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Respiratory Problems of Children with Cerebral palsy: Effect of Educational Program for their Mothers' Performance

Safaa Fouad Draz⁽¹⁾, Orban Ragab Bayoumi^(1,2) and Nahed Saied El- Nagger^(1,2)

⁽¹⁾ Pediatrics Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

⁽²⁾ Faculty of Nursing, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Al-Mukramah, Saudi Arabia

safaa292002@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) face challenges not only from their underlying medical conditions, but also from limitations in equipments and systems needed to support them. Children with cerebral palsy having many conditions which contribute significantly to respiratory problems, whereas; swallowing difficulties, weak cough, recurrent chest infections, pneumonia, frequent aspiration, all contribute to accidental inhalation of oral secretions, food, drink, and stomach contents into the lungs. Respiratory problems can lead to serious health risks for children with cerebral palsy and are at higher risk of atelectasis and airway obstruction from mucus plugging. Therefore, they eventually require assistance with breathing and airway clearance especially during sleep. The aims of the study were to: Assess the mothers' knowledge and performance regarding care for their children with cerebral palsy having respiratory problems, designing and implementing an educational program for mothers about care of respiratory problems and evaluating the effectiveness of educational program on improving the mothers' knowledge and performance and reducing recurrent respiratory problems of their children. Methods: A quasi experimental design was utilized. Subjects: A purposive sample composed of 120 mothers and their children with cerebral palsy having respiratory problems. Setting: Outpatient Clinic of Pediatrics Neurology at Children's Hospital affiliated to Ain Shams University Hospitals. Tools: (A) Pre/ post interviewing questionnaire to assess mothers' knowledge and practice about CP children with respiratory problems, B) Observation sheet, C) clinical records, D) Guideline booklet for mothers of children. Results: There was improvement in mothers' knowledge and practices as regards CP children with respiratory problems post program implementation that reflected statistically significant differences. Conclusion and Recommendations: The developed instructional guideline program showed significant improvement in mothers' performance regarding respiratory problems of their children with cerebral palsy. The study recommends improving the mothers' performance regarding respiratory problems of their children.

[Safaa Fouad Draz, Orban Ragab Bayoumi, and Nahed Saied El- Nagger. Respiratory Problems of Children with Cerebral palsy: Effect of Educational Program for their Mothers' Performance. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):1-12]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.01

Keyword: Respiratory, Cerebral palsy, Mothers’, Performance.

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The Effect of Cold Application on Pain and Anxiety during Chest Tube Removal

¹Raiza Abdoullah Al –Otaibi. ²Fatma M Mokabel and ³Yasser AL-Ghuneimy

¹Demonstrator Fundamental of Nursing Department-Medical / Surgical Nursing- College of Nursing

²Associate Professor Fundamental of Nursing Department -Medical / Surgical and Critical Care Nursing- College of Nursing

³Associate Professor Surgical Department-Thoracic Surgery- College of Medicine University of Dammam

fatmamokabel@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Many cardiothoracic patients indicate an insertion of a chest tube, in either emergency or nonemergency situation with eventual removal after cardiothoracic surgery, trauma, and other condition. Patients always describe chest tube removal as a painful event and report that the pain is poorly managed. Little evidence-based research has guided health team in attempts to alleviate such pain. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of cold application on pain intensity and anxiety during chest tube removal. Material and method: Single - blinded randomized experimental design was used. The study was conducted at the cardiothoracic, surgical ward and intensive care unit at King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar. Forty patients who had a chest tube after cardio-thoracic surgery was randomly assigned into two groups. The study group received ice therapy 20 minutes before CTR, whereas control group without cold application. One tool was used it covered three part: 1) Demographic data, tube and surgical information’s, 2) Visual Analogue Scale for measuring pain intensity and 3)Hamilton Anxiety Scale for measuring Anxiety Level. Results: revealed that the correlation between pre anxiety and pain before and during chest tube removal was insignificant correlated, while it was significantly correlated after removal with = p<.05, and the main pain during chest tube removal for the cold application group were 2.00 which mean mild pain sensation and 7.95 for the control group which mean severe pain sensation. Conclusion and Recommendation: The ice packs application able to reduce the intensity of pain and anxiety level associated with chest tube removal. Therefore it was recommended to be used during chest tube removal. Additional research is needed to investigate this effect.

[Raiza Abdoullah Al-Otaibi.; Fatma M Mokabel, and Yasser AL-Ghuneimy. The Effect of Cold Application on Pain and Anxiety during Chest Tube Removal. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):13-23]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.02

Key Words: Pain, Anxiety and Chest tube.

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An Ultrastructural Study on the Effect of Nigella Sativa and Hydrocortisone on Adult Albino Rat Testis.

Ashraf H. Abd El-Hakem, Sobhy H.A. Ewis, Mohamed Atif A. Said Ahmed ¹and Refaat A.M. Eid²

¹ Anatomy and ² Pathology Departments, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia Kingdom

ashraf25001@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Nigella sativa is consumed excessively in Saudi Arabia and Gulf Countries. Hydrocortisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid widely used in the medical fields. The present study aimed to investigate the histological and ultrastructural changes in rat testis under the effect of Nigella sativa and hydrocortisone. Material and method: Forty male Wister strain male albino rats used in this study. The rats divided randomly into four equal groups. Group I: served as control. Group II: treated by Nigella sativa oil orally (500 mg/kg body weight), daily for 15 days. Group III: treated by intramuscular injection with hydrocortisone sodium succinate (300mg/kg body weight), daily for 15 days. Group VI treated by both Nigella sativa oil orally and intramuscular with hydrocortisone sodium succinate (by the same rout, dose and duration of groups II and III). The testis subjected to light and transmission electron microscopy study..Results: Nigella sativa treated animals showed seminiferous tubules surrounded by healthy basal lamina with normal thickness. The most dominant finding is that the spermatids are numerous. The electron microscopic picture of the seminiferous epithelial cells showed picture of increased activity. Hydrocortisone sodium succinate treated animals revealed irregular and thicker basal lamina relative to the control. Partial collapse of some tubules was obvious causing widening intercellular spaces. Marked reduction in the germ cells. The electron microscopic picture of the seminiferous epithelial cells showed degenerative changes. Animals treated by both Nigella sativa and hydrocortisone sodium succinate showed mixed picture of both effects. Nigella sativa ameliorate of the degenerative changes of the hydrocortisone sodium succinate on the seminiferous epithelial cells. Conclusion: Nigella sativa oil has a beneficial effect on the seminiferous epithelium while hydrocortisone administration causes an obvious destructive effects on the seminiferous epithelium. Combined administration of Nigella sativa oil and hydrocortisone ameliorate the destructive effects of hydrocortisone on the seminiferous epithelium. So, it is better to use Nigella sativa oil in combination with hydrocortisone.

[Ashraf H. Abd El-Hakem, Sobhy H.A. Ewis, Mohamed Atif A. Said Ahmed, and Refaat A.M. Eid. An Ultrastructural Study on the Effect of Nigella Sativa and Hydrocortisone on Adult Albino Rat Testis. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):24-36]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.03

Key Words: ultrastructure, histology, Nigella sativa, hydrocortisone, rat, testis.

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Study of the Relationship between Religious Identity and Life Style with Mental Health

Case Study: Male and Female Teenagers of Shiraz

Bijan Khajehnoori[1], Zahra Reyahi2, Saeed Keshavarzi3

¹ - Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Shiraz University, Iran, Email: bkhaje@rose.shirazu.ac.ir

² - MA student in Sociology, Department of Sociology, Shiraz University, Iran, Email: zahra.reyahi@gmail.com

³ - MA student in Sociology, Department of Sociology, Shiraz University, Iran, Tell: +989178307638, Email: saeed.keshavarzi.21@gmail.com

Abstract: Nowadays modernization, globalization and changing life style have many side effects on physical and mental qualities. Of these intense effects are man’s (Specially the young) anxiety and depression. On the other hand, religious identity is one of the mechanisms to defend against stresses and threats. If the religious identity is enhanced, it plays an important role to promote the people’s health in the community. 400 teenagers of 15 to 18 were selected by random sampling method from Shiraz schools. The study method was the survey one by questionnaire. The findings gained in the level of bivariate analysis indicate that sexuality and religious identity have significant relation with mental health and its dimensions. In addition, the correlation coefficients indicate mental health has negative relation with some modern life styles such as virtual social network. The findings from regression analysis indicate the variable: low social class has negative effect on mental health, but religious identity has positive effect on it and totally determines 20% of the changes of dependent variables. The study showed that if the religious beliefs and identity are enhanced, the teenagers’ mental health is improved highly. Also having created ambiguities in people religious, identity modern life styles have negative effects on the teenagers’ mental health. [Khajehnoori B, Reyahi Z, Keshavarzi S. Study of the Relationship between Religious Identity and Life Style with Mental Health, Case Study: Male and Female Teenagers of Shiraz. J Am Sci 2013;9(8):37-44]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.04

Keywords: Religiosity; Teenagers; Mental Health; Religious Identity

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Cellulose gene expression power of Fibrobacter Succinogenes S85 in Egyptian rams and bucks rumen liquor

Salem M.S and Asmaa Abd El-Samad

Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

laomsh89@yahoo.com

Abstract: Two experiments were conducted in this study. The first experiment was carried out to isolate pure colonies of Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 from rumen liquor of the adult Egyptian rams and bucks. It was collected by stomach tube from 3-5 years old rams and bucks at the Agriculture Experimental Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, under sterilized conditions. In the second experiment, designations of primers for the cellulase gene of Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 strain were performed. Real Time PCR (RT-PCR) and electrophoresis separations were done to assure the target strain in order to quantify the cellulase gene expression in Fibrobacter succinogenes S85. According to the conditions of these experiments, it was concluded that, the high digestion efficiency in bucks than rams is due to the cellulose gene expression in Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 derived from adult bucks rumen liquor being 3.24 fold higher than the same from adult rams’ rumen liquor.

[Salem M.S, Cellulose gene expression power of Fibrobacter Succinogenes S85 in Egyptian rams and bucks rumen liquor]. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):45-53]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 5

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.05

Key words: Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, Real Time PCR, cellulase gene expression

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Characterization of Escherichia coli from diarrheic calves with special reference to plasmid profile

El-Shehedi, Mona¹, A.; Mostafa, M. Eraqi² and Aisha, R. Ali¹

1. Serology Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

2. Microbiology and Immunology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

meraqinrc@gmail.com

Abstract: Out of 120 fecal samples collected from diarrheic calves at different localities in AL-Qalyoubia Governorate. 43 were positive for Escherichia coli with an incidence of 35.83%.Serogrouping of E.coli isolates recovered 8 belong to different "O" serogroups which were O₅₅, O₁₁₁, O₂₆, O₁₅₃, O₈, O₁₈, O₈₆, O_157, and "5" isolates were untypable. Antibiogram pattern of isolated E.coli serogroups showed that all tested serogroups of E.coli were sensitive to enrofloxacin, and neomycin, all groups were resistant to cefadroxil, colistin sulphate, Tobramicin and ampicillin.meanwhile variable results were recorded with the remaining used chemotherapeutic agents. Plasmid profile analysis of various E.coli serogroups revealed that E.coli serogroups O₁₁₁ revealed 4 plasmids with their super coiled forms with a molecular weightranging1-7 Kbp, while E.coli serogroup O₁₅₃ revealed 3 plasmid with molecular weight 2.5-7 Kbp and O₁₈ harbored 2 plasmid with molecular weight 1.8-2.5 Kbp, while E.coli serogroups O₂₆, O₅₅, O₈ revealed 1 plasmid with the same molecular weight 7 Kbp_. On the other hand E.coli serogroups O₈₆ have no plasmid.

[El-Shehedi Mona, A., Mostafa, M. Eraqi, and Aisha, R. Ali. Characterization of Escherichia coli from diarrheic calves with special reference to plasmid profile. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):54-59]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.06

Keywords: diarrheic calves, plasmid profile, Escherichia coli.

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Alharamlek and Almsari in the Egyptian and Andalusian Residential Architecture in the Islamic Era

(A comparative archaeological study)

 Dr. Badr Abdel Aziz Mohammed Badr

History and civilization Department, Faculty of Arts, Port Said University

szabadr@yahoo.com

Abstract: Egypt was the first station for the voyages of the Andalusians who considered it their residence, or those who settled it for a period of time and then departed to their countries. Hence, the mutual influences between the Egyptians and the Andalusians appeared. One of the most important influences is the residential architecture "the scope of the present study" which includes a comparative archaeological study between the main upper halls which were called "Alharamlek" in the Egyptian residential architecture, and the main upper lofts which were called "Almsari" or "Alaliat" in the Andalusian residential architecture during the Islamic era, in terms of location, general layout, description and decorations. In addition, this study deals with the functional role of Alharamlek Halls and their Mashrabiyas, “wooden lattice covered windows”, Almsari lofts and their Ajimez and Alcharajip in order to reach a scientific assessment to show the mutual influences between the Egyptian and Andalusian architecture in the Islamic era. Next, there are the main research results and a list of the Arabic and foreign sources and references. Then, the research Catalog includes figures and illustrative pictures.

[Badr Abdel Aziz Mohammed Badr. Alharamlek and Almsari in the Egyptian and Andalusian Residential Architecture in the Islamic Era (A comparative archaeological study. J Am Sci 2013;9(7): 60-75]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http: //www.jofamericanscience.org. 7

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.07

Keywords: Islamic Architecture, Residentail Architecture,Andalusia,palace style, House style, Al-haramlek halls, Al-masari lofts, Mashrabiya, Shamasa, Al-charajip.

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Effect of Mechanical Vibration Therapy on Healing of Foot Ulcer in Diabetic Polyneuropathy Patients.

Hesham G. Mahran¹, Omar Farouk Helal², Amir Abdel-Raouf El Fiky ³

^1.Department of Physical Therapy for Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Egypt.

^2.Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al Qura University. KSA.

^3. Department of Physical Therapy for Neurological Disorders and its Surgery, Cairo University. Egypt.

dr.mon5@hotmail.com.

Abstract: Diabetic foot complications are the most common cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations in the industrialized world. The risk of lower extremity amputation is higher in diabetics than in persons who do not have diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, foot complications are the most frequent reason for hospitalization in patients with diabetes. Diabetic neuropathy is the impact of diabetes on the nervous system, most commonly causing numbness, tingling and pain in the feet and also increasing the risk of skin damage due to altered sensation. Together with vascular disease in the legs, neuropathy contributes to the risk of diabetes-related foot problems (such as diabetic foot ulcers) that can be difficult to treat and occasionally require amputation. Early detection and appropriate treatment of these ulcers may prevent up to 85 percent of amputations. Purpose: To detect the effect of low mechanical vibration on healing of diabetic foot ulcer. Methods: Twenty nine diabetic patients with type 2 diabetes (21 males and 8 females) suffer from diabetic ischemic foot ulcer (grade A1) will be divided into 2 groups; 1st study group received low mechanical vibration for 15 minutes for session, 3 session/day, 5day/week for 4 weeks and control group received no treatment. Assessment of wound size (length, width and area) by Visitrak device for both groups was done 3 times as follow; 1st assessment done before assessment, the 2nd assessment was done 2 weeks after the beginning of treatment and the 3rd assessment was done 4 weeks after beginning of treatment. Results: In study group; there was significant difference between pre- treatment mean value of ulcer area and two weeks post- treatment mean value of ulcer area as p value 0.019, there was significant difference between two weeks mean value of ulcer area and four weeks post- treatment mean value of ulcer area as p value 0.014, and there was significant differences between pre- treatment mean value of ulcer area and four weeks post- treatment mean value of ulcer area as p value 0.032. Between groups; there was significant difference between the study and control groups in mean value of ulcer areas after two weeks of treatment as p value 0.014, and there was highly significant difference between the study and control groups in mean value of ulcer area after four weeks of treatment p value 0.008. Conclusion: It can be concluded that low mechanical vibration may improve healing of diabetic foot ulcer.

[Mahran HG, Helal OF, El-Fiky AA. Effect of Mechanical Vibration Therapy on Healing of Foot Ulcer in Diabetic Polyneuropathy Patients. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):76-87]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.08

Key words: (diabetic polyneuropathy, foot ulcer, mechanical vibration).

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Sustainable Resources of Corals for the Restoration of Damaged Coral Reefs in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea

Fuad A. Al-Horani

The University of Jordan-Aqaba Branch, Faculty of Marine Sciences Marine Biology Department

P. O. Box 195, Aqaba 77110, Jordan, Tel.: +962-775-612025.

E-mail: f.horani@ju.edu.jo

Abstract: During the past ten years, the coral reefs in the Gulf of Aqaba have suffered from continued deterioration as a result of coastal human activities. For restoration purposes of the damaged coral reefs, it is important to have continuous supply of corals without causing impairment to the natural coral reef environment. In the present study, suspended and bottom based coral nurseries were established in situ for the production of high numbers of selected coral species. After one year of in situ culturing, the coral nurseries produced colonies that are suitable for transplantation. The corals grown on the nurseries were produced by asexual reproduction through fragmentation. This method improves the status of endangered and/or rare coral species through mass production of colonies originating from the same mother colony. Parallel to this, settlement devices were constructed and deployed in the sea to allow for settling of swimming larvae in the reef. The settlement devices recruited diverse number of settling reef organisms, which helps enhance the biological diversity in the damaged reef areas. The two techniques of producing coral recruits are efficient tools for providing sustainable resources of corals for use in reef restoration. It is highly recommended to have a combination of both techniques when restoration of coral reefs is considered.

[Fuad A. Al-Horani. Sustainable Resources of Corals for the Restoration of Damaged Coral Reefs in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. J Am Sci 2013; 9(7): 88-95]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.09

Key words: Coral Reefs, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, Restoration, Coral Nurseries, Settlement Devices.

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[J Am Sci 2013; 9(7): 96-103]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 10. doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.10

Withdrawn

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Comparative cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of the alkaloid content of Egyptian Pancratium maritimum L. fruits and flowers

Mona H. Hetta¹* and Azza A. Shafei²

¹ Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni- Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt

² Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Azhar University (Girls), Cairo, Egypt

monahetta@gmail.com

Abstract: The aim of this study is comparing the effect of the alkaloid mixtures of fruits and flowers of the Egyptian Pancratium maritimum L. on colon carcinoma cells and selected strains of fungi and bacteria. The chemical composition of the alkaloids of both organs has been analyzed using GC/MS technique. Seventeen and thirteen compounds were detected, from which 14 and 11 were identified for fruits and flowers respectively. Four alkaloids were detected in high concentrations: Tazettine, Lycorine, N-demethyl galantamine and galantamine (in fruits: 21.97%, 17.09%, 14.93 and 14.20% while in flowers: 25%, 8.48%, 10.03% and 14.20% respectively). The alkaloids exhibited promising cytotoxic activity (IC50=5.3 and 13.8µg/mL, respectively) when compared to the standard Doxorubicin (IC 50 = 0.469µg/mL). The antimicrobial activity of total ethanol and alkaloid mixtures of both organs showed significant activity for all the extracts but more prominent for the alkaloid mixtures, against all the selected strains of fungi, Gm+ve and Gm-ve bacteria except Enterococcus faecalis. MICs of the alkaloid mixtures of both organs were also estimated. It could be concluded that the alkaloid mixtures of fruits and flowers of the Egyptian Pancratium maritimum L. exhibit promising cytotoxic activity against colon carcinoma cells and effective antimicrobial natural source.

[Mona H. Hetta and Azza A. Shafei. Comparative cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of the alkaloid content of Egyptian Pancratium maritimum L. fruits and flowers. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):104-109]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.11

Key Words: Pancratium maritimum L.; Amaryllidaceae; alkaloids; colon carcinoma; antimicrobial.

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Measurement of Diffused Radon from Earth Crust Locality and Flow Its Path in Air

H. A. S. Aly

Physics Department, Faculty of Girls for Arts, Science and Education, Egypt

Hanan_ali2@women.asu.edu.eg

Abstract: Manually prepared plastic chamber has been designed to detect radon in the chosen field location characterized by presence of uranium ore. Multi detectors were distributed in the all parts of the detector to check the radon path way in the air. Detector A was the detector which faces the coming radon from the underground and record high activity 25775.59 Bq/m³. Others detectors were recording approximately equal values of radon activity. Ranges of track diameters and depths have been measured, which reflect the incident alpha energy. Finally radon was propagating in all parts of the chamber.

[H. A. S. Aly. Measurement of Diffused Radon from Earth Crust Locality and Flow Its Path in Air. J Am Sci 2013; 9(7): 110-113]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 12

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.12

Keywords: Radon, CR-39, earth crust, uranium ore.

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Reducing power evaluation of antioxidant drugs by potentiometric titration

A.M. El-Kosasy, L. A. Hussien and M. H. Abdel-Rahman

Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt. monahamdyph@yahoo.com

Abstract: An accurate and precise potentiometric automatic titration technique is applied based on redox reaction between reducing drugs (Paracetamol and dl methionine) as antioxidants and standard potassium permanganate as an oxidizing agent, which is employed in acidic medium. The titration is monitored with a Platinum indicator electrode and carried out until the greatest jump of potential from one drop of titrant appears. %RSD values were 1.12 for Paracetamol and 1.336 for dl methionine. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of Paracetamol in pharmaceutical formulation with accuracy 101.50 ± 0.985%. The method was robust to deliberate changes in temperature (30⁰C ± 5). Paracetamol was found to be more reducing to potassium permanganate than dl methionine.

[A.M. El-Kosasy, L. A. Hussien and M. H. Abdel-Rahman. Reducing power evaluation of antioxidant drugs by potentiometric titration. J Am Sci 2013; 9(7): 114-118]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 13

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.13

Keywords: antioxidant, titration, Paracetamol, Potentiometric, platinum.

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The role of L-Tyrosine to relieve Barki sheep of physiological drawbacks resulted from short-term exposure to solar radiation

Ashgan M. Ellamie

Physiology and Poultry Dept., Animal and Poultry Production Division, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

aellamie@gmail.com

Abstract: Exposure of rams to a heat stress has an adverse effect on behavioral and physiologicalresponses.In this study,we examined the ability of exogenous L-Tyrosine,dopamine amino acid precursor to protect rams from developing these neurochemical and behavioral changes whenexposed to heat stress.This experiment was carried out in Mariout station, Desert Research Center,Egypt. Fourteen mature Barki rams were divided into two groups,exposed to sunrise for three hours from 12am to 3pm. The first group (control (C)) was exposed to sunrise and before exposure was given an oral dose of normal saline (Nacl 0.9%, (0.45 ml/kg bodyweight). The second group (treated group) was exposed to sunrise andgivenan oral dose of L-Tyrosine 100mg/kg). Our results clearly showed that L-Tyrosine supplementation (100mg/kgb.wt.) decreased the effect of heat stress on some physiological responses. There was a significant decrease in both skin temperature ST^OC and respiration rate RR,moreover a decrease in rectal temperature RT ^OC. Furthermore, a significant increasein total protein due to elevation of total amino acids and Magnesium levels in serum that indicateda decrease in stress in the tyrosine-treated group.

[Ashgan M. Ellamie. The role of L-Tyrosine to relieve Barki sheep of physiological drawbacks resulted from short-term exposure to solar radiation. J Am Sci 2013; 9(7): 119-124]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 14

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.14

Keywords: Thermoregulation, alleviation of heat stress, biochemical changes, solar radiation, L-tyrosine, sheep.

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Relation between communicative skills with strategies of Conflict management between educational managers of schools of region 2 of Tehran City

Masoumeh Azimi Far

Payam Nour University, Iran

masoumeh.azimi@yahoo.com

Abstract: The general purpose of this research is to determinate relation of communicative skills with strategies of conflict management between educational managers of schools of regions of Tehran City. The way of this research is the type of correlation. Statistical society includes all the educational managers of schools (such as primary, middle and high schools) of region 2 of Tehran City. Sample numbers are 103 numbers who select by random. Questionnaire of communicative skills and questionnaire of strategies of Rabin’s conflict management has been used for collecting information. Pearson’s correlation factor and analysis of one-way Variance have been used to test the hypothesis. The analysis of result shows that there is a significant negative relation between communicative skills and the selection of control and avoidance strategies for conflict management in the level of Alpha %5, it means that the manager’s communicative skills is more, the selection of control strategy and not conflict strategy is less and vice versa. The analysis of result shows that there is a significant positive relation between communicative skills and selection of oriented solution strategy for conflict management in the level of Alpha 5%, it means that the manager’s communicative skills is more, the using of oriented solution strategy is more and vice versa. In According to the considered F, the analysis of one-way Variance shows that there is not significant difference between 3 groups of managers of schools (primary, middle and high) in the level of Alpha 5% in the using of communicative skills.

[Masoumeh Azimi Far. Relation between communicative skills with strategies of Conflict management between educational managers of schools of region 2 of Tehran City. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):125-130]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 15

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.15

Keywords: Communicative skills, Conflict management, Educational managers.

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Islam and official ownership of women

Parysa Siamie Tekmedash (A.M)¹, Amir Ahmadi (A.M) ²

^1. Department of religious jurisprudence and Islamic laws, karaj branch, Islamic Azad university karaj, Iran

E mail: parysiamie@gmail.com

^2. Department of law, Payame noor University, Iran

Email: Amir.ahmadiy91@gmail.com; Tel: +989372980096

Abstract: Complete the religion if Islam as the most comprehensive legal regulation of marital relations and executive and the woman's identity and support him as the provisions of Islam the largest female supporter throughout human history and will be written in the same order to investigate the importance of the ownership of the great scholars in the verses and lead to the woman. Tanking that the issue can be determined by Personal ownership there is no difference between man and woman because god has said: “men and women and their interest is also their Owen property of the property themselves towards the woman's property there is no stipulation that is the legitimate owner of the ways they need to check with the relevant rules is not allowed including article 46 and47 of the constitution which respected the personal property is legitimate way of referring to certain of these rules is not material so that the whole reason for the woman's property ownership there is man is also included.

 [Parysa Siamie Tekmedash, Amir Ahmadi. Islam and official ownership of women. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):131-135]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 16

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.16

Key words: Islam; Ownership; Women's Property; Economic independence; Official

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Perceptual Mapping of Mobile Services Operators: An Empirical Investigation among Management Students in Iran

Amir Hossein Zaafaranlou

School of Management, U.A.E branch, Islamic Azad University, Dubai, U.A.E

A.zaafaranlou@gmail.com

Abstract: A comparison of consumer’s perception regarding mobile operators was done on three operators. The study focuses on how students select brands of mobile services operators. Discriminant analysis is used to map selected mobile operators along with their attributes. The paper investigates how consumers associate the attributes in different dimensions with reference to leading service providers. Operators do not differ significantly with regard to attributes. However, they vary in their promotional campaigning and years of existence in the market.

[Zaafaranlou, A. Perceptual Mapping of Mobile Services Operators: An Empirical Investigation among Management Students in Iran. J Am Sci 2013; 9(7):136-140]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 17

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.17

Keywords: Perceptual Mapping, Brand, Service Quality, Mobile operators, Iran.

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Postnatal Developmental Changes of the Prostatic Gland in Albino Rat

Ola Ali Abd El-Wahab Mustafa, Metwally Abd El-Bary Mansoor, Youssef Hussein Abd El-Atty and

Amal Al Shaht Ibrahim

Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig Universty, Egypt

d.aiaahmad@yahoo.com

Abstract: The prostate is the main male accessory sex gland. There are post natal developmental changes in the histological structure of the prostate from neonate to senescence., Aim of the work: was performed to throw more light on the histological and ultra structural changes in the prostate of male albino rats during different ages of development. Material and Methods: Thirty healthy male albino rats were utilized in this study. Ten animals for each group. They were classified into three main groups according to their ages. Group 1, (prepubertal); Group 2 (adult) and Group 3 (senile).Results: Examination of prepubertal group showed that the prostate was composed of multiple simple acini lined with tall columnar epithelial cells and most of them are filled with acidophilic secretion and separated from each other by connective tissue stroma. Examination of the adult group showed that the prostatic lobes were composed of many loosely packed acini with multiple papillary projection. Examination of senile prostatic lobes showed stratification of lining epithelium of prostatic acini. Also, marked increase in papillary projections were noticed in some other focal areas. Conclusion: from the results of this study we found that there are age-related changes appeared in structure of the cells of the prostatic acini. Some areas of the prostatic acini revealed focal stratification of their lining epithelium and other areas showed increase of their papillary projections. So, the prostate is very liable to benign prostatic hypertrophy in men. These results are of great interest for those pathologists studying the development of the pathogenesis of benign and malignant growth of the prostate.

 [Ola Ali Abd El-Wahab Mustafa, Metwally Abd El-Bary Mansoor, Youssef Hussein Abd El-Atty and Amal Al Shaht Ibrahim. Postnatal Developmental Changes of the Prostatic Gland in Albino Rat. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):141-149]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 18

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.18

Keywords: Prostate, Age changes, Rat.

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Investigating the influence of organizational agility on value creation competency through knowledge share process In Irancell telecommunication company

Mohammad Mahdi Abrishamkar¹, Sayyed Mohsen Allameh², Soheila Mehrabi³, Sayyed Bagher Rashid⁴

^1. PhD. student, Business School, University of Essex, UK, mahdiabrishamkar@gmail.com

^2. Department of Management, University of Isfahan, Iran, Dr_allameh@yahoo.com

 ^3. Department of Educational Science, Faculty of Educational Science and psychology, University of Isfahan, Iran

^4. Department of Educational Science, Faculty of Educational Science and psychology, University of Isfahan, Iran

Abstract: In today's business world, one of the most important characteristics is organizational agility especially in competitive industries. Speed of the processes of change in technology in one hand, and variation in the nature of the customers' requests in the other hand cause organizations strongly seeking new advantages to provide customers' needs better. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of organizational agility components on value creation ability through mediator variable of knowledge sharing in Irancell Telecommunication Company. This is a descriptive and empirical survey. Statistical population involves all 300 employees of Irancell Company in Isfahan province. The numbers of 170 employees were chosen randomly as sample case by using Morgan table. For measuring organizational agility and value creation ability self-report questionnaire with 45 items was used, and also for measuring knowledge sharing, 10 items self-report questionnaire was used. In order to assess the reliability of measurements Cronbach's alpha was used and SPSS and LISREL were applied to data analysis. Results of the analysis which done by structural equation modeling showed that organizational agility influences on knowledge sharing and value creation competency with value of 0.51 for knowledge sharing, and 0.61 for value creation competency.

[Mohammad Mahdi Abrishamkar, Sayyed Mohsen Allameh, Soheila Mehrabi, Sayyed Bagher Rashid. Investigating the influence of organizational agility on value creation competency through knowledge share process In Irancell telecommunication company. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):150-160]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 19

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.19

Keywords: agility; knowledge share; value creation; Irancell.

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Strategy of curriculum based on emotional intelligence and its denotations in education and training

Dr. Maryam seyf Naraghi, Badrolsadat Daneshmand, Dr. Ali Shariatmadari, Dr. Ezatollah Naderi

 badr_daneshmand@yahoo.com

Abstract: Of important elements for education is curriculum that has to suitable elements for its aims and its variations and play a vital role. As reasonably, in every programming, they have to consider in every manner and as required to respond in needs. Considering in curriculum especially programs don’t be exceptional. Curriculum is considered by scientists as important factor for growth and dynamism of society with different strategy and thinkers are aims for it. The aim of this research is to respond to this question that curriculum based on what aim is considered? And what are those bases? In fact we can say that for compiling it, its place is missed in academic places. Although, attention in role of emotions at life had significant theoretical background and different philosophers like, Aristotle, Spinoza, Kant, Diouvi, Bergsuon, Russell pointed to it. (Amini and et al, 2009, 59) but Peter Salouy and John Mayer pointed to emotional intelligence significantly at 1990 and this concept was appeared in well sale book of Daniel Kelman at 1995. (Amini in narration of Akbarzadeh, 2009,67) and they interested in relation and role of emotional aim in education. The professors of education and training found the role of emotion in training and screamed that not only growth of students but also emotional intelligence is necessary. (Elyas, 2003, 4).

[Maryam seyf Naraghi, Badrolsadat Daneshmand, Ali Shariatmadari, Ezatollah Naderi. Strategy of curriculum based on emotional intelligence and its denotations in education and training. Am Sci 2013;9(7):161-166]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 20

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.20

Keywords: emotional intelligence, curriculum, education and training

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Optimal Capacitor Placement Using Hybrid PSO and HBMO Algorithm

Mousa Yousefzadeh ^*, Hamed Ahmadi, Ahmad Rostamian, Ayoob Asadi

Department of Electrical Engineering, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran

m.zaher.ghorbani@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper presents a new and efficient approach for capacitor placement in transmission systems that determine the optimal locations and number of capacitor with an objective of improving the voltage profile and reduction in power loss. The solution methodology has two parts: in part one determine the number and size of capacitor and in part two a new hybrid algorithm is used to estimate the optimal bus of capacitors at the optimal size and number at part one. This algorithm is PSO and HBMO hybrid. The main advantage of the proposed method is that it faster than other methods. The proposed method is applied to 14-bus IEEE Transmission system. The solutions obtained by the proposed method are compared with PSO method. The proposed method has outperformed the other methods in terms of the quality of solution (Convergence speed and size of the objective function).

[Yousefzadeh M, Ahmadi H, Rostamian A, Asadi A. Optimal Capacitor Placement Using Hybrid PSO and HBMO Algorithm. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):167-174]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 21

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.21

Keywords: loss reduction, transmission systems, HBMO, PSO

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Alharamlek and Almsari in the Egyptian and Andalusian Residential Architecture in the Islamic Era
(A comparative archaeological study)

 Dr. Badr Abdel Aziz Mohammed Badr

History and civilization Department, Faculty of Arts, Port Said University

szabadr@yahoo.com

Abstract:Egypt was the first station for the voyages of the Andalusianswho considered it their residence, or those who settled it for a period of time and then departed to their countries. Hence, the mutual influences between the Egyptians and the Andalusians appeared.One of the most important influences is theresidential architecture "the scope of the present study" which includes a comparative archaeological study between the main upper halls which were called "Alharamlek" in the Egyptian residentialarchitecture, and themain upper lofts which were called "Almsari" or "Alaliat" in the Andalusian residential architecture during the Islamic era, in terms of location, general layout, description and decorations.In addition, this study deals with the functional role of Alharamlek Halls and their Mashrabiyas, “wooden lattice covered windows”, Almsari lofts and their Ajimez and Alcharajip in order to reach a scientific assessment to show the mutual influences between the Egyptian and Andalusian architecture in the Islamic era.Next, there arethe main research results and a list of the Arabic and foreign sources and references. Then, the research Catalogincludes figures and illustrative pictures.

[Badr Abdel Aziz Mohammed Badr. Alharamlek and Almsari in the Egyptian and Andalusian Residential Architecture in the Islamic Era (A comparative archaeological study). Am Sci 2013;9(7):175-189]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 22

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.22

Keywords: Islamic Architecture, Residentail Architecture,Andalusia,palace style, House style

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 Ultrastructure Study of Frozen-Thawed Spermatozoa of Friesian Bulls Treated by Certain Anthelmintic Drugs

Nabila I. El-Desouki¹; Ghada A. Tabl¹; Alaa E. B. Zeidan²; Mohamed A. Tag El-Deen² and Rabab A. Kamel³

1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt

2 Animal Production Research Institute, Dokki,Giza, Egypt

³Departments of Physics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Al-Ardah, GazanUniversity, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

nabiladesoky@yahoo.com

Abstract: Effect of three anthelmintic drugs (ivermectin, levamisole and albendazole) on the ultrastructure of spermatozoa of frozen- thawed semen Friesian bullswere used in the present study. 16 bulls were divided into four equal groups: group1, served as control untreated bulls (unfrozen and frozen semen); groups 2, 3 & 4 served as treated bulls with ivermectin (200µg/kg bw); levamisole (7.5mg/kg bw) and albendazole (10mg/kg bw), respectively. The drugs used at two therapeutic doses with 8weeks interval between first and second dose. Semen samples were collected at 8^th and 16^th weeks and evaluated to be frozen, and then after thawing of semen samples, they were processed to separate spermatozoa for TEM examination. Control spermatozoa (unfrozen) showed common normal architecture; head (with a flat nucleus and acrosomal cap), neck, mid and tail (principal and terminal) pieces surrounded by cell membrane, normal mitochondria, longitudinal fibers and axonemes. Frozen control semen elucidated few spermatozoa withslight detached or swollen plasma membranes surrounding normal nuclei. The treatment of bulls with either first or second dose of ivermectin showed slight swollen plasma membrane of spermatozoa, loosing acrosomes, distorted mitochondria and slight deformation of the axonemes. More deformation of spermatozoa was seen in the bulls treated with two doses of livamisole, while bulls treated with albendazole demonstrated severe damage of spermatozoa. Therefore, it could be recommended to treat bulls with ivermectin, while levamisole should be used careful. Albendazole treatment should be avoided.

[Nabila I. El-Desouki; Ghada A. Tabl; Alaa E. B. Zeidan; Mohamed A. Tag El-Deen and Rabab A. Kamel. Ultrastructure Study of Frozen-Thawed Spermatozoa of Friesian Bulls Treated by Certain Anthelmintic Drugs. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):190-199]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 23

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.23

Key Wards: Anthelmintics – Bulls -Frozen spermatozoa - Ultrastructure

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Effectiveness of Laparoscopic Management of Perforated Duodenal Ulcer with Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori in Properly Selected Patients

Khaled Hussein Gad ¹, Nevine Nabil Mostafa² and Nanees Ahmed Adel²

Department of General Surgery¹, Department of Internal Medecine², Ain Shams University, Cairo-Egypt

nevinenabil2008@yahoo.com

Abstract: Aim of the Work: To evaluate the effectiveness of laparoscopic repair of Perforated Duodenal Ulcer as regard its safety, postoperative pain, complications, hospital stay duration and recurrence after eradication of H. Pylori. Patients and Methods: From June 2008 till June 2012 twenty patients with sudden diffuse abdominal pain less than 24 hours duration secondary to perforated duodenal ulcer and free from comorbid disease were submitted to Urea Breath Test (UBT) to diagnose H. Pylori infection then laparoscopic exploration, peritoneal toilet and repair of the duodenal perforation by Cellan-Jones pedicled omental patch. This procedure was evaluated as regard safety, post-operative pain, complications and hospital stay duration. All patients with H. Pylori positive were submitted post-operatively to Clarithromycin triple therapy to eradicate H. Pylori. Levofloxacin Triple based therapy was used for the resistant cases. Results: All patients (20 patients) 16 males and 4 females were submitted to laparoscopic exploration, peritoneal toilet and Cellan-Jones pedicled omental patch repair of the perforated duodenal ulcer. The procedure was successful in all patients safely with post-operative pain score according to Visual Analog Scale (VAS) 6 in the 1^st day post-operative decreasing to 4 after 48 hours post-operative. Wound infection was recorded in 3 patients (15%), chest infections in 2 patients (10%), with no mortality. Mean hospital stay was 5.5 days. There were 12 patients out of 20 (60%) H. Pylori positive by UBT, 10 patients were treated successfully by Clarithromycin Triple Therapy, while the other 2 necessitate Levofloxacin Triple Based Therapy. Conclusion: With new advent of minimal invasive surgery, laparoscopic repair of early perforated duodenal ulcer is recommended safely with minimal complications and with no mortality. Eradication of H. Pylori post-operatively is mandatory to eliminate recurrence of peptic ulcer disease.

[Khaled Hussein Gad, Nevine Nabil Mostafa and Nanees Ahmed Adel. Effectiveness of Laparoscopic Management of Perforated Duodenal Ulcer with Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori in Properly Selected Patients. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):200-206]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 24

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.24

Keywords: Perforated Duodenal Ulcer, Laparoscopic repair of perforated duodenal ulcer, H. Pylori

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Corporate Governance: Strategic Role of Board of Directors and Its Effect on Financial Performance, Case Study: Auto Companies Listed in Tehran Stock Exchange

¹Hossein HajiBeigloo,²Younes Nazari,³puyan hoseinpur, ⁴Meysam Goudarzi,⁵Ghasem Bakhshanddeh

¹P.hD of Political Management, Allameh Tabatabae University Hajibeigloo@gmail.com

²M.S. Student of Commerce Management, Allameh Tabatabae Universityy.nazari7@yahoo.com

³M.S. Student in Business administration(Marketing),shahid chamran University puyanhoseinpour@yahoo.com

⁴M.S. Student of Commerce Management Allameh Tabatabaei University meysam.godarziallame@yahoo.com

⁵M.S. Student in Business administration(Marketing), Allameh Tabatabae Universityg.bakshandeh@gmail.com

Abstract: Abstract Corporate governance is a critical factor in efficiency improvement in any economy. It represents a collection of interactions among board of directors, corporate management, shareholders, and other stakeholders. Corporate governance provides a structure for development of corporate objectives, facilities to achieve those objectives, and means to supervise corporate performance. Corporate governance mechanisms are critical for company performance. This study examines the internal mechanisms employed by board of directors and their effects on financial performance through strategic planning. It uses a case study of auto companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The role of board of directors in strategic management is determined by their degree of participation in strategic planning. In order to measure the role of board of directors in strategic management, this study used a questionnaire developed based on Hunger-Wheelen and Nadler Models. This questionnaire was distributed to 105 board members of auto companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. 75 questionnaires from 78 respondents were included in this study. Financial performance (Tobin's Q) was calculated based on corporate balance sheets. The study findings revealed a significant relation between the role of board of directors in strategic management and financial performance. It means that board of directors with catalyst role, active participation, or nominal participation in strategic management had positive effect on corporate financial performance. Conversely, board of directors with minimal review, rubber stamp, or phantom roles in strategic management had negative effect on corporate financial performance.

[Hossein Haji Beigloo, Younes Nazari, Puyan Hoseinpur, Meysam Goudarzi, Ghasem Bakhshanddeh. Corporate Governance: Strategic Role of Board of Directors and Its Effect on Financial Performance Case Study: Auto Companies Listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):207-214]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 25

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.25

Keywords: Corporate Governance, Auto Industry, Board of Directors, Strategic Management, Corporate Financial Performance

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Protective efficacy of H5 based DNA vaccine prepared from Egyptian H5N1 avian influenza virus

Mady W. H. ^1*, Arafa A.¹, Hussein A. S. ², Aly M. M. ¹ and Madbouly H. M. ²

¹National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264-Dokki, Giza-12618, Egypt

²Virology Department Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suif University, Egypt

*Corresponding Author: Mady W. H.

National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264-Dokki, Giza-12618, Egypt, Tel: 202 33380121, Fax: 202 33370957, Mobile: 01096105189 – 01147276255

Email: wesammady83@hotmail.com, wesammady@gmail.com

Abstract: The incursion of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of subtype H5N1 into Egypt in 2005/2006 caused severe economic losses in the commercial and backyard sectors of poultry production. Since the DNA vaccine seemed to be a promising novel approach for vaccination against influenza A virus, the goal of this study was to prepare HA1 based DNA vaccine against the H5N1 avian influenza viruses circulating in Egypt. The HA1 gene from Egyptian virus A/chicken/Egypt/1055/2010(H5N1) was extracted and cloned into PCIneo mammalian expression vector. The invitro expression of recombinant H5-plasmid DNA was confirmed in 293T human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell line and in Vero cell line by SDS-PAGE and by detection of mRNA using RT-PCR. The immunological response was investigated by intramuscular immunization of SPF chickens with PCIneo-H5 lipofectamine adjuvant vaccine. The immunological analysis showed that PCIneo-HA1 vaccine induced both humoral and cell mediated immune response in chickens. The protection of H5-DNA vaccine was evaluated by challenge of 3 weeks old SPF chickens vaccinated with PCIneo-H5 DNA vaccine using one dose of conc. 5µg/dose by direct intramuscular injection in thigh muscle and compared with protection afforded by H5N2 AI vaccine. The result showed that the H5 DNA vaccine protected the chickens from the Egyptian field H5N1 virus better than the H5N2 inactivated vaccine (60% versus 40% respectively). This is the first paper describing the development and primary evaluation for DNA vaccine prepared from Egyptian H5N1 virus. Further adjustments of the newly developed H5-DNA vaccine dose and vaccination regimen are required to better protect chickens against the virulent field viruses.

[Mady W. H., Arafa A., Hussein A. S., Aly M. M. and Madbouly H. M. Protective efficacy of H5 based DNA vaccine prepared from Egyptian H5N1 avian influenza virus. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):215-223]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 26

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.26

Keywords: H5 based DNA vaccine, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1, PCIneo mammalian expression vector, lipofectamine adjuvant, SYBER Green quantitative real time PCR for cell mediated immunity evaluation, protective efficacy of H5 vaccine.

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Morphological and Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Effects of Thymoquinone on the Neurovascular Component of Jejunal Submucosa of Diabetic Rat Model

Rasha A Elmansy^1*,3,and Shaima M Almasry^2,3

¹Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University, Egypt

²Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Mansoura University, Egypt

³Department of Anatomy, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia

rashapubmed@yahoo.com

Abstract: Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and causes morphological and functional changes in the gastrointestinal tract. This study was conducted to assess the effects of STZ-induced diabetes on the morphology of neurovascular component of the submucosa of rat’s jejunum and its possible reversibility by Thymoquinone (TQ), the active ingredient of Nigella sativa. Thirty male Wistar rats were used, 10 in each of three groups; group I: control, group II: STZ-induced diabetes and group III: STZ-induced diabetes treated with TQ. The establishment of diabetes mellitus was confirmed by fasting blood glucose level>200mg/dl. Histological and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (AGFAP)-immunohistochemical methodologies were employed in formalin fixed paraffin-embedded sections from the jejunum of all rats. Cytomorphometric measures were done using image-analysis systems. We find that STZ-induced diabetes is associated with altered cellular organization of the villous mucosal lining, altered pattern of goblet cell secretion and deformed submucosal nerve plexus. Statistical analysis reveals significant increase in the following measures in diabetic rats compared to control and TQ-treated rats (p=0.000): i) thickness of brush border membrane of the villi, ii) surface areas of lumina of villous goblet cells, iii) thickness of the walls of submucosal arterioles and capillaries and iv) area% of AGFAP-immunostaining. Thymoquinone is found to have a retrieving action among these changes and might relief the diabetes-induced diarrhea through: i) counterbalancing the secretion pattern of the goblet cells, ii) improving the submucosal vasculature and ii) restoring the neural action of submucosal glia cells. We therefore plan further studies in terms of biochemistry and molecular biology to carefully examine whether these alterations in these aspects may actually exist.

[Rasha A Elmansy and Shaima M Almasry. Morphological and Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Effects of Thymoquinone on the Neurovascular Component of Jejunal Submucosa of Diabetic Rat Model. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):224-236]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 27

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.27

Key words: Diabetic rats, jejunal submucosa, AGFAP, Thymoquinone

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Evaluation the physical abilities of the Normal and Slow Learner 8 - 9 years old in the Samawah city

Dr. Hassan Hadi Al-zayadi

Associate Professor, Muthana University, College of physical Education/Iraq

zayadihassan@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of this particular study is to evaluate the basic abilities, speed at 30 meters, endurance at speed with change of direction, jumping ability and throwing ability of samawah boys and girls and to check if there are any differences in these basic abilities between the sexes of normal and Slow Learner students. For this study 32 boys and girl students from α private educational institute in samawah city, average age eight and a half year, Our evaluation was done according statistical methods Mann- Whitney Test It was found that the majority of students lead significant statistical difference between the boys and the girls, also between both groups normal and Slow Learner It was also found that there was no significant statistical difference between the boys for both groups although it was found that no significant statistical difference between the girls, at p 0.005.

[Hassan Hadi Al-zayadi. Evaluation the physical abilities of the Normal and Slow Learner 8 - 9 years old in the Samawah city. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):237-240]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 28

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.28

Keywords: abilities, slow learner, differences

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The Prospects for Monetary Union in East African Community: Structural Vector Auto-regression Model

Kamaludin Ahmed Sheikh ¹, Zarinah Yusof ¹, Mohamed Aslam ¹, Mohammad Nurul Azam ²

^1. Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

^2. Department of Quantitative Analysis, College of Business Administration. King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

kamaluddin@siswa.um.edu.my

Abstract: This paper examines the suitability of a monetary union among the East African Community (EAC) members. The study focuses on the symmetry and asymmetry of shocks affecting EAC countries; a four-variable structural vector auto-regression model was used to identify four types of shocks: global supply shock, domestic supply shock, monetary supply shock, and domestic demand shocks. After identifying the shocks, we considered cross country correlation analysis, analysis of variance, and impulse response analysis. The results did not show strong support for the formation of a currency union in the region at present, but nevertheless gives some hope to a successful monetary union in the future.

[Sheikh KA, Zarinah Yusof, Mohamed Aslam Gulam. The Prospects for Monetary Union in East African Community: Structural Vector Auto-regression Model. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):241--246]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 29

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.29

Keywords: Optimum currency areas; SVAR; monetary union; East African economies

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Predictive Controller for Pitch Controller Missile

Amir Torabi¹ (Corresponding author), Sobhan Salehi², Ali Karsaz³, Ebrahim Tarsayi⁴

^1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Khorasan University, Mashhad, Iran

^2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

^3. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Khorasan University, Mashhad, Iran

^4. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Khorasan University, Mashhad, Iran

amirtorabi1@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper exhibits a comparative assessment based on time response specification performance between fuzzy and Model predictive control (MPC) for a pitch control system of an aircraft system. The dynamic modeling of pitch control system is considered on the design an autopilot that controls the pitch angle. It starts with a derivation of suitable mathematical model to describe the dynamics of an aircraft. For get close to actual conditions. The white noise disturbance applied to the system. The performances of pitch control systems are investigated and analyzed based on common criteria of step’s response in order to identify which control strategy delivers better performance with respect to the desired pitch angle. The design of MPC gave response less quality than that was given from Fuzzy controller but acceptable responses. Finally, It is found from simulation, predictive controller proposed gives the best performance compared to fuzzy controller.

[Amir Torabi, Sobhan Salehi, Ali Karsaz, Ebrahim Tarsayi. Predictive Controller for Pitch Controller Missile. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):247-253]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 30

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.30

Keywords: controller, Fuzzy, Model predictive, pitch controller

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Immunological Study of CD34 Positive Stem Cells in Cord Blood

Omar M. Eldaly; Raghda A. Hafez and Lobna A. Elqurashi

Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt

Abstract: Problem statement: The Cluster of differentiation CD34 molecule is present on certain cells within the human body. It mediate attachment of stem cells to bone marrow extra cellular matrix or directly to stromal cells. Approach: In this study we studied the amount of expression of CD34 on cord blood stem cells in babies of normal healthy pregnant females and in unhealthy conditions as diabetes. Materials and methods; the count of CD34⁺ cells was assessed by flow cytometric analysis. Results: There was statistically significant difference between the count of CD34⁺ cellsin the cord blood. The count was higher with normal vaginal delivery, heavier infants and higher leukocytic count, a significant reduction in the count of CD34⁺ cells in the diabetic group.

[Omar M. Eldaly; Raghda A. Hafez and Lobna A. Elqurashi. Immunological Study of CD34 Positive Stem Cells in Cord Blood. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):254-260]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 31

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.31

Key words: Significant reduction, diabetic group, human embryonic stem, mediate attachment, embryonic membranes, developed organism

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Study of Relationship between Learning Styles and Creativity in Students

Firoozeh Dordi Mohammadi¹, Kazem Shariatnia ², Ali Asghar Bayani ², Ali Hosseinaei²

^1. MA Student, Azadshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Azadshahr, Golestan, I R.Iran

^2. Department of Psychology, Azadshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Azadshahr, Golestan, I R.Iran

hosseinaiyf@yahoo.com

Abstract: The purpose of the current study was examining the relationship between learning styles and creativity in students of Gomishan of Golestan province of I.R.Iran. To reach this purpose 255 students of Gomishan were selected by stratified random sampling. They completed Turance Creativity Test (1965) and Felder-Soloman Learning Style Questionnaire (1997). The results showed that: 1- visual-verbal learning styles of input dimension and active-reflective learning styles of process dimension had a significant relationship with creativity. 2- sensing-intuitive learning styles of perception dimension and sequential-global learning styles of understanding dimension had not a significant relationship with creativity. 3- There was not a significant differences in learning styles and creativity between male and female students. 4- Regression analysis indicated that active-reflective learning styles 25 percent of the variance and visual-verbal learning styles 20 percent and they are significant. Furthermore, sensing-intuitive learning styles explained 9 percent of the variance and sequential-global learning styles 6 percent and it was not significant. In general, there was a relationship between learning styles and creativity and creativity can be changed by changing in learning styles.

[Dordi Mohammadi F, Shariatnia K, Bayani AA, Hosseinaei A. Study of Relationship between Learning Styles and Creativity in Students. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):261-269]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 32

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.32

Keywords: Learning styles; Creativity; Students; Gomishan

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Identification and tracking of Bemisia tabaci in Saudi Arabia by RAPD PCR and principal component and two-way cluster analyses

Hayam S. Abdelkader^1,2 and Mahmoud M. Rifaat^1,3

¹Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif21974, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. ²Virus and Phytoplasma Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, ARC, Giza12511, Egypt. ³Genetic Division, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41512, Egypt.

hayamabdelkader68@yahoo.com

Abstract: The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) plays an important role in the transmission of plant viruses. The present study aims at evaluating the genetic diversity of Bemisia tabaci in Saudi Arabia by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Ten populations of insects were collected on tomato and zucchini from six geographical areas in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, i.e. Qatif, Ha'il, Al-Hasa, Jizan, Najran, and Riyadh. RAPD-PCR employing 4 primers (OPB-20, OPA-03, OPA-10, and OPA-13) produced a total of 184 population-specific amplicons, suitable for distinguishing the ten populations of Bemisia tabaci. Principal component analysis (PCA) and two-way clustering were used to cluster RAPD markers (amplicons) and/or RAPD profiles (genomes). Nine components with Eigenvalues more than one were resolved by PCA with the first three components accounting for about 45% of the total variance. PCA and cluster analysis could differentiate the ten populations of Bemisia tabaci into two subgroups that largely corresponded to the two host plants.The insects, therefore, could be essentially clustered according to the host plant instead of the geographical region. However, the insects collected on tomato from Najran and Ha'il did not conform to this basic clustering.Within the zucchini cluster, the insects collected from Ha'il showed considerable divergence. Two-way clustering of RAPD amplicons (markers) and RAPD profiles (genomes) improved the display of groups of RAPD amplicons that cluster similarly across the profiles and showed that certain amplicons were uniquely present in certain insect populations. In conclusion, RAPD-PCR might be a useful approach for investigating the genetic variation and interpretation of the ecological distribution of Bemisia tabaci in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

[Hayam S. Abdelkader and Mahmoud M. Rifaat. Identification and tracking of Bemisia tabaci in Saudi Arabia by RAPD PCR and principal component and two-way cluster analyses. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):270-275]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 33

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.33

Keywords: RAPD-PCR, Principal component analysis, Two-way cluster analysis.

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Investigation the wind catchers of residential houses in Yazd Province, Iran

Kazem Yavarinasab¹ (Corresponding Author), Elahe Alsadat Mirkhalili²

1-Civil Engineering - Structures, Lecturer of Technical & Vocational University – Shahid Sadoughi Technical Faculty in Yazd, Iran

2-Architecture Engineering, Yazd Construction Engineering disciplinary organization

yavari_nasab@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this paper, wind catchers in Yazd Province have been investigated. In this study, the relationship between the area of hall, length and width of wind catcher, the high of wind catcher and other factors have been investigated and analyzed. The relationship between the parameters that is associated with each other being determined.

[Kazem Yavarinasab, Elahe Alsadat Mirkhalili. Investigation the wind catchers of residential houses in Yazd Province, Iran. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):276-285]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 34

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.34

Keywords: wind catcher, Iran, Yazd province, hall

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Corporate Governance: Strategic Role of Board of Directors and Its Effect on Financial Performance Case Study: Auto Companies Listed in Tehran Stock Exchange

¹Hossein HajiBeigloo,²Younes Nazari,³Puyan Hosseinpour, ⁴Meysam Goudarzi,⁵Ghasem Bakhshanddeh

¹P.hD of Political Management, Allameh Tabatabae University

²M.S. Student of Commerce Management, Allameh Tabatabae University

³M.S. Student in Business administration(Marketing),shahid chamran University

⁴M.S. Student of Commerce Management Allameh Tabatabaei University

⁵M.S. Student in Business administration(Marketing), Allameh Tabatabae University

y.nazari7@yahoo.com

Abstract: Abstract Corporate governance is a critical factor in efficiency improvement in any economy. It represents a collection of interactions among board of directors, corporate management, shareholders, and other stakeholders. Corporate governance provides a structure for development of corporate objectives, facilities to achieve those objectives, and means to supervise corporate performance. Corporate governance mechanisms are critical for company performance. This study examines the internal mechanisms employed by board of directors and their effects on financial performance through strategic planning. It uses a case study of auto companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The role of board of directors in strategic management is determined by their degree of participation in strategic planning. In order to measure the role of board of directors in strategic management, this study used a questionnaire developed based on Hunger-Wheelen and Nadler Models. This questionnaire was distributed to 105 board members of auto companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. 75 questionnaires from 78 respondents were included in this study. Financial performance (Tobin's Q) was calculated based on corporate balance sheets. The study findings revealed a significant relation between the role of board of directors in strategic management and financial performance. It means that board of directors with catalyst role, active participation, or nominal participation in strategic management had positive effect on corporate financial performance. Conversely, board of directors with minimal review, rubber stamp, or phantom roles in strategic management had negative effect on corporate financial performance.

[Hossein HajiBeigloo, Younes Nazari, Puyan Hoseinpur, Meysam Goudarzi, Ghasem Bakhshanddeh. Corporate Governance: Strategic Role of Board of Directors and Its Effect on Financial Performance Case Study: Auto Companies Listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):286-293]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 35

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.35

Keywords: Corporate Governance, Auto Industry, Board of Directors, Strategic Management, Corporate Financial Performance.

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Effectiveness of Laparoscopic Management of Perforated Duodenal Ulcer with Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori in Properly Selected Patients

Khaled Hussein Gad ¹, Nevine Nabil Mostafa² and Nanees Ahmed Adel²

AssociGeneral Surgery Department¹, Internal Medecine Department², Ain Shams University, Cairo-Egypt

nevinenabil2008@yahoo.com

Abstract: Aim of the Work: To evaluate the effectiveness of laparoscopic repair of Perforated Duodenal Ulcer as regard its safety, postoperative pain, complications, hospital stay duration and recurrence after eradication of H. Pylori. Patients and Methods: From June 2008 till June 2012 twenty patients with sudden diffuse abdominal pain less than 24 hours duration secondary to perforated duodenal ulcer and free from comorbid disease were submitted to Urea Breath Test(UBT) to diagnose H. Pylori infection then laparoscopic exploration, peritoneal toilet and repair of the duodenal perforation by Cellan-Jones pedicled omental patch. This procedure was evaluated as regard safety, post-operative pain, complications and hospital stay duration. All patients with H. Pylori positive were submitted post-operatively to Clarithromycin triple therapy to eradicate H. Pylori. Levofloxacin Triple based therapy was used for the resistant cases. Results: All patients (20 patients) 16 males and 4 females were submitted to laparoscopic exploration, peritoneal toilet and Cellan-Jones pedicled omental patch repair of the perforated duodenal ulcer. The procedure was successful in all patients safely with post-operative pain score according to Visual Analog Scale (VAS) 6 in the 1^st day post-operative decreasing to 4 after 48 hours post-operative. Wound infection was recorded in 3 patients (15%), chest infections in 2 patients (10%), with no mortality. Mean hospital stay was 5.5 days. There were 12 patients out of 20 (60%) H. Pylori positive by UBT, 10 patients were treated successfully by Clarithromycin Triple Therapy, while the other 2 necessitate Levofloxacin Triple Based Therapy. Conclusion: With new advent of minimal invasive surgery, laparoscopic repair of early perforated duodenal ulcer is recommended safely with minimal complications and with no mortality. Eradication of H. Pylori post-operatively is mandatory to eliminate recurrence of peptic ulcer disease.

[Khaled Hussein Gad, Nevine Nabil Mostafa and Nanees Ahmed Adel. Effectiveness of Laparoscopic Management of Perforated Duodenal Ulcer with Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori in Properly Selected Patients. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):294-300]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 36

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.36

Keywords: Perforated Duodenal Ulcer, Laparoscopic repair of perforated duodenal ulcer, H. Pylori

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Strategy of curriculum based on emotional intelligence and its denotations in education and training

Dr. Maryam seyf Naraghi, Badrolsadat Daneshmand, Dr. Ali Shariatmadari, Dr. Ezatollah Naderi

Abstract: Of important elements for education is curriculum that has to suitable elements for its aims and its variations and play a vital role. As reasonably, in every programming, they have to consider in every manner and as required to respond in needs. Considering in curriculum especially programs don’t be exceptional. Curriculum is considered by scientists as important factor for growth and dynamism of society with different strategy and thinkers are aims for it. The aim of this research is to respond to this question that curriculum based on what aim is considered? And what are those bases? In fact we can say that for compiling it, its place is missed in academic places. Although, attention in role of emotions at life had significant theoretical background and different philosophers like, Aristotle, Spinoza, Kant, Diouvi, Bergsuon, Russell pointed to it. (Amini and et al, 2009, 59) but Peter Salouy and John Mayer pointed to emotional intelligence significantly at 1990 and this concept was appeared in well sale book of Daniel Kelman at 1995. (Amini in narration of Akbarzadeh, 2009,67) and they interested in relation and role of emotional aim in education. The professors of education and training found the role of emotion in training and screamed that not only growth of students but also emotional intelligence is necessary. (Elyas, 2003, 4)

[Maryam seyf Naraghi, Badrolsadat Daneshmand, Ali Shariatmadari, Ezatollah Naderi. Strategy of curriculum based on emotional intelligence and its denotations in education and training. Am Sci 2013;9(7):301-306]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 37

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.37

Keywords: emotional intelligence, curriculum, education and training

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Predictive Value of Quantitative Estimation of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and DNA load in serum of Chronic Hepatitis B Patients

¹Sahar M Ali, ²Tarek A Elshazly, ³Amal Abd El-Hafez, ⁴ Mohamed Mosaad, ⁵ Manal A. Shams Eldin El Telbany

¹Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menufiya University, Egypt

²Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

³Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

⁴ Department of Endemic and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Sues Canal University, Egypt

⁵ Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt

Abstract: Objectives: Quantitative estimation of serum levels of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HB viral DNA load (HB VDL) in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and their applicability for differentiating between disease phases and to predict the outcome of liver biopsy. Patients & Methods: The study included 113 patients; 67 males and 46 females; with mean age of 42.6±10.8 years and mean disease duration of 5.6±1.1 years. All patients underwent clinical examination, and blind liver biopsy was taken for necrosis and fibrosis histopathological scoring. Fasting venous blood samples were collected for estimation of serum AST and ALT, estimation of hepatitis B serological markers by ELISA and quantitative estimation of serum HBsAg by Roche Cobas e 411 analyzer and estimation of HB VDL by real time PCR. Results: Fifty-three patients were HB e antigen (HBeAg)-positive, while 60 patients were HBeAg-negative. Mean total serum HB VDL was 2907.2±1060 IU/ml; 32 patients had low and 81 patients had high HB VDL. Mean total serum HBsAg level was 24.7±5.9x10³ IU/ml. The ratio of the median log₁₀ of serum HB VDL/ serum HBsAg level was 0.42 in low VDL patients and 0.4 in high VDL patients. Regression analysis defined high log₁₀ of serum HBsAg level as the persistently significant determinant of cases with immune tolerance (IT) and/or immune reactive (IR), liver necrosis score, high log₁₀ of serum VDL, the ratio of log₁₀ values of serum VDL to serum HBsAg and male gender. ROC curve analysis defined high log₁₀ of serum HBsAg level as a significant specific and the ratio of log₁₀ of serum HB VDL to serum HBsAg as a significant sensitive predictor for IT cases and high log₁₀ of serum HB VDL and positive HBeAg as significant predictors for presence of fibrosis. Conclusion: Quantitative estimation of serum level of HBsAg and viral load could differentiate between phases of CHB disease and predict histopathological status of the liver, so could spare liver biopsy with its inherent complications.

[Sahar M Ali, Tarek A Elshazly, Amal Abd El-Hafez, Mohamed Mosaad, Manal A. Shams Eldin El Telbany. Predictive Value of Quantitative Estimation of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and DNA load in serum of Chronic Hepatitis B Patients. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):307-315]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 38

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.38

Key words: Chronic hepatitis B, Serum viral DNA load, HBsAg, Quantitative PCR, Liver Biopsy.

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Free second toe transfer in reconstruction of different level of thumb injuries

Wael Ayad

Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn, Al-azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

Waelayad1@yahoo.com

Abstract: The thumb is the master key for hand function. Loss of thumb partially or completely will affect the essential hand functions. Restoration of finger losses by second toe transfer is a well known procedure. In this work the second toe was transferred microsurgically to reconstruct old post traumatic partial or complete thumb losses. Ten patients were included in the study, 8 males and 2 females (age range18-51 years, mean 35 years). The amputation level was proximal to MCP joint in 5 patients, at or distal to the MCP joint in 3 patients, and lastly at or distal to IP joint in 2 patients. The follow up period ranged from 1-2 years (mean 13.5 months). All flaps survived completely. In one patient, reexploration of the pedicle was done to solve vascular compromise and the toe salvaged completely. Another case local wound infection occurred and treated conservatively. In 2 patients, tendon adhesions occurred and tenolysis was done around 2 months postoperatively. Rehabilitation continued for 2 months after removal of k wires. Patients were asked to wear volar splints at night for one year to prevent finger clawing. The sensory re-education and rehabilitation continued for 8 months. All patients got good range of finger motions with establishment of 2 point discrimination.

[Wael Ayad. Free second toe transfer in reconstruction of different level of thumb injuries. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):316-321]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 39

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.39

Keywords: Free second toe, thumb, Wael Ayad

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Molecular Markers Predicting the Efficacy of Interferon Based Therapies in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C

Hala Al Sayed Ahmed Sakr, Laila Ateif Ahmed and Wafaa Mohie – Eldeen Abdel Fattah

Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University

yola1959@hotmail.com

Abstract: Egypt has an exceeding high prevalence of cirrhosis, liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma and death attributable to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Although the best standard treatment of chronic hepatitis C involves a 48-week course of peg-interferon-α 2β, it is well known that many patients will not be cured by treatment. For these reasons, identification of the determinants of response to treatment is a high priority. Osteopontin (or secreted phosphoprotein 1, SPP1) is a cytokine produced by macrophages and activated T cells. Overexpression of osteopontin gene is associated with various inflammatory liver diseases. Four single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in the promotor region of the osteopontin gene, at nucleotide (nt)-155, -443, -616, and -1748, were detected and suggested that the SNP at nt-443, was a marker reflecting hepatitis activity in patients with HCV. The aim of this study is to detect the SNP in the promotor region of the osteopontin gene at nucleotide -443 and its protein level in the blood of chronic hepatitis C patients under treatment with interferon(responders and non-responders) and their value as pretreatment predictor of responsiveness to treatment. Also, to compare the results with non infected patients. Subjects and Methods the study included 99 patients with chronic viral hepatitis C and 20 healthy persons serving as control. Osteopontin protein was measured before treatment Only, SNP at nt -443 in promoter of osteopontin gene detected, PCR, liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALK), Albumin, bilirubin and alpha fetoprotein(AFP)all are measured before treatment, three months after receiving treatment and after treatment completion by six months. Biopsy was done pre-treatment to all patients to determine the fibrosis grade. This study showed that: there was insignificant difference between hepatitis C patients and controls in the distribution of SNP -443 genotypes (T/T, T/C and C/C). There was a significant difference in pretreatment osteopontin serum protein level between patients and controls (P=<0.0001) and between non-responders and responders 3 months (mo.)after treatment (P =0.01) with high level in non-responders (37.08+5.49) than responders (34.20+5.49). Also, there was a significant difference between non-responders and responders 6 mo. after ending treatment (P =<0.001) with high level in non-responder (37.56+5.19) than responders (33.20+4.67). Conclusion: SNP in the promotor region of the osteopontin gene (OPN) at nucleotide (nt) -443 and serum OPN protein level are predictors of responses to combination therapy of HCV.

[Hala Al Sayed Ahmed Sakr, Laila Ateif Ahmed and Wafaa Mohie – Eldeen Abdel Fattah. Molecular Markers Predicting the Efficacy of Interferon Based Therapies in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):322-334]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 40

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.40

Keywords: Osteopontin gene polymorphism, hepatitis C virus(HCV).

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ATP Bioluminescence: A Clinical Tool to Measure Plaque Retention on Tooth Surface around Orthodontic Brackets

Muktar A. Elalem, Nabeel E. Shamaa, Mohamed Adel Nadim

Orthodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Egypt.

nashamaa@hotmail.com

Abstract: Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to quantify dental plaque retention on tooth surface around different types of orthodontic brackets using ATP bioluminescence measurement technique. Methods: the sample consisted of 30 subjects selected from the out-patient clinic at Orthodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. These selected patients required fixed appliance orthodontic therapy. The subjects were divided into three groups each bonded with different bracket type; stainless steel G1, Ceramic (G2), and self-ligating (G3); each ten subjects. A split mouth design was assigned as half of each arch, either the left or the right side, was randomly assigned to receive the experimental bracket, with the opposite side as the control. For each arch, either the left or the right premolars was selected to receive the experimental measurements. The measurements were in relative light units (RLU) values. Results: All groups showed non-significant measurements but G2 (ceramic brackets) recorded the highest measurement 104001.90 ± 17423.85 and the lowest measurement (36774.40 ± 8636.22) was observed in G3 (self-ligating bracket) after 4 weeks. Conclusion: The Self-ligating brackets are more hygienic. ATP-driven bioluminescence technique could serve as a useful tool in the rapid chair-side quantification of bacterial load and in the assessment and monitoring of oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment.

 [Muktar A. Elalem, Nabeel E. Shamaa, Mohamed Adel Nadim. ATP Bioluminescence: A Clinical Tool to Measure Plaque Retention on Tooth Surface around Orthodontic Brackets. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):335-339]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 41

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.41

Keywords: Self ligating brackets; Ceramic brackets; Stainless steel brackets (st st); ATP bioluminescence; Relative Light Units (RLU); Dental plaque.

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Processivity of Phage T4 Dam DNA methyltransferase (T4Dam)

Hany Elsawy

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University,Tanta, Egypt

Hany.mostafa@science.tanta.edu.eg

Abstract: Single turnover and pre-steady state (burst) kinetic analyses of the bacteriophage T4 Dam DNA-(N6-adenine)-methyltransferase (MTase)-mediated methyl group transfer from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to Ade in DNA substrate containing one or two specific GATC sites with different combinations of methylated and unmodified targets were carried out. The single turnover experiment showed that the total amount of methylated DNA is approximately equal to the input DNA concentration (one unmethylated GATC site). We verified our results by performing the single turnover experiment on hemimethylated DNA and on DNA substrate that has two unmethylated GATC sites. The total amount of methylated product is approximately one-half the concentration of input DNA (hemimethylated)and is approximately double the concentration of input DNA in case of the substrate that has two unmethylated GATC sites. We supported our results further by using a burst magnitude approach. Based on our results, we can state that, T4Dam MTase does not do intrasiteprocessivity and it could be able to methylate one adenine residue of unmethylated GATC site per single turnover.

[Hany Elsawy. Processivity of Phage T4 Dam DNA methyltransferase (T4Dam). J Am Sci 2013;9(7):340-346]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 42

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.42

Key word: T4Dam, enzyme processivity, enzyme kinetics.

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Organizational Citizenship Behaviors among Teaching Staff at Nursing Faculties in Upper Egypt

Samah Mohamed Abdalla¹, Fatma Rushdy Mohamed¹, and Sanaa Mohamed Araf²

¹ Department of Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University.

² Department of Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing, Minia University.

drfatmarushdy@yahoo.com

Abstract: An organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is a term that encompasses anything positive and constructive that employees do, of their own volition, which supports co-workers and benefits the organization. Aim of the study: was to assess organizational citizenship behaviors factors as perceived by nursing faculties' members in Upper Egypt. A descriptive research design was utilized in the present study. The total number of faculty members were (n=233). Organizational citizenship behaviors questionnaire consisted of two parts: 1st part included six questions related to personal data of nursing faculty members include: (name of the university, age, sex, marital status, educational qualifications, and years of experience). 2^nd part of the questionnaire included thirty nine items covers five factors of organizational citizenship behaviors: training and development, work – life policies, empowerment practices, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The possible responses of this part were: 3 for disagree, 2 for uncertain and 1 for agree. Results: denoted that almost all demonstrators and assistant lecturers disagreed on factors of training and development, work-life policies, and empowerment practices while were agreed with organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behaviors factors. There were statistically significant differences for all factors of organizational citizenship behaviors, while almost all members with doctoral degree at nursing faculties in Upper Egypt Universities agreed on all factors of organizational citizenship behaviors except work-life policies with statistically significant differences for all factors. Conclusions: Both married and unmarried were agreed with all organizational citizenship behaviors factors except with training and development & work-life polices factors. And there were statistically significant differences among marital status and organizational citizenship behaviors (P<0.001, 0.006, 0.000, and 0.006) respectively except empowerment practices was (P<0.87). All faculties' members with different educational qualifications and years of experiences were disagreed on training and development, work-life policies factors with highly statistical significant differences. Recommendations: In the light of the findings, the researchers recommended that Up grading competencies of nursing faculties teachers through attendance of staff development programs will increase their OCB, Provide power to the nursing faculties' teaching staff with different educational qualifications to share in decision making can lead to improve teachers' leadership skills, improve work-life quality, and improve professionalism.

[Samah Mohamed Abdalla, Fatma Rushdy Mohamed, and Sanaa Mohamed Araf. Organizational Citizenship Behaviors among Teaching Staff at Nursing Faculties in Upper Egypt. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):347-363]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 43

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.43

Key words: Organizational Citizenship- Teaching Staff- Behaviors- Nursing.

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Growth hormone and Melatonin as Biomimetics (An Experimental Study)

¹Rania El Behairy; ¹Mohammed Hamed; ²Ibrahim Ahmed; ³Hamdy Feteh and ⁴Wael Amer

¹Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University

²Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Suez Canal University

³Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University

⁴Oral Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University.

Raniaelbehairy73@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: The foundation of implant success is osseointegration, a concentrated effort to provide bone in a faster and improved osseointegration process was an important research topic. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of local application of growth hormone and melatonin on osseointegration around immediate implants after 1, 2 and 3 months in dogs. Material and Methods: the 3^rd mandibular premolar tooth was extracted bilaterally in six adult male dogs. Twelve implants were placed in their distal sockets. The test group received a mixture of growth hormone and melatonin before immediate implant incersion (right side), while in the control group the socket was left without any treatment before implant incersion (left side). Subgroups at 1, 2 and 3 months follow up periods were applied for both groups. After animal sacrifice, the bone blocks were subjected to histomorphometric assessments. Results: bone implant contact and bone area were statistically non significant in all test periods. In conclusion, Growth hormone and melatonin mixture did not affect bone implant contact and bone area of the new bone formed around immediate implant.

[Rania El Behairy; Mohammed Hamed; Ibrahim Ahmed; Hamdy Feteh and Wael Amer. Growth hormone and Melatonin as biomimetics (An Experimental Study). J Am Sci 2013;9(7):364-368]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 44

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.44

Key words: Biomimetics; Growth hormone; Melatonin; Immediate implants.

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Angiogenic factors in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Laila Hamed Damanhouri.

Immunology Department, Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 10415, Jeddah 21433, Saudi Arabia

Lailahhd71@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Data on angiogenesis in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are scarce. Objective: The aim of this cross sectional study was to determine circulating levels of angiogenic factors [angiopoietin (Ang)-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), adrenomedullin (AM)] in children and adolescent with T1DM without vascular complications. Additionally, to investigate whether these angiogenic parameters were associated with metabolic control and disease duration. Methods: This study included 50 diabetic children and adolescents (mean age 11.04±2.65 years) and forty healthy subjects (mean age 10.50±2.09 years) matched with patient’s age-and sex as control group. Patients and controls were assessed for glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and plasma Ang-2, VEGF, AM assay using by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: In T1DM patients, positive family history was found in 26 (52.00%) and 33 (66.00%) patients were had poor metabolic control. In T1DM patients, HbA1c, glucose, insulin, VEGF were significantly increased (P <0.0001 for all) while Ang-2 was significantly decreased (P <0.001) than controls. In T1DM with short (<5 years) and T1DM with long duration (≥ 5years), HbA1c, glucose, insulin, VEGF were significantly increased (P <0.0001 for all) while Ang-2 was significantly decreased (P <0.003, P <0.011) compared with healthy control. Serum glucose was significantly higher in patients with T1DM with long duration versus those with short duration (P <0.034). In T1DM patients, positive correlations were found between HbA1c with VEGF (r= 0.266; P <0.031), glucose (r= 0.670; P <0.0001); between glucose with VEGF (r= 0.258; P <0.035); between adrenomedullin with Ang-2 (r= 0.434; P <0.001). Meanwhile, a significant negative correlation was found between adrenomedullin and insulin (r= -0.235; P <0.038). Conclusion: The results of our study enlighten the behavior of 3 different angiogenic factors (VEGF, Ang-2, and adrenomedullin) in pediatric patients with uncomplicated T1DM in which plasma levels VEGF were increased, Ang-2 were decreased and AM were unchanged. Pathophysiology and clinical applications of these findings need further studies.

[Laila Hamed Damanhouri. Angiogenic factors in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):369-377]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 45

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.45

Key words: Angiogenic factors, angiopoietin-2, adrenomedullin, type 1 diabetes mellitus, vascular endothelial growth factor.

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Seismic Vulnerability of Buildings through Robust Database of Earthquakes and Buildings

Tharwat A. Sakr¹, Atef Eraky², Osman Shallan² and Sajad Kareem³

¹ Ass. Professor, ² Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Structural Engineering, Zagazig University

³ Msc Student, Faculty of Engineering, Structural Engineering, Zagazig University

eng_sajad23@yahoo.com

Abstract: Earthquake Engineering aims to reduce seismic risks resulting from earthquakes and facilitate the process of designing earthquake-resistant buildings. Evaluation of seismic vulnerability of structures is of most importance due to the increase number of seismic events that causes significant losses and damages. The capacity spectrum method (CSM) is a nonlinear static analysis method suggested by several regulations such as the ATC and FEMA, which compares the global force-displacement capacity curve of a structure with an earthquake response spectrum in graphical bases. In this paper, the capacity spectrum method is investigated and applied to buildings through the development of robust database including large stock of historical earthquakes. The developed database is customized in the vulnerability assessment of different example buildings with emphasize on the characteristics leading to the alteration of seismic vulnerability class. The results are presented in formValuable to practical design guides.

[Tharwat A. Sakr, Atef Eraky, Osman Shallan and Sajad Kareem. Seismic Vulnerability of Buildings through Robust Database of Earthquakes and Buildings. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):378-385]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 46

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.46

Keywords: Seismic Risk, Vulnerability, Capacity Spectrum; ATC (40)

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Women's Autonomy in Decision Making in Rural Village in Assiut Governorate

Hala H. Aboufaddan, Doaa M. Abdel-Salam

Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University.

Abstract: Background Women's autonomy in decision making is the ability to obtain information and make decisions about one's own concerns. This study aims to study the extent of women's autonomy in decision making and how sociodemographic background influences it. Methods This cross sectional community based survey was carried out in BakourVillage, Aboteeg district, Assiut Governorate using systemic random sample to select 273 women taking every 5^th house. Results In terms of household decision making autonomy, 76.3% and 82.4% of the women respectively were involved in decision making about daily purchases and child health care and 38.4% of the women make decisions about visits to family or relatives jointly with their husbands. Whereas, decisions about female circumcision and antenatal care use were present among 56% and 51% of the women respectively. Regarding family planning use, most decisions were taken by women jointly with husbands (52.4%). Women's increased education was significantly associated with autonomy in making some decisions such as family planning use and visits to family of relatives. Women working for cash were more likely to participate in the decision about making large purchases. Husband's occupation showed significant association with women's participation in some decisions such as visits to family or relatives, family planning use and having another child. Conclusions Women from rural areas need specific empowerment programme to enable them to be more autonomous in the decision making. Women's autonomy by education, employment needs a further social science investigation to observe the variations within each stratum. A more comprehensive strategy can enable women to access community resources, to challenge traditional norms and to access economic resources. This will lead the women to be more autonomous in decision making in the due course.

[Hala H. Aboufaddan, Doaa M. Abdel-Salam. Women's Autonomy in Decision Making in Rural Village in Assiut Governorate. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):386-393]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 47

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.47

Key words: Women's autonomy- Decision making- Sociodemographic variables.

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Prevalence of Hypertension and Risk Factors among King Khalid University Employees in Bisha

Eman N. Ramadan¹, Abeer M. Zakaria² and Lamiaa M. Elbosaty¹

¹ Community Health Nursing Department, ²Administration Nursing Department

Collage of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Bisha

dremannabil@yahoo.com

Abstract: Hypertension is a common problem facing people all over the world is known as the silent killer. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hypertension among employees working at faculties of King Khalid University in Bisha and to determine the riskfactors and its strength of association with Hypertension. A descriptive studywas conductedamong all employees working in the all faculties. A sample selected all hypertensive employees which was divided into controlled hypertension and uncontrolled hypertension. Three tools were used for data collection: 1) statistical report about total numbers of all employees working in the males and females faculties. 2) An interviewing questionnaire to assess the studied participant's characteristics, personal habits, history of disease, psychological life style.smoking and their knowledge about the disease. 3) Assessment Checklist to measure weight, height and urine analysis for sugar & albumin of studied sample. The study results revealed that the prevalence of hypertension were 9.2% divided into controlled hypertension 5.4% and uncontrolled hypertension 3.8% among (650) employees working at faculties of King Khalid University in Bisha and High statisticaland statistical significancebetween controlled hypertension and uncontrolled hypertension risk factors. This studsy concluded that male, illiterate, Body Mass Index, psychological stress, Feeling of stress during work, No and irregular practice of exercises, missed social and emotional support, smoking and drinking stimulias tea &coffeet& salt diet and deficit knowledge about hypertensionwas the strongest risk factor among uncontrolled hypertension subjects. The study recommended that health education program for Lifestyle modification.

[Eman N. Ramadan, Abeer M. Zakaria, and Lamiaa M. Elbosaty. Prevalence of Hypertension and Risk Factors among King Khalid University Employees in Bisha. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):394-403]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 48

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.48

Keywords: Prevalence, Hypertension, Risk Factors for Hypertension, Bisha

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Screening for HBsAg among Vaccinated School Children in Upper Egypt

Abdel-Ghani A Soliman¹, Magda Shehata Hassan¹, Nahed A Makhlouf ¹, Mohamed Z Abd Elrhman² and Khaled Abo Bakr Khalaf ¹

¹ Departments of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology and ² Clinical Pathology, Assiut University – Egypt

nahedmak@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: HBV infection is preventable with safe and effective vaccines that have been available since 1982. In 1992, Egypt started a program of universal immunization in infancy. The vaccine is effective in preventing chronic infections from developing in 95%, and is the first vaccine that can prevent a major human cancer. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is the serologic hallmark of HBV infection. The prevalence of HBsAg in Egypt is intermediate (2%-7%). Research question: does breakthrough infection occur with passage of years after infancy HBV vaccination. Aim: To screen for HBsAg in vaccinated school children in Upper Egypt. Methods: This study included one hundred school children of both sex, from a primary school in a small village in Assiut. They included 50 boys and 50 girls. Their ages ranged between 8 to 12 years. All included children had been given three doses of a recombinant HB vaccine (0.5 mL = 10 lU intramuscularly) at 2, 4 and 6 months of their age. All children in this study were subjected to full history taking; clinical examination and serologic test. The serum samples were used to determine the presence of HBsAg by AxSYM HBsAg (V2). Conclusion: The prevalence of HBsAg among vaccinated school children was 0% despite some of them had risk factors for infection. No break through infection could be detected among vaccinated school children 8- 12 years after vaccination.

[Abdel-Ghani A Soliman, Magda Shehata Hassan, Nahed A Makhlouf, Mohamed Z Abd Elrhman and Khaled Abo Bakr Khalaf. Screening for HBsAg among Vaccinated School Children in Upper Egypt. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):404-406]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 49

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.49

Key words: HBsAg; HBV Vaccine; Children.

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Energy Strategy of A Study of Obstacles on the Way of Federalism in Iraq

Jahanbakhsh Moradi1, Ahmad Saie2

1Ph.D of International Relations, Faculty Member of the Department of Political Science, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran

2Associate Professor of International Relations, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

moradi.jahanbakhsh77@gmail.com

Abstract: Some scholars and political experts believe that federalism is the most effective way for settling the problem of nation-state building in societies having structural multiplicity such as ethno-racial and religious ones. Being a country of many races, ethnic groups and religious sects, Iraq has adopted federalism as its governmental form based on article four of the provisional constitution and article one of the permanent constitution for the post-Saddam era. However, there remains as problematique and complicated the future of federalism in Iraq. In other words, federalism has not so far been realized in Iraq and this is because of heresies and ambiguities wrought into the constitution and also a variety of legal and practical draw backs. The present article on the one hand tries to enquire about these heresies and ambiguities; on the other hand, there are examined problems such as lack of taking advantage from achievements of other federalist system; practical problems such as geographic-territorial condition, wealth distribution and especially the problems arising from existing rival discourses regarding the region of Kurdistan. On the whole, these factors are responsible for the rise of a precarious and shaky federalism faced with a plethora of challenges and set-backs.

[Jahanbakhsh Moradi, Ahmad Saie. Energy Strategy of A Study of Obstacles on the Way of Federalism in Iraq. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):407-409]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 50

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.50

Keywords: Federalism, nation-state, provisional constitution, permanent constitution, problematique of federalism in Iraq, region of Kurdistan.

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Postpartum Morbidities Following Cesarean Section Deliveries

¹Ayat M., Omar, ²Mervat A.,Khames, ³Sanaa A., Nour Eldein, ⁴Safwat Abd Elrady and ⁵Entesar M.,Makhlouf

Department of Obstetrics &Gynecological, Faculties of Nursing –¹Elfayoum,

²Assiut, ³Zagazig Universities Egypt and Faculty of Medicine –⁴Assiut University Egypt.

mervat _33@yahoo.com

Abstract: Cesarean section is a major operative procedure and consequently many complications and morbidities may encounter according to the registries of the University Hospital, C.S rate was 45.8% in 2010. Objective: to identify postnatal health problems experienced by women delivered by C.S. Methods: A prospective study design was adopted in this study to achieve the stated aim, a purposive sample of all puerperal women (n=330) puerperal women and their newborns’ who had C.S delivery in the postpartum wards of Obstetrics Department, Women's Health Center, Assiut University Hospital, Egypt. The Women's Health Center. Results: Minor &major problems were reported by 88.8% &32.4% of the puerperal women. During 1^st visit & Minor& Major problems were reported by 74.2% & 25.4% of the puerperal women in 2^nd visit. Conclusion: more than one fifth of the women (61.0%) encountered major problem & (89.0%) suffered from minor problems.

[Ayat M., Omar, Mervat A., Khames, Sanaa A., NourEldein Safwat Abd Elrady and Entesar M.,Makhlouf. Postpartum Morbidities Following Cesarean Section Deliveries. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):410-418]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 51

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.51

Key words: cesarean section, health problem, postpartum.

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Morphology of adult rat urinary bladder after ovariectomy and the role of Tibolone administration

Abeer M. Azmy and Maha A. Abdallah

Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University. Egypt.

maha_amine70@yahoo.com

Abstract: Introduction: Estrogen has been implicated as an important endogenous compound for maintaining lower urinary tract function. Aim of the study: This work aimed to detect the effect of estrogen hormone deprivation by bilateral surgical ovariectomy on urinary bladder morphology and the role of Tibiolone administration. Material and methods: Twenty four adult albino rats were equally divided into three groups; control (I), ovariectomized (II) and Tibolone treated ovariectomized (III) groups. Rats in groups II and III were left for 3 weeks after ovarictomy. After this duration, group III rats were treated orally with 0.25mg Tibolone /kg/day for continuous 12 weeks. Animals' bladder were dissected out and processed for examination by light and electron microscope. The area percentages of collagen fiber, smooth muscle with their ratio as well as bladder wall and urothelium thickness were estimated and statistically analyzed. Results: Urinary bladder of the ovariectomized rats revealed an observable focal reduction in the urothelium and total bladder wall thickness. Many epithelial cells showed distortion with indistinct cell junctions, wide intercellular spaces and cellular infiltration. Musculosa had wide separation of their bundles with abundant collagen fibers inbetween. Numerous myocytes had indistinct dense bodies, plaques and corrugated sarcolemmae. Most of these changes were improved with Tibolone treatment. Estimated and analyzed urothelium and bladder wall thickness as well as area percentages of collagen fiber, smooth muscle with their ratio confirmed the results. Conclusion: Estrogen deficiency led to deterioration of bladder morphology. Tibolone is considered a good therapy for estrogen deficiency in improving bladder morphology.

[Abdullah Abeer M. Azmy and Maha A. Abdallah.^. Morphology of adult rat urinary bladder after ovariectomy and the role of Tibolone administration. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):419-431]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 52

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.52

Key words: ovariectomy – urinary bladder-estrogen deficiency – Tibolone- ultrastructure.

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Post Natural Disaster Education: In-Service Teacher Training Curriculum In Aceh

Zulbahri bin Nurdin¹, Saedah Bt Siraj¹, Zaharah bt Hussin¹, Muhammad Ridhuan Tony Lim²

^1. University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

^2. Universiti Teknologi Petronas, 31750 Perak, Malaysia

saedah@um.edu.my, zaharah@um.edu.my

Abstract: The literature holds huge examples on curriculum development for teacher training for all education level and field of studies. However, there is a wide gap in the curriculum development for post natural disaster. This paper proposes an example on how such curriculum for teacher training could be designed which take into consideration the needs of local context. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify the appropriate curriculum content to develop the in-service teacher training curriculum for Acheh post tsunami to aid Acehnese teachers who are encountering various challenges in performing their teaching tasks. Delphi technique is utilized to obtain experts’ consensus on the types of knowledge, skills and values to be acquired by the Acehnese teachers. The experts at initial phase identified 24 major knowledge, 14 skills, and 12 values to be acquired by the teachers. All identified items were developed into questionnaires that were then administered to 35 senior teachers and education officers in two rounds. The findings were analyzed statistically using Median and Interquartile scores. The Median score was used to consider whether the item is accepted (Md = 4-5) or rejected (Md = 1-2) and Interquartile (IQR) was used to find out whether the respondents have reached the consensus (IQR = 0-1) or no consensus (IQR = 2 above). The results indicate that the Acehnese teachers should acquire some competencies in areas such as: teachers’ mastery of the concept of peace education (Md = 5.00, IQR = 1), teachers’ ability to link the subject matter with Islamic views (Md = 5.00, IQR = 1), teachers’ ability to ease students’ trauma (Md = 4.00, IQR = 0), and teachers’ interpersonal skills (Md = 5.00, IQR = 1). However, one proposed item- teachers’ life-skills needed to accommodate to places which they are posted (Md = 2.00, IQR = 1 was unanimously rejected by the respondents. This rejection certainly holds implication for further research. It is hoped that the identified content would be accepted by the Acehnese education authority to replace the previous practices of in-service teacher training programs which were carried out without a set of curriculum.

[Zulbahri bin Nurdin, Saedah Bt Siraj, Zaharah bt Hussin, Muhammad Ridhuan Tony Lim. Post Natural Disaster Education: In-Service Teacher Training Curriculum In Aceh. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):432-445]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 53

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.53

Keywords: Curriculum, Curriculum content, curriculum development, in-service teacher training, Delphi technique

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Isolation of Alfalfa Mosaic Virus from four Pepper Cultivar in Riyadh K.S.A Using RAPD-PCR Technique

Jehan Saud Al –Abrahaim

Microbiology Department, Princess Nora Bent Abdulrahman University, Riyadh - Saudi Arabia

jsaa336@hotmail.com, highest_alim@yahoo.com

Abstract: Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) technique was used for isolation and identification of alfalfa mosiac virus (AMV) in homogenates of four common Saudi varieties of pepper Capsicum annum. Two sweet pepper (Sirtaki and S.P.KING) and two hot pepper (Cruise and E48.192). Ten virus specific primers used to amplify DNA fragments. Specific bands of PCR products observed at the position were corresponding to the expected size of DNA amplification product. The results indicated that primers could permit the specific detection of AMV and RAPD-PCR technique is efficient to distinguish between pepper varieties in their infection by alfalfa mosaic virus. Identifying the primary sources of inoculum may help to reduce AMV spread and the severity of effects on pepper production. The observed symbtoms showed two sweet varities are very sensitive to virus infection. Meanwhile the hot varities are tolerant (cruise) or resistant (E48.192) to virus infection. In E48.192 and S.P. king varieties, virus was transferred by seeds.

[Jehan Saud Al –Abrahaim. Isolation of Alfalfa Mosaic Virus from four Pepper Cultivar in Riyadh K.S.A Using RAPD-PCR Technique. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):446-451]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 54

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.54

Keywords: Pepper, mosiac virus, Infectivity, RAPD-PCR.

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Detection of Alfalfa Mosaic Virus in Five Alfalfa Cultivar Seeds in Riyadh K.S.A Using RAPD-PCR Technique

Jehan Saud Al –Abrahaim

Microbiology Department, Princess Nora Bent Abdulrahman University, Riyadh - Saudi Arabia

jsaa242@hotmail.com

Abstract: Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) technique, was used for detection of alfalfa seed born mosiac virus (ASBMV) in seed homogenates of five common Saudi varieties of alfalfa Medicago sativa, two resistant varieties ( Kaf 101 and Iraqui), two very sensitive varieties ( Serveer and Qasimy) and local variety (Aquarious). Eleven virus specific primers used to amplify DNA fragments. Specific bands of PCR products observed at the position were corresponding to the expected size of DNA amplification product. The results indicated that primers could permit the specific detection of ASBMV and RAPD-PCR technique are efficient to distinguish between alfalfa varieties seeds in their infection by alfalfa mosaic virus. The technique is useful for screening of seed lots before cultivation and for palnt quarantine for the presence of seed-borne viruses.

[Jehan Saud Al –Abrahaim. Detection of Alfalfa Mosaic Virus in Five Alfalfa Cultivar Seeds in Riyadh K.S.A Using RAPD-PCR Technique. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):452-456]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 55

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.55

Keywords: Alfalfa, mosiac virus, Infectivity, RAPD-PCR.

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Hand rubbing and scrubbing in relation to microbial count among surgical team members in a Saudi Hospital

Manal Hamed Mahmoud¹; Ahmed Morad Asaad² and Mohamed Ansar Qureshi²

¹College of Nursing, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(Dept. of Medical Surgical Nursing), Lecturer in Faculty of Nursing, Benha University, Benha, Arab Republic Egypt

² Professor, Lecturer of microbiology, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

dr.manalh@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: The surgical team members use different methods of surgical hand antisepsis with the aim of reducing surgical site infections. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of povidone iodine hand scrubbing versus alcohol and avagard hand rubbing on reduction of microbial count among surgical team members in a Saudi Hospital. Methods: The outcome measure is the number of Colony Forming Units (CFUs) cultured from 10-digit fingertip imprints on agar plates. Seventy two volunteers underwent 3 hand preparation protocols; Protocol (A) included 3 minutes of traditional scrub by PVP-I, protocol (B) involved 3 minutes of hand rubbing, until dry with ethyl alcohol 70%. Protocol (C) included 3 minutes of hand rubbing, until dry with Avagard. Three sets of fingertip imprints were obtained for each group; before rubbing/scrubbing (R/Sc.), immediately after R/Sc., and after glove removal (GR) ie; after 3 hours. Results: Results were expressed as the number of CFUs per hand by the use of Log₁₀ RF. No significant difference in baseline hand bacterial load was found before and immediately after hand- R/Sc. procedures among the three groups, while there a significant statistical difference in microbial count after GR (p value = 0.01) and microbial count was lesser by the use of avagard than by the use of other solutions after GR. There was a significant statistical relation between participant's occupation and Count of CFUs (p value = 0.05) and the count found to be decreased among nurses after GR. But there was no significant statistical difference between participant's years of experience and counts of CFUs. Results revealed a significant statistical correlation between performance of rubbing/scrubbing and count of CFUs among the three groups immediately post R/Sc. and after GR. Conclusion and recommendations: Surgical hand rub using avagard was significantly more effective in reducing skin colony counts compared to ethyl alcohol 70% and povidone iodine 7.5% and we recommend that avagard hand rubs could be used as a potent hand antisepsis in the operating theatre.

 [Manal Hamed Mahmoud; Ahmed Morad Asaad and Mohamed Ansar Qureshi. Hand rubbing and scrubbing in relation to microbial count among surgical team members in a Saudi Hospital. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):457-464]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 56

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.56

Key words: Rubbing/ scrubbing (R/Sc.), microbial count, hand hygiene, colony forming units(CFUs), glove removal(GR).

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Reactivity of 1,3-diarylpropenones towards some nucleophilic reagents and screening of the biological activity of the products

Zeinab H. Ismail

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Girls branch, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, AR Egypt.

zinab.hashem.mohamed@gmail.com

Abstract: Some novel chalcone derivatives (1a-c) were prepared by the reaction of 2-acetylpyridine, 4-bromoacetophenone with 4-N, N-dimethyl benzaldehyde, 2-chloro-, and/or 4-methoxy-benzaldehyde under Claisen-Schmidt conditions. The chalcones were then reacted with some nucleophiles such as urea derivatives to give substituted pyrimidines (2 and 5). They were subjected also to carbon nucleophiles such as ethyl acetoacetate to give 6-carbethoxy-3,5-diaryl cyclohexenone (9) which on treatment with thiosemicarbazide gave the triazolyl derivative (10). The new compounds were characterized by IR, ¹H-,¹³C-NMR and Mass spectral data. Some of the new compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity as well as antitumor and the results were encouraging.

 [Zeinab H. Ismail. Reactivity of 1,3-diarylpropenones towards some nucleophilic reagents and screening of the biological activity of the products. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):465-475]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 57

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.57

Keywords: Chalcone derivatives, pyrimidine, cyclohexene, pyrazolines, biological activity.

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Elemental Composition of Some Imported Toys and Handbags by X-ray Techniques

W. A. Ghaly^{1, 2}, H. T. Mohsen^{1, 2}, A. M. Rashad² and A. I. Helal²

¹Accelerators and Ion Sources Department, NRC, AEA, Post No. 13759, Egypt.

² Central Lab. for Elemental & Isotopic Analysis, NRC, AEA, Post No. 13759, Egypt.

hanytmohsen@yahoo.com

Abstract: Some imported products such as toys and commercial handbags are collected and analyzed directly without sample preparation using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) technique, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass spectrometer (LA-ICP-MS). The analysis showed a lot of elements with high concentrations whose values may exceed the permissible local values.

[W. A. Ghaly, H. T. Mohsen, A. M. Rashad and A. I. Helal. Elemental Composition of Some Imported Toys and Handbags by X-ray Techniques. Am Sci 2013;9(7):476-479]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 58

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.58

Key Words: Analytical Techniques / (EDX) / (LA- ICP-MS) / Toys.

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Impact of Social Networks on Customer Relation Management (CRM) in Prospectus of Business Environment

Fatimah Alqatahani and Tanzila Saba

College of Engineering and Computer sciences, Salman bin Abdul Aziz University Alkharj KSA

drstanzila@gmail.com

Abstract: Social Networks are very common now days and have thoroughly changed the life style of people, their choice and decisions. These networks provide a forum to the people round the globe to connect, share, comment and influence. Communications are instant, information and emotions are spread globally within seconds. However, these networks have also created a new challenges, opportunities and threats for enterprises and brands. The integration of these social networks with customer relationship management (CRM) strategies – is the next frontier for organizations that want to optimize the power of social interactions to get closer to customers. With the worldwide explosion of social network usage, businesses are feeling extreme pressure to be aware, where their customers are and what are their liking/disliking. Accordingly this paper presents a thorough study to investigate impact of social networks on customer relation management in enterprises. In the light of this study, it is observed that social networks are strong tools that effect significantly on customer relation management in scenario of business environment.

[Fatimah Alqatahani and Tanzila Saba, Impact of Social Networks on Customer Relation Management (CRM) in Prospectus of Business Environment J Am Sci 2013;9(7):480-486]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 59

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.59

Keywords: Social Networks, Customer Relation Management, Business strategies.

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Order Statistics From Discrete Gamma Distribution

A.A. Jamjoom

Department of Statistics, College of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O Box 415, Jeddah 21411, Saudi Arabia

Tel: 009666060760; Email: jamjoom-stat-6060@hotmail.com

Abstract: This paper introduces the subject of order statistics os and its moments for two kinds of discrete random variables rv’s drawn from two parameters discrete gamma distribution or DGD (α, q). The first kind is the independent identically distributed discrete rv’s or iid, and the second kind is the independent non-identically distributed inid discrete rv’s. A brief look at DGD (α, q) is given including its special cases DGD (2, q), DGD (3, q) and DGD (4, q). For iid and inid discrete rv’s equations of distributions of single order statistics and their moments used here are presented and its applications for DGD (2, q) are studied. Distribution of the joint os and the probability mass function pmf of the range from DGD (2,q) is obtained for the iid case. The k^th moments of single os for inid rv’s following DGD(2,q) is obtained and the mean of the largest and smallest os for them are also calculated for n=3.

[A.A. Jamjoom. Order Statistics From Discrete Gamma Distribution. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):487-498]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 60

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.60

Keywords: Order Statistics, Discrete Random Variable, Discrete gamma distribution, Permanent.

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Extensive traumatic heterotopic ossification of the right hip joint in an 18 years old man: A case report

Alireza Hootkani¹, Hasan Rahimi Shoorin², Farshid Bagheri², Ali Moradi¹, Parham Seyf³, Hengameh Ebrahimi⁴, Amirreza Fatehi³, Hassan Attarchi³, Nima Fatehi⁵, Maryam Asadian⁶

^1. Assistant-professor of Orthopedic surgery, Orthopedic and trauma Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, Mashad University of Medical Sciences, Mashad, Iran

^2. Associate-professor of Orthopedic surgery, Orthopedic and trauma Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, Mashad University of Medical Sciences, Mashad, Iran

 ^3. Orthopedic Resident, Orthopedic and Trauma Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

^4. Assistant Professor of Educational Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

^5. Intern of Medical student, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

^6. MD, Research assistant, Faculty of Medicine, Orthopedic and Trauma Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

RahimiH@mums.ac.ir

Abstract: Traumatic Heterotopic ossification occurs in 10–20 % of predisposed patients.. An eighteen years old man presented, who had multiple trauma, head injury and right femoral neck fracture (Garden type I) in a MVA, 2 years ago. Two years later the patient started to show up limitation in his right hip joint range of motion which its physical examination showed 0 degree range of motion in all directions was suggestive for a wide heterotopic ossification of the right hip extending from iliac wing down to the subtrochanteric area with hip joint ankylosis, surgery was suggested for this patient for radical heterotopic ossification removal with anterior iliac osteotomy and proximal femur osteotomy on the subtrochanteric area. His post operative, right hip range of motion was near fully recovered. In our patient, due type I garden fracture with no dislocation, the massive Heterotopic ossification developed. Despite the right hip movement was completely limited, post-operative hip range of motion was almost full.

[Hootkani A, Rahimi S.H, Bagheri F, Moradi A, Seyf P, Ebrahimi H, Fatehi A, Attarchi H, Fatehi N, Asadian M. Extensive traumatic heterotopic ossification of the right hip joint in an 18 years old man: A case report. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):499-502]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 61

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.61

Keywords: Heterotopic ossification, Open reduction, Hip joint

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Mulla Sadra’s Theory of Perception

Afifeh Hamedi

Assistant professor, Department of Philosophy of education, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr branch, Bushehr, Iran

Email: hamedi.a2010@gmail.com

Abstract: Perception has been one of the important issues in Muslim philosophical discussions. Mulla Sadra criticized Avicenna and Suhrawardi 's explanations of knowledge and perception.. H.has a particular theory in this field. He believed that the origin of perception is existence but not essence.Mulla Sadra has divided perceptions into three types: Sensible perception, imaginary perception, and rational perception. Contrary to Avicenna that regards sense perception as material, He believes that although the origin of all perceptions is external object, but all human perceptions are immaterial. Mulla sadra considers all types of man’s perceptions as the acts of the soul, as the soul is immaterial, all its perceptions are immaterial. According to him, man’s perception is not in the form of the indwelling and presence of the form of external object in the mind, rather, it is a kind of creation that is manifested in the form of imanation from the soul. He believes that man’s soul enters the world of the sense through the perception of sensible, the world of Ideas through imaginary perception, and the world of intellects through the perception of intellect. This paper deals with Mulla sadra’s view on man’s perception and its stages.

[Afifeh Hamedi. Mulla Sadra’s Theory of Perception. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):503-507]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 62

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.62

Keywords: Perception, immaterial perceptions, soul, presental knowledge, Mulla Sadra.

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Use of Ozone in Temporomandibular Joint Arthrocentesis, Clinical Study

Abdullah Hammuda¹, Mohamed Said Hamed², Eman Abdelhaleim Elsharrawy³, Mohammed Ahmed Elsholkamy² and Adel Iskandar⁴

¹ Department of Oral &Maxillofacial Surgery-Oral surgeon, Faculty of Oral Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt.

² Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Oral Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt.

³ Department of General Anaesthesia Faculty of Oral Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt.

⁴ Department of Epidemiology Medicine -Cosultant of Ozone Therapy, Egypt.

Hammuda81@gmail.com, Dr.Abdullahatef@gmail.com

Abstract: Internal derangements are the most frequent articular causes of temporomandibular joint dysfunction, which involve progressive slipping or displacement of the articular disc. Temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis is considered a successful treatment in TMJ internal derangements. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ozone application in arthrocentesis of temporomandibular joints with internal derangement. Thirty patients were evaluated in this study were presented with limited movement and pain in the TMJ. They were divided in two groups: group I, subjected to arthrocentesis using saline solution and group II, subjected to arthrocentesis using ozonized water. Pain levels were significantly decreased in both groups however the significant decrease in group II was reported at post operative, after first month and one year. Maximal mouth opening for all patient in both groups were improved and the significant increase was reported in group II after first month, six months and one year postoperatively. Conclusion: Clinical efficacy of arthrocentesis with ozone in the temporomandibular joint internal derangements. Efficacy of ozonized water as a clinically applicable form of ozone in ozone therapy for the temporomandibular joint.

[Abdullah Hammuda, Mohamed Said Hamed, Eman Abdelhaleim Elsharrawy, Mohammed Ahmed Elsholkamy and Adel Iskandar. Use of Ozone in Temporomandibular Joint Arthrocentesis, Clinical Study. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):508-513]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 63

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.63

Keywords: Ozone; Temporomandibular; Arthrocentesis; Clinical Study.

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Histological studies on the use of bovine bone chips and composite as bone graft substitutes in reconstruction of gap defects in canine tibia.

Emara, S. A.¹; Gadallah, S.M.²and Sharshar, A. M. ²

¹Department of Cytology & Histology and ²Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menofiya University, Sadat branch.

saademara@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of this work was to evaluate the ability of bovine bone chips (B.ch) and composite (B.co) in repair of artificially induced bone defects in canine tibia, and to examine the ability of bovine bone chips (B.ch) and bovine bone composite (B.co) to induce new bone formation when used to fill critical size gap defect in canine tibia. Twenty four adult apparently healthy Mongrel dogs of both sexes (weight 15-25 kg.). The dogs were used as recipient for (B.ch) and (B.co). Three defects were created in the tibia of the recipient dogs. The first was filled with (B.co), the second left empty to act as control, while the third defect filled with (B.ch). The dogs were divided into 8 groups (3 dogs each) according to the follow up periods (one, two, three, four, six, eight, twelve and sixteen weeks). At the end of each follow up period the animals were euthanized and the operated tibia were harvested and subjected to gross examination. The implantation sites were harvested and subjected to histological examination for assessment of graft incorporation. The histological results revealed the process of bone repair of the created defects.

[Emara, S. A.; Gadallah, S.M. and Sharshar, A. M. Histological studies on the use of bovine bone chips and composite as bone graft substitutes in reconstruction of gap defects in canine tibia. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):514-525]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 64

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.64

Key words: bone grafts, bovine bone chips and composite, histological studies.

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Evaluation of coral wedge and composite as bone graft substitutes to induce new bone formation in a dog tibial defect.

Emara, S. A.¹; Gadallah, S.M.²and Sharshar, A. M. ²

¹Department of Cytology & Histology and ²Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and

Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menofiya University, Sadat branch.

saademara@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate and compare morphological and histological changes due to using of natural coral wedge (C.W) as well as coral composite(C.co) to serve as bone graft substitutes, filling gap defects in canine tibia. It was designed to examine the ability of natural coral wedge (C.W) and coral composite (C.co), to induce regeneration of the bone in the created defects and detect their osteoinductive and osteoconductive effect. Twenty four adult apparently healthy Mongrel dogs of both sexes and weighing 15 to 25 kg. were used as recipient for (C.W) and (C.co). Three defects were created in the tibia of the recipient dogs. The first was filled with (C.co), the second left empty to act as control, while the third defect filled with (C.W). The dogs were divided into 8 groups (3 dogs each) according to the observation periods (one, two, three, four, six, eight, twelve and sixteen weeks). At the end of each period, the operated tibia were harvested after euthanasia of the animals, for morphological and histological studies and assessment of graft incorporation. The histological results revealed the regeneration of the created defects which confirmed the clinical evaluation.

[Emara, S. A.; Gadallah, S.M. and Sharshar, A. M. Evaluation of coral wedge and composite as bone graft substitutes to induce new bone formation in a dog tibial defect. J Am Sci 2013;9(7):526-537]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 65

doi:10.7537/marsjas090713.65

Key words: bone grafts, coral wedge and composite.

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