No.

Titles / Authors

Full

Text

No.

1

Environmental Impact on Water Resources at the Northwestern Part of the Nile Delta, Egypt

Awad S.R.¹, El Fakharany M.A² and Hagran N.M.³

¹Research Institute for Groundwater, El-Kanater El-Khairia, Egypt

²Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Egypt.

³Drinking Water Supply Company, Giza, Egypt.

Nahlamahmoud3@yahoo.com

Abstract: Surface water and groundwater in the northwestern part of the Nile Delta is of vital importance for domestic, agricultural, and industrial water supply. The increases in population together with the agricultural and industrial development have resulted in increasing pollution of water resources. The main objective of the present study is to assess the environmental impact on the quality of water resources in the study area. To achieve that, surface water and groundwater samples have been analyzed for major ions, nitrates, and trace elements, in addition to detection of total and fecal coli-form bacteria. The distribution maps for different pollutants in groundwater are carefully studied. Results indicate that both surface water and groundwater in the study area are suffering from quality problems. The majority of the studied area are characterized by fresh water (TDS <1000 ppm) with low contents of Na, Cl, and SO₄ and the groundwater is suitable for drinking. High contents are recoded mostly at the northwestern portions as local polluted zones distributed within the area. This is referred to extensive withdrawing in the newly reclaimed areas in the northwestern portions and to the existence of local pollution sources resulted from the infiltration of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes in the intensive populated area. The distribution of nitrate content in groundwater wells shows that the low concentration (<50 ppm) exist at the south western parts of the investigated area, whereas the maximum content (>50 ppm) exists at the east and the northern portions. The increase of nitrate is due to domestic conditions in highly urbanized areas and the use of fertilizers in the old land. The concentrations of trace elements (chromium, lead, nickel and zinc) in groundwater are within the acceptable limits for drinking and domestic uses. Iron, manganese, Cadmium and Copper contents are over the acceptable limits and this could be referred to fertilizer application, and sewage sludge disposal. The number (count/100 ml) of total coli-form and fecal coli-form bacteria are high in surface water and shallow groundwater. So, the surface water and shallow groundwater should be treated and sterilized before drinking.

[Awad S.R., El Fakharany M.A and Hagran N.M. Environmental Impact on Water Resources at the Northwestern Part of the Nile Delta, Egypt. J Am Sci 2015;11(11):1-11]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.01

Keywords: Groundwater, Quaternary, Environment, Quality, Pollution.

Full Text

1

2

Benefaction of Saline water Irrigation in Desert Soils: II. Mathematical Modeling of the Distribution of Salts in Soil Macro and Micro-Pores during Wetting and Drying Cycles

Nabil M. Anwar¹ and Mostafa H. Hilal²

¹Environment and Climate Research Institute; National Water Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt nabilmamwar@hotmail.com

²Department of Soil and Water; National Research Center; Cairo, Egypt

mostafa@gizatec.com

Abstract: Laboratory tests such as salt concentration, salt activity, salt diffusion and salt balance were conducted to evaluate their effects on the pattern of salt accumulation and distribution in soils. Field trials, including surface soil management, irrigation systems; tree cover and their effect on salt distribution in the root zone were also evaluated. Corrective techniques for saline water irrigation and improvement of salt affected soils were discussed. The obtained empirical results proved to be very beneficial. However, to obtain such results is time consuming, tedious and expensive. That necessitates developing of a mathematical simulation model dealing with preferential salt distribution. Such model, when mature, is expected to facilitate obtaining beneficial results in short time. Computations concerning the building up of the above mentioned mathematical- model is a must. Soil porosity was subdivided into five equal portions. Each portion comprises 20% of the total soil porosity. When a saturated soil column is drained, gradually, larger pores that hold water with a suction head between the saturation point and field capacity (from 0.0 to 1/3^rd atmosphere), will drain first. Next to drain is another 20 % which is also large gravitational pores. When downward gravitational flow ends, upward capillary flow due to evaporation will dominate and start transporting salts in the finer pores. At the soil saturation saline soil solution reaches equilibrium. At equilibrium, total pressure in all five pore portions will be equal. "Total pore pressure can be defined as the resultant sum of pore wall + double layer pressures". In addition to salt osmotic pressure in pores and water hydrostatic pressure, there is larger contribution from pore wall pressure, in finer micropores as compared to larger macropores. In this work salts in soil pores were arranged according to their specific osmotic pressures (π_s; osmotic pressure per unit concentration). Soluble K, Ca and Mg salts have more tendencies for being retained in the soil system as compared to Na salts. Salts with lower π_s (week base) occupy finer pores, while salts with higher π_s (strong base) occupy larger pores. Examples of some salts as arranged from weaker to stronger are: MgSO₄ < K₂SO₄ < KNO₃ < Mg(NO₃)₂ < Na₂SO₄ < (NH₄)₂SO₄ < NH₄NO₃ < MgCl₂ < NaCl. Distribution of these salts in different pore sizes will follow such arrangement from finer to larger pores, following their π_s^’, in resemblance to densities in the case of buoyancy law. When a saturated soil is drained, solutes with higher π_s that reside in larger pores will move downwards with gravitational water flow, while solutes in finer pores will stay, and thereafter will move upwards with capillary water flow. This makes NaCl the fastest salt to leach from the soil, followed by MgCl₂, and then NH₄NO₃. Meanwhile, MgSO₄ tend to stay in the soil. However, K₂SO₄ and KNO₃ are slightly less retained. Equilibrium distribution of solutes in larger and finer pores as mentioned above may not be attained under transient water flow. Simulation model dealing with reactive solute transport should include preferential ion distribution in macro and micro-pores in addition to other physical and chemical processes. It is thought that less moist soils is capable of developing water suction head which changes the double layer thickness, which will in turn alter salt distribution in the remaining pores. Further work is needed to upgrade this simulating model and to test its applicability in the soil-water-plant systems.

[Nabil M. Anwar and Mostafa H. Hilal. Benefaction of Saline water Irrigation in Desert Soils: II. Mathematical Modeling of the Distribution of Salts in Soil Macro and Micro-Pores during Wetting and Drying Cycles. J Am Sci 2015;11(11):12-23]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.02

Key words: Salt activity, salt diffusion, salt balance, saline water irrigation, tree cover, pore wall pressure, Double layer, specific osmotic pressure.

Full Text

2

3

The Impact of Elastic Type and Its Fixation Method on

Fabrics’ Mechanical Properties

Ghada Al-Gamal*

*Lecturer at Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

gimamr2004@hotmail.com

Abstract: Elastic band is a flexible, stretchable, narrow fabric, it is made from a series of rubber; this rubber is either natural or synthetic rubber. It has significant value for use in textile industry because of its excellent elongation and recovery properties. The single most important property of elastic is their ability to undergo large elastic deformations, that is, to stretch and return to their original shape in a reversible way. Elastic band comes in a variety of thicknesses and widths; different elastics have more or less stretch. Elastic can be threaded through casings or stitched directly to the fabric. This was an experimental study to understand the impact of elastic type and its fixation method on fabrics mechanical properties. Four types of elastic band were used (2cm width raw elastic [A], 2cm width woven elastic [B], 1cm width raw elastic [C], 1cm width woven elastic [D]) , the degree of elastic stretching relative to the used fabric varied between (1.5 times) and (2 times) and attaching elastic to the fabric by three methods: (the first method: Zigzag stitching elastic band [X], the second method: overlook stitching elastic Band and topstitching [Y] and the third method: flat-fell stitching by placing the elastic inside a folded edge of fabric, then stitching the fold down and topstitched finish [Z]. Fabric properties were examined for their relationship to abrasion properties, elongation behavior and appearance for the integrated fabric with elastic to determine whether incorporation of elastic had its impact on performance properties of the selected fabric or not. The study concluded that type A (2cm width raw elastic) fulfilled the highest elongation results and the best appearance, in comparison to other types of studied elastic B, C and D. However, type B (2cm width woven elastic) acquired the superior abrasion resistance (this is possibly due to the woven structure of the elastic band by its fibers intersection that changes the surface smoothness which increases its abrasion resistance), also the wider the surface area of the elastic band the higher the abrasion resistance, thus the results of type D is lesser than type B.

[Al-Gamal G. The Impact of Elastic Type and Its Fixation Method on Fabrics’ Mechanical Properties. J Am Sci 2015;11(11):24-29]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.03

Keywords: Elastic band, Sewing elastic, Abrasion, Appearance, Elongation

Full Text

3

4

Using an erasable ink to forge documents, medico-legal study on evaluating them in detection and prevention the forgery

Taha M. A. Eldebss^1,*, Waleed K. El-Zawawy², Mohamed B. Gazy³, Mohamed R. Helal^4, and Khaled E. Rashed⁵

¹ Organic Chemistry- Chemistry Department- Faculty of Science Cairo University Egypt

²Cellulose& paper Department National Research Center Egypt

³ Organic Chemistry- Chemistry Department- Faculty of Science Al_Azher University Egypt

⁴General Manager - Expert in Forgery and Counterfeiting Researches, Forensic Medicine Authority, Ministry of Justice Egypt

⁵Examiner documented Department of Forgery and counterfeiting research Forensic Medicine authority- ministry of Justice Egypt

taha_eldebss@yahoo.com

Abstract: The examined inks in forensic chemistry suffer some problems due to using an erasable ink pens in writing documents. (An erasable ink is a type of an ink which could be used to forge documents and easily removed by certain rubbers incorporated in each pen (For an erasable ink, the written strokes were manipulated manually using the incorporated eraser). The examined of an erasable ink pens and its strokes by the aid of the document apparatus such as video spectral comparator, Projectina Docucenter, magnifiers, microscopes and electrostatic apparatus. Therefore we can be prevented from used in the forgery operations (fraud). An erasable ink pens from the Ballpoint ink pens category but differ in stability on papers or documents, where an erasable ink strokes erased easily by eraser or heat, so, the value documents grafted with some polymeric compound such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone (pvp) and polyvinyl alcohol (pva) to stabilize strokes of an erasable ink on papers or documents.

[Taha M. A. Eldebss, Waleed K. El-Zawawy, Mohamed B. Gazy, Mohamed R. Helal and Khaled E. Rashed. Using an erasable ink to forge documents, medico-legal study on evaluating them in detection and prevention the forgery. J Am Sci 2015;11(11):30-46]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.04

Keywords: Erasable ink pen, forgery, fraud (fraudulent), document, forensic examination, mechanical eraser, rubbers and grafting copolymerization.

Full Text

4

5

Analysis of Comparative Efforts between the Drosophila melanogaster’s Genome and the Human Genome

Mohamed Abdel Malik Abo Aoun

University of Winnipeg, Department of Biopsychology, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

moh.abo.aoun1993@hotmail.com

Abstract: Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster) has been used in biomedical research for over a century. Studies have included the study of genetics and inheritance, embryonic development, learning, behavior, ageing, drug discovery, and evolution. The reason for its centrality in those diverse fields is the fact that D. melanogaster shares many homologous genes with other species, including humans. In fact, Pandey and Nicholas (2011)⁽¹³⁾ state that “nearly 75% of human disease-causing genes are believed to have a functional homologue in the fly”. This resemblance proves that comparison is an essential part of the biomedical field, as the D. melanogaster is still considered a great model organism, allowing scientists to study the impact of mutations on the fly, which can also form inferences that impact the welfare of humans. Despite the numerous studies done on the fruit fly, surveying the available literature has shown several vital pieces of information that are yet to be picked up for future research. The fields of study are extremely diverse, and include studies on the dopaminergic neurones, the function of specific exons, Alzheimer’s Disease, and pathogenic viruses. This paper aims to shed light on the discoveries and advances done in recent research in order to help direct the progress of future studies concerning the D. melanogaster in studying viruses, neurodegenerative diseases, and improving existing pharmaceuticals, as these are the fields where most of the studies in recent years have been conducted. This guidance is done by compiling and synthesising the existing literature, and presenting the recommendations put forth by the aforementioned studies.

[Mohamed Abdel Malik Abo Aoun. Analysis of Comparative Efforts between the Drosophila melanogaster’s Genome and the Human Genome. J Am Sci 2015;11(11):47-56]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.05

Key words: Drosophila melanogaster; Neurodegenerative Disorders; Synthesis; Alzheimer’s; Parkinson’s; genetics; Huntington’s; Viruses; Drugs; genes; model organism

Full Text

5

6

Mediation Choice, the new Arab's trend to protect internal and International investments

Hoda Magdy Nour

Commercial and civil proceedures Department, Faculty of Law, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

hoda.magdy@yahoo.com

Abstract: It is apparent that the new trend in modern writing of commercial, investment and contract law, also consrtuction and family affairs as well, is to resort to mediation and conciliation more than arbitration, because of many troubles in arbitration process face specially in the last few years in many "faces". This article would contribute to raising mediation practise, and encourage to carry out an in-depth study of mediation as a suitable and preferable ADR.

[Hoda Magdy Nour. Mediation Choice, the new Arab's trend to protect internal and International investments. J Am Sci 2015;11(11):57-67]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.06

Keywords: Mediation, Confidentiality, International, investments

Full Text

6

7

Phenotypic and Genotypic characterization of Edwardsiell tarda isolated from Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus at Sohag Governorate

El-Seedy, F. R.¹, Radwan, I. A.¹, Abd El-Galil, M. A.² and Sayed, H. H. ³

¹Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.

²Department of Fish diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.

³Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.

vet_haitham@yahoo.com

Abstract: Edwardsiella tarda is a common fish pathogen, it causes one of the most significant septicemic diseases responsible for mass mortality in freshwater fishes and consequently high economic losses. This study was carried out to investigate prevalence of E. tarda among O. niloticus (Nile tilapia) and C. gariepinus (African catfish) at Sohag Governorate and to characterize the isolates phenotypically and genotypically in addition to detection of Major fimbrial subunit gene (etfA) in them by PCR assay. Therefore, 93 samples of O. niloticus and 87 samples of C. gariepinus collected from different localities at Sohag Governorate during the period from March 2014 to March 2015. Fish samples were subjected to clinical and post-mortem examination then bacteriological examination for liver, kidney and spleen. The suspected isolates were characterized by cultural and morphological characters, some conventional biochemical tests and API 20E system then by PCR assay. 9 isolates were characterized as E. tarda [4 isolates (E1-E4) from O. niloticus (4.3%) and 5 isolates (E5-E9) from C. gariepinus (5.7%)]. The phenotypic characterization of the isolates revealed that they were homogenous except in citrate utilization and similarity percentage between them was ranged from 96.3 to 100%. Furthermore, Major fimbrial subunit gene (etfA) was demonstrated in all E. tarda isolates by PCR. Results of this study indicated that polymerase chain reaction is very reliable and rapid method for identification of E. tarda isolates which may be helpful in prevention and control of Edwardsiellosis.

[El-Seedy, F. R., Radwan, I. A., Abd El-Galil, M. A. and Sayed, H. H. Phenotypic and Genotypic characterization of Edwardsiell tarda isolated from Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus at Sohag Governorate. J Am Sci 2015;11(11):68-75]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.07

Keywords: Edwardsiell tarda, Oreochromis niloticus, Clarias gariepinus, PCR.

Full Text

7

8

Biologics in Periodontal Practice, Review.

Abdullah Saleh Almutairi, B.D.S, M.S.D.

Lecturer, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, KSA.

Dr.almutairi@qu.edu.sa

Abstract: A biologic is a medicinal product or living cells that are used as therapeutics to treat diseases. Biologics are created by biologic processes, rather than being chemically synthesized. Several biological materials have been introduced to restore lost supporting periodontal tissues (periodontal ligament, bone, cementum, and connective tissue). The ultimate goal of using biological materials in periodontal treatment is the regenera­tion of periodontal tissues lost during the disease process. Biological materials that use in periodontal practice are growth factors, enamel matrix derivatives, mesenchymal stem cells and gene therapy. In this review article, we focus on biologics in periodontal practice and also we review briefly all clinically available materials used for periodontal regeneration such as bone replacement graft, membranes.

[Almutairi A. Biologics in Periodontal Practice. Review. J Am Sci 2015;11(11):76-86]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.08

Keywords: Biologics; Regeneration; Growth factors; Periodontal

Full Text

8

9

Effectiveness of Designed Nursing Guidelines on Reducing Anxiety Level among Patients Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Attyiat Hassan Hussein¹ and Esmat Sayed Abd-Elmaged²

^{1, 2}Adult Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

karambakheet@yahoo.com

Abstract: Aims of this study were to assess patient knowledge about Magnetic resonance imaging procedure, assess level of anxiety for patients undergoing Magnetic resonance imaging procedure and evaluate the effectiveness of nursing guidelines on reducing patients anxiety level for patient undergoing Magnetic resonance imaging. Material and Methods Quasi-experimental study design was utilized in this study. Hypotheses were formulated: The knowledge score for patients whom take guidelines was higher than who didn’t take and The anxiety level for patients whom take guidelines was better than who didn’t take. The Sample was of (60) adult patients from both sex who were admitted in Magnetic Resonance Imaging unit. Two tools were used: Interview patients assessment questionnaire and anxiety scale. Results showed a significant difference was found between study and control group as regard patient’s knowledge about MRI procedure in all items. A significant difference was found between study and control group regarding level of anxiety. It was concluded that, level of knowledge for patients whom take instructions and guideline was higher than whom didn't take any instructions and guideline. Level of anxiety was lower in patients whom take instructions and guideline about MRI procedure. So nursing guidelines is very necessary, which has an effect on lowering anxiety level for patient undergoing Magnetic resonance imaging. Recommendation Pre procedure teaching and instructions should be an integral part of the nurses’ duty in all hospitals. Each patient is given pamphlet include instructions about magnetic resonance imaging procedure, preparation before and during procedure and illustrate after procedure. Teach patients methods of coping therapeutically with anxiety.

[Attyiat Hassan Hussein and Esmat Sayed Ebd-Elmaged. Effectiveness of Designed Nursing Guidelines on Reducing Anxiety Level among Patients Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Am Sci 2015;11(11):87-95]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.09

Key words: Nursing guidelines, Level of anxiety& Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Full Text

9

10

Calibration of "Design Builder program"

Ayman M. Ismail, Maged M. Abo Elela and Eman B. Ahmed

Department of Architecture - Faculty of Engineering - Fayoum University - Egypt

eba00@fayoum.edu.eg

Abstract: The research discussed the importance of calibration of environmental simulation programs, then an overview about Design Builder program. In addition to clarification the methodology that will study with, by doing a practical study case to the building of "El- Wasta prep school for girls" in "El-Wasta Beni Suef " with detailed description and input its data and simulation to the program. Thence making a comparison between the readings of electricity meter and the simulation program results. The research aims to determine the actual error rate in Design Builder program results. That happens by doing an actual study to electricity consumption of "EL-Wasta prep. School for Girls ", and compare it with the results of Design Builder simulation program. These studies be done by making daily field visit to the school building and reading its electricity meter monthly. Thence input school data to the Design Builder program and compare it with the actual results of meter'sreading, to reach for the error rate of the program results.

[Ayman M. Ismail, Maged M. Abo Elela and Eman B. Ahmed. Calibration of "Design Builder program". J Am Sci 2015;11(11):96-102]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.10

Key words: Calibration - Design Builder- program - School

Full Text

10

11

Integration of wind Power Plant on Electrical grid based on PSS/E

S. Othman ¹; H. M. Mahmud² S. A. Kotb³ and S. Sallam²

¹Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

² Egyptian Electricity Hold Company, Cairo, Egypt.

³Egyptians Atomic Authority, Egyptian 2^nd Research Reactor, Cairo, Egypt.

salah_sllm@yahoo.com

Abstract: The capacity of electrical power system in Egypt will increase rapidly in the coming twenty years. The conventional energy sources such as oil, natural gas, coal are finite and generate pollution. Alternatively, the renewable energy sources like wind, fuel cell, solar, biogas/biomass, tidal, geothermal, etc. are clean and abundantly available in nature. In the year 2030 will reach the generation of electricity from wind generation plants to about 20% of the electrical network loads according to the forecast of the Egyptian government. This paper concerned on PSS/E modeling of wind power generation of Doubly-fed Induction Generator (DFIG) type and their impact on issues of Egyptian electrical grid. Since Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) doesn't have the same characteristics as synchronous generators, the appropriate modeling of wind farms is requisite for transmission system operators to analyze the best options of transmission grid reinforcements as well as to evaluate the wind power impact on reliability and security of supply. In case of grid faults wind turbines have to supply a definite reactive power depending on the instantaneous voltage and to return quickly to normal operation.

[S. Othman; H. M. Mahmud S.; A. Kotb and S. Sallam. Integration of wind Power Plant on Electrical grid based on PSS/E. J Am Sci 2015;11(11):103-110]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.11

Keywords: Power System transients, PSS/E dynamic simulation DFIG

Full Text

11

12

Measurement of Tubular Penetration Depth of Three Types of Nanopartcles Mixed With Endodontic Sealer Using Scanning Electron Microscope(An In Vitro Study)

Walid M. ElKateb, Ahmed G. Massoud, Nayera A. Mokhless, Thanaa I. Shalaby

Conservative dentistry Department, Faculty of Density, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

Waldokateb@gmail.com

Abstract: Recent advances in the field of nanotechnology have proven successful in enhancing the properties of the endodontic materials especially sealers to overcome their limitations, specifically against resistant bacteria, however further studies were needed to determine whether these sealers modified with nanoparticles will provide better penetration into the complex minute anatomy of the dentinal tubules. Aim of this study, was to measure the depth of tubular penetration of Zinc oxide based Pulp Canal Sealer(PCS) (EWT) (Kerr Corporation, USA)when mixed with zinc oxide nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles and doped zinc oxide-silver nanopartices respectively. Methods: Forty mandibular premolars with single canals and mature roots were instrumented using Protaper Next rotary system(Dentsply, Maillefer, Switzerland), then randomly divided into four equal groups, three groups according to nanoparticles incorporated with the sealer used for obturationand a control group as follows, (I):Pulp canal Sealer (PCS) modified with zinc oxide nanoparticles, (II): Pulp Canal Sealer(PCS) modified with silver nanoparticles, (III): Pulp Canal Sealer PCS modified with doped zinc oxide and silver nanoparticles and (IV) : control group with unmodified Pulp Canal Sealer(PCS). In all groups, specimens were obturated using the corresponding Protaper Next gutta-percha and accessory cones (Dentsply, Maillefer, Switzerland). Specimens in each group were sectioned longitudinally in a buccolingual direction. Depth of sealer penetrationwas measured using scanning electron microscope. Results: Kruskal Wallistest showed that incorporation of nanoparticles with the Pulp Canal Sealer (PCS) have significantly improved the penetration depth of the sealer into the dentinal tubules when compared to the control group. (p<0. 05). Sealer mixed with silver nanoparticles showed the deepest penetration. Mann Whitney test have shown that there was a statistically significant difference in the depth of sealer penetration between groups I and II (sealer mixed with Zinc oxide and silver nanoparticles respectively) compared to control group IV. Wilcoxon signed rank test showed deepest sealer penetration in the coronal third of all groups while least sealer penetration is at the apical third. Conclusion: Incorporation of nanoparticles improved the flow properties of the endodontic sealer materials; this was influenced by the nanoparticles` size which translated in better sealer penetration into the dentinal tubules.

[Walid M. ElKateb, Ahmed G. Massoud, Nayera A. Mokhless, Thanaa I. Shalaby Measurement of Tubular Penetration Depth of Three Types of Nanopartcles Mixed With Endodontic Sealer Using Scanning Electron Microscope(An In Vitro Study). J Am Sci 2015;11(11):111-122]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www. jofamericanscience.org. 12. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.12.

Key words: Dentinal tubules, Doped, Flow, Nanoparticles, Particle size, Penetration depth, Pulp canal sealer, Silver, Zinc oxide.

Full Text

12

13

Extended versus standard pelvic lymphadenectomy in radical cystectomy for urinary bladder cancer, a comparative study

Ali Zedan¹ (MD. , MARCS, Haisam Atta², MD. , Adel Gabr³, MD. and Tareq Salah^4, MD.

¹Department of Surgical Oncology,, South Egypt Cancer Institute (SECI), Assiut University, Egypt

²Department of Oncoradiology, South Egypt Cancer Institute (SECI), Assiut University, Egypt

³Department of Medical Oncology, South Egypt Cancer Institute (SECI), Assiut University, Egypt

⁴Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt

tareqsalah41@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objective compare extended lymphadenectomy to standard lymphadenectomy regarding occurrence of complications, operative duration blood transfusions, Cancer-specific survival (CUSS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), Number of total and positive LN yield, density, and effect on survival. Material and Methods: We retrospectively identified 204 patients had urinary bladder cancer confined to bladder wall from the period January 2000 to January 2013 underwent radical cystectomy in South Egypt Cancer Institute Assuit university, patients were divided into 2 groups Group I (147 patients)had a standard pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) Group II (57 patients)had Extended PLND in each group we evaluated the Oncological, operative data, Peri-operative and late complications. Results: There is improvement in recurrence free survival (RFS)in group II with percentage 84%,73% and 67% for 2,3and 5 years respectively where that of Group I is 77%, 67% and 54%. Conclusions: performing an extended lymphadenectomy till the origin of inferior mesenteric artery For bladder cancer is potentially curative with improved RFS, DSS survival without adding to the overall operative time and morbidity compared with a standard PLND

[Ali Zedan, Haisam Atta, Adel Gabr and Tareq Salah. Extended versus standard pelvic lymphadenectomy in radical cystectomy for urinary bladder cancer,a comparative study. J Am Sci 2015;11 (11):123-131]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 13. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.13.

Keywords: lymphadenectomy, radical cystectomy, urinary bladder cancer

Full Text

13

14

Study the Value of Interleukin-6 as Diagnostic Marker and Pridective of Cardiac Events in ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Akram Muhammad Fayed¹, Muhammad Nasr Eldeen Elsayed¹, Atef Abd El Aziz Mahros¹, Mona Wagdy Ayad², Soliman Ahmed Soliman¹

¹Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria

²Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt

dr_soliman_ahmed@yahoo.com  

Abstract: Introduction: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an inflammatory cytokine produced by endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, lymphocytes and macrophages. Atherosclerosis is currently considered a systemic inflammatory disease and elevated levels of IL-6 have been associated with the progression of coronary artery disease (CAD).  Patients with ST segment myocardial infarction have increased circulating levels of IL-6 compared with those patients who have stable angina.  Aim of Work: To assess the diagnostic value of interleukin 6 compared to troponin I in ST segment elevation MI. To assess the predictive value of elevated interleukin 6 in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Methods: This prospective study was included sixty adult patients of both  sex meeting the American Heart Association (AHA) recommendations for diagnosis of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction from those attending the Critical Care Units, Critical Care Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University. Patients were classified into the following groups: Patient Group I: ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: Group IA: with successful thrombolytic therapy. Group IB: with failed thrombolytic therapy. Control group II: The study will also include ten healthy control patients of same age and sex. Then each patient had been subjected to the following: Cardiac enzymes: creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) (ng/ml) and troponin I (ng/ml) once on admission using dimension RxL Siemens. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantitative detection of human IL-6(pg/ml) in the serum once on admission. Results: There was significant statistical difference between group I (Patient group) and control group as regard to troponin I level (p< 0.001). Interleukin-6 was showed significant increase in group IA and it was ranged from 105 pg/ml to 634 pg/ml with mean 346.9 pg/ml which was higher than group IB, Also Interleukin-6 was showed significant increase in group IB and it was ranged from 134– 590 pg/ml with mean 293 pg/ml, While in group II (Control group) it was ranged from 2.30 to 5.90 pg/ml with mean 4.04 pg/ml. So there was significant statistical difference between both group I and control group as regard to interleukin-6  level (p <0.001). Also there was significant statistical difference between both group I and control group as regard to CK-MB level (p <0.001). Conclusion: STEMI patients have increased level of IL-6 compared to those normal persons. IL-6 may be a potentially useful marker for diagnosis of STEMI. IL-6 may be helpful prognostic value for future cardiac mortality in patients with STEMI. The level of IL-6 is not affected by the extent of myocardial damage and necrosis.

[Akram Muhammad Fayed, Muhammad Nasr Eldeen Elsayed, Atef Abd El Aziz Mahros, Mona Wagdy Ayad, Soliman Ahmed Soliman. Study the Value of Interleukin-6 as Diagnostic Marker and Pridective of Cardiac Events in ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J Am Sci 2015;11(11):132-143]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 14. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.14.

Keywords: Interleukin-6, atherosclerosis, troponin I, coronary artery disease.

Full Text

14

15

Effect of Implementing Intravenous Infusion Therapy Protocol on Nurses’ Knowledge and Performance at Specialized Medical Hospital

^1* Marwa Abdelhamid Mohammed, ¹ Karima Fouad Elshamy, and ¹ Heba Abo Bakr Mohammed

¹ Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing-Mansoura University

* E-mail of corresponding author: dr.maarwa@gmail.com

Abstract: Infusion therapy is one of the major responsibilities of nurses. In dealing with intravenous infusion, nurses must have knowledge about what is ordered, why it is indicated, its intended impact on the patient, and any possible side effects that may occur. They also must understand the rationale for intravenous fluid administration and the type of intravenous solution ordered. Education and training are two components of nursing staff development that occur after an employee’s orientation. Thereby, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of implementing intravenous infusion therapy protocol on nurses’ knowledge and performance at Specialized Medical Hospital. Methodology: a quasi experimental research design was utilized. This study was conducted on convenience sample of 50 female nurses who provide direct care for patients during the study period and willing to participate voluntarily in the study in all units; cardiology, hepatology, and diabetes & endocrinology unit at Specialized Medical Hospital. Data were collected using two tools; socio-demographic data & nurses' knowledge about intravenous infusion therapy questionnaire sheet and nurses' performance of the intravenous infusion therapy checklist. Results: The present study revealed that the total mean knowledge and performance score of nurses was increased immediately after implementation of the protocol with statistically significant difference. This increased level slightly decreased following one month of protocol implementation but still higher than before protocol implementation.  Conclusion: implementing the designed nursing protocol about intravenous infusion therapy shows a significant improvement in nurses' knowledge and performance. Recommendation: continued nursing education about intravenous infusion therapy for nurses recommended to be organized regularly.

[Marwa Abdelhamid Mohammed, Karima Fouad Elshamy, and  Heba Abo Bakr Mohammed. Effect of Implementing Intravenous Infusion Therapy Protocol on Nurses’ Knowledge and Performance at Specialized Medical Hospital. J Am Sci 2015;11(11):144-153]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 15. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.15.

Key words: intravenous infusion therapy protocol, nurses΄ knowledge, nurses΄ performance.

Full Text

15

16

Optimal tuning of PI Controllers for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator using Grey Wolf Optimizer

Al-Said Abd ElAziz Osman¹, Amged S. El-Wakeel², A.kamel³ and Hatem M. Seoudy³

¹ Electrical engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering - AlAzhar University, Cairo, Egypt

² Electrical power and energy Department, Military Technical College, Cairo, Egypt

³ Electrical power and Machine Department High Institute of Engineering, El Shorouk Academy, Cairo, Egypt

hatemseoudy@gmail.com

Abstract: An intelligent control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) system using Proportional-Integral (PI)controller tuned by optimization techniques is proposed in this paper.System identification technique was presented in this work to estimate the transfer function of the reactive power loop and speed loop of the proposed system.An implemented laboratory prototype consists of 0.37kW, 220 V, 50Hz Brushless DC Motor (BLDC) and its drive circuit controlled by voltage source inverter for various wind speed.A 0.27 kW wound rotor induction machine, working as the DFIG, coupled with turbine machine by a coupler and driven through a back-to-back converter. This system can be applied as a stand-alone power supply system or as the emergency power system when the electricity grid fails. The rotor side converter is controlled using the field-oriented control to control the reactive power at different rotor speeds.Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) proposed in this study to tune the (PI) controller. Moreover, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is also used to tune the PI controller for comparison. For studying the performance of each algorithm, different case studies are performed, such as step changes in the rotating speed andelectrical load. Experimentalresults showed that the proposed techniqueis adequate and sufficient to be used with off-grid stand-alone DFIG systems. It alsoshowed the improved performance of GWO over the PSOin tuning the PI controller.

[Al-Said Abd ElAziz Osman, Amged S. El-Wakeel, A.kamel and Hatem M. Seoudy. Optimal tuning of PI Controllers for Doubly-Fed Induction Generator using Grey Wolf Optimizer. J Am Sci 2015;11(11):154-164]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 16. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.16.

Full Text

16

17

Effect of Extracts of Some Herbs on Fertility of Male Diabetic Rats

¹Eman H. AL Garni and ^1,2Dalia A. Hafez

¹Nutrition and Food Science Department, Faculty of Designs and Home Economics, Taif University, kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

²Home Economics Department, Faculty of Education, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.

daliaij_2000@yahoo.com.

Abstract: Diabetics have been recognized as a leading cause for male infertility. This study was carried out to investigate reproductive disorders caused by diabetics and the possible prevention through the use of lemongrass, marjoram and thyme extract at two levels 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight in rats for biological experimental. Chemical constituents, minerals content and fractionation of polyphenol compounds using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were determined in lemongrass, marjoram and thyme. The results showed that these herbs had riches amounted from protein, mineral content and polyphenol compounds as natural antioxidants. At the end of experiential biological evaluation the sex organs (testis, seminal vesicle and vas deferens) weights, epididymis sperm count, hormonal profile, serum glucose, serum lipids, measurement of aromatase activity, assay of 3b-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3b-HSD) activity, acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were estimated in diabetic rats had taken orally daily of lemongrass, marjoram and thyme extract at level 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. compared with negative control (healthy rats)  for four weeks. The results observed that no significant changes in sex organs between diabetic rats had taken from lemongrass, marjoram and thyme extract orally daily at level 500 mg/kg b. w. and negative control rats. From the results it could be noticed that increased serum levels of leptin, prolactin (PRL) and estrogen (E2), with increased serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone (T)   were also observed. Additionally, the results showed significant increase in epididymal sperm count, as well as in steroidogenic enzymes; 3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3b- HSD), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and acid phosphatase (ACP), with marked elevation in aromatase activity in testis of the diabetic rats. Oral administration of lemongrass, marjoram and thyme extracts at level 500 mg/kg b.w seemed to prevent overall mentioned alterations, as evident by elevated sperm count, in addition to improved testicular structure. From the obviously results it could be recommended that the lemongrass, marjoram and thyme extract had riches amounted polyphenol compounds and when give the diabetic rats lemongrass, marjoram and thyme extract at level 500mg/kg body weight may be beneficial for diabetic rats who have fertility problem, as their extracts produce antidiabetic activity and exhibit fertility enhancing properties in diabetic rats.

Key word: Lemongrass - marjoram - Thyme- Infertility – Diabetics- Polyphenol compounds.

Full Text

17

18

Field dimensions ratio and alignments of sprinklers and lateral effect on pump power for sprinkler solid-set system

Emad A. M. Osman¹, Ezzat Elsayed G. Saleh¹, M. A. El-Rawy¹, Amr F. E. Soliman²

¹Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University. Minia, Egypt

² Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt

amr6100@eng.bsu.edu.eg

Abstract: This paper presents an effective variable in sprinkler irrigation design, the objective from the study is getting the most suitable ratio for a rectangle field (L/B) related by lateral and sprinkler spacing in order to achieve minimum Horse Power (H_p) required by the pump to irrigate the field using a solid-set alignment. A computer model was developed to simulate pressure and flow rate distribution along pipes of pressurized irrigation systems in operation. The software made by VISUAL BASIC and runs in a Windows environment and is capable of simulating irrigation systems having pump station, sprinkler irrigation whether solid-set, move stop and center pivot laterals with pressure regulators, as well as trickle irrigation. The input data of the model are: soil type, climate condition, water salinity, land dimensions and slopes. The model according to soil type and water salinity gives the available types of crops can be cultivated, and according to climate conditions gives the amount of water needed. The model gives complete analysis of the system including hydraulic design of main pipe and laterals and selecting suitable sprinkler and finally get pump head, discharge and power.
[Emad A. M. Osman, Ezzat Elsayed G. Saleh, M. A. El-Rawy, Amr F. E. Soliman. Field dimensions ratio and alignments of sprinklers and lateral effect on pump power for sprinkler solid-set system. J Am Sci 2015;11(11):176-182]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 18. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.18.

Key words: H_p; rectangle field; dimension ratio; sprinkler; solid-set.

Full Text

18

19

Climate condition effect, field dimensionsand alignments of sprinklers and lateral effect on the cost for sprinkler solid-set system

Emad A. M. Osman¹,EzzatElsayed G. Saleh¹,M. A. El-Rawy¹, Amr F. E. Soliman²

¹Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,MiniaUniversity.Minia, Egypt

²Civil EngineeringDepartment, Faculty of Engineering, BeniSuef University, BeniSuef, Egypt

amr6100@eng.bsu.edu.eg

Abstract :This paper presents the effect of climate conditions in sprinkler irrigation design, the objective from the study is getting the effect of climate change related by lateral and sprinkler spacing in order to achieve minimum cost required to construct irrigation in which solid-set alignment. A computer model was developed to simulate pressure and flow rate distribution along pipes of pressurized irrigation systems in operation. The software made by VISUAL BASIC and runs in a Windows environment and is capable of simulating irrigation systems having pump station, sprinkler irrigation. The input data of the model are: soil type, climate condition, water salinity, land dimensions and slopes. The model according to soil type and water salinity gives the available types of crops can be cultivated, and according to climate conditions gives the amount of water needed. The model gives complete analysis of the system including hydraulic design of main pipe,laterals, selecting suitable sprinkler, pump power and finally get the system which need minimum cost to be constructed.

[Emad A. M. Osman, EzzatElsayed G. Saleh, M. A. El-Rawy, Amr F. E. Soliman. Climate condition effect, field dimensions and alignments of sprinklers and lateral effect on the cost for sprinkler solid-set system. J Am Sci 2015;11(11):183-188]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 19. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.19.

Key words: minimum cost;rectangle field;climate;sprinkler; solid-set.

Full Text

19

20

Assessment the level of Golgi protein 73 and Clusterin among Egyptian patients for detection of Hepatocelluar Carcinoma

Waleed Mohamed Fathy¹, Dalia Abo-Elela¹, Osama Hegazy²

¹Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt

²National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt

fathyw81@yahoo. Com

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the level of Golgi protein 73 and clusterin among Egyptian patients for detection of HCC. In addition, the levels of Golgi protein 73 and clusterin are evaluated after surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer and is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Golgi protein 73, is a resident Golgi-specific membrane protein expressed by biliary epithelial cells in normal liver, and its expression is increased markedly in chronic liver diseases, especially in HCC cells serum clusterin is promising biomarker for detection of HCC. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 76 patients selected from the Hepatology Department of National Liver Institute, Menoufyia University. The patients were divided into 3 groups: Group I (hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)) included 38 patients (10 of them were followed after hepatectomy to detect level of GP73 and clusterin after treatment); Group II (Chronic liver diseases (CLD)) included 25 patients with either liver cirrhosis or hepatitis; Group III served as the control group and consisted of 13 apparently healthy subjects. Clinical examination, abdominal ultrasonogrphy, and triphasic CT to patients with focal lesion were performed. Liver function tests, serum AFP, serum GP73 was measured using ELISA method. Hepatitis markers and clusterin were determined by ELISA Kit. Results: There was highly statistically significant difference in GP73 and clusterin between the HCC group and the CLD group (P < 0.001). There was highly statistically significant difference in GP73 and clusterin between the HCC group and the control group (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in GP73 and clusterin between the CLD group and the control group (P > 0.05). Moreover, GP73 and clusterin were significantly lower after hepatectomy. For discrimination of the HCC group from the healthy control, ROC curve showed that the serum GP73 levels had the AUROC of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.81–0.98) and a sensitivity of 76.3%, specificity of 92.3%, the diagnostic accuracy was 80.4%, positive predictive value was 96.7%, negative predictive value was 57.1% at cut off point 192ng/L. On the other hand, clusterin level had AUROC of 0.99 (95% CI: 0.99–1.01) and a sensitivity of 97.4%, specificity of 100%, the diagnostic accuracy was 98%, positive predictive value was 100%, negative predictive value was 92.9% at cut off point 105.45 ng/L. For discrimination of the HCC group from the chronic liver disease cases, ROC curve showed that the serum GP73 levels had the AUROC of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.79–0.96) and a sensitivity of 76.3%, specificity of 84%, the diagnostic accuracy was 83.3%, positive predictive value was 87.8%, negative predictive value was 70% at cut off point 195ng/L. On the other hand, clusterin level had AUROC of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.93-1.0) and a sensitivity of 84.2%, specificity of 92%, the diagnostic accuracy was 87.3%, positive predictive value was 94.1%, negative predictive value was 79.3% at cut off point 127.5ng/L. Conclusion: clusterin expression is highly increased in HCC patients. Its diagnostic performance is superior to that of GP73. Moreover GP73 and clusterin are useful markers for follow up of HCC patients after surgical hepatectomy.

[Waleed Mohamed Fathy, Dalia Abo-Elela and Osama Hegazy. Assessment the level of Golgi protein 73 and Clusterin among Egyptian patients for detection of Hepatocelluar Carcinoma. J Am Sci 2015;11(11): 189-197]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 20. doi: 10.7537/marsjas111115.20.

Key words; Serum Golgi protein 73, clusterin, α-fetoprotein, HCC.

Full Text

20

21

Assessment and Treatment some of the Local Seeds then used in Removal of Heavy Metals

Khairia M. Al-Qahtani

Department of Chemistry, Princess Nora bint Abdel-Rahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

dr_adalah@yahoo.com

Abstract: The concentrations of some heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, and Zn present in common seeds used as spices or medicinal plants (Moringa, cumin, mahaleb, Fenugreek, anise and cress). The seeds available at local markets in Saudi Arabia were determined using atomic absorption. The fenugreek and anise contained higher concentration of Pb (0.85 mg kg^-1 and 0.4 mg kg^-1) than the recommended by FAO/WHO. The fenugreek sample has higher concentration of Cu (11.31mg/kg) than the recommended by FAO/WHO. The concentrations of other metals in all the samples under investigation were under the maximum permissible concentration. No risk from daily intake of the seeds under study for hazardous Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr and Zn if the human take about 20g of spices per day. But there are dangerous from fenugreek, anise for lead, anise for cadmium and fenugreek, anise for copper. The adsorption of selected metal ions onto ground seeds after treatment were studied under various pH. The results showed that Moringa seeds were capable of absorbing the heavy metals tested compared to other seeds in some wastewater samples. The percentage removal by Moringa seeds were 99% for lead, 97% for chromium, 91% for cadmium, 90% for copper and 74 % for zinc. Maximum percentage adsorption obtained at pH7.

[Khairia M. Al-Qahtani. Assessment and Treatment some of the Local Seeds then used in Removal of Heavy Metals. J Am Sci 2015;11(11):198-203]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 21. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.21.

Key words: Seeds, Biosorotion, Heavy metals, polluted water.

Full Text

21

22

Risk Factors for Patients Undergoing Tympanoplasty

Amal Ahmed Mohamed  and EntisarGaad-Elmoula Shabaan

Department of Medical Surgical nursing, Faculty of nursing Aswan University - Egypt

Abstract: Perforated eardrum can come from a bad ear infection; tympanoplasty is an operation to eradicate disease in the middle ear and to reconstruct the hearing mechanism. Preoperative assessment is very important, to detect factors that can cause postoperative complications. Aim to, assessment risk factors for patient undergoing tympanoplasty. Subjects and Methods: The study sample was composed of 200 adult patients. The study was conducted at the Upper Egypt Aswan university hospital outpatient clinic and department of Ear Nose and Throat.  Data were collected by utilizing the designed assessment sheet, which consist of demographic and medical data tool and risk factor assessment tool. The patients were between 18 and 62 years old and were undergoing tympanoplasty during 2013-2014. Results: The study findings revealed that complications occurred in 29.5% of patients in age group 40 to 50 years old, 53.0% of female patients, and 57.0% illiterate patients. Furthermore, less than half of the patients were passive smoking (41.5%). Also, significance difference with low level of hygienic care unclean (67.3%). With significance with poor socioeconomic statues (75.04%).In the light of the study finding, it is concluded that, factors indicating significant were, middle age group, female gender, and low level of educational, regarding hygienic care wear bad habits, Passive smoking and poor socioeconomic status.Recommendation, this patient's needs establishing health educational program post tympanoplasty to improved patients outcome.

[Amal Ahmed Mohamed and EntisarGaad-ElmoulaSabaan. Risk Factors for Patients Undergoing Tympanoplasty. J Am Sci 2015;11(11):204-211]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 22. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.22.

Keywords: Tympanoplasty, Perforated eardrum, Risk factors, Reconstruct.

Full Text

22

23

Development of form proportions configurations in office building skins in order to improve daylight levels using “Parametric Design Methods”

Sherif Mohammed Sabry¹, Dr. Maged Mohamed Abo El-Ela², Mamdouh Ahmed Farag³

¹ Professor of architecture - Department of Architecture - Fayoum University, Egypt.

² Lecturer of architecture - Architectural department - Fayoum University, Egypt.

³ Assistant Lecturer- Architectural department - Fayoum University, Egypt.

sma00@fayoum.edu.eg, mma10@fayoum.edu.eg, maf00@fayoum.edu.eg

Abstract: Natural daylight inside space is one of the most important affairs because of its importance in caving energy consumption and its ability to provide a comfort environment inside space for occupants. The research aims to improve daylight levels for office space in hot arid by optimizing the best skin configuration proportions with multi-functional layers that work for resolving multi objectives problem to daylight. The implementation of the simulation process is carries out by using grasshopper software which supports simulation parametric model process and DIVA as a simulation engine to space with southern orientation in Cairo, Egypt. The simulation process performed by using "sDA" and "ASE" metrics with integration of "LEED v4" criteria. The research optimized skin configuration which achieve best daylight levels that achieved (100% SDA) and (3% AS).

[Sherif Mohammed Sabry, Maged Mohamed Abo El-Ela, Mamdouh Ahmed Farag. Development of form proportions configurations in office building skins in order to improve daylight levels using “Parametric Design Methods”. J Am Sci 2015;11(11):212-219]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 23. doi:10.7537/marsjas111115.23.

Key words: Skin façade proportions- Daylight simulation- parametric design- illuminance levels.

Full Text

23