical data sheet and Patient assessment sheet. The results indicated that the mean (± SD) drain size was (16.2± .83 F), The most common indications for drain insertion were heamothorax ( 28.8% ), for empyema mean tube size (15.28 ± 1.38 ) was lesser than other conditions but the mean tube duration/days was longer than other conditions (11 ± 3.4 ). In relation to complications (28.8%) of the sample had no complications ,only(3.8%) of the sample had pneumothorax as secondary to chest drain insertion, while (7.7%), (7.7%), (7.7%), and (9.6%), developed pain, cough, bleeding(minor), surgical emphysema respectively. 4 cases of empyema were recorded (7.7%), this occurred following chest drain insertion into heamothorax and pleural effusion. 6 drains (11.5%) were dislodged through tube management which were draining primary pneumothorax, and 8 drains ( 15.4 %) were blocked which were draining empyema. less successful resolution occurred with empyema 1(11.1%). The more complications occurred with the more junior nurses (diploma) and less experienced but the more successful rate occurred with nurses with higher education and more experienced (post graduate (master). [Neama Ali Riad and Amina Ebrahim Badawy Identification of Factors Affecting Complications of Chest Drains in Menoufia University Hospital. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9):297-303]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keyword: Identification of Factors Affecting Complications of Chest Drains in Menoufia University Hospital	Full Text	41
42	Pediatric Nurses' Stresses in Intensive Care Units and Its Related Factors Fatma A. Mohamed¹; Yousr A. Gaafar^2 and Wafaa M. Abd Alkader² ¹Faculty of Nursing, Tishreen University. ²Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University. ^dr_yousr@hotmail.com Abstract: Stress is an important psychological concept that can affect health, it can cause significant problems. Stress response may be psychological, spiritual, and environmental. This study aimed to identify pediatric nurses’ stresses in Intensive Care Units “ICUs” and its related factors. The study was conducted on 135 nurses in the ICUs at Children’s University Hospital at El-Shatby. Two tools were used to collect necessary data. Tool 1 Nurses' stresses related factors structure questionnaire. Tool 2 Nursing Stress Scale (NSS). The results revealed that the most common source of nursing stress was death and dying, uncertainty about treatment, conflict with other nurses, and workload. Also, nurses are faced with multiple stress factors which are personal, interpersonal relationship, health care system, occupational and environmental stress factors. The study concluded that the neonatal intensive Care Unit “NICU” was the most stressful area for nursing staff. The present study clarified that there was a statistically significant relation between nurses’ stress and their age, unit, and work schedule. [Fatma A. Mohamed; Yousr A. Gaafar and Wafaa M. Abd Alkader. Pediatric Nurses' Stresses in Intensive Care Units and Its Related Factors. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9):304-315]. (ISSN:1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: stress, stressors	Full Text	42
43	Maternal Versus Pediatric Nurses Attitudes Regarding Mothers’ Participation in the Care of Their Hospitalized Children Mohamed Abdulkader Abdulbaki, Yousr Abd Elsalam Gaafar^* and Omnia Galal Waziry ¹ Pediatric Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Tishreen University. ²Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University. ^dr_yousr@hotmail.com Abstract:* Family-centered care (FCC) emerged as an important concept in health care at a time of increasing awareness of the importance of meeting the psychosocial and developmental needs of children, in addition to stressing the role of families in promoting the health and well-being of their children. This study aimed to identify maternal versus pediatric nurses attitudes regarding mothers’ participation in the care of their hospitalized children. The study was conducted on 100 pediatric nurses who are working in three medical units of Children’s University Hospital at El-Shatby in Alexandria, and 100 mothers who are accompanying their children in medical units for at least 48 hours. Two tools were used in order to collect the necessary data about the study subjects as following: Tool I: Maternal attitude structured interview schedule. Tool II: Pediatric nurses’ attitude questionnaire, the results revealed that the majority of both mothers and pediatric nurses reported positive attitude towards mothers’ participation in children’s hygienic and feeding care as physical care activities. On the other hand pediatric nurses had less positive attitude towards mothers’ participation in: certain nursing care activities, some aspects of child’s psychological care activities, child’s moral support activities, supporting the child during investigation and management, and spiritual care activities of hospitalized children compared to the majority of the studies mothers who reported more positive attitude regarding their participation in the previous activities. [Mohamed Abdulkader Abdulbaki, Yousr Abd Elsalam Gaafar and Omnia Galal Waziry. Maternal Versus Pediatric Nurses Attitudes Regarding Mothers’ Participation in the Care of Their Hospitalized Children. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9): 316-327]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: family centered care, parental participation (PP).	Full Text	43
44	Evaluation of the Health Value of some Beverages Prepared from Vegetable and Fruit Wastes Seham S. Kassem, Maha, H. Mahmoud, Madiha M. Abdel- Kader and El-Shobaki, F. A.^*

Organic Agriculture in Egypt: Production Economics and Challenges (A Case Study of Fayoum Governorate)

Enas E. Sadek * and Ayman A. Shelaby

[Enas E. Sadek and Ayman A. Shelaby. Organic Agriculture in Egypt: Production Economics and Challenges (A Case Study of Fayoum Governorate). Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9):208-215].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

[Fatma A. Mohamed; Yousr A. Gaafar and Wafaa M. Abd Alkader. Pediatric Nurses' Stresses in Intensive Care Units and Its Related Factors. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(9):304-315]. (ISSN:1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.