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Impact of Leptin Receptor Gene SER343SER Polymorphism on Obesity in Jeddah City

Sabah A. Linjawi and Rewaa A. Al-Sayed

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

slinjawi@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Obesity is being described as a global epidemic because its prevalence globally in both the developed and the developing countries.Obesity is an excessive accumulation of body fat result from an interaction of genetic and environment factors. And from genetic factors leptin receptor gene which plays an important role in the regulation of body weight, regulation of energy and fat storage. Genetic variations of leptin receptor gene may play a role in the pathophysiology of human obesity. In this study, the association between the OB-R gene polymorphism and obesity in Jeddah city population was evaluated by determine the distribution of alleles frequency of the leptin receptor SER343SER polymorphism in 150 volunteers (71 males & 79 females) from Jeddah population. Each gender was divided into three groups according to BMI (underweight, normal "control” and obese). Genotypes were determined for all subjects by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Cut followed by restriction enzyme.When comparing between genotype and body mass index (BMI), results demonstrated that there is a higher significant difference (P=0.000). This significant was observed when the genotype CC was compared with either TT or TC genotypes. In contrast, there was a significant increase in CC genotype (OR= 12.8, 95%CI: 1.15 -142.58, P= 0.03) compared to TT genotype in males which suggests that genetic polymorphisms (SER343SER) of leptin receptor gene may play a role in underweight males.

[Sabah A. Linjawi and Rewaa A. Al-Sayed. Impact of Leptin Receptor Gene SER343SER Polymorphism on Obesity in Jeddah City. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):1-11]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.01

Key Words: Obesity, Leptin, Leptin receptor gene, Jeddah city, PCR.

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2

Mean platelet volume in impaired fasting glucose subjects and diabetic patients as a risk factor for thrombotic complications

Muhamad R. Abd El-Hameed and Alaa M. Abozied

Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

dr.muhamadramadan@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study was conducted to compare the MPV in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and non-diabetic controls and its relation to thrombotic tendency. Large platelets are more thrombogenic and thus put the patient at a higher risk status. Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a determinant of platelet function and increased MPV is associated with increased risk for myocardial infarction, stroke and transient ischemic attacks. This study was conducted at Assuit university hospital, Internal Medicine Department during the year 2012. Confirmed patients with DM, IFG and non-diabetic controls were selected and allocated to respective groups. A total of 60 patients were selected and allocated to three groups of 20 patients each, referred as DM group with thrombotic complications, DM group without thrombotic complications and IFG group. Twenty subjects sex and age matched were included as controls for comparison of MPV, Random blood glucose, platelet counts and MPV and other investigations for thrombotic complications were done. Mean MPV in the DM group with complications was 11.65fl; in DM group without complications was 11.39, in the IFG Group 9.24 fl, and in the non-DM group 8.06 fl. Comparison of MPV values for the three groups showed statistically significant intergroup and intra group differences, with a P value of 0.00. MPV was significantly increased in the IFG group, as compared to the non-DM group, and it increased further when compared to the DM with and without complications.

[Muhamad R. Abd El-Hameed and Alaa M. Abozied. Mean platelet volume in impaired fasting glucose subjects and diabetic patients as a risk factor for thrombotic complications. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):12-17]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.02

Keywords: MPV, DM,IFG, thrombotic Complications

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Violence Practice and Exposure among Secondary School Girls in Beni-Suef Governorate

¹Ekram El-shabrawy, ²Samar S. Ahmed, ³Naema El-Ziny

¹Professor of community Medicine, ²Lecturer of Community Medicine, ³Assistant lecturer – Faculty of Medicine, ^{1, 3}Beni- Suef University & ²South Valley University

drs_samar@yahoo.com

Abstract: Violence against women is a global phenomenon, occurring in every continent, country and culture. It harms individuals, families as well as societies. This study was done to assess prevalence of violence exposure and practice among secondary school girls, detect types of violence and its causes. The study design is a cross sectional study conducted in four governmental and two private schools that were randomly chosen from Beni-suef governorate. Self - administered questionnaire were used to explore different types of violence among girls' students, which includes questions about socio-demographic characteristics (type of school, residence, age of students, their father's and mother's education, jobs, and family income) and different types of violence exposure or practice at school, home and community. The study was conducted during 2011 - 2012; the most important finding from this study was that violence exposure was more than violence practice among secondary school girls either at school, home or community as follows; school exposure 27.5%, and practice 17.2%, home exposure 58%, home practice 52.3%, community exposure, 45.3% and practice 27.2%. The frequent type of violence exposure among the students was psychological violence about 32% from the total exposure; also the most harmful effect of violence was psychological effects about 35%. The most common causes of violence from the point of view of studied students was exposure to violence 26.3%, to be strong 25.8% and problems at home 24.8%. Study concluded that violence exposure was more than violence practice among secondary school girls either at school, home or community and exposure to violence is the first predictive cause to violence practice.

[Ekram El-shabrawy, Samar S. Ahmed and Naema El-Ziny. Violence Practice and Exposure among Secondary School Girls in Beni-Suef Governorate. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):18-30]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.03

Key words: school girls, violence exposure and practice, Beni-suef

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Can Vitamin C and E supplementation ameliorate Post-exercise Protienuria?

Yahia Z. Gad¹, Mohamed Y. Gheida², Nancy A. Ahmad¹

Departments of Internal Medicine¹ and Kinesiology², Mansoura University, Egypt

yahiazgad@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background/aim: Exercise-induced protienuria is a common consequence of physical activity; however, its mechanism is not fully understood. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during aerobic exercise has been involved. In this work, we aimed to study the effect of exogenous antioxidant supplementation on exercise-induced proteinuria. Subjects, Material and Methoods: A total of eligible 50 participants were enrolled in this work, conducted in the Faculty of Sport, Egypt, during December 2012. Thorough history taking and clinical examination were done. A total of 8 urine samples were taken from each participant, twice-a day on three successive weeks; one before and one after moderate exercise applied for two hours in the morning. Urine samples were collected using the clean-catch method, then, total urinary protein levels were assayed. One tablet (500 mg) ascorbic acid and one tablet vitamin E (400 IU) was given daily for each volunteer from the first day after the post-exercise urine sample for 3 weeks as an antioxidant supplementation. Results: A statistically significant reduction in both pre-exercise and post-exercise protienuria and haematuria was evident when comparing the initial and after 3 weeks results in subjects on anti-oxidant supplementation. No gender differences in both pre- and post-exercise proteinuria and haematuria on comparing the initial and post-3 weeks data in the studied subjects (p>0.05). Conclusion: our data revealed a statistically significant amelioration of post-exercise proteinuria on three weeks' exogenous vitamin C and E supplementation in our studied untrained apparently healthy volunteers. For a positive adaptive benefit, it is strongly advised to perform regular moderate intensity exercises especially to untrained subjects, to gain the antioxidant protection.

[Yahia Z.Gad, Mohamed Y. Gheida, Nancy A. Ahmad. Can Vitamin C and E supplementation ameliorate Post-exercise Proteinuri? J Am Sci 2013;9(9):31-35]. (ISSN; 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.04

Keywords: Antioxidants, Proteinuria, Vitamin C, Vitamin E.

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Relationship between Independency Level and Health Related Quality of Life for Ischemic Stroke Patients

Fatma Abdel moneim Al tawil,Amna Y. Saad, Thanaa M. A. Alaaa-Eldeen

Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt.

Fatma_abdelmoneim@yahoo.com, alaa_download@yahoo.com

Abstract: Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability and the third leading cause of adult death in the world. An increase emphasis was held onpatient-centered outcomes such as functionalstatus and health-related quality of life. Little attention has been given to the quality of life and patients' independency level following expensive and often long term treatment. So, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between independency level among ischemic stroke patients and health related quality of life.The study carried out in the physiotherapy departments of the Main University Hospital and Gamal Abdel Naser hospital in Alexandria Egypt. A convenient sample of 100 patients of both sexes was studied. Results revealed that there were a significant relationship between the patient’s level of activity and the degree of independence. While, there was no significant correlation between the patient motoricity or level of independence and intellectual disturbance.

[Fatma Abdel moneim Al tawil, Amna Y. Saad, Thanaa M. A. Alaaa-Eldeen. Relationship between Independency Level and Health Related Quality of Life for Ischemic Stroke Patients. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):36-44]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.05

Keywords: independency level, Health Related Quality of Life, ischemic stroke patients.

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Performance of Self-Rotating Discs in Wastewater Treatment

El Monayeri D. S., Atta N. N, Ahmed D. S. and Daif S. A.

Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Egypt

dalia_saad97@yahoo.com

Abstract:The rotating biological contactor process offers the specific advantages of a biofilm system in treatment of wastewater for removal of soluble organic substances. It is a unique adaptation of the moving-medium biofilm system which facilitates easy and effective oxygen transfer. Two steel channels were constructed on the concrete sump of primary treated wastewater in El-Asloagy WWTP with self-rotating discs in order to investigate the performance of self-rotating discs in wastewater treatment. These discs were freely rotate under the effect of hydraulic discharge of water in the channel without any mechanical power. The effect of flow rates and number of stages of self-rotating discs with the variation of organic loads were assessed, COD removal ratio and DO were assessments tools. Self-rotating disc 230 mm in diameter and five numbers of discs per stage applied in the present study with 35% of disc submergence, with UPVC as a structural discs material. Flow rates ranged (5.5, 6.35, 7.23 and 8.16 l/s) were studied. The highest percentage of COD removal ratio achieved at discharge 8.16 l/s. different number of stages were studied in addition to a front disc at the dropping point of the channel weir. Highest value of COD removal ratio achieved (54.44%) at five stages. Results indicated that, COD removal rate increased from 28.22 to 43.2 kg /m².d when COD loading rate increased from 51.85 to 259.25 kg/m².d, while COD removal ratio decreased from 54,44% to 16.66 % at the same COD loading rate. Moreover the dissolved oxygen level (DO) increased from (zero, 0.9 mg/l) to (1.5, 2.0 mg/l) respectively. The determination of the number of stages necessary to accomplish a required degree of treatment, as well as determining the effect of each stage on the total treatment scheme, however, requires a stage-by-stage analysis of the RBC. Experimental results of the present study were used for adaptation of RBC mathematical model. Kinetic coefficients constant were estimated. The determinations of the amount of substrate removed per day per unit surface area of each disc which referred to the area capacity constant (P) and the amount of substrate removed per unit surface area of each disc which defined as the removal coefficient (R) were made.

[El Monayeri D.S., Atta N. N, Ahmed D.S. and Daif S.A. Performance of Self-Rotating Discs in Wastewater Treatment. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):45-50]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.06

Keywords:Rotating biological contactors (RBC), wastewater treatment, selfrotating disc, organic load, Flow rate.

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Comparative study between effect of Lawsonia inermis, Punica granatum and miconazol nitrate on Trichophyton rubrum

Amal Abdulaziz Al-juraifani

Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Dammam, P.O. Box 383.Dammam31113, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

E-mail: Land8080@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Aims of this study to determine the effects of antifungal components from natural products on Trichophyton rubrum. Lawsonia inermis, Punica granatum extracts were evaluate and compare it’s active with miconazole nitrate against Trichophyton rubrum. The results revealed by the method of diffusion in solid medium, the water extracts of Punica granatum and Lawsonia inermis were able to inhibit the growth of Trichophyton rubrum especially at concentration 10 mgl ^-1 in same act of miconazole nitrate. Punica granatum and Lawsonia inermis extracts have antifungal activities against Trichophyton rubrum which referred to phenolic compounds. The chemical compound in Punica granatum and Lawsonia inermis play main role in inhibition growth of Trichophyton rubrum. So the aqueous extracts of two plants have same effect of miconazole nitrate, those plant can be consider as antifungal agent which will be useful in development of fungicidal medicine against dermatomycoses from natural and without any side effect.

[Amal Abdulaziz Al-juraifani. Comparative study between effect of Lawsonia inermis, Punica granatum and miconazol nitrate on Trichophyton rubrum. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):51-53]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.07

Key word: Lawsonia inermis - Punica granatum – Trichophyton rubrum- miconazole nitrate - dermatophyte

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The Systematic Education Dealing With The Negative Effects of The Social Networking Sites on Saudian College Students

Talal Ben Ali Muthanna Ahmad

Vice Dean of Education, Dep. Islamic Education and Comparative, A Alimuthanna Talal Ahmad. KSA.

Taahmad@uqu.edu.sa

Abstract: Introduction: To gain an understanding of the potential of Social Networking Sites (SNS) to construct a public profile. It is necessary to know how users currently use social networking sites for public profile information and don’t interact with the ill considered uses of social Networking Sites. The purpose of this study was to describe the Systematic Education dealing with the negative effects of the Social Networking Sites on Saudian College Students.This study will provide an important discussion points for administrators and teachers who are trying to understand some positive and negative feedback for Saudian College Students uses of (SNS). This study also shed light on reasons why college students fall into legal risks through Internet and suggests strategies for helping them to use Social Networking Sites wisely.In Conclusion: Social Networking Sites provide new venues for young adults to express themselves and to interact with one another. SNS allow student colleges to construct profiles and engage in activities that reflect identity markers and evolution of identity development as positive outcomes while student colleges might immerge in negative outcomes such as legal risks. It is recommended that teachers and administrators to have opportunities to teach Saudian College Students about the negative outcomes and have strategies to prevent risks.

[Talal Ben Ali Muthanna Ahmad. The Systematic Education Dealing With The Negative Effects of The Social Networking Sites on Saudian College Students. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):54-59]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.08

Keywords: Social Networking Sites, legal risks, negative effects, Saudian College Student.

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Optimal Design of Wastewater Collection Networks Based on Production Rate of hydrogen Sulfide () 

Mohammad Karami¹, Ehsan Drikvand ² 

^1. Department of civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Dehloran Branch, Dehlaran, Iran

^2.Department of civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Shoshtar Branch, Shoshtar, Iran

Karami_m1358@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: Unfortunately, nowadays, like the sewage collection network water supply systems just based on hydraulic parameters (quantity) are designed. The quality of wastewater produced, while that in adverse condition is very efficient. H2S production given that the relationship is in direct proportion BOD5 waste more time on the network will be more Barely also increased and this is related to hydraulic parameters. Must therefore between wastewater quality and hydraulic parameters of a relationship can create the best system design is achieved. In tropical cities due to high temperatures during the year chemical reactions are accelerated, the rate has been rising, especially H2S gases increased, destroyed sewage collection network and had to be seen along most of sewage collection networks already the end of the project did not have favorable conditions caused great financial burden on their maintenance will be contrary to the sustainable development.

[Karami M, Drikvand E. Optimal Design of Wastewater Collection Networks Based on Production Rate of hydrogen Sulfide (). J Am Sci 2013;9(9):60-63]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.09

 Keywords: Wastewater Collection Network, , Quantitative and Qualitative Parameters of Wastewater, Sustainable Development.

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Feeding values of seven browse tree foliages mixed in varying proportions with Panicum maximum for feeding ruminants

Ajayi Festus Tope¹, Odejide Joseph Oluwafemi², Ogunleke Funmilayo Oladunni³ and Ajayi David Aderemi⁴.

¹Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, P.M.B 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria.

²Federal College of Agriculture, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria

³Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria

⁴National Center for Genetic Research and Biotechnology, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria

ajayiajay@yahoo.com, festus2ajay@gmail.com

Abstract: Feeding of animals in the right proportion is a panacea to poor productivity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study was designed to evaluate the potential of seven browse tree foliages in combination with Panicum maximum in varying proportions as 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1 using in-vitro gas fermentation technique. Ground samples of the mixtures were incubated at 39°C to determine the volume of gas production at 3, 6,9,12,15,18, 21 and 24hr. Results show that CP, ash content, NDF and ADL were in the range of 10.3-23.5, 11.2-20.4, 42.6-49.4 and 8.7-13.8g/100g DM respectively. Moderate condensed tannin, oxalate, saponin and phytate were obtained in the foliages of the browse trees/shrub. Potential gas production from insoluble fraction, b, was best in ratio 1:3 mixture of browse/shrub and panicum and ranged from 8.5 - 22.0 ml/g DM with lower rate of gas production. Organic matter digestibility, metabolizable energy, short chain fatty acid of the 1:3 mixture of browse tree foliages with panicum was the best compared to the 1:1 and 3:1 mixture. It is concluded that mixture of 1:3 or 25% browse tree foliages with 75% panicum would results in optimal performance of ruminants feeding on them.

[Ajayi Festus Tope, Odejide Joseph Oluwafemi, Ogunleke Funmilayo Oladunni and Ajayi David Aderemi. Feeding values of seven browse tree foliages mixed in varying proportions with Panicum maximum for feeding ruminants. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):64-71]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.10

Keyword: Browse tree, chemical composition, gas production, mixture, panicum.

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Effect of Formaldehyde Inhalation on the Olfactory Bulb of Adult Rats

Sayed Anwar Sayed, Faten Youssif Mahmoud, Rasha I. Anwar and Rasha Mohammed Zaghloul Abdel Fatah

Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt.

fatenym33@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Formaldehyde is a widely used chemical substance in our present society. There were frequently reported complains of variable degree of olfactory disturbance among high risk groups exposed to formaldehyde inhalation. Aim of the work: The present work was done to study the structural changes which occur in the olfactory bulb of adult albino rats following chronic exposure to formaldehyde inhalation. Material and Methods: A total number of thirty adult male rats were used in this study. They were divided into three groups. Group A (n=10) was considered as a control group. Groups B (n=10) was experimental group treated with formaldehyde inhalation 8 hours/day, 6 days/week for one month, Group C (n=10) was experimental group treated with formaldehyde inhalation 8 hours/day, 6 days/week for two months. At the end of the experiment the animals were sacrificed, the brains were extracted and the olfactory bulb was dissected out. In all studied groups specimens of the olfactory bulb were processed to be studied by Einarson's Gallocyanin stain and Golgi-Cox method. Transmission electron microscopy was done in groups A and C. Results: The rats treated with formaldehyde inhalation for one month (group B), showed some degenerated cells in all layers of the olfactory bulb. The mitral and tufted cells had some decrease in the extension of dendrites. In group C which treated with formaldehyde inhalation for two months, there was apparent degeneration of all cells of the olfactory bulb. Golgi-Cox stain showed marked decrease in the extension and branching of dendrites of the mitral and tufted cells. Ultra structural study of the mitral and tufted cells showed degenerative changes involved both the nucleus and the cytoplasmic organelles. Morphometeric measurements showed a significant decrease in the number of the mitral cells and granule cells in group B as compared with the control group. While group C showed highly significant decrease in mitral and granule cells in comparison with the control group. These results indicated that the degeneration and the loss of cells of the olfactory bulb increased with the increase of the period of exposure to formaldehyde. All these morphological changes suggested that exposure to formaldehyde inhalation could lead to functional disturbance ranged from hyposmia to anosmia. These effects represent great problems especially for the high risk groups; anatomists, technicians in histology, as well as medical students during their dissection course. So, it was recommended that persons who are exposed to formaldehyde inhalation should take the precautions during work as wearing protective masks and take care of good ventilation in the medical laboratories.

[Sayed Anwar Sayed, Faten Youssif Mahmoud, Rasha I. Anwar and Rasha Mohammed Zaghloul Abdel Fatah. Effect of Formaldehyde Inhalation on the Olfactory Bulb of Adult Rats. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):72-82]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.11

Keywords: Formaldehyde, olfactory bulb, adult rat, mitral cells and granule cells.

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Information and Communication Technologies for Rural Development in Developing countries

Abdul Razaque Chhachhar 1*, Har Bakhsh Makhijani 2, Ghulam Mujtaba Khushk 3, Zulfikar Ahmed Maher 4

1, Department of Communication, Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Email: abdulrazaquechhachhar@yahoo.con

2, Department of Media and Communication Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan.

3, Department of Social Science and Development, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

4, Information Technology Centre, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Pakistan

Abstract: Information and communication technologies providing new access and approaches for rural development and different communities are getting benefit from these technologies, but still there is gap among rural people and communication technologies especially farmers of rural areas in developing countries have no proper access of such technologies to get latest information about market, weather, pesticides, commodity prices and new production of seed. However, such kind of technologies are creating and generating new practices and innovations for agriculture and education development in remote areas. In the context of the developing countries lack of knowledge among teachers and students have also effected in development of education. There is need to provide opportunities these communities and deliver the infrastructure in rural areas for making their lives easy. Such technologies should introduce primary school level and establish computer, labs and centres to provide access of internet. Furthermore, government and related agencies should provide trainings to farmers for agriculture development in remote areas of countries.

[Abdul Razaque Chhachhar, Har Bakhsh Makhijani, Ghulam Mujtaba Khushk, Zulfikar Ahmed Maher. Information and Communication Technologies for Rural Development in Developing countries. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):83-88]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 12

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.12

Keyword: information communication technologies education, agriculture and rural development.

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Mini-Implant Overdenture Versus Conventional Implant Overdenture (A Radiographic and Clinical

Assessments)

Mostafa Omran 1, Alaa Abdelhamid2, Amr Elkarargy 2, Mahmoud Salloum 3

1. Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Qassim University, KSA

2. Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Qassim University, KSA

3. Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Faros University, ARE Dr.mostafa.hussein@qudent.org

Abstract: Nowadays mini-implant overdenture is widely used as a substitution for the conventional two-implant overdenture. More studies and assessments are needed to confirm this replacement. Thus, fourteen male patients were selected then categorized randomly into two groups. The first group received seven mandibular mini-implant overdentures retained by four single piece mini-implants. The second group received seven mandibular overdenture retained by two conventional size implant assembled with ball attachment. All patients were scheduled for recall visits at time of loading, six months and twelve months to measure marginal bone height, probing depth and gingival index. At six month, the first group showed higher mean values of both marginal bone height (0.758± 0.141mm) and probing depth (2.297± 0.198mm) than the second group with statistically significant difference at p<0.05. At twelve month, the first group showed higher mean value also for marginal bone height (2.938± 0.176mm) with statistically significant difference at p<0.05. The mean value of the pocket depth of the first group (2.896± 0.140 mm) was higher than the second group with no statistical significance. Gingival index results showed a slight change between the two groups with no statistically significant difference. Although mini-implant overdenture is a successful treatment option for completely edentulous patients, the conventional two-implant overdenture showed advantageous radiographic and clinical outcomes.

[Mostafa Omran, Alaa Abdelhamid, Amr Elkarargy, Mahmoud Salloum. Mini-implant overdenture versus conventional implant overdenture (A radiographic and clinical assessments). J Am Sci 2013;9(9):89-97]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 13

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.13

Keywords: Mini-implant, implant overdenture, narrow implants, pocket depth.

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A 3-Tier, Novel, Efficient and Secure Method for Transmission of Decimal Numbers

Dr. Altaf Mukati^*

*Professor & Dean, Faculty of Engg. Sciences, Bahria University, 13 National Stadium Road Karachi, Pakistan

Email: altafmukati@gmail.com, altaf.mukati@bimcs.edu.pk

Abstract: The decimal numbers being used in banking transactions, PIN codes and in several other applications have to be secured and efficient while being transferred over spatial or temporal channels. The present paper is limited to decimal data, i.e. BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) numbers only, which can be expanded to include all types of data as well. In the proposed scheme, the BCD numbers are first encoded (1^st tier). The 4-bit outputs of an Encoder are taken as four minterm, which is then minimized through a Logic Minimizer (2^nd tier). The encoder is designed to produce the terms, which when minimized, contain a single PI (Prime Implicant). Subsequently Huffman Coding or Shannon-Fano Coding is applied for Compression purposes (3^rd tier). On the receiving or retrieving side, parsing of data is carried out to recover PIs which are then expanded to get 4-bit data block. Finally, these 4-bit blocks are decoded to get BCD numbers.

[Altaf Mukati. A 3-Tier, Novel, Efficient and Secure Method for Transmission of Decimal Numbers. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):98-101]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 14

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.14

Keywords: BCD; Logic minimizer; Huffman coding; Data compression

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TL-Moments and L-Moments for Order Statistics From Nonidentically Distributed Random Variables with Applications

Amna Jamjoom, Zakia Alsaiary

Department of Statistics, College of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O Box 415, Jeddah 21411, Saudi Arabia jamjoom-stat-6060@hotmail.com

Abstract: In this paper, the trimmed L-moments (TL-moments) and L-moments of order statistics from nonidentically distributed random variables will be derived and used to obtain the first four TL-moments and L- moments for some distributions: Erlang Truncated Exponential – Beta type I with three parameters and Burr type II. TL-skewness, L-skewness, TL-kurtosis and L-kurtosis are handled for these distributions. A numerical illustration for the new results will be given.

[Jamjoom A, Alsaiary Z. TL-Moments and L-Moments for Order Statistics From Nonidentically Distributed Random Variables. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):102-105]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 15

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.15

Keywords: TL-moments; L-moments; Skewness; kurtosis; Erlang Truncated Exponential – Beta type I and Burr type II distributions; Independent Nonidentically Distributed Order statistics

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Cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) expression in breast carcinomas: Histopathologic and Immunohistochemical study

Nour El-Hoda Ismael*, Taha M.M. Hassan, Samar El-Sheikh*, Lamia Nashat

Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, Cairo*, & Bani-Suef Universities; Egypt

tmotwalli@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Breast cancer (BRCA) is the most common cause of cancer related death among women worldwide. Incidence rates are high in more developed countries whereas, in less developed countries and in Japan are low but increasing. Inducible cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2) is commonly overexpressed in breast tumors and is a target for cancer therapy. Its increased expression occurs early in BRCA and can be detected in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive breast carcinoma and in metastatic lesions. The aim of this study is to analyze COX-2 expression in BRCA and its significant relation to various clinicopathological variables such as age of patient, site, size, type, grade, and stage of tumor. Material and Methods: An archival blocks of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections of 60 cases of BRCA were collected from the Department of Pathology, Cairo University in the period from February 2011 up to May 2012. All the cases were immersed in monoclonal rabbit primary antibody COX-2 for immunohistochemical staining. Results: COX-2 Immunostaining was observed in almost all cases of BRCA(53out of 60) and lost in only 7 cases. An association was found between COX-2 expression and some clinicopathological features, including tumor size, grade, stage, and lymph node involvement, whereas there was no relationship between COX-2 expression and age of patient and histological type of tumor. Conclusion: COX-2 breast cancer expression was associated with higher stage and worse prognosis and the selective COX-2 inhibitors may be used as a target for cancer therapy.

[Nour El-Hoda Ismael, Taha MM Hassan, Samar El-Sheikh, Lamia Nashat. Cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) expression in breast carcinomas: Histopathologic and Immunohistochemical study. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):106-116]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 16

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.16

Key words: COX-2, breast carcinoma.

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Iris Recognition System Evaluation Experiments Using CASIA Version3

Samar Al-Saqqa¹, Mohammad Al-Rawi², Moh’d Belal Al- Zoubi³

^1.Department of Business Information Technology, King Abdullah II School for Information Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942 Jordan

^2.Department of Computer Science, King Abdullah II School for Information Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942 Jordan

^3.Department of Computer Information Systems, King Abdullah II School for Information Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942 Jordan

s.alsaqqa@ju.edu.jo

Abstract: In this paper, we provides new evaluation experiments on iris recognition system, these experiments are based on different evaluation metrics which investigate the iris recognition system accuracy using a new version of the well-known public database CASIA version3.. Two datasets from CASIA V3-Interval database are used, the first set is set100 contains 100 images and the second set is set2421 contains 2421 images, to get the best recognition the optimum values of the 1-D log gabor filter parameters are recorded to each set. The registered False Accept Rate (FAR) and False Reject Rate (FRR) using Set2421 are 0.07%, 0.12% respectively when the separation threshold value is 0.4, while FAR and FRR are zeros using Set100 when the separation threshold value is 0.39. The relation between FAR and FRR for different values of the threshold is represented by Receiver Operating Curve (ROC). The recommended template size to use is [20x200] and the number of shifts is eight.

[Samar Al-Saqqa, Mohammad Al-Rawi, Moh’d Belal Al- Zoubi. Iris Recognition System Evaluation Experiments Using CASIA Version3. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):117-127] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 17

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.17

Keywords: Iris Recognition, iris encoding, normalization, decidability, hamming distance

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Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in breast carcinomas: Histopathologic and Immunohistochemical study 

Nour El-Hoda Ismael*, Taha M.M. Hassan, Samar El-Sheikh*, Lamia Nashat

Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, Cairo*, & Bani-Suef Universities; Egypt

tmotwalli@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Breast cancer (BRCA) is the most common cause of cancer related death among women worldwide. Incidence rates are high in more developed countries whereas, in less developed countries and in Japan are low but increasing. Inducible cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2) is commonly overexpressed in breast tumors and is a target for cancer therapy. Its increased expression occurs early in BRCA and can be detected in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive breast carcinoma and in metastatic lesions. The aim of this study is to analyze COX-2 expression in BRCA and its significant relation to various clinicopathological variables such as age of patient, site, size, type, grade, and stage of tumor. Material and Methods: An archival blocks of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections of 60 cases of BRCA were collected from the Department of Pathology, Cairo University in the period from February 2011 up to May 2012. All the cases were immersed in monoclonal rabbit primary antibody COX-2 for immunohistochemical staining. Results: COX-2 Immunostaining was observed in almost all cases of BRCA (53out of 60) and lost in only 7 cases. An association was found between COX-2 expression and some clinicopathological features, including tumor size, grade, stage, and lymph node involvement, whereas there was no relationship between COX-2 expression and age of patient and histological type of tumor. Conclusion: COX-2 breast cancer expression was associated with higher stage and worse prognosis and the selective COX-2 inhibitors may be used as a target for cancer therapy.

[Nour El-Hoda Ismael, Taha MM Hassan, Samar El-Sheikh, Lamia Nashat. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in breast carcinomas: Histopathologic and Immunohistochemical study. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):128-140]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 18

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.18

Key words: COX-2, breast carcinoma.

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Thermodynamics and Kinetic Study of Using Modified Clay as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Zn ions from waste water

Ehssan Nassef

Petrochemical Department, Faculty of Engineering, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt

ehssan.nassef@pua.edu.eg

Abstract: The present study was carried out to investigate the adsorption capacity of bentonite in the removal of Zn ions from waste water. The study also covered the thermodynamics parameters of the batch adsorption (the Gibbs free energy, entropy, and enthalpy). The results revealed that the amount of adsorption of zinc metal ion increases with increasing contact time from 30 min to 150 min., increasing stirring rate up to 300 r.p.m, solution pH range (2-12), and the optimum pH was 6, and adsorbent dosage from 0.1 to 0.5 g. But decreased with increasing temperature range from 20⁰ C to 80⁰C. The experiments were carried out for the analysis of adsorption equilibrium capacities using a batch equilibrium technique. The process of uptake follows both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and also the second-order kinetics. The maximum removal of zinc (99%) was observed with initial concentration of 50 mg/L and 0.3 g of bentonite, speed rate of 300 r.p.m. with 30 min time of contact and temperature of 20⁰C.

[Ehssan Nassef. Thermodynamics and Kinetic Study of Using Modified Clay as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Zn ions from waste wate. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):141-149] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 19

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.19

Key words: Adsorption; thermodynamics; heavy metals; isotherms; kinetics; clay; zinc salts.

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Detection of Y chromosome microdeletions in recurrent abortions among Egyptian females using SYBR Green Real Time PCR

Said M.M.¹, Fahmi. A.A.¹, Hemeda. H.M.¹, Aly B ¹, AbdelAal R.H.², Nasr S.M.², El Gamal M.², Fawzy I.O.², El Tayebi H.M. ² and Abdelaziz A.I.²

¹ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ain Shams University, Cairo Egypt

²The Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt

Corresponding Author: Ahmed Ihab Abdelaziz, MD, PhD, The Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt (Tel: +20 2 27590714; Fax: +20 2 27581041; Email: ahmed.abdel-aziz@guc.edu.eg)

Abstract: Objectives: Many researches concerned with etiologies behind recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) have focused mainly on female factors, with a lesser attention to male factors. Based on previous studies in different populations, Y chromosome microdeletions were the key words to unveil the real problem for many RPL couples. In contrast however, other studies reported no association between Y chromosome microdeletions and recurrent miscarriages. The current study aimed at determining the possible correlation between Y chromosome microdeletions and RPL Egyptian couples. Study Design: The study involved blood sample collection from male partners of 80 couples (40 couples with unexplained RPL and 40 healthy fertile couples as controls). DNA was extracted and purified and analyzed for Y chromosome microdeletions using PCR primers for the amplification of three critical loci AZF-1, AZF-b, and AZF-c regions on the long arm of the Y chromosome. Results and Conclusion: Our results showed 10% of the investigated RPL couples to have Y chromosome microdeletions. In contrast, the remaining RPL couples in addition to the entire control group did not show any microdeletions. In conclusion, Y chromosome microdeletions are potentially associated with unexplained RPL in 10% of Egyptian couples.

[Said M.M., Fahmi. A.A, Hemeda. H.M, Aly B, AbdelAal R.H, Nasr S.M, El Gamal M, Fawzy I.O, El Tayebi H.M. and Abdelaziz A.I. Detection of Y chromosome microdeletions in recurrent abortions among Egyptian females using SYBR Green Real Time PCR. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):150-156]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 20

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.20

Key Words: Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL), Y chromosome, AZF regions, microdeletions

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Ultimate Shear Resistance of Plate Girders: Part 1- Cardiff Theory

Ahmed S. Elamary

Associated Professor, Structural Engineering Department, University of Al-Azhar, Qena-Egypt

Currently, AL-Taif University, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering K.S.A

zshamary@gmail.com

Abstract: Theoretical predictions of the ultimate shear resistance of slender plate girders can be made using two main theories Cardiff theory and Hӧglund’s theory. This study will be published in two parts; the first part will be concerned with Cardiff tension-field theory; where the second part will be concerned with Hӧglund’s rotating-stress-field theory QUOTE and EC3. Cardiff theory is based on an assumed equilibrium stress field (tension-field) in the girder which satisfies the theoretical conditions for a lower-bound strength prediction provided the material possesses sufficient ductility for the stress field to develop. In most of the previous study, there is no limit indicated for using such theory; consequently, in this paper theoretical analysis has been conducted to study the effect of shear panel aspect ratio (b/d) in the ultimate shear obtained using Cardiff theory. Consequently, this study is concerned with suggest a limit of b/d and the relation between b/d and c/b. The analysis based on ninety six test results of steel plate girders subjected to shear are performed and QUOTE  collected by others which being suitable for this study. New formula proposed to predicate the percentage of the distance between the plastic hinges form in the flanges “c” to panel width “b”. Conservative limits of (c/b) have been suggested to get consistent value of ultimate shear resistance using Cardiff theory.

[Ahmed S. Elamary. Ultimate Shear Resistance of Plate Girders: Part 1- Cardiff Theory. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):157-165]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 21

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.21

Keyword: Plate Girder – Shear Resistance – Cardiff Theory

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Source Rock Evaluation of the Upper Cretaceous Sirte Formation in Eastern Sirte Basin, Libya

Ahmed M. El Kammar, Salim S. Salim, Mosab A. Abukliesh

Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt

mabukliesh@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present work discusses the geochemistry and maturation history of the Upper Cretaceous source rock of Sirte Formation in the Eastern side of Sirte Basin, Libya. The study involves details on the evaluation of the kerogen type and richness in relation to the prevailed depositional environment. Thirty three cuttings samples were collected from three wells abbreviated, hereafter, as A, B and C, respectively. According to the Rock-Eval results, the study sediments can be classified as very good to perfect source rocks for oil and gas generation. The TOC richness and anoxic condition propose adequate preservation conditions. Kerogenis determined to be of Type II or mixed Types II and III (oil and gas condensate). T_max and predication index evaluation indicate that maturity of the study source rocksoccur between immature or/and early mature oil zone and at the beginning of the oil-producing stage. The positive relationship between SiO₂ and Al₂O₃, besides the relatively low SiO₂/Al₂O₃, proposes their mutual association as alumino-silicates. However, the positive correlation between Al₂O₃and K₂O confirms the dominance of theillitic mode. The content of alumina is reversely related to the content of CaO, where the latter designates the marine carbonate sedimentation while alumina measures the clay admixture which is essentially allochthonous. From burial history study of the sampled wells, the Sirte Formation started to the onset of oil generation in wells through early Eocene to Oligocene, and reached the peak of oil generation during the Miocene time.

[Ahmed M. El Kammar, Salim S. Salim, Mosab A. Abukliesh. Source Rock Evaluation Of The Upper Cretaceous Sirte Formation In Eastern Sirte Basin, Libya. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):166-175] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 22

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.22

Key words: Sirte, Libya, source rock, maturation, kerogen, geochemistry.

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Congenital Insensitivity to Pain with Anhidrosis (CIPA): Report of a Case of Saudi Female Infant with Oral Manifestation

Khaled M. Mohamed BDS, MDS, PhD.

Assistant Professor of Oral & Maxillofacial Rehabilitation Department – Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery,Faculty of Dentistry - King Abdulaziz University- KSA. (Lecturer of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery.. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry - Suez Canal University - Egypt).

k_kamel25@hotmail.com

Abstract: Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is a rare hereditary autosomal recessive disorder. The causative gene neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor 1 (NTRK1) is located on chromosome 1 and encodes tyrosine kinase receptor which is stimulated by nerve growth factor (NGF). Clinically, CIPA is characterized by insensitivity to pain, anhydrosis, repeated attacks of fever at very young age, self mutilation, defective or absence of tears and mental retardation. Orthopedic, maxillofacial, dermatological and ophthalmic complications are common. Absence of pain leads to self mutation that begins after eruption of teeth and manifested in tongue, lip and finger biting. In addition to early diagnosis, medical, physiological and social support and guidance of those patients’ families is important, dental preventive measures are crucial for prevention of early self mutilation.

[Khaled M. Mohamed. Congenital Insensitivity to Pain with Anhidrosis (CIPA): Report of a Case of Saudi Female Infant with Oral Manifestation. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):17-178]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 23

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.23

Keywords: CIPA, Anhidrosis, Self Mutilation and Oral Manifesstation

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Effect of alar cinch suture and V-Y closure (ACVY- closure) on lip length after Le Fort I impaction osteotomy

Khaled M. Mohamed^1* BDS, MDS, PhD. and Fahmy A. Mobarak² BDS, MDS, PhD.

¹Assistant Professor of Oral & Maxillofacial Rehabilitation Department – Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery - Faculty of Dentistry - King Abdulaziz University- KSA. (Lecturer of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery - Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Department - Faculty of Dentistry - Suez Canal University - Egypt).

² Professor of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery – Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Department- Faculty of Oral & Dental Medicine – Cairo University- Egypt

k_kamel25@hotmail.com, prumise@hotmail.com

Abstract: Lip shortening and loss of vermilion border is a common problem of Le Fort I impaction surgery. This may lead to unsightly excessive gum showing and compromised soft tissue profile outcome in spite of an adequate hard tissue repositioning. Objective: To evaluate lip length stability after Le Fort I impaction surgery using V-Y closure technique plus alar base cinch. Method: The study involved 15 patients who needed Le Fort I impaction surgery to correct their facial disharmony. All Patients presented with a chief complaint of showing excessive gum upon smiling. Clinical and cephalometric analyses demonstrated vertical maxillary excess with variable degrees. Surgery was planned to impact the maxilla through Le Fort I impaction osteotomy so that only the crowns of the upper incisor teeth will be visible on smiling. At the end of surgery, the soft tissue wounds were closed using a single V-Y closure of the vestibular incision, also alar base cinch was applied using a single transverse suture at the alar bases. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken preoperatively and 6 months post surgery. Radiographs were taken with the teeth in centric occlusion and lips in repose position. On the lateral cephalometric tracings, the following landmarks were registered, Subnasale (Sn), the most posterior superior point on the nasolabial curvature. Stomion (Sto), the lowest point on the convexity of the upper lip. Lip length was recorded according to the distance (Sn-Sto). Results: The amount of maxillary impaction ranged from 5 to 7 mm with a mean of 5.6 mm. The preoperative lip lengths ranged from 21 to 23.5mm with a mean of 22.44 mm± 0.73 SD. At 6 months postoperatively the lip length ranged from 21 to 27 mm with a mean of 23.19 mm± 1.89 SD. The gain in lip length ranged from 0.5 to 5mm with a mean of 0.7 mm ± 2 SD mm. Paired t test showed that the difference between the mean preoperative and postoperative lip lengths was statistically insignificant (p=0.34). Conclusion: V-Y closure of the soft tissue wound plus alar base cinch following Le Fort I impaction is strongly recommended to maintain the stability of the upper lip length postoperatively and make soft tissue profile outcome more predictable.

[Khaled M. Mohamed and Fahmy A. Mobarak Effect of alar cinch suture and V-Y closure (ACVY- closure) on lip length after Le Fort I impaction osteotomy. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):179-184]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 24

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.24

Keyword: Le Forte I Osteotomy, Upper Lip Length, V-Y suture, and Cinch Suture

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The Relationship between Dietary Intake and Pre-eclampsia

Maha Ahmed Al-Ahdab

Home Economic Dept., Ministry of Higher Education, King Abdul-Aziz University

Abstract: Background: Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a major complication of pregnancy associated with hypertension and proteinuria. This work aimed to determine the relationship between dietary micronutrients, macronutrients, and PE in a large cohort of women known as risk of PE. Subjects and Methods: 104 women who developed PE and 206 women at high risk but did not develop the disorder were studied in the second trimester of pregnancy. 7-day food diaries were analyzed for macronutrient and micronutrient content using a comprehensive UK compositional food database and associations between dietary intake and pregnancy outcome were explored. Associations between plasma micronutrient, lipid status, diet, clinical risk factors and development of PE (and other abnormal outcomes) were also investigated. The mean daily intake for each nutrient was determined and compared with the appropriate Dietary Reference Values. Conditional logistic regression was used to determine the association of each nutrient with PE. Results: There was no association between nutrients intake and the development of PE (or any other outcome) when assessed by 7-day diaries. There was some evidence of deficiency in the intake of some nutrients among high-risk, ex., vitamin D and selenium and retinol. Mean dietary intakes of vitamin E and C exceeded the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR). Associations between plasma indices of nutrient status and dietary intake were poor. The only risk factor influenced by intake of any nutrient was obesity; there was an association between obesity and the dietary intake of protein (p<0.01). Conclusions: This study does not support the hypothesis that dietary nutrient intake influences the development of PE in high risk women.

[Maha A. Al-Ahdab. The Relationship between Dietary Intake and Pre-eclampsia. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):185-203]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 25

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.25

Key words: Pre-eclampsia, pregnancy, micronutrients, macronutrients.

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Linguistic Atlas of Azeri Turkish Phonology and Application in Forensic Linguistic

Samad Hazrati ^1, Esmaeil Sadri Damirchi ²

1. Faculty Member of Islamic Azad University, Department of Law, Mahabad Branch, Iran

2. Department of Psychological Counseling, Graduate School of Educational Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

E-mail: araz.sadri@gmail.com

Abstract: In this paper a range of methods for measuring the phonetic distance between dialectal variants are described. It concerns variants of methods such as wordnet method and graded map analysis of linguistic levels. In addition, all features like simple ones (based on atomic characters) and complex ones (based on feature bundles) have been studied. The dialects were compared with each other directly and indirectly via a standard dialect. The results of comparison were classified by clustering and by preparation of a multidimensional map. The results were compared to well established scholarship in dialectology, yielding a calibration of the methods like information visualization technique. These results indicate that computational techniques are more sensitive to feature representations of dialects and such visualizations of information are good measures of phonetic overlap of feature bundles. The results of clustering give the sharper classification, but the graded map is a nice supplement. The findings show that Azeri is composed of different regional groups which relate to one ancestor which might be the proto-Turkish language and it is not a group of languages.

[Samad Hazrati^, Esmaeil Sadri Damirchi. Linguistic Atlas of Azeri Turkish Phonology and Application in Forensic Linguistic. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):204-209]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 26

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.26

Keywords: Linguistic Atlas, Azeri Turkish, Phonology, Forensic Linguistic

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The Effect of an Educational Intervention on Nurses' Awareness about Patients' Rights in Tanta

Karima Ahmed Elsayed¹, Omebrahiem A. El-Melegy², and Amaal M. El-Zeftawy ³

Department of Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing, Tanta University¹ Department of Medical, surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Tanta University² Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Tanta University³. omebrahiem_ali@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Patients’ rights observance is one of the effective measures of patients’ satisfaction of health care services. Nurses can support the patients’ rights advocacy, if they are informed of these rights. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of educational intervention on the nurses' awareness about patients' rights in Tanta. Study design: A pretest-posttest design approach. Settings: The study was conducted in maternal and child health (MCH) centers in Tanta city, and in all different departments in Tanta University Hospitals. The subjects consist of one hundred and eight nurses from previous community health care settings (group 1) and three hundreds thirty two nurses from Tanta University Hospitals (group 2). Tool: Interview questionnaire sheet was developed to obtain the necessary data, it included three parts: Part one; related to socio-demographic data of the nurses. Part two; related to factors affecting efficiency of nurses in performing patient rights duties. Part three; Rating scale for assessing nurses' awareness about patients' rights. Results: The results revealed that; regarding factors affecting efficiency of nurses in performing patient rights (68.86%) of nurses strongly agree with the effect of hospital policy,equipment and supplies on patients ' rights and more than half of them (55.00%, 55.23%, 52.95%) strongly agree with the effect of health work environment, employer guideline, job description respectively on patients ' rights. There is a highly significant difference between the perception level of both groups before and after intervention in relation to all rights except the right number six (confidentiality ) in which there was no significance difference between group (1) before and after intervention. Conclusion: Hospital policy, equipment and supplies are the most important factors affect patients' rights. There is a significant improvement of nurses' awareness about patients' rights after the educational intervention Recommendations: Holding educational programs, seminars, workshops and academic panels for nurses, nursing students, other health care providers about patients' rights.

[Karima Ahmed Elsayed, Omebrahiem A. El-Melegy, and Amaal M. El-Zeftawy. The Effect of an Educational Intervention on Nurses' Awareness about Patients' Rights in Tanta J Am Sci 2013;9(9):210-219]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 27

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.27

Key Words: patients' rights, nurses 'awareness, educational intervention.

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Discriminan Analysis and Prediction Power of Mental Testes for Diagnosis of Mental Disorders

Hossin Akbari ¹, Hojjat Zeraati *¹, Kazem Mohammad ¹, Mahmood Mahmoodi farahani¹, Abdollah Omidi²

¹*Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

²Dept. of clinical Physiology, school of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran *Corresponding Author: zeraatih@tums.ac.ir

Abstract: Psychological tests for screening of mental health commonly have discriminative error and their accuracy is different. The aim of this study was to determine the power of discrimination and prediction of GHQ-28, BSI and MMPI tests either alone or in combination in diagnosis of mental disorders. Material and methods: General health questionnaire (GHQ-28), Brief symptom inventory (BSI) and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) questionnaires as self assessment were completed by 145 students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences in 2011-12. Next, they were interviewed based on DSM-IV-TR criteria and CIDI checklist by a clinical psychologist. Data analysis was done using Discriminant analysis. Finally, canonical coefficient correlation and corrected classification were calculated for each model. Results: Based on clinical interviews 83 subjects (57.2%) were normal. According to Discriminant analysis, corrected classification of GHQ-28, BSI and MMPI tests were 73.8%, 77% and 79.3% respectively. Maximum corrected classification (87.6%) was found in the combination of GHQ-28 and MMPI model. Moreover, canonical correlation coefficients for each test separately, were 0.597, 0.59 and 0.638 respectively and this index was 0.709 for their triplet combination. Conclusion: GHQ-28 and MMPI tests in combination had the most accuracy and the power of screening to diagnosis of psychological disorders was more than each test separately or in triple combination.

[Hossin Akbari, Hojjat Zeraati, Kazem Mohammad, Mahmood Mahmoodi farahani,Abdollah Omidi. Discriminan Analysis and Prediction Power of Mental Testes for Diagnosis of Mental Disorders. J Am Sci 2013; 9(8):220-225]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 28

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.28

Keywords: Mental Disorder, Clinical Interview, GHQ-28, BSI, MMPI, DISCRIMINAN Analysis

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Application of generalized linear mixed model with asymmetric random effects in determination of effective factors related to visible goiter with the health survey data

Mehdi Yaseri¹, Hojjat Zeraati^*1, Kazem Mohammad¹, Keramat Nouri¹, Kamal Azam ¹

¹ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

*Corresponding Author: zeraatih@tums.ac.ir

Abstract: To evaluate the visible goiter prevalence and its risk factors in Iran using the generalized linear mixed model as the only visible complication of iodine deficiency. Material and Method: We used the data of 53633 people who were selected in the national health survey. In order to study risk factors of visible goiter simultaneously, we used a generalized linear mixed model with asymmetric random effects. Result: The prevalence of goiter and visible goiter was 32.1% and 4.5%, respectively. The prevalence of goiter and visible goiter was different in rural and urban and also in the age and sex categories, (all p-values<0.001). The odds of the visible goiter in women was 2.29 times higher than men (credible interval 95%=(2.09, 2.50)). The adjusted odds ratio of the visible goiter was 1.39 times higher in rural people compared to urban people (credible interval 95%= (1.28,1.50)). The prevalene of visible goiter was highest in 13 to 18 years old people (6%). Conclusion: More attention is needed on the nutrition of women, 13 to 18 years old people, and rural resident to prevent the visible goiter.

[Mehdi Yaseri, Hojjat Zeraati, Kazem Mohammad, Keramat Nouri, Kamal Azam. Application of generalized linear mixed model with asymmetric random effects in determination of effective factors related to visible goiter with the health survey data. J Am Sci 2013; 9(9):226-231]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 29

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.29

Key words: Goiter, Iran, Random effects logistic regression, Health survey

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A latent variable regression method using the skew-normal distribution for modeling the determinants of breastfeeding

Mir Saeed Yekaninejad ¹, Mohammad Reza Eshraghian¹, Keramat Nourijelyani ^1*, Kazem Mohammad¹, Abbas Rahimi Foroushani¹, Farid Zayeri²

¹Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

²Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Corresponding author: nourik@tums.ac.ir

Abstract: To identify the rates of breastfeeding in Iran by characteristics of the child, Mother, Family and Socio-economic status and to evaluate the determinant of breastfeeding based on a national health survey. Methods: The study sample f this survey consisted of urban and rural dwellers in the age group under one year old. Cluster sampling was conducted, with each cluster comprising eight households. Information was obtained about all persons within each household. The unit to record data file contains detailed information on each person in the sample.In total, 1017 children (596 from urban areas and 421 from rural areas) under one year old were studied. Predominant and any breastfeeding were considered as standard definitions for outcomes of study. A latent variable regression model using the skew normal distribution as an underlying continuous variable for binary response was employed for identifying significant determinant of breastfeeding. Results: Overall, 88.6% of children breastfed predominantly at two weeks but this rate decreases dramatically to 40% at 6 month. The rate of any breastfeeding approximately remains constant through the first year of life and it is higher than 90% in this period of time. Multiple regression model for evaluating determinants of any breastfeeding revealed that infant age, sex,maternal age and the last two births interval are significant determinant factors of any breastfeeding. Conclusion: This study shows that considerable progress had been made toward increasing the rate of breastfeeding in Iran. There is a sex preference in predominant breastfeeding toward male sex in Iranian population and first born infants had lower chance of any breastfeeding.

[Mir Saeed Yekaninejad, Mohammad Reza Eshraghian, Keramat Nourijelyani, Kazem Mohammad, Abbas Rahimi Foroushani, Farid Zayeri. A latent variable regression method using the skew-normal distribution for modeling the determinants of breastfeeding. J Am Sci 2013; 9(9):232-237]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 30

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.30

Keywords: regression method, skew-normal, breastfeed

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Magnetic resonance urethrography versus conventional retrograde urethrography for diagnosis of anterior urethral stricture

Tarek Khalaf Fath El-Bab*, Amr Mohamad Abdelhamid*, Ehab Mohamad Galal* and Mohammed Farghally Amin**

Department of Urology* and Radiology**, Minia University, Minia, Egypt

amrabdelhamid2002@yahoo.com

Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic capability of magnetic resonance(MR) urethrography in comparison to the conventional retrograde urethrography (RUG) in anterior urethral stricture. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was done in the period from January 2009 to March 2012 and included 20 patients (mean age, 51± 16 years; range, 19-70 years) with anterior urethral stricture (diagnosed by RUG). Both fresh and recurrent cases were included regardless the etiology of stricture. All patients were evaluated by conventional RUG and MR urethrography. Data obtained were compared with both endoscopic and operative findings in all patients. Results: RUG diagnosed all cases of stricture. But, two cases with short segment stricture were diagnosed falsely as long. It detected one case of urethral diverticulum and provided no data about spongiofibrosis. At MR urethrography, all cases of stricture were diagnosed with accurate measurement of its length. It diagnosed urethral diverticulum in one case and spongiofibrosis in 5 cases. The mean intra-operative stricture length and the mean stricture length as measured by conventional RUG and MR urethrography was 1.29 + 0.83; 1.75 +1.02 and 1.32 + 0.85 respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of MR urethrography and conventional RUG was 95% & 75% respectively. Conclusion: MR urethrography is considered a good, informative and feasible technique for urethral stricture evaluation with better diagnostic accuracy than RUG. It provides accurate measurement of stricture length and adequate data about spongiofibrosis that are crucial for proper selection of treatment modality.

[Tarek Khalaf Fath El-Bab, Amr Mohamad Abdelhamid, Ehab Mohamad Galal, and Mohammed Farghaly Amin. MR urethrography versus conventional RGU for diagnosis of anterior urethral stricture. Journal of American Science 2013; 9(9):238-242]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 31

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.31

Keywords: Anterior urethral stricture, MR urethrogaphy, conventional retrograde urethrography.

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Characterization of Tramadol Abuse at Different Dose Levels on Nociceptive Pain Thresholds and Immune Response

Abd El-Hamid Mohamed Elwy¹ and GhadaTabl²

¹Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department,  Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University,  Egypt.

²Zoology Department –Faculty of Science, Tanta University,  Egypt.

ghada_tabl@yahoo.com

Abstract: Introduction: Pain management is a global challenge to clinicians. Pain relief has been put forward as an ethical obligation of clinicians and fundamental human rights. The World Health Organization has disseminated guidelines on pain management and advocated for the use of analgesics including opioid. Tissue injury or the presence of foreign materials initiates a series of pathophysiological events that may manifest as inflammatory pain.During inflammation response, several proinflammatory mediators are released, including IL-1, IL-6 and TNFa. These cytokines play major roles in initiation and amplification of inflammatory process. It is possible thatchoice of drug modulates beneficial immune response.It has been demonstrated that tramadol can contribute to beneficial effects. As, compounds known to block monoamine uptake, potentially have the antinociceptive effects of opioid including tramadol, the antinociception potency and profile of tramadol may derive from its combined opioid binding activity and inhibition of monoamine uptake. Objective: Carried out to evaluate the involvement of tramadol as effective analgesic on nociceptive thresholds at different dose levels (acute & chronic) and evaluate the potential immunological effects of this drug by determining IL-1, IL-6 and TNFa. Methods: 152 male adult albino rats, scheduled for, 1- Evaluation of the antinociceptive effect of tramadol, by using two different stimulation tests(hot- plate&formalin tests) were applied to the groups subjected to the evaluation of antinociceptive activities of tramadol at different dose levels (acute & chronic).2-plantar incision, rats were divided into three subgroups (n=8 in each group). Rats in subgroup one, received anesthesia with no incision (sham control operation). Rats in subgroup two, plantar incision, without tramadol treatment. Rats in subgroup three received tramadol (36mg/kg) after plantar incision, as plantar incision induces heat hyperalgesia, heat hyperalgesia is assessed by measuring the heat threshold of rats to heat stimulation, by applying radiant heat source to the middle of the incision. The selected time point of 2 hours postoperatively was found to be adequate for the assessment of analgesic drug properties on incisional pain. Results: The latency period of rats subjected to hot-plate test was significantly decreasedwhereas, the number (no) of licking and biting of lesion paw edema in group subjected to formalin test, was significantly increased.The withdrawal latency period (W.L.P) of rat to heat stimulation (which is applied to middle of the plantar incision using a focused radiant heat source) was significantly decreased, on the other hand the cytokines production were significantly elevated. These changes were reversed after tramadol treatment compared to control values. Conclusion: Considering, analgesic and immunosuppressive effect, tramadol treatment may be a drug of choice for treatment of acute and chronic pain particularly in patients with compromised immunity.

[Abd El-Hamid Mohamed Elwy and GhadaTabl. Characterization of Tramadol Abuse at Different Dose Levels on Nociceptive Pain Thresholds and Immune Response. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):243-253]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 32

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.32

Key Words: Tramadol – Pain - Hyperalgesia - Nociceptive thresholds –Dependency Proinflammatorymediators Plantar incision –Rat model

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[J Am Sci 2013;9(9):254-262]. (ISSN: 254-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 33. doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.34

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Assessment of knowledge, Attitude and Practices of nurse midwives towards immediate care of the newbornIn Khartoum state teaching hospitals (2011)

Faiza Ali NasorTaha, RN. MSc, PhD

Department of Maternal & Child Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing Sciences, University of Khartoum

fifi_ali12345@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: knowledge is one of the crucial aspects of health systems to adherence to essential of immediate newborn care practices as first step for resuscitation and prevention of further complication at hospital based level. This study conducted to assess nurse midwives' knowledge, Attitude and Practices towards immediate care of newborn. Spesific objectivesto examine the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and the self-perception of preparedness of nurses regarding their abilities to manage a newborn. Methods: data collected from 96 nurse midwives from different hospitals, interviewed using structured Questionnaire and Observation check list. to assess their performance. Results: Theresult showed that, study population had a fair knowledge level (50.6%), in spite of this; their performance level of practices was poor (41.1%) towards immediate care of the newborn. Conclusion: NMs’performed well below competency levels for knowledge and skills regarding immediate care of the newborn This evaluation highlighted the need for training and periodic assessment to address gaps and develop targeted continuing education modules.

[Faiza Ali Nasor Taha. Assessment of knowledge, Attitude and Practices of nurse midwives towards immediate care of the newborn In Khartoum state teaching hospitals (2011). J Am Sci 2013;9(9):263-270]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 34

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.34

Keywords: Nurse midwives, knowledge attitudes practices, immediate care of the newborn

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The growth and characteristic features of the quaternary chalcogenide Tl₂GaInS₄

S. E. Al Garni

Physics Department, Sciences Faculty for Girls, King Abdulaziz University-KSA.

Seef73@gmail.com

Abstract: The preparation and electrical characterization of quaternary chalcogenide Tl₂GaInS₄ crystals are reported in this work. Measurements of the electrical conductivity and Hall coefficient were performed over the temperature range of 200 K to 452 K. This study was conducted with the current flowing parallel to the c-axis and the magnetic field direction perpendicular to the c-axis. The crystals were obtained by a modified Bridgman technique for crystal growth and exhibited p-type conductivity with a hole concentration of 1.318×10⁹cm^-3 at room temperature. The conductivity and Hall mobility at 300 K were found to be 2.913×10^-6 π^-1cm^-1 and 1.38×10⁴ cm²/V sec, respectively. The energy gap width was calculated at 2.085 eV.

[S. E. Al Garni. The growth and characteristic features of the quaternary chalcogenide Tl₂GaInS_4. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):271-275]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 35

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.35

Key words: crystal growth, Tl₂GaInS₄, electrical conductivity, Hall coefficient.

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Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (M.S.C.) in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced type I diabetic rats.

Sameh Elsonbaty¹; and Ashraf kotb²

Histology¹; and Physiology² Departments, Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Egypt.

drashrafsalem@hotmail.com

Abstract: Diabetes is one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity all over the world. Renewal of functional pancreatic islets has been a goal of stem cell biologists since early 2000. Since that time, many studies have reported successful creation of glucose-responsive pancreatic beta-cells. Aim of work: This work aimed to study the effect of MSC on Streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetes in male albino rats to detect its potential therapeutic effect and its possible application to humans. Material and methods: Thirty male albino rats (150 – 170 grams) were included in this study. They were divided into three equal groups: Group I (control), group II (diabetic), and group III (diabetic group treated with MSC). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg). MSC were injected intravenously into the rat tail vein in the group III and left for two months Glucose and Insulin levels were measured for the three groups at the beginning of the study and after two months. Diabetic group (group II) showed significant higher glucose levels while there was a significant lower insulin levels compared to control group. Group III showed higher insulin and lower glucose level compared to group II. Conclusion: treatment with MSCs. showed significant lower levels of glucose and higher levels of insulin compared to diabetic group.

 [Sameh Elsonbaty; Ashraf kotb. Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced type I diabetic rats. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):276-280]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 36

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.36

Key Words: STZ (Streptozotocin), MSC (Mesenchymal stem cells).

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Validation of the Xpert BCR-ABL Monitor Assay Results: King Fahd Specialist Hospital Dammam Experience

Heba N. Raslan ¹ and Samir Amr ²

¹ Consultant Hematopathology, King Fahd Specialist Hospital-Dammam.

¹ National Cancer Institute, Cairo University

² Consultant Histopathology, King Fahd Specialist Hospital-Dammam

hebaraslan2013@gmail.com

Abstract: Objectives: King Fahd Specialist Hospital Dammam (KFSHD), a tertiary care hospital, has guidelines for BCR-ABL p210 quantitation using GeneXpert® Real Time PCR.The assay results are automatically calculated using the Cepheid International Scale (IS), mentioned in the certificate of analysis (COA) supplied with each kit. The aim of this study was to establish an IS specific for KFSHD, instead of that supplied by the manufacturer, based on thorough validation study of the assay with Mayoclinic IS, a thing which conferred more accurate interpretation of the results. Methods: A total of 29 hemato-oncology blood, bone marrow and RNA samples were run, using the GeneXpert BCR-ABL assay and validation for all samples was carried out with Mayo clinic to compare external controls to built-in controls. We cancelled the Cepheid IS and used the Mayoclinic IS factor (2.57), which is validated by its turn with the reference method (University of Adelaide). Results: All 29 results were concordant using the acceptance criterion of +/-0.5 log₁₀ of the expected BCR-ABL relative quantitation. Conclusion: The Xpert BCR-ABL monitor assay provides reliable results. Replacement of the IS provided by the manufacturer with the IS calculated by our lab, and which is based upon thorough validation study, conferred more accurate results.

[Heba N. Raslan. Validation of the Xpert BCR-ABL Monitor Assay Results: King Fahd Specialist Hospital Dammam Experience. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):281-285]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 37

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.37

Key words: BCR-ABL, CML, International Scale

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Ultra structuralEvaluation of Rat Myocardium underEffect of High Altitude Hypoxia

Sobhy H. A. Ewis¹, Mohamed Atif A. Said Ahmed², Ashaf H. Abd El-Hakem³ and Atif I. M. Ali⁴

King Khaled University College of Medicine Anatomy Department^1,2,3 and Al-azhar University College of Medicine Anatomy Department¹ and Histology Department⁴.

sobhyewis@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Hypoxia is condition in which the percentage saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen is determined in blood. The body functions are suppressed at high altitude (1,500 to 3,500 meters ), resulting in diminished inspiratory oxygen pressure and decline arterial oxygen saturation leading to increase in the ventilation, heartbeat, blood pressure, and decreased exercise performance. This can lead to medical problems; from the mild symptoms of acute mountain sickness to the potentially fatal high altitude pulmonary edema and high altitude cerebral edema. The higher is the altitude is the greater is the risk. However, above 8,000 meters (zone of death) the human body cannot adapt and will eventually die. This work is designed to report the structural alteration of the rat myocardium under effect of the high altitude hypoxia. Material and Methods: Fifty healthy young male albino rats, having average weight of 200 grams for each, were used in this study. The rats were divided into five groups (10 rats for each). The control group was kept in normal environment for one month, the second, third and fours groups admitted in high altitude environment for three days, one week, two weeks and one month respectively. At the end of the above periods the blood gases were investigated and the myocardium specimens were token and prepared for light and electron microscopic examination. Results: The myocardial structure of the rates were affected by the high altitude hypoxia, where the cardiomyocytes hypertrophy, disorganization of the micro filaments with areas of degeneration, the mitochondrial and nuclear alteration were clarified also In our work the direct measurement of Oxygen Pressure (PO2) values in the blood were reveled significant decline.

[Sobhy H. A. Ewis, Mohamed Atif A. Said Ahmed, Ashaf H. Abd El-Hakem andAtif I. M. Ali. Ultra structural Evaluation of Rat Myocardium under Effect of High Altitude Hypoxia. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):286-297]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 38

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.38

Key Words: high altitude hypoxia and Ultra structure of rat myocardium

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Clinicopathological studies of dietary supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in calves

Osama A. Abdalla¹, Mohamed E.EL-Boshy^2,3, Fatma M. Abdel Hamid³ and Nosa M. Ali ³

 ^1. Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

 ².Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Umm Al-Qura University. Makkah, PB 7296, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia

 ^3. Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

dr_oabdallah@Hotmail.com

Abstract: Background and Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate some selective immunological, antioxidant and biochemical parameters as well as growth promoters effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation as a feed additives in calves. Material and Methods: Thirty buffalo calves were divided into 3 groups. Group I: control one, Group II: treated orally with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) at a dose rate 30g once daily/calf for 12 weeks and groupIII: treated with 60g Sc once daily/calf for 12 weeks. Results: The treatment with Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in significant increase in the body weight, blood glucose level, total protein, albumin and A/G ratio, while AST, LDH activities, globulin concentration, uric acid and creatinine levels are insignificantly changed. The level of MDA is significantly decrease.Meanwhile catalase, GSH level, serum lysozyme,bactericidal activity and serum NO level are significantly increased. Conclusions: we are concluded that Saccharomyces cerevisiae treatment of the calves has desirable effects on the body weight, serum antioxidant enzymes and some immunological parameters. Also has no toxic effect on kidney or liver functions.

[Osama A. Abdalla, Mohamed E.EL-Boshy, Fatma M. Abdel Hamid and Nosa M. Ali. Clinicopathological studies of dietary supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in calves. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):298-306]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 39

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.39

Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae; body weight; biochemical parameters;antioxidant; immunological parameters.

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Energies, Wavelengths, Transition Probabilities, Radiative Lifetimes and Collision Strengths for Se-Like Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh ions

O. Nagy¹, M. Mossad¹, Abeer Mera¹, S.Elashry²

¹ Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt

² Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt

abeer_mera@yahoo.com

Abstract: Energy levels, wavelengths, transition probabilities and oscillator strengths have been calculated for Se-Like Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh ions among the fine-structure levels of terms belonging to the ([Ar] 3d¹⁰ ) 4s²4p⁴, ([Ar] 3d¹⁰ ) 4s 4p⁴ 4d and ([Ar] 3d¹⁰) 4s² 4p³ 4f configurations. The fully relativistic Multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) method, taking both correlations within the n=4 complex and the quantum electrodynamic effects into account, have been used in the calculations. The results are compared with the available experimental and other theoretical results.

[Nagy O, Mossad M, Mera A, Elashry S. Energies, Wavelengths, Transition Probabilities, Radiative Lifetimes and Collision Strengths for Se-Like Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh ions. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):307-315]. (ISSN: 1545-1003 ). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 40

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.40

Keywords: Multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock method; energy levels; wavelengths; transition probabilities; collision strengths; lifetimes; forbidden transitions; Se-isoelectronic sequence.

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Effect of Acupressure on Menopausal Symptoms among Women

Sahar Anwar Rizk

Obstetric and Gynecologica Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt.

soanwar@yahoo.com

Abstract: Many women experience various menopausal symptoms. Because of recent concerns about hormonal replacement therapy (HRT), some women have turned to complementary and alternative therapies. One of the areas of complementary and alternative therapy is acupressure. Numerous studies indicated positive effect of acupressure, especially on hot flushes yet, others did negate such effect on menopausal symptoms. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the effect of acupressure on menopausal symptoms among women. Setting: The study was conducted at El-Shatby Maternity University Hospital in Alexandria. The sample comprised a conveniently chosen 80 menopausal women working in the previously mentioned setting, complaining of moderate to severe menopausal symptom they were randomly assigned equally into either a study or a control group. Each subjects in the study group attended 9 acupressure sessions 20 minutes each at (LI-4 & SP-6 & HT7& TW 5) acupressure points simultaneously. While the subjects in control group received routine care, using a randomized control clinical trial study design. Three tools were validated and used to collect data; general characteristic and reproductive history interview schedule, menopause rating scale and daily life activities scale. Results: The main study findings show that, all subjects had moderate to severe menopausal symptoms (MS) before the intervention with no statistically significant difference between the study and control groups. Yet, after two and three weeks from the intervention physical and psychological menopausal symptoms were significantly improved among the study group than control one. Moreover, a significant improvement on daily life activities was evident after two and three weeks from intervention among the study than control group. The study Concluded that acupressure was effective in decreasing the severity of physical, psychological menopausal symptoms as well as in improving daily life activities among menopausal women. In the light of the study results, it was recommended that complementary therapy especially acupressure should be incorporated in all Maternity hospital policies.

[Sahar Anwar Rizk. Effect of Acupressure on Menopausal Symptoms among Women. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):316-324]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 41

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.41

Key words: menopause, menopausal transition, menopausal symptoms, acupressure

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The effect of developing vestibular apparatus functionality on static balance, dynamic balance and performance level on spring floor exercise

 Mohamed Mahmoud El- Dosoky

Department of Theories and Applications of Gymnastics, Exercises and Sports Shows, Faculty of Physical Education, Zagazig University, Egypt. D_mdosoky@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objective: The present study investigates the effect of developing vestibular apparatus functionality on static balance, dynamic balance and performance level on spring floor exercise. This investigation will allow us to know the effect of special exercises on skills performance on spring floor exercise. Methods: A case-control study design was conducted to compare the skills performance level on spring floor exercises between experiment and control groups as gymnastic students in faculty of physical education at Zagazig University. Thirty-two students participated in this study, sixteen students as experiment group and sixteen students as control group. The participants were measured functionality test of the vestibular system, static balance test, dynamic balance test and performance level on spring floor exercises. Results and conclusions: The results demonstrate that the static and dynamic balance abilities and performance level on spring floor exercises are generally better in experimental group compared to control group students. The difference between both groups in post-test results can be explained by the effectiveness of training program contents. The superior functionality of vestibular apparatus plays an important role for gymnasts and improves the joint position and static and dynamic balance, while perform movement exercises on spring floor exercise event.

 [Mohamed Mahmoud El- Dosoky. The effect of developing vestibular apparatus functionality on static balance, dynamic balance and performance level on spring floor exercise. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):325-328]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 42

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.42

Keywords: Vestibular apparatus, static balance, dynamic balance and spring floor exercise.

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The Effect of Interferon Therapy among Hepatitis C Patients on their Quality of Life, Egypt

Samia Kattab Abd El-Rahman

Gerontological Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Damanhour University

samia_khattab@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major cause of liver disease in many countries worldwide. The health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with chronic liver disease has been shown to be impaired in numerous studies. The factors which influence HRQoL in treated HCV patients, are not yet quite clear. The insight that HCV impairs HRQoL is a necessary first step to understand why it is important to measure HRQoL in clinical practice and know how to use this information throughout the HCV antiviral therapy. This study aimed to assess the impact of interferon treatment of HCV patients on their HRQoL by an experimental case-control study among 120 HCV patients on interferon treatment and 120 HCV patients were not on antiviral therapy, attending outpatient clinics of interferon center National Medical Institute of Damanhour, Lower Egypt. Data were collected via questionnaires included the patient’s socio-demographic characteristics and bio-medical history about hepatitis C virus infection. An Arabic version of a short form of chronic liver questionnaire CCLDQ which was designed to measure HRQoL secondary to liver disease was used to assess patients’ HRQoL scores. The results showed that the majority of the treatment patients were with high level of HRQoL for all of the studied health domains, and the majority of control patients were with moderate level of HRQoL in five out of the six studied health domains and with high HRQoL for the domain of tiredness. There was a significant gender difference in the favor of females for the domains of tiredness, abdominal signs, and anxiety and general symptoms for the study group patients. Study group patients with family history of HCV infection showed significant differences for the health-domains of tiredness, role emotional, abdominal signs, physical activity (P=0.000) and general symptoms (P =0.001). In contrast to control group patients, study group patients with bad liver conditions scored higher mean ± SD values of HRQoL for the domains of role emotional (P =0.044), abdominal signs (P =0.000), and anxiety (P =0.001), compared their counterparts with good liver conditions of the group. Conclusion: The majority of the study group patients were with high level of HRQoL scores for all studied health domains. While the control group patients were with moderate level of HRQoL scores for five out of the six health-domains and were had high level only for the health-domain of tiredness. There was significant gender difference in four out of the six health domains in the favor of females. Patients on treatment and with family history of the disease earned better score in five out of the six studied domains in contrast to control group. Patients on treatment with bad liver conditions scored higher means ±SD values HRQoL with significant difference for health domains of role emotional, abdominal signs and anxiety.

Samia Kattab Abd El-Rahman The Effect of Interferon Therapy among Hepatitis C Patients on their Quality of Life, Egypt J Am Sci2013;9(9):329-342]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 43

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.43

Keywords: Interferon treatment, Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) Hepatitis C, Egypt.

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Assessment of Home Safety Measures and Prevalence of Falling among Residents of Private and Governmental Elderly Homes in two Different Societies in Egypt

Samia Kattab Abd El-.Rahman

Gerontological Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Damanhur University, Egypt

samia_khattab@hotmail.com

Abstract: The study of home environments is a research domain within the field of environmental gerontology that addresses issues related to safe aging in place. Most elderly homes contain potential hazards or immediately a rounding the home. Many elderly people attribute their falls to the home hazards. Falls are the leading cause of injury deaths and disabilities among aged people. Falls among elderly homes residents are usually consequence of combination of both intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors. Use of checklist can spot possible safety problems and could remind for the home safe Practices, that in turn reduces elderly falls and related injuries that affect directly elderly health and independence. The aim of this study was to assess home safety measures and to recognize the prevalence of falls and fall-related injuries among private and public elderly homes. The study enrolled 240 elderly persons aged 60 years or more and residents of four private and public elderly homes, two of each sector from Alexandria governorate and the other two from Damanhour, El-Behaira, governorate. A structural pre-coded questionnaire sheet was used to obtain data of falling. As an observational standard safety checklist of Elderly Homes, as constructed by North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, translated to Arabic language was used to assess home general safety, and home areas and a rounding safety measures. As well 7-items of elderly safety habits are included. Results: the two of Damanhur care homes and the private of Alex., home has met 60% of the general home safety measures. The public Alex care home was the most unsafe, has met only 31% of these safety items. Also the same two care homes have fulfilled all kitchen safety items, and more than three quarters of the bathroom, 90% of the stairways and halls safety measures. For the safety of living-room the Damanhour private care home has met all this safety items, while Alex. public care home was the most unsafe for living and bed rooms areas. The highest prevalence of falling (25%) occurred in the Damanhour private care home, and the least fall prevalence (10.7%) was reported for Alex. Private care home. Falling among females exceeded those among males for all studied care homes. The only observed falling sites were bathroom, bedroom and the stairs areas, where bedroom fallings were higher among the both private care home fallers. The majority of fallings occurred at evening and night times, and the least fallings was observed at morning times. Sliding was the common falling cause among all fallers where, carpet edges and blurred vision were the common causes of fallings among only the two private care homes. The only two reported fall injuries were fractures and joint dislocations, fractures being the most common injury among fallers. The majority, (80%) of the Damanhour private setting fallers fell twice during the last 6 months. Male fallers fell due to sliding, and blurred vision, while female fallers fell due to sliding, and carpet edges. Injuries due to sliding, drowsiness, long clothes, no wall stands, blurred vision, chair uncontrolled and due to walking stick, resulted in fractures, while the majority of joint dislocations was occurred due to tripping to carpet edges. Conclusion: the two Damanhur elderly care homes fulfilled most of the home safety measures, compared to the two elderly facilities of Alexandria. The higher prevalence of falling in the private care at Damanhour neccessates the insight look of other causes of falling in this care setting. More attention should be given to evaluate and monitor safety measures for both sector care homes at Alexandria governorate.

[Samia Kattab Abd El-.Rahman. Assessment of Home Safety Measures and Prevalence of Falling among Residents of Private and Governmental Elderly Homes in two Different Societies in Egypt. J Am Sci 2013;9(9):343-357]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 44

doi:10.7537/marsjas090913.44

Keywords: home safety measures, private, governmental, geriatric home, societies.

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