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Characteristics of human intellect in Ibn Sina views

Zeinab Sagvand

Technical University of Country, Teacher of Girls Technical college of Khoramabad, Khoramabad, Iran.

Email: irajkhan_57@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this paper it has been attempted to study active intellect, human intellect and characteristics of human intellect in Ibn Sina views. Intellect is a spiritual and subtle essence whereby human soul perceive essential sciences and due to it become knowledgeable, intellect needs to body and physical powers in all of its actions while theoretical intellect doesn’t  need to the body all the time and all sides but it is sometimes self-sufficient by nature.

[Zeinab Sagvand. Characteristics of human intellect in Ibn Sina views. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):1-5]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 1

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.01

Key Words: active intellect, understood intellect, internalized intellect, human intellect

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Psychological distress and Social Support among Substance Abused Patients in a Psychiatric Hospital at Assiut Governorate

Naglaa Abd El Megied Mohamed  and Reda Abd El Aal Thabet.

Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of nursing. Assiut University

*noga_abdo69@yahoo.com

Abstract: Abstract: Drug abuse remains a critical problem in most countries and is associated with several social and economic consequences. Addiction has grown to such proportions that it has become a priority health problem and a serious threat to the stability of social, political and legal instructions in many countries. The aim of the study: The study aimed to identify the psychological distress and social support among substance abused patients. The study was carried out in the Psychiatric Mental Hospital at Assiut governorate, Egypt. Subjects and methods: The study sample comprised 50 addict patients and 50 persons as a control group. Five tools were used for data collection, namely: Sociodemographic Data sheet, socioeconomic scale, pattern of substance abuse questionnaire, symptom check list- 90 (SCl – 90) and Norbcek Social Support Questionnaire (NSSQ). Results: The main results yielded by the study proved that, a higher percentage of married was found among the addict patients than those in control group, the percentage of the manual work (workman) among the addict patients was higher than the control group, the level of secondary education was higher among the addict patients than in the control group, The high social class was observed more frequent among the addict patients, the oral administration was observed more frequently than the other routes, tranquility was the first desired effect for drug abuse, depression was the more frequent symptom among the addict patients, and the addict patients had bad social support compared to control group. Recommendation: healthy productive activities should be provided for youth in the community to keep them away from harmful stimuli.

 [Naglaa Abd El Megied Mohamed  and Reda Abd El Aal Thabet. Psychological distress and Social Support among Substance Abused Patients in a Psychiatric Hospital at Assiut Governorate. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):6-12]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.02

Key Words: Psychological distress, Social Support, Substance Abused, Patients, Psychiatric Hospital

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Comparing the laws of adoption in Iran and France

¹ Siamak Arianpoor, Babak Arianpoor

¹ PhD student of law, Dushanbe, Tajikistan

Abstract: Child adoption is a legal entity based on which there would be a special relationship between the adopted child and the adoptive parents. This phenomenon has a long history throughout the history of law and has always been cared for in various periods of time for different purposes. This legal foundation has been recently accepted in western countries laws in complete, incomplete, or simple forms with different results and after some developments. In spite of accepting this institution in Iran during the Sasanid dynasty and its validity among the Zoroastrians, it was abolished through the influence of Islam; however, due to individual and social benefits, and the crucial need of the society to establish justice and in order to protect the unprotected children and orphans, it was revived under the title of protecting unprotected children with certain legal requirements. In comparison to Iran, child adoption has a long history in other countries and it has different conditions and requirements in various periods of time and in different law systems. With regard to different perspectives and various methods, adopting a child within a family will lead to the creation of some legal relationships in law. Therefore, this paper aims to study child adoptions rights in the laws of Iran and France.

[Siamak Arianpoor, Babak Arianpoor. Comparing the laws of adoption in Iran and France Forests. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):13-16]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.03

Keywords: rights, law, child adoption, Iran, France

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Women at the Political Elite Level in the U.S.: A Multi-Factor Analysis of Limited Participation

Shabnam Dadparvar¹, Zou Yixuan², Liu Chencan³

¹PHD student of International Relations, CCNU, dadparvar@ut.ac.ir

² MA in Ethics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Catherine_zouyixuan@hotmail.com

³ PHD students of Constitutionalism and the rule of law, CCNU, acan71@msn.com

Abstract: Although women's achievements are considered to prove their desirable conditions in western societies, especially in the United States, women’s presence at political elite level is much lower than men in that country. Attention to the top elective offices in the United States reveals a deep gender disparity: In 112^th congress (2011-2013), among 435 representatives, there are only 17 women in Senate and 75 in the House. Considering the success of the “quota system” in European, Latin American, partly African and Asian countries, the author believes that using of this method in the United States in the short term, help the women to be more confident in their abilities and also, people feel the positive effect of their presence and vote them more. On the other hand, since according to the accomplished researches, women have more inclination for peace, their more presence in the congress, can be influential in interior and foreign policies, and hence, in international relations. This article surveys and analyzes the reasons, seeking to understand why in the United States, with an established democracy, women’s presence is lower than men at high political positions and descriptive-analytical method is used to examine factors leading to this lower presence. The factors are: political, economic, and social-cultural.

 [Shabnam Dadparvar, Wang Yonghui. Women at the Political Elite Level in the U.S.: A Multi-Factor Analysis of Limited Participation. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):17-28]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.04

Keywords: women, United States, political; economic and cultural factors, quota system

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The comparison between "ideal kingship" in ancient and middle era

Zia Khazaei

Department of Political Science, Zahedan branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran.

Abstract: Political philosophy is part of philosophy in general sense. A political theory by a philosopher is affected by his philosophical attitude towards the universe, the existence, creation structure, and finally cognition the truth. Therefore, in order to understand the political philosophy, at first the philosophical attitude of a philosopher toward a tribe or nation must be allocated. Since in ancient philosophy capturing does not tolerate possessing entire the world so political philosophy is opposed to the policy based on prepotency and sovereignty. Thus, formulating and developing a desirable society is considered as a goal of political philosophy and realization the utopia is not possible through violence. So the nations and peoples who philosophically contemplate always disagree with the policy based on the prepotency and their political ideals were the basis for criticizing the current policies and paved the way for the opposition to the force and domination policy. Iran's ancient civilization along with the philosophical contemplation composed of political philosophy was the foundation of criticizing the politics in the form of ideal kingship and Persian utopia and continued through the end of the Sassanid dynasty and gradually tended to weakness and decline by dominating Iranian element and gradually lost its ideological and philosophical component so that it turned to justifying the policy based on prepotency and hegemony in middle era.

[Zia Khazaei. The comparison between "ideal kingship" in ancient and middle era. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):29-33]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.05

Keywords: Thought, ideal kingship, ancient era, middle era

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Dyeing of Nylon 6 and Silk Fabrics with Novel Polyfunctional Disazo Reactive Disperse Dye

Mohammed F. A*, Farouk R., Youssef Y. A. and Mousa A. A

Textile Research Division, National Research Centre, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

fatmaali_611@yahoo.com

Abstract: The synthesis of a new polyfunctional disazo reactive disperse dye containing bis (sulphatoethylsulphone) /monochlorotriazine reactive system is described. The structure of the synthesized dye was established and confirmed by TLC, elemental analysis and spectral data (IR and ¹H-NMR).The dye has been applied to nylon 6 and silk fabrics at a variety of pH. Optimum dye exhaustion and fixation were achieved at pH 8 and 100 °C. The introduction of  two temporarily anionic sulphatoethylsulphone and monochlorotriazine reactive groups into the reactive disperse dye molecule was found to promote the fixation and the build up, as a result of the combination between two different reactivity in the dye a complementary behavior achieved to resist variations in dyeing conditions. The results of dyeings on both substrates indicate that the model polyfunctional disazo reactive disperse dye shows a higher degree of exhaustion and fixation on silk than on nylon 6. All the dyed fabrics tested displayed high light fastness and excellent fastness properties.

[Mohammed F. A, Farouk R., Youssef Y. A. and Mousa A. A. Dyeing of Nylon 6 and Silk Fabrics with Novel Polyfunctional Disazo Reactive Disperse Dye. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):34-39]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.06

Keywords: Disazo dyes; Polyfuntional; Dyeing; Sulphatoethylsulphone/ Monochlorotriazine Reactive disperse dye; Silk; Nylon 6.

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The Holiness of “Rooster” in Mithraism

Mahin Ahbabi

PhD Student of "ancient history", Tajikistan Academy of Sciences, Tajikistan

Abstract: According to the myths, the rooster was among the first birds, which was introduced to the Iranians by Keyumars, and stayed with the human forever. Since the beginning of domestication, and then at the peak time of the Mithraism among the Aryans, the rooster had holiness, and venerability. It was the partner of Sraosha Yazata, Mithra Yazata, and the Sun, and helped them in repulsing the Satan, demons, and elves. One can find its holiness and cooperation with the Sun and Mithra, in the Greek and Iranian myths. In the Zoroastrian religious books, rooster is one of the holy and good-created creatures of Ahura Mazda. Therefore, among the Iranian, Afghan, and Tajik people, the rooster, owned holiness. Therefore, in the works discovered, in the settlements and myths, one can find the relationship of the rooster with their religion and rituals, because, in the past, the rooster’s vigil and crow at dawns used to be like a warning or alert for the Aryan people. With its crow, people used to get up in the morning and started working, and it was known as the power of gods. The holiness and venerability of the rooster, stayed among the people after Islam as well.

[Mahin Ahbabi. The Holiness of “Rooster” in Mithraism. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):40-44]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.07

Keywords: Mithra, Sraosha, rooster, myths, holiness, legend, Aryans, Badakhshan

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Evaluation of capitalism process motivation mechanism in basis of fiscal in Iran’s industrial Companies

Hakimi, Farhad

National University of Tajikistan

Email: Farhadhakimi650@yahoo.com

Abstract: developing and developed countries constantly apply fiscal policies in order to modify level, scheduling, type and structure of various industries’ capital expenses. some fiscal policies which are applied in this base would be such as alteration in fiscal rates, alteration in deductions’ depreciation rate, endowing different exemption, fiscal discount, etc. regarding the point that Iran Islamic republic has reformed fiscal rules in 2001,so present research put an effort to reform the recent rule which have been designed with the purpose of capital rate growth. this research has been accomplished as a case study on observation of capital process stimulus mechanism by Iran industrial companies ‘s fiscal that necessary financial information concluded from 2006-2009 years and using F test and Hausman test, results indicate that new rule hasn’t key role in capital rate regardless of pre-conditions of rule reformation and fiscal exemption and other factors such as bank profit rate, housing enhancing rate, etc would be more effective. the main purpose of this research would be observation of companies ‘s fiscal rates on capital behavior in fixed budget of companies in Tehran’s priced paper stock which is as the Iran ‘s industry representative, also this hypothesis would be mentioned here that capital in fixed budget has significant role in theory of fluctuations and economical growth and also in designing the fiscal policies.

[Hakimi, Farhad. Evaluation of capitalism process motivation mechanism in basis of fiscal in Iran’s industrial Companies. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):45-52]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.08

Key words: capital growth, financial and monetary policies, industry and production

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Effect of Potassium on Arsenic Accumulation in Two Basil Cultivars

Reza Farhadi¹ (Corresponding author), Mohammad Rahimi², MojibSalehi Balashahri³, Iman Ghadiri ⁴, Kamran Amirinasab⁵

1-2-3-4. Department of horticulture, Bandar Jask branch, Islamic Azad University, Roodan Branch, Roodan, Iran.

5. Department of Horticultural, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.

Abstract: In order to evaluate the effects of potassium fertilizers on arsenic toxicity in two varieties of basil, a factorial experiment was conducted using Completely Randomized Block Design. Studied factors included two varieties of keshkeniluvelouand local of Zabol seed as the first factor and triple super phosphate fertilizer at three levels of 50, 150 and 250 mg.kg soil-1 as the second factor. Fixed amount of 15 mg.kg soli -1 arsenic sulphate was added to all pots. Analysis of variance showed no significant effect of variety on aerial parts potassium percentage, while potassium fertilizer levels effect with arsenic and their interactive effect were significant. Interaction between arsenic and potassium showed that highest arsenic content at the aerial parts achieved from lowest applied potassium level.

[Reza Farhadi, Mohammad Rahimi, MojibSalehi Balashahri, Iman Ghadiri, Kamran Amirinasab. Effect of Potassium on Arsenic Accumulation in Two Basil Cultivars. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):53-55]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.09

Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Heavy Metals, Essential oils, Chemical fertilizers

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Evaluation of cardinal temperatures and germination response to temperature in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Medicinal plant

MojibSalehi Balashahri¹, Reza Farhadi² (Corresponding author), Rahman mehdizade Dehostai³, Iman Ghadiri⁴, Mohammad Rahimi⁵

1،2, 5 - Department of horticulture bandar jask branch،Islamic Azad University, Jask Branch, Jask, Iran

3-Department of biologi bandar jask branch،Islamic Azad University, jask Branch, jask, Iran

4-PhD student at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Irrigation and Drainage

Abstract: Understanding of the seed germination response of cultivated genotypes to low and high temperature is important in agronomical. Those genotypes that germinate in lower temperatures could be useful in temperate areas where temperature is low in germination stage whereas the genotypes tolerant to high temperatures could be sown in the areas with high temperature. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to study of the seed germination characteristics to temperature. In this experiment we used 9 genotypes of safflower crop with 7 fixed temperatures (5⁰C , 15⁰C , 20⁰C , 25⁰C , 30⁰C , 32⁰C and 36⁰C ) as factorial experiment in the growth chamber. The results showed that the effect of genotype, temperature and their interactions on germination characteristics were significant and significant reductions in the germination of safflower at temperature less than 5⁰C and upper than 30⁰C . The base (T_b), optimum (T_O) and maximum (T_C) temperature for germination safflower were obtained 3, 28 and 38 respectively.

[MojibSalehi Balashahri, Reza Farhadi, Rahman mehdizade Dehostai, Iman Ghadiri, Mohammad Rahimi. Evaluation of cardinal temperatures and germination response to temperature in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Medicinal plant. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):56-60]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.10

Keywords: safflower; germination; genotype; temperature

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Effect of Growth Hormones on Physiology Characteristics and Essential Oil of Basil under Drought Stress Condition

Hosein Gholami¹, Reza farhadi² (Corresponding author), Mohammad rahimi³, Azar zeinalikharaji⁴, Armin askari⁵

1, 2 - Department of horticulture bandar jask branch،Islamic Azad University, jask Branch, jask, Iran

3- Department of horticulture bandar jask branch،Islamic Azad University, jask Branch, jask, Iran.

4- Islamic Azad University, Roodan Branch, Roodan, Iran.

5-Department of horticulture bandar jask branch،Islamic Azad University, jask Branch, jask, Iran

Abstract: Priming is one of the seed enhancement methods that might be resulted in increased seed performance (germination and emergence), seedling growth and plant yield under stress conditions, such as salinity, temperature and drought stress. In order to evaluate the effect of growth hormones on morphology characteristics and essential oil of basil under drought stress condition, an experiment was conducted at plant research center in Islamic Azad University of Gorgan Branch, Iran, in 2011 year. Experiment was factorial conducted based on CRBD design with 3 replicate in greenhouse. Treatments were include 4 levels priming by growth hormones (control, cytokinin (3%), GA3 (200 ppm) and combinations of hormones for 12 h) and 4 levels of drought stress (D1=100, D2=80, D3=60 and D4=40 percentage of field capacity). Results analysis of variance showed that drought stress had negative significant effects on emergence percentage, morphology characteristics, 1000-seed weight and yield of essential oil, chlorophyll contents and antioxidant enzyme (APX, CAT, GR, SOD and POD), but reduced priming by growth hormones these negative effects. Results of comparing means showed that priming by combinations of hormones had positive significant effects on study factors compared to other seed priming treatments (cytokinin and GA3).

[Hosein Gholami, Reza farhadi, Mohammad rahimi, Azar zeinalikharaji, Armin askari. Effect of Growth Hormones on Physiology Characteristics and Essential Oil of Basil under Drought Stress Condition. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):61-63]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.11

Keywords: Basil, cytokinin, GA3, Drought Stress, chlorophyll, antioxidant enzyme

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Effect of Phosphorous on Arsenic Accumulation in Two Basil Cultivars

Reza Farhadi (Corresponding author), Mohammad Rahimi, Mojib salehibalashahri, Hosein Gholami

Department of horticulture bandar jask branch،Islamic Azad University, jask Branch, jask, Iran.

Abstract: In order to evaluate the effects of Phosphorous fertilizers on arsenic toxicity in two varieties of basil, a factorial experiment was conducted using Completely Randomized Block Design. Studied factors included two varieties of keshkeniluvelouand local of Zabol seed as the first factor and triple super phosphate fertilizer at three levels of 50, 150 and 250 mg (P).kg soil^-1 as the second factor. Fixed amount of 15 mg.kg soli ^-1 arsenic sulphate was added to all pots’ soil. Analysis of variance showed significant effect of variety, P fertilizer with arsenic and their interactive effects on absorbed phosphorous from soil, while effect of P fertilizer level with arsenic and their interactive effect was statistically significant. Evaluation of relationship between P and Asshow that with increase in applied P content in both varieties As concentration in the aerial parts is reduced.

[Reza Farhadi, Mohammad Rahimi, Mojib salehibalashahri, Hosein Gholami. Effect of Phosphorous on Arsenic Accumulation in Two Basil Cultivars. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):64-66]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 12

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.12

Keywords: Medicinal plants, Heavy metals, Essence, Chemical fertilizers.

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Conjunctivolimbal autograft with and without Fibrin Adhesive in Pterygium Surgery

Madeha Abd El-Fatah Kamel, Zinab Sayed Hassan, Mona El-Sayed Ali, Sahar Saad El-Deen

Ophthalmology Department Faculty of Medicine (for Girls), Al-Azhar University, Egypt

dr_mona1408@hotmail.com

Abstract: Aim: To compare between the use of biological fibrin adhesive and the current method of attaching conjunctivo-limbal autograft with simple suturing during primary pterygium surgery. Patients & methods: Twenty-nine patients with thirty primary pterygia had pterygium excision using conjunctivolimbal autograft transplantation. They were classified into two groups regarding the method by which the transplanted conjunctivolimbal autograft was fixed as follows: Group I: Simple suturing was done for 15 eyes. Group II: Fibrin glue was done for 15 eyes. Results: Marked drop in tear production ( around 10 mm) was reported in both groups and there was non  significant statistical difference between both groups as regards the value of Schirmer's test (p-value > 0.05). Re-epithelialization of the corneal defect was complete in all cases of both groups by the end of the second postoperative week. There was marked reduction in the mean duration of surgery in group II (19.7±5.2minutes) in comparison to 39.7 ± 3.9 minutes in group I.  Conclusion: Fibrin glue is easy, safe and effective in fixing conjunctivolimbal autograft  during  primary pterygium excision. It reduces surgical time and is associated was less complications than simple suturing of the graft.

[Madeha Abd El-Fatah Kamel, Zinab Sayed Hassan, Mona El-Sayed Ali, Sahar Saad El-Deen. Conjunctivolimbal autograft with and without Fibrin Adhesive in Pterygium Surgery. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):67-73]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 13

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.13

Keywords: Conjunctivolimbal autograft, Fibrin Adhesive, Pterygium Surgery.

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An analysis of the reasons of Abu Muslim Khorasani’s animosity towards Abbasid veteran Propagandists

Ali Akbar Abbasi

PhD in History, Department of History, Literature and Human Sciences faculty, University of Isfahan. Iran

aa_abbasi_z@yahoo.com

Abstract: One of the Abu Muslim Khorasani’s strange actions was to kill famous and veteran Abbasid Propagandists. Abu Muslim himself was called as the Propagandist and was the leader of Abbasid revolt in Khorasan at the time of its appearance. He was so much clever and took action with organized plans. In this article we intend to analyze and clarify Abu Muslim’s plan and purposes of killing Propagandists who were more experienced than him in Abbasid propaganda and revolt. Abbasid veteran Propagandists did not consider Abu Muslim important even at the pinnacle of his honor and glory, because during his adolescence he was a slave who was bought by Abbasid propagandists and bestowed unto Abbasid imam and this caused their being ruined by Abu Muslim when the leader of black garments reached honor and gained power. Famous and old individuals such as Lahiz Tamimi, Qahtabah Ibn Shabib Tai, Abu Salamah Khalal and Sulayman Ibn Kathir Khuzai were ruined by Abu Muslim’s plan.

[Ali Akbar Abbasi. An analysis of the reasons of Abu Muslim Khorasani’s animosity towards Abbasid veteran Propagandists. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):74-78]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 14

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.14

Key words: Abu Muslim Khorasani, Abbasid Propagandists, Lahiz, Sulayman, Qahtabah, Abu Salameh

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Comprehensive Study of the Testing Coverage of Testing Methods for Communications Protocols and Software

Dr. Hazem El-Gendy *, Dr. Magdi Amer **

* Faculty of CS & IT, Ahram Canadian University, Egypt, h_elgendy@masrawy.com

** Faculty of Eng., OumKorea Uni., Makkua, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Magdi.amer@gmail.com

Abstract: The importance of certification/conformance testing the implementations of communications protocols and software systems are fast increasing. Formal methods for the derivation of testing sequences have been developed. In this paper, we present the results of a comprehensive study of the coverage of these testing methods using a simulator. We also present analytical remarks on the methods and analysis of their scope of applicability.

[Hazem El-Gendy, Magdi Amer. Comprehensive Study of the Testing Coverage of Testing Methods for Communications Protocols and Software. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):79-84]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 15

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.15

Keywords: Communications Protocols, Conformance/Certification Testing, Formal Methods, Test Derivation Methods, Implementation Under Test (IUT), Finite State Machine (FSM).

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Information Communication Technology for Agriculture Development

Abdul Razaque Chhachhar

Department of Communication, Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication,

Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Email: razaque_mc@hotmail.com

Md Salleh Hassan   (Corresponding author)

Department of Communication, Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication,

Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Email: Mdsalleh@upm.edu.my

Abstract: In developing countries information and communication technology has played very important role in the development of education, health, rural development as well as in agriculture development. This technology has brought a significant change in agriculture development in third world countries where farmers directly connected with market, buyers, customers and metrological department to get information regarding weather and price.  Information communication technology has also increased the income of farmers in different countries. Now there is need to provide facilities to farmers and introduce technology in rural areas where farmers are unaware and they do not have knowledge and skills regarding this technology.  It was also indicated by different research that this technology has increased the product of agriculture by adopt information and communication technology tools in agriculture farming. However, farmers are facing major problems and challenges including poor agricultural practices inadequacies in information delivery reconciliation of records among farmers, government and traders similarly lack of information on best practices to farmers.

[Abdul Razaque Chhachhar. Information Communication Technology for Agriculture Development. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):85-91]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 16

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.16

Keywords: ICT marketing weather information farmers and agriculture development 

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Approximation of Parametric Functions by Bicubic B-spline Functions

Majid Amirfakhrian , Sahar Didab

 Department of Mathematics, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.

amirfakhrian@iauctb.ac.ir

 Department of Mathematics, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract: In this paper we propose a method to approximate a parametric 3D function by bicubic B-spline functions.

[Majid Amirfakhrian. Approximation of Parametric Functions by Bicubic B-spline Functions. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):92-96]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.  17

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.17

Keywords:  partial differential equations, parabolic equations, Radial basis function, collocation method.

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Hangouts in Iranian neighborhoods

Vahid Bali Chalandar, Nahid Shangal Nia

Abstract: Spread of ties and familiarity of people with new elements led to the emergence of special thoughts. This process resulted in the emergence of intellectuals and their efforts to find a place for meeting and discussing different issues was followed by the establishment of various intellectual hangouts. Hangouts may be assumed independent of location and the location ascribed to the hangout. In fact, it is not the hangout talks that are attributed to a specific location but a specific place can be attributed to a particular group. When there is no interest or meaning as well as it is in the community, mental conditions of people gathered in a place inevitably pulls them toward accepting each other. One of the major tasks of humans in cities is to understand leisure time and how to use it. In addition to human growth and excellence, leisure time has an undeniable role in improving social relations in a society. General use of urban spaces is to create a place for relaxation, entertainment, jaunt, communication, socialization, and traffic. Hangout is a new issue and event and belongs to the modern world; worlds in which free individuals are present in free gatherings and take action to socialize without any specific plan. These components build a new social life. Outdoor urban spaces and public gathering places for social communications are considered as hangouts in the present paper.

[Vahid Bali Chalandar, Nahid Shangal Nia. Hangouts in Iranian neighborhoods. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):97-104]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.  18

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.18

Keywords: Hangout; Public space; Leisure time; urban spaces

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Applying Logarithmic Fuzzy Preference Programming and VIKOR Methods for Supplier Selection: A Case Study

Shayan Atashin Panjeh ¹, Ali Sasani ²

¹M.A. Candidate of Industrial Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

 ² M.A. Candidate of Entrepreneurship Management, University of Tehran, Iran

Abstract: Supplier selection plays a key role in supply chain management and deals with evaluation, ranking and selection of the best option from a pool of potential suppliers especially in the presence of conflicting criteria. The aim of this study is applying a new integrated method for supplier selection. In this paper, the weights of each criterion are calculated by using of Logarithmic Fuzzy Preference Programming. After that, the VIKOR method is utilized to rank the alternatives. Then we select the best supplier based on these results.

[Shayan Atashin Panjeh, Ali Sasani. Applying Logarithmic Fuzzy Preference Programming and VIKOR Methods for Supplier Selection: A Case Study. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):105-109]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 19

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.19

Keywords: Supplier Selection, Logarithmic fuzzy preference programming (LFPP), VIKOR, Fuzzy set.

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Modeling and Simulation of Egyptsat-1 Satellite System Powered by Photovoltaic Module

M.B. Eteiba ¹, G.M. El-Bayoumi ² and M.S. El-Negamy¹

¹Electrical Engineering Department, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt

²Aerospace Engineering Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

Mokheman_2020@yahoo.com

Abstract: The paper presents a method of simulating photovoltaic module by tacking the manufacturer specified data sheet at standard test condition as inputs. A method for estimating the unknown parameters of the general single diode solar cell model using Newton's raphson method is described. The fourth parameters  QUOTE   of the photovoltaic module are calculated with the aim of three remarkable points on the photovoltaic I-V characteristics and make QUOTE  . The developed model allows the predication of photovoltaic module behavior with respect changes on environmental and physical parameters. The main idea of this paper is to make a computer digital model instead of real model for photovoltaic module used in Egyptsat-1 satellite, and explain the relation of  QUOTE  as a function of QUOTE  .

[M.B. Eteiba , G.M. El-Bayoumi and M.S. El-Negamy. Modeling and Simulation of Egyptsat-1 Satellite system powered by Photovoltaic Module. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):110-116]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 20

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.20

Keywords: Modeling, Simulation, Photovoltaic system, Egyptsat-1, Low Earthling QUOTE   Orbit satellite, Matlab QUOTE   Code package software.

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Secure Key Management and Verification of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

 Nazir Ahmad Zafar¹and Ishtiaq Ahmed Choudhry²

^1,2Department of Computer Science, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia

Emails: nazafar.ichoudhry@kfu.edu.sa

Abstract: Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are self-configured nodes that are connected to each other without any static infra-structure like conventional wired networks. This attractive technology offers many interesting applications in different areas such as rescue operations, and army war zones. However, MANETs are exposed to many security challenges. The conventional security solutions for wired or wireless networks are ineffective and inefficient due to cooperative nature of MANETs. A significant amount of research is found in the literature to address these security challenges. In this paper, we have reviewed many proposed security solutions. We have proposed modified security architecture to address some security issues. Then we have used formal methods to define the security architecture using Z notation. Finally we have analyzed and verified these specifications using Z/Eves toolset.

[Zafar NA and Ahmed IC. Secure Key Management and Verification of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks J Am Sci 2013;9(1):117-123]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 21

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.21

 Keywords: Mobile ad hoc networks, security, Formal methods, Z notation, Z/Eves

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The effect of innovation and initiative on the competitiveness power of Iran industries

 Gholamreza Tondpour

Department of Management, Dehdasht branch, Islamic Azad University, Dehdasht, Iran

Abstract: This assay examines the effect of innovation and initiative on the competitiveness power of industries. Today industries are very important as the industrial structure growth in innovation all over the world and for the Growing countries. Competition is one of the essential issues that there are different criteria to estimate it. The companies need to create the new method and completely different products to be successful to do the best performance and presenting the best product. So being in competitiveness conditions needs to create the essential change in the playing rule. So we can use the   competitiveness to reach to the desired and permanent economical growth.

[Gholamreza Tondpour. The effect of innovation and initiative on the competitiveness power of Iran industries. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):124-128]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.  22

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.22

Keywords: innovation; Competition, Iran industries

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©THE RATIONAL VARIABILITY OF ALL EMPTY SPACE BY PRIME NUMBERS

(The new Mathematics of Primordial 1:3 and “Chan” function of prime numbers)

Part 1:     The Curved “Chan” Function of Prime numbers

Vinoo Cameron MD,

Hope Research, Athens, Wisconsin, USA.

E Mail: Hope9900@frontier.Com

ABSTRACT: The author has written this manuscript exclusively for Dr Sophia Wang of JMR and Dr Hong Ma, editor of JAS for their brilliant humility and creative understanding of science, for understanding function over form. All of this mathematics is due the exclusive grace of my personal Lord Jesus Christ. This paragraph is absolute, in that we all perform our best by inspiration and not by intellect, which itself is relative. Mathematics is absolute. The author wishes to make it clear that there is absolute proof by theorem in this manuscript to tie the modulation of Prime numbers exclusively to the proportions 5:6:7, with the proportion 6 being the equalization factor representing the half-line of the variable coordinates of empty space. Without doubt the proportion prime 19 with its1:3 expression in empty space and inverse 19 (for trigonometry at 1:3), is the actual measuring compass of the entire mathematical continuum that unifies mathematics. The published papers are exact in delineating the curved function of Prime numbers and the half line that modulates this function. Likewise we have a superior sieve for prime numbers at 6 that however is not relevant here, as we are here to prove the new discovery of “Chan Point”, and Modulation of the prime numbers curved function (© Chan Function. Section 11, will deal with the unification of prime numbers to a corrected new trigonometry and the correct mathematical value (3.14159292035), which is long overdue due in mathematics. Current mathematics has not yet proven the correct Pi value by mathematics. Caution:  since the mathematics is curved, kindly, if you seek to understand it, take the curves very slowly. The proof of the 5:6:7 is absolute here, and is “Ipso Facto”.

[Vinoo Cameron. ©THE RATIONAL VARIABILITY OF ALL EMPTY SPACE BY PRIME NUMBERS (The new Mathematics of Primordial 1:3 and “Chan” function of prime numbers) Part 1: The Curved “Chan” Function of Prime numbers. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):129-149]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 23

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.23

Key words: Prime numbers variability, Half-line of prime numbers “Chan Function”, prime number theorem

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A Survey on The Relationship of Managerial Roles Whit Expertise And Capabilities, And Their Impact on Organizations 

Ali Bagherifar (corresponding Author)¹, Alireza Askarpour² 

^1.Department of Managment, Ahvaz Branch,Islamic Azad UniversityAhvaz, Iran

^2.Department of Managment, Shoushtar Branch,Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran 

Abstract: The Purpose of This Research is to Investigate The Relationship Between Three Variables Including Skills, Capabilities Managerial Roles, And Their Impact on the Organization. The Research Wethod is Scaling _ Correlation. Statistical Community of This Research Includes 157 Managers in Ahvaz.Sampling Was Not Considered And all Individuals Were Studied Through Census. To Collect Data, Three Groups of Standard Questionnaires Were Used. Questionnaires Were Also Obtained According to Experts. The Obtained Data Was Investigated For Independent Group Using Statistical Methods Such as Pearson`s correlation test, Multiple Regression, Single _ Way Variance Analysis, And Test (t). The Obtained Results Suggested That Investigated With Human, Technical, Communication Skills And Intellectual _Mental, Academic Capabilities And Have a Larger Share in Success of Organizational Systems.

[Ali Bagherifar, Alireza Askarpour. A Survey on The Relationship of Managerial Roles Whit Expertise And Capabilities, And Their Impact on Organizations. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):150-156]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 24

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.24

keywords: Expertise, Capabilities. Role, Organization.

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Developing and Validating Proposed Occupational Risk Management Standards at Critical Care Units

Magda. A. El- Molla

Nursing administration Department, Faculty of Nursing-Cairo University

Magda_elmolla@yahoo.com

Abstract: Risk management for health care institution is not a new socially and/or legally ordained program. A pro active risk management (RM) is an approach to identify and eliminate or minimize hazards. So risk management demand is a proactive rather than reactive strategy. Therefore, hospitals needs to develop risk management standards to provide guidelines for managing risks, protect patients, health care providers and organization’s acids. A critical care unit is a high- technology environment. However, the critical care nurse needs not only to be aware of what benefits the technology holds for patients, but also what adverse effects. The aim of this study was to develop and validate risk management standards for critical care unit, El- Manial University hospital. A methodological design was carried out on a sample of seventy nurses and thirty physicians at critical care unit El- Manial University hospital; data was collected over a period three months. A risk assessment questioner tool was developed by the researcher. It consists of two parts: (1) socio-demographic data and (2) risk management standards (30 items) it covered 5 major occupational risk factors. Expert opinionnaire sheet about content validity and face validity of the proposed RM standards was undertaken. The study findings related to occupational risks hazards were occupational risks at low level in biological, psychological and physical risks(50%,48% and 47% respectively), while at moderate level in environmental and chemical risks(43% and 48% respectively). They exposed to air born and blood born in moderate level which should be managed by hospital within a week. Also, a statistical significant difference between the psychological, environmental and chemical risk was evident at P< 0.0564, also between years of experience and exposure to risk. The study suggested RM standards should be used by the critical care unit; as well these standards should be reviewed, revised and updated periodically every three years. Also, establishment of RM units within the critical care unit is recommended. In addition, applying of RM standards should be encouraged and rewarded encourage notification about risks.

[Magda. A. El- Molla. Developing and Validating Proposed Occupational Risk Management Standards at Critical Care Units. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):157-164]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 25

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.25

Keywords: Hazards, Risk, Risk assessment, critical care unit, Risk management standards.

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Personnel management: Plans & Strategies

Behnam Hadi1*, Sadegh Farahani 2

1*Sama technical and vocational training college, Islamic Azad University, Sama Organization, Andisheh

Branch, Andisheh, Iran

2 Ministry of Science, Research and Technology of I.R.IRAN

*Behnamhadi@andisheh-samacollege.ir,  Spfarahani@yahoo.com

Abstract: It is widely believed that the role of managers is becoming a key determinant for enterprises' competitiveness in  today's  knowledge economy era.  Personnel  Management  or  Human Resource Management (HRM) is a critically important issue within any organization's Management Framework .Personnel Management is a planned approach to managing people effectively for performance. It aims to establish a more open, flexible and caring management style so that personnel will be motivated, developed and managed in a way that they can and will give of their best to support departments' missions. (Bergenhenegouwen, Ten Horn and Mooijman, 1996). Human Resource Management (HRM) or more specifically competence management is an important function of knowledge management because it reasons about an organization’s most important resource – the knowledge and skills of its staff. (Dittmann, L. 2003). Typically such functions as staffing, project staffing, human resources development and more are supported by competence management, i.e. the reasoning about availability and absence of required competencies both on the level of an organization as well as on the level of individual members of the organization.

[Behnam Hadi,    Sadegh Farahani. Personnel management: Plans & Strategies. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):165-171]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).  http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 26

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.26

Keywords: Personnel management, Human Resource Management, Plans & Strategies

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Approaches on Leadership Theories
 

Javad Sadeghi*, Mehdi Yadollahi,  Mohsen Darya Baygi,  Atefeh Ghayoomi

Department of management Studies, Payam-E Noor University, I.R. Iran

*Mfma155@yahoo.com

Abstract: This research suggests some styles of effective leadership in organizations in order to know purposes, theories as well as old and new methods of leadership. Leadership and the kind of leading in organizations which correlate with person’s abilities, skills and leadership is the process that an individual’s ability and influence is more than others. Leadership is the consequence of using role and leader’s ability in influencing others. Effective leadership will have useful movement and systematic which increases abilities and improves efficiency. In the present study, researcher shows how to lead women and men, differences between them, leadership behaviors, and leadership methods to achieve a final desirable purpose that is servant and effective leadership to make trust between leadership and followers. Leadership is necessary for every kind of useful and conscious movement. This finding discovers understandings to direct practicable leadership in organization.

[Javad Sadeghi, Mehdi Yadollahi,  Mohsen Darya Baygi, Atefeh Ghayoomi. Approaches on Leadership Theories. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):172-177]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 27

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.27

Keywords: Leadership, Leader, Effective leadership, Organizations

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Relationship between occupational stressors and mental health status among university hospital nurses

Mahbobeh Karimi¹, Neda Sayadi ², Somayeh  Ansari³, SHayesteh  Haghighi*⁴

¹ BSn, MSn Ottawa, Canada

² Faculty of Nursing  and  Midwifery , Midwifery  Department, Ahvaz, Jundishapur  University  of  Medical  Science, Ahvaz, Iran

³ Faculty of Nursing  and  Midwifery , Midwifery  Department, Ahvaz, Jundishapur  University  of  Medical  Science, Ahvaz, Iran

⁴ Faculty of Nursing  and  Midwifery, Medical  and  Surgical Department, Ahvaz, Jundishapur  University  of  Medical  Science, Ahvaz, Iran

*shayestehh@ymail.com

Abstract: Nursing is one of the most stressful careers in the world and this stress affecting most aspects of nurses life. However, the effect of occupational stressors on their mental health status is not clear yet, so the aim of this study was to evaluate relationship between occupational stressors and mental health status among university hospital nurses. Methods: In this analytical cross – sectional, study 146 nurses of teaching hospital of Ahwaz University were enrolled. The participants filled three questionnaires of personal characteristics, nursing stress scale (NSS) and general health questionnaire (GHQ28) and the relation between occupational stressors and mental health of samples was investigated. Results: Of those nurses who responded, 136 (93.7%) were female and 9 (6.3%) were male. The mean age of participants in the study was 38±15 years. Duration of employment was 14±12 years. GHQ-28 scores and NSS scores had a positive correlation with each other (P<0.001, r=0.329).Conclusion: According to present study, positive association between occupational stressors and mental health status of nurses is existed, and because of the importance of their mental health in their nursing care quality, it seems paying attention to nurse occupational stressor and their mental health in level of prevention is essential.

[Mahbobeh Karimi, Neda Sayadi, Somayeh  Ansari, SHayesteh Haghighi. Relationship between occupational stressors and mental health status among university hospital nurses. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):178-180]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 28

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.28

Keywords: Nurse; Mental Health;stress

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Joubert Syndrome: Clinical and Radiological Characteristics of Nine Patients

¹Ahmed F. El-Hassanin and ²Hesham A. El-Ghaiaty

¹Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

²Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt

Abstract: Background: Joubert Syndrome (JS) is a rare genetic developmental disorder, first identified in 1969.  In patients with JS, certain regions of the brain (mainly cerebellar vermis and brainstem) are underdeveloped or malformed.  This can lead to impaired attention, visual, spatial, motor, language and social functional skills.  JS is characterized by a host of features, many of which do not occur in every patient. Aim of the study: To spotlight and increase awareness of clinical profile and neuroimaging findings of children with Joubert syndrome. Methods: This is a retrospective case series study of patients with JS who attended the Pediatric Neurology Clinic in Aladan and Alfarawanya Hospitals in Kuwait, from September 2007 to September 2012. Clinical and radiological data were obtained from the patient medical records. Results: Cerebellar vermis hypoplasia/aplasia and apnea were present in all patients, polydactyl in 3 of 16; renal problems with cysts in 5 patients and 11 of 16 had abnormal electroretinograms (ERGs). Blood investigations of organic acids, amino acids and very-long-chain fatty acid, were normal in the all the nine patients. Conclusion:  JS is a rare genetic brain malformation with association of retinal dystrophy and renal abnormalities. The retinal dystrophy may be progressive. The prognosis of patients depends mainly on the degree of brain malformation.

[Ahmed F. El-Hassanin and Hesham A. El-Ghaiaty Joubert. Syndrome: Clinical and Radiological Characteristics of Nine Patients. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):181-187]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 29

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.29

Keywords:   Joubert syndrome, retinal dystrophy, renal anomalies, children, Cerebellar vermis hypoplasia

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Tissue Extract Fluid Cytokine Levels as Markers for Wound Vitality: An Experimental Comparative study

Ahmed H. Rizk MD, Mohamed El-Shishtawy MD, Adel F. Al-Kholy MD*

Departments of Forensic & Clinical Toxicology & Medical Biochemistry*, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University

Abstract: Objectives: To experimentally evaluate the ability of estimation of tissue extract levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 for differentiation between antemortem (AM) and postmortem (PM) wounds and for rough determination of time lapsed since death till wound inflection. Material & Methods: The study comprised 20 normal healthy growing adult male albino rats. Four skin biopsies were obtained from the back of each animal; one AM and 3 PM. Each PM biopsy was obtained from the edge of new wound inflected at 30-min (PM1), 60-min (PM2) and 6 hours (PM3) after death. The subcutis of skin specimens was removed and skin samples were homogenized and tissue extract fluid (TEF) was used for ELISA estimation of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Results: Mean AM specimens TEF levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly higher compared to their levels estimated in the three PM specimens with significantly higher levels in PM1 and PM3 specimens compared to PM2 specimens. Mean PM2 specimens TEF levels of IL-6 were significantly higher compared to AM, PM1 and PM3 specimens with significantly higher levels in AM specimens compared to PM3 specimens. There was a positive significant correlation between TEF levels of IL-1β and TNF-α with wound vitality. While TEF levels of IL-6 showed a positive significant correlation with time lapsed between death and wound inflection. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, elevated TEF level of IL-1β showed significantly high sensitivity for identification of wound inflected since ≤60 minutes PM with area under curve (AUC=0.186, p=0.035) compared versus the null hypothesis, while TNF-α and IL-6 showed non-significant difference. Conclusion: Estimation of TEF levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 could differentiate between wounds inflected while animal was alive and PM wound. However, estimation TEF level of IL-1β works better for such differentiation and could determine wound inflected within 60 minutes PM with high sensitivity.

[Ahmed H. Rizk, Mohamed El-Shishtawy, Adel F. Al-Kholy. Tissue Extract Fluid Cytokine Levels as Markers for Wound Vitality: An Experimental Comparative study. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):188-193]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 30

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.30

Keywords: Wound age, Tissue extract fluid, Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α

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Atrial Electromechanical Delay and Left Atrial Functions in Children with Type 1 DM

Nevin M Habeeb, Amira Abd El monem and Omneya I. Youssef

Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

ibrahim_omneya@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities are increased in diabetic patients. Prolonged intra and interatrial electromechanical delays and  in homogeneous propagation of sinus impulses are  known electrophysiological characteristics to atria prone to atrial fibrillation Aim:  evaluate atrial conduction times , atrial electromechanical coupling and left atrial mechanical functions in type 1 DM children Methods: 40 type 1 DM children and 40 age and sex matched controls were included .P wave dispersion (Pd) calculated from 12 lead ECG, atrial electromechanical coupling  measured by TDI , Left atrial (LA) maximal, minimal, and presystolic volumes measured according to biplane area length method and LA mechanical function parameters calculated. Results: Pd  and inter atrial electromechanical delay were higher in type 1 diabetic children than control (P<0.001). LA active emptying volume and LA emptying fraction were increased in patients than control (P<0.001). Interatrial electromechanical delay was negatively correlated with early diastolic trans-mitral velocity, left ventricular end diastolic diameter, and presystolic atrial velocity and positively correlated with the average systolic velocity of mitral annuli (P=0.025, P=0.05, P=0.005 and p= 0.017,  respectively). The intra-atrial delay was negatively correlated with  maximum LA velocity, minimum atrial velocity and total LA emptying volume (P=0.006, p=0.036 . p=0.038, respectively).  Duration of illness and DM type 1 were independent predictors of interatrial electromechanical delay by multivariate analysis (p=0.001 and 0.0001). Conclusion: children with DM-1 demonstrated LV and RV diastolic dysfunction, increased Pd and inter atrial electromechanical delay which  predispose them to develop AF.  LA compensates for LV diastolic dysfunction by increased the LA active emptying volume.

[Nevin M Habeeb, Amira Abd El monem and Omneya I Youssef. Atrial Electromechanical Delay and Left Atrial Functions in Children with Type 1 DM. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):194-200]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 31

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.31

Keywords: DM-1,atrial electromechanical functions, Atrial fibrillation

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Expression of immature (Nestin) and mature (NF & GFAP) retinal cell markers in retinoblastoma to clarify the origin of retinoblastoma

Soheir S. Shaker, *, Eman M. Ahmed*,  Hala M. El Safy, * And  Azza Mohamed Ahmed**

*Pathology Department, Al-Azher University, For Girls

**Ophthalmology  dep. Faculty of Medicine,  Ain Shams University,

Corresponding Author: soheirsaad@yahoo.com

Abstract : Despite numerous pathological studies, the origins of retinoblastomas are still controversial .Aim: of this study was to clarify which factors are expressed in retinoblastoma cells and to give insights into the cell origin of retinoblastomas. Materials and methods: eleven patients with retinoblastoma (7 males & 4 females) patients were diagnosed in the Eye tumor Unit, Ophthalmic Department, Ain Shams University; they were divided into 5 groups according to International Classification of Retinoblastoma. Sections were examined histopathologically and immunostained by mouse monoclonal antibodies against Nestin, GFAP and NF for identification of undifferentiated stem cells, mature glial cells and mature neurons. Results: histopathologic findings in the examined samples revealed that 6 cases were poorly differentiated and 5 cases were well differentiated. Both Nestin and GFAP expressions were detected in the stromal cells not in the tumor cells, possibly representing muller cells and reactive stromal astrocytes respectively, in contrast, in all samples neurofilaments were expressed in the cytoplasm of the most retinoblastoma cells. In conclusion, the results of this study support that retinoblastomas are derived from mature neural cells and not originate from cancer stem cell(s).

[Soheir S. Shaker, Eman M. Ahmed,  Hala M. El Safy, Azza Mohamed Ahmed. Expression of immature (Nestin) and mature (NF & GFAP) retinal cell markers in retinoblastoma to clarify the origin of retinoblastoma. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):201-208]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 32

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.32

Key words: Retinoblastoma, Retinal markers [Nestin, GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and NF (Neurofilament)], Immunohistochemical analysis.

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Kalman Filter for Fractional Order Singular Systems

Leila Ashayeri ¹, Masoud Shafiee ², Mohammad Bagher Menhaj ¹

^1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

^2,3 Professor of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

l_ashayeri@aut.ac.ir

Abstract: In this paper, a Kalman filter for fractional order singular systems has been proposed. To design the Kalman filter, the fractional order singular system is decomposed into two sub-systems by using several transformations. The first sub-system is a dynamic system with fractional order non-singular state equations and the second sub-system is a static system in which the output is a combination of fractional derivatives of its input. Then, the Kalman filter has been elaborated for the system with an index 1 and 2. In the case of index 2, the identification method should be used due to the existence of color noise. At the end, two examples are used to demonstrate efficiency of the proposed method.

 [Leila Ashayeri, Masoud Shafiee, Mohammad Bagher Menhaj. Kalman Filter for Fractional Order Singular Systems. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):209-216]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 33

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.33

Keywords: singular systems; fractional order systems; Kalman filter; index of system; Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative.

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A study on the effect of group acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) instruction on the job stress and job satisfaction

Ali Hosseinaei¹, Hassan Ahadi², Ladan Fata^3, Ali RezaHeidarei^4, Mohamad Mehdi Mazaheri⁵

^1. Department of Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khouzestan, I.R. Iran.

^2. Department of Psychology, Allame Tabatabaei University, Tehran, I.R. Iran

^3. Department of Psychology, Tehran Medical Science University, Tehran, I.R. Iran

^4. Department of Psychology, Ahwaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahwaz, Khouzestan, I.R. Iran

^5. Central Organization, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, I.R. Iran

hosseinaiyf@yahoo.com, a_hosseinaei@iauaz.ac.ir

Abstract: Aim of this study was examination of the effects of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on job stress and job satisfaction among personnel of Islamic Azad University, Azadshahr branch. For this aim 96 people of personnel of Islamic Azad University, Azadshahr branch selected by voluntarily sampling and assigned randomly to 3 (experimental, let’s talk and control) groups and completed Osipow’s  Occupational Stress Inventory- Revised Edition (1987) and Job Descriptive Index of Smith, Kendall and Hulin (1969) for pretest. Experimental group were instructed group acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) based on Bond and Hayes (2004) model for 4 sessions 1.5 hours. In let’s talk group individuals were instruct about nutrition and sports (nonrelated to ACT) for 4 sessions 1.5 hours. Control group did not instruct anything. Three groups completed all of instruments for post test. 3 month later experimental and let’s talk groups exercised their instructions for 2 sessions 1.5 hours and control group did not. Then 3 groups completed instruments for fallow up. Data analysis did by analysis of variance for repeated measures. Results shows that group acceptance and commitment therapy decrease job stress and increase job satisfaction. Acceptance and commitment therapy is effective on job related subjects and can use for improvement of these subjects.

[Hosseinaei A, Ahadi H, Fata L, Heidarei AR, Mazaheri MM. A study on the effect of group acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) instruction on the job stress and job satisfaction. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):217-226] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.  34

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.34

Keywords: Group acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) instruction; job stress; job satisfaction 

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Probabilistic assessment for Analysis of Retaining Structures Supporting Cemented Sand Soil

Mansour, O. A

Misr University for Science and Technology

osama362@yahoo.com

Abstract: This paper aims to quantify the uncertainty associated with the methods commonly used for calculating straining action values (mainly the bending moments) of retaining structures sections supporting cemented sand. The study is concerned with diaphragm wall supporting three kinds of cemented sand currently founded in the nature (Sand cemented with calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate and clay). A probabilistic approach based on Monte Carlo simulation technique  is used to determine the increase in bending moment values and its probability of occurrence, due to change in soil characteristics from dry to soaked state as a result of exposure to water. This paper is useful in that it enables the designer to calculate the increase in straining action (Bending Moment)values relevant to the risk taken and its probability of occurrence, as a result the designer can calculate an economical retaining structures sections.

[`Mansour, O. A. Probabilistic assessment for Analysis of Retaining Structures Supporting Cemented Sand Soil. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):227-234] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 35

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.35

Key words: Cemented Sands, Diaphragm walls, Probabilistic Approach, Monte Carlo simulation

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Effect of Pre-Discharge Instructions on Prevention of Headache and Its Associated Symptoms among Patients Undergoing Diagnostic Lumber Puncture

Manal Salah, Neamattalla Gomaa, Hanan Shehata, Naglaa El-sayed Mahdy*

Medical Surgical Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University

Nemata55@gmail.com

Abstract: Post lumber puncture headache (PLPH) has been a problem for patients, following dural puncture. Headache after lumbar puncture is a common occurrence (32%) and carries a considerable morbidity, with symptoms lasting for several days, at times severe enough to immobilize the patient. If untreated, it can result in serious complications such as subdural haematoma and seizures, which could be fatal. The accompanying symptoms are usually nausea, vomiting and neck stiffness. Other nonspecific symptoms may occur such as ocular complaints as photophobia and diplopia, and auditory complaints like tinnitus and hyperacusis. PLPH typically manifests as a postural, frontal, front temporal, or occipital headache, worsened by ambulation and improved by assuming the lateral position, occurring within 48 hours after dural puncture. Aim : The aim of this study was to examine the effect of pre-discharge instructions on prevention of headache and its associated symptoms among patients undergoing diagnostic lumber puncture Subjects and Methods: Design: A quasi experimental design was used. Setting: This study was conducted at lumber puncture unit at hematology and hereditary department (medicine 12) affiliated to Ain Shams University Hospital. Sample: A purposive sample included 60 patients undergoing to diagnostic LP. Tools for data collection: The patient Lumber puncture interview questionnaire (Pre and Post Lumber puncture procedure), Headache Diary (Post Lumber puncture procedure throughout seven days), Headache Impact Test™ questionnaire (HIT-6TM) (Version 1.1) Post lumber puncture procedure and LP patients perception sheet. Results: The intensity of the headache among the control group was higher compared to the study group with highly statistical significant difference from day two to seven day. Also, there was no statistically significant difference regarding total knowledge regarding PLPH and associated symptoms pre- instructions implementation, while there was an improvement with a highly statistically significant difference post instructions implementation. The impact of the headache on the control group higher than the study group with a highly significant difference between them regarding daily living activities. There was a significant difference between the personal characteristics and intensity of the headache between study and control group. Conclusions: The implementation of pre discharge LP instructions was effective in reducing the intensity of the PLPH and occurrence of associated symptoms. The pre discharge instructions had a positive effect in increasing the level of perceptions in the study group patients. Recommendations: It was recommended to use the Arabic Instructions in outpatients for patients undergoing lumber puncture and further studies should be carried out on a large number of subjects for evidence of results and generalization. Also, further study is recommended to evaluate the association between post lumber puncture headache and its associated factors.

[Manal Salah, Neamattalla Gomaa, Hanan Shehata, Naglaa El-sayed Mahdy. Effect of Pre-Discharge Instructions on Prevention of Headache and Its Associated Symptoms among Patients Undergoing Diagnostic Lumber Puncture. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):235-250] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 36

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.36

Key words: PLPH, Associated symptoms and perception.

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Recognition the Suitable Model of psychological Empowerment: case Study in automobile parts

manufacturing industry (APMI)

Abdolreza Miri ¹ Hassan Rangriz ² Esmail Sabzikaran ³ Ali Jokar4

^1. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management & Accounting, Islamic Azad University, No. 1, Daneshgah Ave, P. O. Box: 34185- 1416, Qazvin, Iran. (Corresponding Author)

^2. Assistant Professor, Department of Management, School of Economic Sciences, No. 66, Roudsar Ave, Hafez Ave, P. O. Box: 15875-1111, Tehran, Iran

^3. Reader, Faculty of Management, Shahid Sattary Air University, Tehran, Iran.

^4. Senior lecturer and Instructor of Shahid Sattari Aviation University, Tehran, Iran

                                                                                  dr.ab_miri@yahoo.com

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of empowerment on employee's performance in automobile parts manufacturing industry (APMI) in Iran.In this research, the factors and the characteristics of the psychological empowerment model of employees in Iran's APMI have been identified and prioritized appropriately and relevantly with the empowerment model in the local environment based on current literature and then using factor analysis statistical procedure and structural equations technique, the ultimate combination of factors has been analyzed in the local empowerment model framework aiming at the improvement of the performance of employees' at APMI selected from 56,052 employees working in 1,933 APMI companies in Iran.  Statistics society consists of the experts of human resources (HR) and organizational behavior of especially university staff and some of the specialists in large companies APMI. The sample size provided based on "Cohan- Morgan- Korjsay" is 382 persons which has been determined with descriptive methods. For data analyzing we used with Delphi method to identify and explore the local variables of psychological empowerment and performance of statistical population to be introduced to answer the first and second research questions. Also, to collect data regarding the third and fourth research questions, multi-phase cluster sampling was utilized. Then to evaluate the gathered variables and to identify the relationship between psychological empowerment and performance of employees, Structural Equations relations, LISREL Software was utilized so as to obtain the optimal model between these variables. To examine the relationship between the characteristics of statistical community and their empowerment level, ANOVA was employed. The Cronbach’s alpha for this study was 0.89.. The results obtained from the analysis of findings indicate the fitness of model and it can predict and estimate up to 92% of alterations of psychological empowerment on performance. Given that the set of linear equations in the route diagram fits into observed data, it can be concluded that the existence of causal model is significant and this model is an appropriate model to answer the research question. In fact, investigating the subordinate questions of research, it can be analyzed that the model has a foreign existence. With regard to the results obtained from the research questions and the relationship between independent and dependent variables, it can be stated that the competence and effectiveness traits have the most positive and increasing impact on APMI employee’s performance, and on the other side, the trait of self-determination has the least impact on empowerment. Moreover, on the basis of the results of the statistical tests in Structural Equations Model, it can be concluded that the existence of relationship between the dimensions of employees’ psychological empowerment and their performance (attitudinal behavioral) is confirmed and it is the research model and the optimal model of psychological empowerment that leads to improvement and performance promotion of employees in Iran’s APMI.

[Miri A, Rangriz H, Sabzikaran S, Jokar A. Recognition the Suitable Model of psychological Empowerment  .

case Study in automobile parts manufacturing industry (APMI). J Am Sci 2013;9(1):251-257] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 37

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.37

Keywords: : Empowerment, psychological empowerment, performance, performance promotion.

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Organic Geochemical Assessment of Jurassic Source Rock from Duhok, North Iraq

                                                Fuad S. Hussein¹, Mohamed M. El Kammar², and Govand H. Sherwani³

¹Ministry of Natural Resources, Kurdistan Region_, Iraq

² Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt

³Geology Depatment, Salahaddin University, Iraq

fuadsabirhussein@yahoo.com  mmelkammar@hotmail.com

Abstract:  In the Northern Iraq, the Jurassic oil shales are widely distributed. The studied samples were collected from Sehkanyian, Sargelu and Naokelekan formations in Banik area, about 25 km due NE of Zakho town, Duhok Governorate, North Iraq. The hydrocarbon potentiality parameters, including type and amount of bitumen and kerogen, and thermal maturity of 72 samples as well as two oil samples were assessed by using Rock-Eval/TOC pyrolysis and GC/GCMS techniques. In general, Sargelu Formation samples have PI values below 0.1 and Tmax values varying between 437 and 449, suggesting immature to early mature stage of thermal maturity of oil. They can be considered as good to excellent source, where TOC content ranges from 0.06 to 28.57 with an average of 4.69%. The Naokelekan Formation samples can also be considered as an excellent source rock with TOC content ranges from 5.39% to 25.55%, averaging 17.77%, while the Sehkanyian Formation has no potential (TOC below 0.09%). The samples of Sargelu and Naokelekan formations contain both kerogen types I and II indicating marine organic matter mainly derived from algae and phytoplanktonic organisms proposing typical oil source kerogen. The extracted bitumen samples from Sargelu Formation show diagnostic ratios of Pr/Ph, Pr/nC17 and Ph/nC18 for generation of oil at an early thermal maturity stage. The low Pr/Ph ratio of the analyzed two oil samples from Jeribe and Sargelu formations together with the low Pr/n-C17 and Ph/n-C18 suggest that the oils was generated from a source rock containing mainly marine organic matter deposited under reducing conditions.

 [Fuad S. Hussein, Mohamed M. El Kammar and Govand H. Sherwani. Organic Geochemical Assessment of Jurassic Source Rock from Duhok, North Iraq. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):258-264] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 38

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.38

Keywords: Organic geochemistry; source rock; Jurassic; kerogen; bitumen; North Iraq

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Modern methods and technologies in teaching and classroom management in higher education

Hamid Taboli¹, Marzieh Kahnooji² (Corresponding author)

^1. Assistant professor of public management in Payam-e Noor University

^2. Philosophy of education PhD from Islamic Azad University of Tehran, science& research unit

Abstract: Today, achievements in science and technology in different societies has taken a non controllable and explosive trend such that human being witnesses discovery and invention of instruments, devices, structures and processes without which it is not possible to solve organizational problems. It means that people force to equip their knowledge with new and up-to-dated technologies and knowledge in order to face daily problems and solve them. It is also the case in higher education. Considering that three skills are important in management (scientific, technical and artistic), it is necessary to reinforce all of them in educational settings with cooperation of higher educational sponsors so that all professors can benefit from them and reinforce these skills. In this regard, strategies have been presented in conclusion and it is hoped that they will be used effectively.

[Hamid Taboli, Marzieh Kahnooji. Modern methods and technologies in teaching and classroom management in higher education. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):265-267]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 39

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.39

Keywords: Modern method; technology; classroom management; higher education

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Protective Role of Wheat Germ Oil in Clozapine-Induced Oxidative Stress and Biochemical Alterations in Liver of male albino rats

Abeer M. Abd El- Hameed¹ ; Hanan A. Soliman¹; Eman S. Abd El- Reheem²

¹ Chemistry Department Biochemistry branch, Beni Suef University,    Beni Suef, Egypt.

²Zoology Department  Physiology branch , Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt.

Afnan_abrar@yahoo.com

Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to assess the antioxidant role of wheat germ oil (WGO)  in clozapine-induced oxidative stress and biochemical changes in liver of male albino rats. Clozapine (CLZ) was given orally and daily for 6 weeks at a dose of 27.0 mg/kg b. wt rat. WGO  was given orally 3 times/week for 4 weeks at the dose level of 900 mg/kg b. wt rat . In all groups ,CLZ and WGO was given directly into the stomach using a gastric tube , At the end of the experiment , the liver was extirpated in all of the animals . Tissue homogenates prepared from the tissue specimens were analyzed for malondialdehyde (MDA) levels ,superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and liver glutathione content (GSH). The results: showed that the enzyme activities such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferas (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and were significantly increased in rats administrated only by CLZ . In addition, CLZ caused a significant increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), liver glutathione content (GSH) and malondialdhyde level in liver tissue. In conclusion: It was determined that CLZ led to adverse alterations in the majority of the oxidative stress markers and biochemical parameters. Wheat germ oil supplementation caused significant improvement in different biochemical parameters of all rat groups.

[Abeer M.AbdEl- Hameed ; Hanan A. Soliman; Eman S.AbdEl- Reheem. Protective Role of Wheat Germ Oil in Clozapine-Induced Oxidative Stress and Biochemical Alterations in Liver of male albino rats. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):268-274]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 40

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.40

Keywords: Clozapine, Wheat germ oil, Biochemical changes, Liver, Oxidative Stress, male albino rats.

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Presentation of a Model to Assess Organization’s Efficiency

Mohammad Ehsanifar¹, Golnaz Mohammadi²

¹ Department of Industrial Management and Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tafresh Branch, Tafresh, Iran

² Department of Management, Islamic Azad University, Tafresh Branch, Tafresh, Iran

Email: ehsanifar_m@yahoo.com

Abstract There are various methods for measuring efficiency of organization with different fields of activities. One of the suitable, simple and efficient methods is Proportions Model which can help to rank service and industrial units and etc. by considering efficiency or other important factors by integrating other known methods of multi attribute decision making subgroups such as linear assignment & TOPSIS allocation with maximum efficiency. In this article we will apply above mentioned methods and comparing their results.

[Mohammad Ehsanifar, Golnaz Mohammadi. Presentation of a Model to Assess Organization’s Efficiency. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):275-281]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 41

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.41

Keywords CCR Model, Proportions Model, Entropy Method, Linear Assignment Technique, Decision Making Unit, TOPSIS Technique, Correlation Coefficient of Spearman Ranks.

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Revenue malmquist index with considering inflation by using FDH models in DEA

Farshad Motallebi Korbkandi

Department of Management, Tafresh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tafresh, Iran

Email: motallebi_farshad@yahoo.com

Abstract: Revenue Malmquist Index explains change of Revenue productivity of Decision Making Units (DMUs) in two periods. The Trade Offs approach is an advanced tool for the improvement of the discrimination of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models. They used CRS models in DEA for computing this index, since the convexity assumption is strong condition for computing, so for solving this problem in this paper we use Free Disposal Hull (FDH) models in DEA for computing Meta Revenue Malmquist Index. Also In this paper Revenue Malmquist Index is evaluated considering in fact that relative importance of inputs and outputs in different periods are different. In the papers concerning Revenue Mamlquist Index this fact is not considered, which is very important from managerial point of you.

[Hamid Taboli, Marzieh Kahnooji. Modern methods and technologies in teaching and classroom management in higher education. J Am Sci2013;9(1):282-287]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 42

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.42

Keywords: Revenue Efficiency, Trade Offs, Revenue Malmquist Index, Variable Relative, Function Of Time. Free Disposal Hull (FDH) Model

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Antibiotic Properties of Leaf Extracts of Sennaalexandrina (L)

T. H. El-Morsy

Microbiology Departments, Applied Research Center for Medicinal Plant, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Egypt.

Abstract: The antibiotic properties of Sennaalexandarina (L.) leaves extracts were studied against five bacteria, two molds and yeast by using the disc diffusion method. Acetone extracts (12mm zone diameter of inhibition, MIC 200 μg/mL and MBC 300 μg/mL) demonstrated the highest activity followed by dichloromethane (8 mm zone diameter of inhibition, MIC 300 μg/mL and MBC 400 μg/mL), methane (7 mm zone diameter of inhibition, MIC 400 μg/mL and MBC 400 μg/mL) and hexane (6 mmzone diameter of inhibition, MIC 800 μg/mL and MBC 1000 μg/mL). Water extracts demonstrated the least activity against the test bacteria and fungi (4 mm zone diameter of inhibition, MIC 800 μg/mL and MBC 800 μg/mL). Phytotoconstituents presentation included Saponins, Tannins, Alkaloids and Flavonoids. S. obtusifolia(L) can be used to source antibiotic substances.

 [T. H. El-Morsy. Antibiotic Properties of Leaf Extracts of Sennaalexandrina (L). J Am Sci2013;9(1):288-292]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 43

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.43

Key words: Sennaalexandrina(L), antibiotic  property, extract antimicrobial.

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Metabolism and Function VITAMIN B₁ in RUMINANT: A Review

Mahdi EdalatiNasab^1*, Hamed AminiPour¹, S. Morteza Davoudi²

Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

Department of Animal Science, Islamic Azad University of Shahrkord, Shahrkord, Iran.

h.aminipor@gmail.com

Abstract: Thiamin (vitamin B1) was the first vitamin to be discovered. Under most circumstances, there is few chance of thiamin deficiency for mono gastric animals, including humans, when diets contain ample quantities of whole cereal grains or starchy roots. However, many thiamin antagonists in the food supply, and sensitivity of the vitamin to processing, can lead to deficiency. Thiamin deficiency in humans has been a problem mostly in Asian countries, where highly milled rice is consumed, therefore laminating the thiamin-rich bran fraction of the grain. For years, it was accepted that ruminants didn't require vitamin B supplementation thus of enough rumen micro flora synthesis. Intensification of ruminant feeding, involving high-concentrate diets, and management systems by increased levels of production have resulted in nervous disorders which are responsive to thiamin supplementation.

[Mahdi EdalatiNasab, Hamed AminiPour, S. Morteza Davoudi. Metabolism and Function VITAMIN B₁ in RUMINANT: A Review. J Am Sci2013;9(1):293-299]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 44

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.44

Keywords: Metabolism; Function; vitamin

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The study of factors which have impact on export of agricultural products to Armenia; regarding the actual exchange rate

Ali Asghar Tatlari¹,Toros Torosyan²

^1. Department of International Economics, Faculty of Economics,Yerevan State University, Armenia

^2. Department of International Economics,Faculty of Economics,Yerevan State University, Armenia

Aliasghar_tatlari@ymail.com

Abstract: The inappropriate political relations with neighbours and the cultural and historical similarities have made Armenia as a suitable market for export of agricultural products from Iran. The aim of this study is to review the current situation of the export of agricultural products from Iran to Armenia, between 1999-2010 and the factors which have impact on it. However, there is a need to estimate the actual exchange rate during this specific period beforehand. Therefore, the actual exchange rate between 1976-2010 has been estimated through the VECM model and data based on the basic economic variables. Ultimately, the trading data between Iran and Armenia during 1999-2010 has been used in order to specify the effective factors on the export of agricultural products to VAR. According to the result, the variables of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Armenia and the actual exchange rate have positive effect on the export. Therefore, we suggest strategy of the increase in the Nominal exchange rate to raise it up to the actual exchange rate in addition to investing in Armenia, to increase the export.

[Ali Asghar Tatlari,Toros Torosyan. The study of factors which have impact on export of agricultural products to Armenia; regarding the actual exchange rate. J Am Sci2013;9(1):300-304]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 45

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.45

Key words: Iran, Armenia, VAR model, VECM, Actual exchange rate

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Role Of Carbohydarte In Nutrition Ruminant: A Review

S.Masoud Davoudi¹, MahDi EdalatiNasab², Hamed AminiPour²

Department of Animal Science, Islamic Azad University of Shahrkord, Shahrkord, Iran.

Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

h.aminipor@gmail.com

Abstract:Carbohydrates (CHO) are the major source of energy for rumen microorganism and the single excessively component of a dairy cow’s diet. They represent the major component of net energy for astound of keep and milk production. Those are as important to the ruminant animal as they are to non-ruminants, thus they provide the glucose necessary for the adequate function of cells. However, in the ruminant, ruminal fermentation transforms most of the cell wall polysaccharides and all of the intracellular carbohydrates present in the forage into short-chain volatile fatty acids that are then absorbed by the rumen epithelium. Plant tissues contain about 75% carbohydrates, providing the primary sources of energy for both the rumen organisms and the host animal. The carbohydrates found in plant tissues are primarily polysaccharides, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, fructan and starches, with slight amounts of other compounds. Cellulose is the most abundant. However, grains are widely used in diets used in intensive production systems with highly productive animals, providing an appreciable amount of starch for ruminal and intestinal digestion. The purpose of this review is to scrutinize the present science on starch digestion in the ruminant, as well as glucose metabolism in the rumen, post-ruminal absorption of starch and glucose requirements of the ruminant.

[S.Masoud Davoudi, MahDi EdalatiNasab, Hamed AminiPour. Role Of Carbohydarte In Nutrition Ruminant: A Review. J Am Sci2013;9(1):305-313]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 46

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.46

Keywords: Carbohydarte, Nutrition, Ruminant

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Strategy of NATO in central Asia and Caucasia

Iraj mazarei

PhD student in political science, university of Kerala, India

Irajmazarei54@yahoo.com

Abstract: NATO after cold war decided to develop its relationship with the states in central Asian and Caucuses. The NATO viewed the region as strategically significant for the West. At the same time, there were several other reasons, which motivated the NATO to expand its activities in the region.  The views in Russia are drastically different depending on the type and level of relations with NATO. Some believe NATO a threat and some talk about the necessity of membership in NATO. In general, Russia considers NATO activities posed a threat as it was during cold war period. In other hand, some of NATO policies are to pass the red line of Russian security such as its expansion toward east and acceptance of some countries.

[Iraj mazarei. Strategy of NATO in central Asia and Caucasia. J Am Sci2013;9(1):314-321]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 47

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.47

Keyword: NATO, central Asia, Russia, national security, strategy

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Ibn Alfarz poem moaning, disobeying a mystic knowledge or understanding

Sohad jadari ¹,  Morad Ali Valadbeigi ² , Ebrahim Yaghoubi ³

Faculty member of Islamic Azad University, Abadan Branch, Iran

PhD student of Arabic literature, Science and Research of Islamic Azad University,Ahvaz Branch, Iran

Professor of Islamic Azad University, Ilam and Bahktar Branch, Farhangian University, Ilam, Iran

Sohadjadri@yahoo.com, Dr.valadbigy@yahoo.com, Dr.ye.1391@gmail.com

Abstract: Not odd, but it is strange that they are Sufi mystic and poet Ibn Farez before and before and Sufi mystic poet. John sighs and groans of the burning fuel Alfarz Ibn Mohiyeddin Arabic literature, and Balkhi Rumi and other mystics Fakhruddin Iraqi and divine love divine flare burner and refractory, lack of familiarity, and union with the divine throne, and get rid of carpet home Literary Effects created unique., but he was so immersed in Anwar Mohammadi love the attention to this finding did not leaveroomfor.

[Sohad jadari, Morad Ali Valadbeigi, Ebrahim Yaghoubi. Ibn Alfarz poem moaning, disobeying a mystic knowledge or understanding. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):322-328]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 48

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.48

Keywords: poetry, love, odeTayyh, Spirituality, Truth

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Quantitative Estimation of Interleukin-17 in Patients with Chronic Liver Disorders

Ghazy NA ¹, Okasha HS ¹, El Khouly  EH², AbdelSalam SM¹, Morsi MG¹

¹Medical Microbiology & Immunology, ²Tropical Department, Faculty of Medicine. Alexandria University, Egypt.

morsirg@yahoo.com

Abstract: More than 20 years after the discovery of the HCV, it is now well established that HCV is of global importance affecting all countries, leading to a major global health problem that requires widespread active interventions for its prevention and control. Chronic hepatitis C was linked to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in many areas of the world. WHO reported that Egypt has the highest prevalence (22%) in the world which explained by the past practice of parenteral therapy for schistosomiasis. T cells that produce IL-17 have recently been identified as a third distinct subset of effector T cells, and emerging data implicate Th17 cells as important in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C infection by regulating innate and adaptive immunity, including autoimmunity .So the present study was conducted to determine the role of IL-17, with its potent pro-inflammatory properties, among chronic hepatitis C cases with or without cirrhosis and HCC aimed at future immune-therapy. The study was conducted on 60 subjects with chronic hepatitis C infection before starting antiviral therapy; 20 chronic hepatitis C, 20 cirrhotic patients and 20 HCC HCV positive as well as 10 healthy subjects negative for HCV, HBV and HIV served as controls. IL-17 was quantitated after mitogen stimulated whole peripheral venous blood  by commercial enzyme linked immunosorbant assay ( ELISA ).Our results demonstrated a significant increase in serum levels of IL-17 among cirrhotic and HCC patients infected with HCV. While in chronic hepatitis C virus cases ,elevated IL-17 values were non significant compared to controls. We can conclude that IL-17 may play an important role in HCV immunopathogenesis. It might be used as an indicator for cirrhosis and HCC as it promotes tumor growth by facilitating angiogenesis in tumor microenvironment. Also, its therapeutic application needs to be furtherly evaluated by in vivo studies in experimental animals aiming at future immunotherapy.

[Ghazy NA, Okasha HS, El Khouly EH, AbdelSalam SM, Morsi MG. Quantitative Estimation of Interleukin-17 in Patients with Chronic Liver Disorders. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):329-337]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 49

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.49

Keywords: Interleukin (IL )-17, Chronic HCV, Cirrhosis, HCC, ELISA

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The Performance of Privatized Companies after Transfer

Saeed Nouri Hoseinabadi¹*, Alaleh Yazdani²

¹*Department of Accounting, Zavareh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zavareh, Iran

²Department of Accounting, Zavareh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zavareh, Iran

*snouri@khuisf.ac.ir

Abstract: In this paper it is tried to present results from studies done about privatization of companies in some countries and its comparison with some results of carried out investigations in Iran and examines the performance of privatization in companies with state ownership. To do this, results of the study will be provided and then compared in terms of changes in profitability, operational efficiency, output, dividend and financial leverage. Then causes of the changes will be stated. The results show that privatization will aid the improvement of companies' performances in many countries, industries and in competitive media. Privatization causes increase in profitability, efficiency, return, dividend and decrease in financial leverage.

[Saeed Nouri Hoseinabadi, Alaleh Yazdani. The Performance of Privatized Companies after Transfer. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):338-341]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 50

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.50

Keywords: privatization, profitability, operational efficiency, financial leverage, return

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Analysing Of Interaction Effects Of Management Accounting Systems And Process Quality Management On Product Quality In Terms Of Manufacturer

Mohamadreza Khodabakhshian Naeini¹, Somayeh Hosseini Aghdaei²

¹Department of Accounting, Zavareh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zavareh, Iran

2Department Of Social And Economic Science, Payame noor, Zavare, Pobox19395_3697 Tehran, Iran

¹mkhodabakhshian@khuisf.ac.ir;   ²zohre.hoseyni@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study investigates the interaction effects of management accounting systems and quality management process on  product quality in terms of manufacturer. Different kinds of scales have been used in this study, one scale for measuring process quality management, three scales for measuring management accounting systems (goals, feedback and incentives). Internal quality is also used for measuring product quality in terms of manufacturer as the dependent variable. The statistic sample of this study is 70 manufacturing companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the five-years period (2005 to 2009). Results indicate positive and significant effects of the interaction of process quality management and quality incentives on internal quality product.  

[Mohamadreza Khodabakhshian Naeini, Somayeh Hosseini Aghdaei. Analysing Of Interaction Effects Of Management Accounting Systems And Process Quality Management On Product Quality In Terms Of Manufacturer. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):342-345].  (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 51

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.51

Keywords: Management Accounting - Quality Management Process - Goal - Feedback - Incentives - Product Quality In Terms Of Manufacturer.

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Renalase gene polymorphisms in end-stage renal disease patients: An Egyptian study  

El-Sayed Abdallah¹, Dina Sabry² 

Departments of ¹Internal Medicine, and ²Medical Biochemistry,  Cairo University

drsayed@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Renalase is a novel protein produced by the kidneys, participating in the metabolism of circulating catecholamines. Patients with end-stage renal disease have a significant renalase deficiency, which could be a pathophysiologic mechanism partially explaining high prevalence of hypertension in patients with end-stage renal disease. The aim of the current study is to assess possible relationship of renalase gene polymorphism with hypertension in patients with end-stage renal disease. Patients and methods: 139 patients on chronic hemodialysis were recruited in this study. RS2576178 and RS10887800 was genotyped using polymerase chain reaction. Patients were subgrouped into hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared in both groups. In addition fifty healthy subjects were enrolled as a control group and subjected to the same genotyping.Results: Analyzing genotype and allele frequency of RS2576178 renalase polymorphism revealed that the difference between both patient groups was not statistically significant. The slightly higher prevalence of G allele in hypertensive group was also not statistically significant.Analyzing genotype and allele frequency of R10887800 renalase polymorphism revealed no difference  in frequency of GG genotype. The prevalence of G allele was similar in both groups. Analyzing allele frequency of RS2576178 showed a higher frequency of G allele in ESRD group compared to healthy control. Carrier state of G allele was associated with 7.2 times higher risk of developing ESRD (OR=7.188; 95% CI: 3.5-14.7). Analyzing allele frequency of RS10887800 showed a higher prevalence of G allele in ESRD group compared to healthy control. Carrier state of G allele was associated with 12.3 times higher risk of developing ESRD (OR=12.3; 95% CI: 5.6-27.1). Conclusion: Unlike previous reports of association of RS2576178 and RS10887800 polymorphisms with developing hypertension in patients with ESRD, the present study does not support a significant association in our population. We rather suggest an association of these polymorphisms with end stage renal disease.

 [El-Sayed Abdallah, Dina Sabry. Renalase gene polymorphisms in end-stage renal disease patients: An Egyptian study. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):346-349].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 52

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.52

Keywords: renalase, polymorphism, end stage renal disease

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An Analysis of Factors Affected on Employees' Counterproductive Work Behavior: The Moderating Role of Job Burnout and Engagement

Mohammad Esmaeel Ansari¹, Shokoofeh Maleki V.², Shirin Mazraeh²

^1. Associate Professor, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

^2. M.A. of Management, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

sh.maleki20@gmail.com, shirin.mazraeh@yahoo.com

Abstract: This research has been done with the purpose of investigating the effect of personality factors (conscientiousness, trait anger), job factors (skill variety, feedback) and organizational factors (distributive justice, organizational constraints) on employees’ counterproductive work behavior (CWB) and the moderating role of job burnout and work engagement. To do this research, some 185 individuals working in an Iranian Gas Transmission Operational Area have been randomly selected and the questionnaire has been filled out by them. The research model has been measured and performed by using structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses. The results of SEM showed that employees’ CWB have been strictly based on their job burnout. On the other hand, employees’ job burnout has been influenced by several elements such as skill variety, trait anger and organizational factors. Moreover, the research has shown that the employees’ engagement has not been affecting their counterproductive behavior; rather it is affected by their skills variety and conscientiousness. But, we found that there is no meaningful relationship among trait anger, distributive justice and organizational constraints with the employees’ engagement.

[Mohammad Esmaeel Ansari, Shokoofeh Maleki V., Shirin Mazraeh. An Analysis of Factors Affected on Employees' Counterproductive Work Behavior: The Moderating Role of Job Burnout and Engagement. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):350-359]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 53

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.53

Keywords: Counterproductive Work Behavior; Job Burnout; Work Engagement; Trait Anger; Organizational Constraints

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Natural Radionuclides of Carbonaceous Fossil Wood Trunks in Um Bogma Formation, Sinai, Egypt

Afaf A. Fakeha

Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

afafageha@yahoo.com

Abstract: The Lower Carboniferous Um Bogma Formation in west-central Sinai, Egypt displays extensive and pervasive dolomitization. Organic materials especially the carbonaceous matter was found to play an important role in the distribution of the radionuclides within soils and sedimentary rocks. The Um Bogma Formation is the more important formation than the others as it hosts most of the radioactive anomalies. Ten samples were collected from carbonaceous fossil wood trunks and fragments embedded in siltstone and shales of early Carboniferous age. These samples were studied by X'Pert  diffractometer for the mineral and chemical composition. The most important minerals in the samples are Goethite (Iron Oxide Hydroxide), Graphite (Carbon), Quartz (SiO₂), and Kaolinite (Aluminum Silicate Hydroxide).  The samples were also analyzed for concentrations (Bq/kg) of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th series and ⁴⁰K by HPGe gamma spectrometer. The concentrations Bq/kg ranged from 748.07 to 1459.94, 926.75to 1845.90, 43.75 to97.13, 17.58 to 68.09, and from 684.27 to 2019.21 for ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ²³⁵U, and ⁴⁰K respectively. The ²²⁶Ra/²³⁸U, ²³⁸U/²³⁵U, and ²³⁸U/²³²Th ratios in samples ranged between1.00- 1.81, 17.00-18.50, 9.43-21.14 respectively. These variations in the concentrations of radioelements and their ratios are due to the action of the alteration processes. The Ra_eq ranged from 1042.00 to2045.45 Bq/kg with mean value 1550.72 Bq/kg. The Ra_eq in all samples exceeds the permitted limits (370 Bq/kg). Absorbed Dose Rate (nGy/h) ranged from 482.64 to 949.02 with mean value 720.53, Annual Effective  Dose (mSvy/h) ranged from0.59 to 1.17 with mean value 0.88, and External Hazard Index ranged from  2.82 to5.53 with mean value 4.19. From the obtained results, the mean value of Annual Effective  Dose (0.88) is higher than the permissible levels (0.48) and the calculated average value of external hazard index is higher than unity. This result points to a dangerous effect in that region for human health.

 [Afaf A. Fakeha Natural Radionuclides of Carbonaceous Fossil Wood Trunks in Um Bogma Formation, Sinai, Egypt. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):360-364]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 54

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.54

Key words: Um Bogma Formation- early Carboniferous age- west-central Sinai- carbonaceous fossil wood trunks

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Combined Pool / Bilateral Loss Allocation in Electricity Market Using Game Theory

Mousa Yousefzadeh ^1,*, Ahmad Rostamian ², Hamed Ahmadi ¹, Afshin Nemati ¹

^1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran

^2. Department of Electrical Engineering, Nour branch, Islamic Azad University, Nour, Iran

Abstract: This paper presents a new and practical method for the loss allocation in the deregulation systems. The restructured markets sell the electricity in two main categories; bilateral exchanges and pool based. In reference 1, the losses in bilateral market using game theory has been assigned to each player [1]. The method which is used in this paper investigates the loss allocation in both markets. The deregulated systems are not under control of one person but there are other players such as generators and loads at which every one of such players has to pay the cost for some parts of system loss. The method used in this paper is to be fair the loss allocation. This method is consisted of two different categories; one finding the losses and the other is loss allocation using Game Theory. To test this method, IEEE 14 buses system is put in use. This paper takes the allocation of losses in the hybrid market (Combined Pool / bilateral).

[Yousefzadeh M, Rostamian A, Ahmadi H, Nemati A. Combined Pool / Bilateral Loss Allocation in Electricity Market Using Game Theory. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):365-368]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 55

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.55

Keywords: Loss Allocation, Market Power, Game Theory, Shapley Value

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Menopausal Transition and Its Effect on Women's Health

Omaima M. Esmat and Hala Mohamed M. Hussein

Community Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

mhdnawar@yahoo.com

Abstract: The menopausal transition refers to the extended period of hormonal change    in women that marks the end of the reproductive phase of life. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of menopausal transition on women's health. Design: this study was descriptive research design. Setting: it was conducted at administration departments in 7 Faculties of Ain Shams University Sample: the study sample was multistage random sample technique included 200 married women working in Faculties of Ain Shams University. Tool: an interviewing questionnaire for assess the socio-demographic characteristics of the menopausal women, their knowledge, following of screening test, their health complaints associated with menopausal transition and their practices of dealing with menopausal health complaints. Results: the mean age of perimenopausal women was 50.8 ± 5.57 year. 100% of perimenopausal women had unsatisfactory knowledge regarding to meaning and types of hormonal therapy, 81%and 79% of perimenopausal women had physical and social health complaints, while 74%and 71% of them had sexual and psychological complaints respectively, 84.5%, 83%, 82% and 67.5% of them had improper dealing with psychological, sexual, physical and social health complaints respectively. Conclusion: The finding of this study showed that there was statistically significant relation between women's knowledge and their following of health screening test, a highly statistically significant relation between women's knowledge and their dealing with health complaints, as well as a highly statistically significant relation between women's income and their dealing with health complaints. Recommendations: This study recommended that there is a need to increase women awareness through different setting as outpatient clinics, maternal and child health and family planning centres to provide more explanations about menopausal transition and its effect on marital relationships and their health.

[Omaima M. Esmat and Hala Mohamed M. Hussein. Menopausal Transition and Its Effect on Women's Health. J Am Sci2013;9(1):369-379]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 56

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.56

Key words: Key words: Menopausal transition, women's' health

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Prediction of academic achievement based on the dimensions of motivational orientations and learning strategies

Hamed Nazari

MA in Educational psychology, Department of psychology, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran. hnazari_66@yahoo.com

Abstract: The purpose of this research was the study of predicting academic achievement based on the dimensions of motivational orientations and learning strategies. In the present study, statistical population included,all male students in the third year of high school in Hamadan, who were selected from the statistical population of 331 people by using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. The instruments were motivation orientations scale (Wallerend & etc, 1992) and learning strategies questionnaire (Winestein & Mayer, 1896).Academic achievement was measured by using the GPA in the first semester 2012-2013. Multiple regression analysis showed that, the strongest predictor for achievement is Amotivation variable. In addition, Elaboration Strategies also had the highly strength of prediction. The implication for the educational practitioners is obvious: motivational variables, especially intrinsic ones must be focused on .Teaching methods should be directed toward making, the subjects and learning strategies more interesting.

[Hamid Taboli, Marzieh Kahnooji. Modern methods and technologies in teaching and classroom management in higher education. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):380-387]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 57

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.57

Keywords: Motivational orientation, learning strategies and academic achievement.

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The Representation of Movement Concept in Architectural Space (Molavi's View)

Esmaeil Akhlaghi ^1,*, Mohammad Mansour Falamaki ², Nooshin Rastegar ¹

^1. Department of Architecture, Nour Branch, Islamic Azad University, Nour, Iran

^2. Professor of Architecture, Restoration and Urban Planning, Department of Architecture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract: The motivation of movement is created by human. However, it is related to whether meanings, body forms, empirical phenomena, It is resulted from the context of the social or tangible life of the people and as a stimulus in human way. Movement which is the most important part of all the space experiences, and the perception of space, relies on movement. Everything in the world is dynamic and moving. The movement allows us to realize the hidden beauty and discover it. The aim of this article is the recognition of the concept of movement  from, Molavi's view and explanation quality of manifestation in Islamic architecture space. The key question is how the concept of movement is indicated in, Molavi's Thought and what  the representation of the concept of movement from , Molavi's view is in the Islamic architecture. In this article, the research and qualitative research methods to answer the questions, and library method according to inductive approach for collecting the required information are used. Some examples of Islamic architecture which considered the concept of movement have been selected. As a result, dynamics and deterioration of movement that  Molavi's defined can be identified in Islamic architecture space. Architecture is a tri-dimensional art. It means, by moving its inside you will understand its details. The sense of movement is to reinforce the function of the building and the need to move according to the function of the building caused the architect  to create the of the sense of movement by using of different elements, such as geometric patterns, hierarchy, rhythm, transparency, axis, difference in surface, spatial coherence, light and water.

[Akhlaghi E, Falamaki M M, Rastegar N. The Representation of Movement Concept in Architectural Space (Molavi's View). J Am Sci 2013;9(1):388-393]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 58

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.58

Keywords: Molavi Movement, Architecture, Space.

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Urban Design Properties in Arak Old Fabric from Qajar Period

Ali Mashhadi

Yerevan State Academy of Fine Arts, Yerevan, Armenia

Alimashhadi55@yahoo.com

Abstract: The old fabric of Arak is the first pre-thought city in the history of Iran that was constructed based on a pre-planned design. Therefore, all stages of the construction in this city from beginning to end including orientation, spatial organization, height order, composition of land application etc, were first designed and then executed. Goal of the research is to identify   urban design features of Arak old fabric from Qajar period including landscape, town planning, development, activities distribution, communication networks, Combination of main elements, physical structure, Order of space division etc. The hierarchical method has been adopted in order to analyze of urban design properties from the whole to components, in such a way that the process of urban designing is analyzed in an order from zone to district, city, city center and eventually quarters. Conclusion of the study is presentation of urban design properties in different scales & phases. 

[Ali Mashhadi. Urban Design Properties in Arak Old Fabric from Qajar Period. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):394-399]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 59

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.59

Key words: Urban design, Old fabric, Arak, Qajar

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Ranking of west and South west Borders of Iran for Expending Trade with Iraq

* Dr. Mirza Hassan Hosseini, ** Mohammad Aidi

* Assistant Professor, Head of Business Administration Department University of Payam Noor, Tehran, Iran

** Faculty member of Ilam university, Tehran, Iran

Email: Mohamaidi@gmail.com

Abstract: Relation between Iraq and Iran, during recent B years, indicates developing trend of exporting gods to this country and making Iraq as the second exporting partner. Exploring Iraq's geography, it was noticed that more than 80% of population, and economic, service, cultural and shelter equipment in this country lies in Midwest that are close to Iran Borders. This can be a valuable help to the expansion of trade borders. Currently, border trade transactions with Iraq is made through border marketing and borders. The number of border marketing's with Iran are 13 and defined formal trade borders are khosravi, Mehran and  shalamche  that are placed in kermanshah, Ilam and Khuzestan provinces that are posited in west and southwest of Iran. The purpose of this paper is selection of ideal border area for expending trade Iraq. In this regard we used one of the ideal selection methods of places in theories of location and ranking methods of borders, according to which Mehran border lies in the first rank.

[Mirza Hassan Hosseini, Mohammad Aidi. Ranking of west and South west Borders of Iran for Expending Trade with Iraq. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):400-405]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.  60

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.60

Key Words: Ranking, South west Borders of Iran, Expending Trade

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Establishing Nursing Standards For Prophylaxis Of Deep Vein Thrombosis Among Patients Undergoing Hip Surgery

Fatma Abdel Moneim Al Tawil^1,  Shadia A. Abou-Donia¹, Fayza M¹ , And Mohamed M. Abdel Gawad²

Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University  ¹

 Orthopaedic surgery Department , Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University ²

Fatma_abdelmoneim@yahoo.com.

Abstract : Hip surgery including total hip replacement and hip fracture surgery are very successful orthopaedic procedures that relieve pain, improve function and enhance the quality of patients’ lives. However, these procedures are also associated with a risk of morbidity and mortality from the development of DVT and its sequel, pulmonary embolism (P.E.) Occurrence of DVT will lead to emotional consequences of pain, extended isolation and impaired social interaction that have impact on every aspect of patient’s life ^(18-20).Consequently more attention has to be paid to nursing interventions related to DVT prevention in orthopedic health care. Therefore; the present study aims to establish nursing standards for prophylaxis of DVT among patients undergoing hip surgery. This study was conducted at EL-Hadara Orthopaedic and Traumatology University Hospital in Alexandria. Jury subjects  consisted of experts from the following categories:- faculty members of Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University (20), Ten orthopaedic surgeons from Faculty Of Medicine, all head nurses working in the hospital (10) and ten vascular surgeons from Faculty Of Medicine, Alexandria University. DVT prophylaxis opinionnaire was developed by the researcher after reviewing related literature to elicit opinions of expert groups regarding hospital structure and process standards. The study established valid and reliable nursing standards for prophylaxis of DVT among hip surgery patients.

[Fatma Abdel Moneim Al Tawil^,  Shadia A. Abou-Donia, Fayza M, And Mohamed M. Abdel Gawad. Establishing Nursing Standards For Prophylaxis Of Deep Vein Thrombosis Among Patients Undergoing Hip Surgery. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):406-420] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 61

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.61

Key words: nursing standards ,  deep vein thrombosis, hip surgery , prophylaxis

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Performance of Interfering Strip Footings Resting on Reinforced Sand under Uniform and Nonuniform Load-Experimental and Numerical Study

Ahmed M. Eltohamy^1,2 ; Ahmed F. Zidan¹

¹Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Beiny Suafe University, Egypt.

² Structural  Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudia Arabia.

Ahmedzidan2008@gmail.com

Abstract: In This paper an experimental and numerical program was adopted to investigate the interface effect of shallow strip foundations constructed on homogeneous sand reinforced by geogrid. The ultimate bearing capacity of a number of multiple footings in a group becomes always greater than that of a single isolated footing. Several parameters including soil type, spacing between interfering footings and the foundation level under both uniform and eccentric vertical loads were examined. A detailed numerical analysis study was performed to investigate the effect of angle of internal friction, foundation level and load eccentricity on bearing capacity. The failure stage in the sand was controlled using hyperbolic relationship between strain and stress level. The best location of interfering footings was determined to achieve the maximum bearing capacity for closely spaced strip footings and it was found that the best clear spacing between footings was 0.4 and 0.6 times the footing width for reinforced and unreinforced sand, respectively. Some significant observations on the performance of footing-geogrid systems with change of the values of parametric study are also presented in this paper.

[Ahmed M. Eltohamy; Ahmed F. Zidan Performance of Interfering Strip Footings Resting on Reinforced Sand under Uniform and Nonuniform Load-Experimental and Numerical Study. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):421-430] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 62

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.62

Keywords: Adjacent footings, strip footings, sand reinforcement, eccentricity, finite element method, soil modelling.

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Applying BSC in Order to Development and Export of Engineering and Technical Services in Iranian Oil and Gas Industry

Mohammad Ali Shahhoseini ¹, Mohammad Faghih Aliabadi ², Sahand Khassehkhan ²

^1. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Iran

^2. Department of Management, MBA, University of Tehran, Iran

faghih.mfa@ut.ac.ir

Abstract: Years ago, the world underwent a shift in wealth, but now something is happening and we are facing this change, in the nature of wealth. Today all the categories of wealth tend to be knowledge based. WTO statistics show, the global economy focuses on knowledge-based products and a country like Iran with 100 years of experience in the oil and gas industry can achieve advantages through exporting engineering and technical services. But it is not always so smooth; lethargy in the Iranian oil and gas industry shows that knowledge is not solely enough and extremely needs special strategies for development. We think the theory of BSC is able to achieve it and improve many weaknesses such as structural false on the way of developing the technical and engineering services. This paper discusses the ways through BSC that enable Iranian oil and gas knowledge to achieve its goals via developing technical and engineering exports and financial advances.

[Shahhoseini MA, Faghih Aliabadi M, Khassehkhan S. Applying BSC in Order to Development and Export of Engineering and Technical Services in Iranian Oil and Gas Industry. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):431-436] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 63

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.63

Keywords: Oil and Gas Industry, Knowledge, Balanced Scorecard, Engineering and Technical Services, Strategy, Iran

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Effect Of Biofertilization By Using Three Azotobacter Isolates And Two Levels Of Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer On Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus Tuberosus L.,) Growth, Yield And Some Chemical Constituents.

Hassan Sayed Hassan Tony

* Potato and Vegetatively Propagate Vegetables Research Department.

Hort. Res. Inst; Agric., Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.

ABSTRACT: The present investigation was carried out at the laboratory of Biofertilizer Center, Minia University and the Experimental Farm, Fac. of Agric., Minia University during 2011 and 2012 seasons to study the effect of N fertilizer, three Azotobacter isolates and their interactions on growth yield and chemical composition of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.,). The use of Isolate 3+50% recommended dose of n. fertilization gave the highest level of shoot fresh weight in both seasons. The results also showed that use isolate 3 was more efficient than neither Isolate 1 nor Isolate 2 for increasing fresh weight. The same trend was also observed when shoot dry weight was studied. Data of plant height (cm) indicates that use of Isolate 3+50% chem gave significant effect on plant height in both seasons . The reported results showed that the bacterial isolates improved plant height and some other vegetative characters of Jerusalem artichoke plants only when 50% of the N recommended dose were applied. These results showed that the values of number of branches/plant in all treatments don't exceed those recorded for control. The highest values of tubers weight on fresh basis were recorded when Isolate 3+50% N was applied (4.9 kg fresh weight basis (fwb)) in the first season and (4.83 kg fwb) in the second season whereas the lowest ones was recorded for control +50% chem (3.2 kg fwb). The heaviest tuber fresh weight values were 86.13 and 91.43 g for treatment included Isolate 2+50% chem. in the first and second seasons, respectively. The treatments applied in the present work led to significant increases in the weight of single tuber with different extents ranged from 208% to 264%. The results of the dry weight of 100 g of tuber showed that all treatments increased this character except control+50% N which decreased this character (22.43g). The effect of the bacterial isolates plus N fertilization at 50% dose ordered as follows: Isolate 1 > Isolate 2 > Isolate 3 whereas at 100% N fertilization where Isolate 2> Isolate 1> Isolate 3. Accumulation rate of dry matter was highest in tubers treated with Isolate 1+100% chemical fertilizer followed by treatment-3 Isolate 2 + 100% chemical fertilizer). The results showed that combining Azotobacter isolates and chemical N fertilization increased dry matter by 181% when compared with control. The concentrations of total phenolic compounds (TPCs) in whole tuber extracts of Treatment-4 which formed from Isolate 1+100% N were higher (52.5 mg/100g fw) than those determined in control with extent reached to be 235%. The concentrations of total flavonoids (TFs) ranged from 56 to 145 µg/100 g fwb in control sample and Treatment-4 respectively. The results also, showed that the differences between treatment-3, treatment-4 and treatment-6 are not sharp and ranged from 139 to 145 µg/100 g fwb. The total soluble sugars (TSS) assayed in the samples ranged from 6.9 to 11.6% in untreated sample and Treatment-6 respectively.

[Hassan Sayed Hassan Tony. Effect Of Biofertilization By Using Three Azotobacter Isolates And Two Levels Of Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer On Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus Tuberosus L.,) Growth, Yield And Some Chemical Constituents. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):437-446] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 64

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.64

Key words : Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberoses, Biofertilization, Azotobacter, Phenolic compound, Falvonids, Isolates.

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Comparative Study of Morphological Characteristics and Chemical Constituents for Seeds of Some Grape Table Varieties

Elagamey, A.A.^a, Abdel-Wahab, M.A.^b, Shimaa M.M.E.^a and Abdel-Mogib, M.^c

^aFaculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt.

^bViticulture Res. Dept., Hort. Res. Instit., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt.

^cCurrent Address: DSR, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Home Address: Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.

Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate morphological characteristics and chemical constituents of six seeded grape varieties of the Vitis vinifera L. grapes namely: Rich Baba; Red Globe; Roumi Ahmer; Black Rose; Matrouh Eswed and Ribier. Results indicated that Ribier and Matrouh Eswed recorded the lowest number of seeds per berry, followed in an ascending order by Black Rose, Roumi Ahmer, Rich Baba and Red Globe. Red Globe, Black Rose and Rich Baba recorded the highest average weight of seeds per berry, while Roumi Ahmer, Ribier and Matrouh Eswed recorded the lowest average weight of seeds per berry. Black Rose, Red Globe and Roumi Ahmer seeds recorded the highest total carbohydrates content, while Rich Baba, Matrouh Eswed and Ribier seeds recorded the lowest total carbohydrates content. Black Rose, Red Globe, Roumi Ahmer and Rich Baba seeds recorded the highest crude protein content, followed by Matrouh Eswed and Ribier seeds. Black Rose and Red Globe seeds recorded the highest tannins content, followed in a descending order by Roumi Ahmer, Rich Baba, Ribier and Matrouh Eswed seeds. Black Rose, Red Globe, Roumi Ahmer and Rich Baba seeds recorded the highest oil yield, while Matrouh Eswed and Ribier seeds recorded the lowest oil yield. From these findings, it can be concluded that Black Rose, Red Globe, Roumi Ahmer and Rich Baba seeds could be used in animal feed production, based on the high carbohydrates and proteins. Although Matrouh Eswed and Ribier seeds are low in carbohydrates and proteins content, they are still suitable for animal feed production due to the low tannins content. Black Rose, Red Globe, Roumi Ahmer and Rich Baba seeds are suitable also for production of oil, due to the high oil yield with high level of unsaturated fatly acids, which gives it excellent dietetic properties for human consumption and makes it useful in the field of various food industries.

[Elagamey, A.A., Abdel-Wahab, M.A., Shimaa M.M.E. and Abdel-Mogib, M. Comparative Study of Morphological Characteristics and Chemical Constituents for Seeds of Some Grape Table Varieties. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):447-454] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 65

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.65

Keywords: grape, Rich Baba; Red Globe; Roumi Ahmer; Black Rose; Matrouh Eswed and Ribier.

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Comparison of Intravenous Calcium Infusion with Coasting for Prevention of the Early Onset Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome

Ahmed Walid A. Morad

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

ahwalid2004@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objectives: To compare the effects of intravenous calcium infusion and coasting in the prevention of the early onset ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in high-risk women underwent ICSI. Study design: Prospective randomized trial. Patients and Methods: Sixty women at risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome during ICSI cycles were randomly scheduled into two equal groups. In group I, (Intravenous calcium group), intravenous 10% calcium gluconate, 10 mL in 200 mL of normal saline (0.9%) was administered on the day of ovum pickup, days 1, 2 and 3 after ovum pickup; while in group II (Coasting group) gonadotrophins administration was ceased until serum estradiol levels checked every 24 hours, reached below 3000 pg/ mL before HCG administration. The main outcome measures were rates and grades of OHSS, and the pregnancy rate in both groups. Results: Ten patients (33.33%) in calcium group and 15 patients (50%) in coasting group developed OHSS.  The incidence of mild {8 (26.67%) vs 10 (33.33%); p= 0.573}, moderate {2 (6.67%) vs 4 (13.33%); p= 0.389} and severe {Zero vs 1 (3.33%); p= 0.313} OHSS were nonsignificantly lower in calcium group compared to coasting group. The clinical pregnancy rate was nonsignificantly higher in calcium group compared to coasting group (40% vs 23.33%; p= 0.165). The mean number of retrieved (p =0.0002), metaphase II (p = 0.007) oocytes and the mean number of good-quality embryos (p = 0.0002) were significantly higher in calcium group than coasting group.  Conclusions: Intravenous calcium infusion was as effective as coasting in the prevention of early severe OHSS in high-risk patients, but yielded more retrieved oocytes and higher pregnancy rates.

[Ahmed Walid A. Morad. Comparison of Intravenous Calcium Infusion with Coasting for Prevention of the Early Onset Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome.  J Am Sci 2013;9(1):455-460] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 66

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.66

Key words: ART, Intravenous calcium, coasting, OHSS, prevention.

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Comparison of coronary angiographic findings in diabetic and non diabetic women in Upper Egypt with non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction

Kamal Ahmed Marghany, Mohmed Salem El Baz, Abou Bakr El Seddik Tammam and Mahmoud Mohamed Abdel Hakeem

Department Of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, AL Azhar University, Egypt

Abstract: Worldwide more than 140 million people suffer from diabetes mellitus, which is one of the most common non communicable diseases. Diabetes mellitus magnifies the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and is known to be the major risk factor for development of coronary artery disease. The purpose of this study was to compare the coronary angiographic findings in diabetic and non-diabetic women in upper Egypt with non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. The present study was conducted in a co-operation between Cardiology Department Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University and Cardiology Department, Luxor international hospital over a period from December 2009 to December 2010. The present study included 30 female patients presented with Non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, patients were divided into 2 groups: Group (I) Fifteen diabetic patients (56.133± 7.049 years old), group (II) Fifteen Non diabetic patients (56.267 ± 8.189 years old). Transthoracic echocardiography (including M-mode, 2D and Doppler imaging) with standard views have been taken. Coronary angiography was done for all patients. Regarding age and other risk factors, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P 0.0962). The number of diabetic patients with single vessel disease was 5, with two vessels disease were 3, and with three vessels were 6, while the number of non diabetic with single vessel disease was 12, with two vessels disease was 1, with three vessel disease was zero and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P 0.01). The affection of RCA was more common in group I than group II. Presence of collateral circulation was more in group I than that of group II. Type A lesion was more prevalent in group II compared with group I while type B and C lesion was more in diabetics and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P 0.01). Seven diabetic patients had undergone PCI, 7 had CABG decision, and 1 received medical treatment while in the non diabetic patients, the PCI was done for 13, no CABG, and medical treatment for 2 of them and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups as regard to echocardiographic findings (P 0.001). Diabetic patients had more multiplicity of coronary artery affection, more diffuse disease and more severe stenosis, the affection of the right coronary artery was more common in diabetic patients, morphology of coronary lesions was more complex in diabetic patients than the non diabetics, diabetic patients had developed collateral circulation and left ventricular systolic dysfunction more than non diabetics. 

[Kamal Ahmed Marghany, Mohmed Salem El Baz, Abou Bakr El Seddik Tammam and Mahmoud Mohamed Abdel Hakeem. Comparison of coronary angiographic findings in diabetic and non diabetic women in Upper Egypt with non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):461-468]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 67

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.67

Keywords: Non STEMI in women-Diabetes mellitus- Echocardiography-Coronary angiography

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Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in manure and milk filters of apparently healthy dairy herds in Hesse, Germany

A. El-Sayed*^1,2, S. Natour ¹, Nadra-Elwgoud M.I. Abdou*⁴, M. Salem⁴, A. Hassan^1,3, W. Wolter⁵ , M. Zschöck¹

¹Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor (LHL), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Schubertstrasse 60, Haus 13. 35392, Gießen, Germany

²Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

³GD Animal Health Service, Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Postbus 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands

⁴Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University

⁵Regierungspräsidum Gießen, Dez. 51.2, Schanzenfeldstrasse 8, 35578 Wetzlar, Germany

 aaelsayed2000@yahoo.de

Abstract: Aim and Background: Examination of environmental samples such as manure and soil could be considered as an alternative screening technique for the detection of MAP. So it may improve the efficiency of Johne’s Disease  control strategies especially in areas with low MAP prevalence. This study was conducted to evaluate and investigate the usefulness of environmental samples and especially milk-filter samples in the improvement of MAP diagnosis. In addition, the present work aims to investigate the possibility of using these samples as an alternative cheaper diagnostic matrix for MAP- detection in dairy herds. Methodology: Manure and milk filter samples were collected from 63 German dairy cattle herds in Hessen to be investigated for the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). All herds included were tested for MAP status in a previous study by screening with the Pourquier^® ELISA and bacterial isolation from individual faeces and/or milk samples. Results: MAP was identified in 11.2% and 3.6% of tested manure and milk filter samples respectively. Grown colonies were characterized by phenotypic characters, Ziel Neelsen stain and by PCR amplification of MAP the IS900 sequence and the f57 gene. Conclusion: The current study is the first report of the isolation of MAP from milk filters highlighting the usefulness of this kind of sampling in the identification of MAP on herd level. Moreover, such environmental sampling could aid in the future as a cheaper alternative screening techniques for detecting MAP status on herd level.

[A. El-Sayed, S. Natour, Nadra-Elwgoud M.I. Abdou, M. Salem, A. Hassan, W. Wolter, M. Zschöck.^. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in manure and milk filters of apparently healthy dairy herds in Hesse, Germany. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):469-473]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 68

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.68

Keywords: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP); manure; milk filter; Environmental samples.

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Quality of life & satisfaction of diabetic foot patients: Comparative study

Eman S Shahin ¹, Shereen Ahmed A Qalawa ¹, Magda Aly Mohamed ² and Amal Bakr Abo El-Ata¹

Departments of ¹Medical Surgical Nursing and ²Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University, Egypt. shereen.q066@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Foot complications are common in diabetic patients and are associated with a high amputation rate as well as being life threatening. It also accounts for substantial health care cost and resources. It is a major burden to the patient and the healthcare system., the impact of diabetic foot ulcers on quality of life is large, especially on physical functioning, social functioning and mobility. Objectives: The aim of the present study is to assess the quality of life and satisfaction level of diabetic patients with diabetic foot. Subject and methods: descriptive comparative with convenience random sampling was used sampling 77 from Egypt and 100 from Sudan, carried out in Egypt in diabetic out patient clinic in Port Said general hospital which it is the first specialized diabetic governmental center and in Sudan in Jabir Abu Alaiz diabetic specialized center which it is also the first specialized governmental diabetic center. One modified tool for data collection was used divided into 4 main parts related to socio-demographic characteristics, duration of diabetes mellitus, feeling, quality of life, satisfaction respectively. Results: results of the present study revealed significance difference in many items related to quality of life &diabetic foot patients satisfaction between Egyptian & Sudanese patients. Conclusion: Sudanese diabetic foot patients had low quality of life & satisfaction regarding their disease. Recommendations: various educational programme regarding proper self management and coping strategies is very important issue.

[Eman S Shahin, Shereen A A Qalawa, Magda Aly Mohamed, Amal Bakr Abo El-Ata. Quality of life & satisfaction of diabetic foot patients: Comparative study. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):474-483]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 69

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.69

Keywords: Quality of Life- diabetic –foot- Care - mellitus – complications.

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Detection of Insulin Resistance in Obese young men and its association with metabolic abnormalities in Najran, Saudi Arabia

Tarek E. Hodhod and Tarek S. Mahdy

Department of Applied Medical Science, Community College, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia

tarekhodhod15@hotmail.com

Abstract: The association between obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been recognized for decades. The major basis for this link is the ability of obesity to engender insulin resistance (IR). Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) is an indirect marker of IR. The present study evaluated the usefulness of HOMA-IR in the prediction of the risk of the development of T2DM among overweight and obese individuals in Najran, Saudi Arabia. This study was carried out on 116 male individuals divided into 3 groups. Of these, 20 healthy control (GI), 44 prediabetic overweight and obese individuals with high normal serum glucose levels (GII) and 52 diabetic overweight and obese individuals with high serum glucose levels (GIII). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated for all individuals. In addition, fasting serum glucose and insulin levels, lipid profile and liver and kidney function tests were estimated for all  individuals. The mean BMI was 21.84±1.28 kg/m² in GI, 28.68±2.42 kg/m² in GII and 33.82±2.78 kg/m² in GIII. The mean fasting serum glucose was 128.29±27.92 mg/dl in GII and 159.46±44.86 mg/dl in GIII. Such findings were correlated with increased fasting serum insulin levels (21.57±2.58 µU/ml in GII and 37.28±6.15 µU/ml in GIII) compared to GI (16.22±6.23 µU/ml). The mean HOMA-IR was 5.77±1.71 in GII and 12.67±4.07 in GIII compared to GI (4.07±1.04). We conclude that, increased BMI was associated with increased incidence of Insulin Resistance, dyslipidaemia and hyperuricaemia among overweight and obese individuals in Najran, Saudi Arabia.

 [Tarek E. Hodhod and Tarek S. Mahdy. Detection of Insulin Resistance in Obese young men and its association with metabolic abnormalities in Najran, Saudi Arabia. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):484-490]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 70

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.70

Key words: Insulin resistance, Body mass index, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity.

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Influential Main elements in tourism industry structure and its role in economical development

Mahmood Reza Shirazi

Abstract: New millennium is witness of incremental movement of people tendency for spending additional time, especially recreational time and leisure time. Some of scientists know leisure time as times that people use it for themselves and their families and manage it. These incentives create international tourism concept as a mean for using leisure time for visiting places and different destinations. According to tourism importance as an industry and its place in economical development, in this thesis is tried to survey elements that influence tourism industry structure.

[Mahmood Reza Shirazi. Influential Main elements in tourism industry structure and its role in economical development. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):491-493]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 71

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.71

Keywords: Tourism, tourism industry, tourism industry structure, development

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Surveying the role of organization management and its impact on performance of Islamic Azad University Personnel from shushtar Branch

Masoud Ahmadinejad¹, Mahmoud yaghoubidoust²  

¹ Islamic Azad University, shushtar Branch, shushtar, Iran

² PhD student of sociology

Abstract: The main purpose of this research is (to know the role of organizational management and its impact on efficiency of the personnel from Azad university of Shushtar). The study is applied research and its method is descriptive-correlative. Which according to the Kerjeieand Morgan, 100 people were selected randomly from 320 non-faculty staff members employed by the University. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods or analysis, including percentage, frequency, mean, variance and standard deviation are used for analysis. Findings indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship between independent variables of authorities’ power and specialists` power with dependent variable of efficiency as well as there is a reverse and significant relationship between the independent variable of compulsion power and the dependent variable of efficiency, also no relationship between independent legal variables and reward power with dependent variable of efficiency.

[Masoud Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud yaghoubidoust. Surveying the role of organization management and its impact on performance of Islamic Azad University Personnel from shushtar Branch. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):494-497]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.  72

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.72

Keywords: The role of authority, organization management, employee performance, Islamic Azad University of Shushtar

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Theoretical and experimental fuzzy control on vehicle pneumatic semi-active suspension system

Ali M. Abd-El-Tawwab

Automotive and Tractor Eng. Dept., Faculty of Eng., Minia University, Minia, Egypt.

ali_tawwab@hotmail.com

Abstract: Semi-active suspension system is a possible way to improve suspension performance although the passive system can effectively handle some control of suspension system. The main propose of this paper is to assess performance of semi-active suspension system by implementing Fuzzy and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controls in comparison with passive suspension system. This paper is focused on reliable fuzzy controller design for pneumatic semi-active suspension system. The pneumatic semi-active suspension system consists of a damper with two state variable damping coefficient parallel with coil spring. The performance of pneumatic semi-active suspension system theoretically and experimentally predicted using two degree of freedom of quarter car model are presented. Also a method of PID and fuzzy controls were applied theoretically and experimental to show the performance of ride comfort. The results are generated when the system is excited by sine wave road input. The damping coefficient of the pneumatic semi-active damper is taken firstly from the experimental on the damper characteristics test rig, after that, the performance was studied using the quarter car test rig. Finally, a  comparison between the passive and semi-active systems are presented and discussed. The results showed that there is a worthwhile improvement for the pneumatic semi-active suspension system with fuzzy control over the passive.

[Ali M. Abd-El-Tawwab. Theoretical and experimental fuzzy control on vehicle pneumatic semi-active suspension system. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):498-507]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 73

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.73

Keywords: Quarter car model, pneumatic suspension system, fuzzy control, PID control.

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Effect of Different Clasps on Asymmetric Distal Extension Base Supporting Structures

Fatma ELzahraa Awad¹,  Asma Gadallah², Hana’a Gamal Youssef ³, Yasser Shawky³

¹- Professor of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

²- Professor of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Misr International  University, Cairo, Egypt.

³- Lecturer of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt.

Corresponding author: hanaa.g.youssef@gmail.com

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to assess the stresses induced by RPI, I-bar and RPL clasps and their effect on bone height of the structures supporting asymmetric distal extension partial dentures. Materials and methods: The stresses induced by the three partial denture designs and their effect on marginal and crestal bone loss were compared. In-vitro strain gauge analysis was used to measure the stresses induced by the three direct retainers. The change in marginal and crestal bone height was measured using radiovisography (RVG). Results: Comparing the micro-strains induced by placement of the RPL clasp on the abutments, revealed statistically significant less micro-strains induced to abutments on both short and long sides of the ridge compared to RPI and I-bar clasps. The placement of I-bar clasp on short side abutment induced the greatest & statistically significant micro-strains to the short side of the ridge but the least statistically significant micro-strains on the long side of the ridge, while the stresses induced by placement of the RPI clasp on the short and long sides of the ridge were statistically insignificant. Statistically significant less value of marginal bone loss of abutments bearing RPL clasps was detected at the end of the study period compared to that caused by RPI and I-bar clasps. However, no statistical significant difference was noted between the effect of RPI and I-bar clasps at the end of the study period. Conclusion: The results revealed that asymmetric partial dentures retained on the short side by RPL clasp induced less stresses and caused less bone resorption compared to dentures retained by RPI clasp and I-bar clasp.

[Fatma ELzahraa Awad, Asma Gadallah, Hana’a Gamal Youssef, Yasser Shawky. Effect of Different Clasps on Asymmetric Distal Extension Base Supporting Structures. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):508-519]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 74

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.74

Key words: Asymmetric distal extension removable partial denture, RPI clasp, I-bar clasp, RPL clasp, strain gauge analysis, bone height.

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The assessing of how parametric architecture and algorithmic patterns in the process of educating architecture design in Iran. ( the samples of students' projects in the Islamic Azad University of Architecture in Mashhad and Birjand cities)

Reza Mirzaei

Department of Architecture, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran

Aspiran0080@yahoo.com

Abstract: The philosophy of education can be studied from different viewpoints of thought, containing the three important groups; Western, Eastern and Islamic philosophies. Regarding to this arrangement, there are several aspects that are not match with each other, whenever comparing these aspects within the comprehending of education itself, through the countries apart of this global nation. The idea and the conception of philosophy of education has been derived traditionally and modernly, became combined and simultaneously work on each other, in order to generate  the best culture of education to the humanity. Thus, this paper attempts to perceive structural changes in architectural education system in Iran due to the effects of various factors such as hermeneutic mutations in parametric and algorithmic architectural education. As a result, the samples of design in 2 schools of architecture have been considered.

[Reza Mirzaei. The assessing of how parametric architecture and algorithmic patterns in the process of educating architecture design in Iran. ( the samples of students' projects in the Islamic Azad University of Architecture in Mashhad and Birjand cities). J Am Sci 2013;9(1):520-530]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 75

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.75

Keywords: philosophy of education, architectural education, constructivist education, design paradox, hermeneutics, parametric design, algorithmic architecture

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Roadmap to Advance E-Learning Management System at The University of Jordan

Dr. Muhannad Al-Shboul¹, Dr. Osama Rababah², Dr. Rizik Al-Sayyed², Dr. Ghaleb Sweis³, Hanadi Aldreabi⁴

¹ Department of Curriculum and Instruction, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

² Department of Business Information Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

³ Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

⁴ Computer Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

Abstract: Research works in the field of e-Learning are represented by a broad spectrum of applications, ranged from virtual classrooms to remote courses or distance learning. E-Learning, via Web-based courses, offers obvious advantages for learners by making access to educational resources very fast, just-in-time and relevance, at any time or place. In this paper, we present a vision of e-Learning for higher education institutions in Jordan, in general, and for The University of Jordan, in particular. In addition, we propose an approach for developing e-Learning Strategic Plan for the University of Jordan particularly. The Plan provides a roadmap for the effective integration of appropriate Web-based educational technologies and services as well as e-Learning management systems to strengthen the teaching and learning missions of the University of Jordan, on-campus, between campuses, and online. This study also seeks to assist in developing plans, strategies and programs that support education reform for the knowledge economy and utilizing e-Learning systems in higher education sector in Jordan.

[Muhannad Al-Shboul, Osama Rababah, Rizik Al-Sayyed, Ghaleb Sweis, Hanadi Aldreabi. Roadmap to Advance E-Learning Management System at The University of Jordan. J Am Sci 2013;9(1):531-545]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 76

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.76

Keywords: e-Learning Strategy, Web-Based Instruction, Management Information System, e-Content, Jordan.

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The role of serum retinol binding protein 4 in hypertensive male patients and its relationship with metabolic syndrome and associated cardiovascular risk

Bothaina I. Saleh¹, Salwa R. Ali², Ghada F. El-Mahaseb³, Mostafa I. Saleh⁴, Amani M. Tawfik⁵

Departments of Clinical Pathology¹, Internal Medicine^2,3, Cadiology⁴, Microbiology⁵, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

bothina_i@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is an adipokine that had been reported to induce insulin resistance and to play a role in the pathogenesis and severity of essential hypertension (EH). Aim:  was to evaluate RBP4 levels in patients with EH and to investigate the relationship between raised serum RBP4 and insulin resistance in hypertensive (HTN) male patients and its relation with the severity of hypertension and risk of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Subjects and Methods: serum RBP4, insulin, blood glucose, uric acid, creatinine, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and lipid profile were investigated in HTN male patients,  together with measurement of homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index for insulin resistance, body mass index (BMI)  and waist circumference. The patients were divided into two groups; hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) and hypertensive patients without MS and compared with age and sex matched apparently healthy individuals as control. Results: HTN patients with MS were found to have significant higher values of RBP4, BMI, waist circumference, HOMA index, uric acids and triglycerides with high prevalence of LVH compared to patient group without MS. Serum RBP4 was found to be positively correlated with high levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and with high values of HOMA index, and negatively correlated with HDL. Conclusion: serum RBP4 can be used as a predictive marker for the severity of hypertension and associated risk of LVH in HTN patients with MS.

[Bothaina I. Saleh, Salwa R. Ali, Ghada F. El-Mahaseb, Mostafa I. Saleh, and  Amani M. Tawfik. The role of serum retinol binding protein 4 in hypertensive male patients and its relationship with metabolic syndrome and associated cardiovascular risk. J Am Sci 2013; 9(1): 546-555]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 77

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.77

Key words: Retinol binding protein 4, essential hypertension, insulin resistance

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Alveolar Sockets Preservation Using Hydroxyapatite / Beta tricalcium Phosphate with Hyaluronic Acid (Histomorphometric study)

Amr  ELkarargy

Department of Periodontology College  of Dentistry, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia

dr.amr.elkarargy@qudent.org

Abstract: Alveolar atrophy following tooth extraction remains a challenge for future dental implant placement. Immediate implant placement and postextraction alveolar preservation are two methods that are used to prevent significant postextraction bone loss. The purpose of this study is to  investigate the usefulness of hydroxyapatite / beta tricalcium phosphate (HA/BTCP) with hyaluronic acid (HY) for alveolar sockets preservation. Thirty-two New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to the lower left incisor extraction. The rabbits were equally divided into three groups. The extracted sockets (n = 12/group) were filled with : HA/BTCP, HA/BTCP + HY and  blood clot (control). All rabbits were sacrificed for histological and histomorphometric evaluation after 4 and 8 week healing periods. The results demonstrated that all sites examined in this study displayed evidence of new bone formation. A statistically significant difference in the amount of new bone formation were found between sites that healed for an average of 8 only. The results demonstrating approximately 78%, 68 % and 63% of new vital bone formation for groups grafted with HA/BTCP +HY, HA/BTCP and control group respectively after 8 weeks postoperatively. In conclusion these results exhibited that the use of  hydroxyapatite / beta tricalcium phosphate with hyaluronic acid appears to be more efficient in osteoconduction when compared with of  hydroxyapatite / beta tricalcium phosphate alone and could be promising strategy for preservation of alveolar sockets.

[Amr  ELkarargy. Alveolar Sockets Preservation Using Hydroxyapatite / Beta tricalcium Phosphate with Hyaluronic Acid (Histomorphometric study). J Am Sci 2013; 9(1): 556-563]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.  78

doi:10.7537/marsjas090113.78

Keywords: hydroxyapatite / beta tricalcium phosphate, hyaluronic acid, alveolar sockets preservation, alloplastic material, allograft.

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