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Soluble Tachyzoite Antigen Immunization Can Protect Mice from Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Via Induction of programmed death-1.

Shaimaa Ahmed Sharaf EL-Deen¹, Reham Mustafa Brakat¹, Asmaa Shams El Dein Mohamed²

¹Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt

²Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt.

drsharaf81@yahoo.com, reham_brakat@yahoo.com, asmaashams@rocketmail.com

Abstract: Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder that affects young aged people causing many disabilities and financial burdens to patients. Immunotherapy is a main line of MS treatment. Induction of programmed death-1 (PD-1) proved effectiveness in many studies. This protein is induced in many protozoal chronic infections. Aim: assessment of Toxoplasma gondii soluble tachyzoite antigen (STAg) as an immunotherapeutic agent for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and the role of PD-1 in this protection. Methods and results: Four mice groups were used. Third and fourth groups represented the EAE model. Others served as controls. Fourth group was immunized by STAg. Disease condition was assessed clinically (by recording days of disease onset and mean clinical scores), immunologically (by measuring proinflammatory cytokines and antibodies) and histopathologically (by recording brain inflammation and demyelination scores). PD-1expression on immune cells was assessed by immunohistochemistry. It was found that STAg immunized EAE grouphadan improved condition with lower clinical, immunological and histopathological scores. PD-1 expression washigher in STAg-EAE group. It also correlated negatively with all other assessed parameters. Conclusion: STAg immunization can protect from EAE by induction of PD-1 on immune cells.

[Shaimaa Ahmed Sharaf EL-Deen, Reham Mustafa Brakat, Asmaa Shams El Dein Mohamed. Soluble Tachyzoite Antigen Immunization Can Protect Mice from Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Via Induction of programmed death-1. J Am Sci 2018;14(3):1-13]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1. doi:10.7537/marsjas140318.01.

Keywords: Multiple sclerosis; Toxoplasma antigen; immunotherapy.

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Nurses' Knowledge and Practice about Measures to Prevent Pulmonary Embolism among Patients in Aga General Hospital

Karima Elshamy¹, Amal Eid², Yassmin, Abdellnaser³

¹Assist. Prof of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Egypt.

²Lecturer of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Egypt

³M.Sc.N.Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Egypt

arabian_princiss01@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Pulmonary embolism is a major health problem and its prevention is an important goal of nursing care. The nurses have a clear role in assessment, prevention, identification and management of pulmonary embolism. So this study aimed to assess nurses' knowledge and practice about measures to prevent pulmonary embolism among patients in Aga general hospital. Method: A descriptive research design was used. Study subjects: All available nurses (50) who provide direct care for patients in medical, surgical, orthopedic and ICU departments were included. Data was collected by using two tools: tool I; Structured questionnaire sheet which comprised of two parts; questions related to socio-demographic characteristics & questions related to nurses' knowledge regarding pulmonary embolism, it’s care and prevention; tool II; A performance checklist which consisted of three parts; active and passive range of motion exercises, deep breathing exercises and early ambulation. Results: The majority of the studied nurses had a moderate score of general knowledge, drug knowledge and overall knowledge about pulmonary embolism. However, about half of the studied nurses (40%) had a low score of knowledge related to nursing care of patients with pulmonary embolism and the majority of the studied nurses had a low score in relation to all practice domains. Conclusion; All the studied nurses had a poor score in relation to all practice domains. Recommendations; A regular, continuous educational program should be designed about measures to prevent pulmonary embolism.

[Karima Elshamy, Amal Eid, Yassmin, Abdellnaser. Nurses' Knowledge and Practice about Measures to Prevent Pulmonary Embolism among Patients in Aga General Hospital. J Am Sci 2018;14(3):14-21]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2. doi:10.7537/marsjas140318.02.

Key words: pulmonary embolism, nurses, measures, knowledge, practice.

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Effect Of Linear Deformation On Electronic Heat Capacity Of Metals

Adesakin G. E.

Department of Physics, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
G-mail of corresponding author: adesakingbenga@gmail.com

Abstract: The effects of deformation on electronic heat capacity of different elemental metals were computed and studied based on Einstein model formalism. The electron density parameters of deformed metals under the application of different strains were obtained for different metals. The poison ratio relating the transversal compression to elongation in the direction of applied deformation for different elemental metals were computed base on elastic moduli for homogeneous isotropic material and used in this work. The results obtained revealed that there is a good agreement between the computed and experimental values of electronic heat capacity of metals. This shows that Einstein model can be used in the theoretical prediction of heat capacity of metals. The result obtained revealed that the electronic heat capacity of metals are more concentrated in the high density region than the low density region. This seems to suggest that the electronic heat capacity of metals depend on the electronic concentration. Also, the experimental value of electronic heat capacity is higher than the computed value, this could be due to some factors that the electronic heat capacity of metals depend upon that the model does not take into consideration. The result obtained shows that the electronic heat capacity of metals increases as the temperature increases. The electronic heat capacity of all the metals increases with an increase in deformation (strain). This could be due to the fact that as deformation increases, the collision between the interacting electron increases which forces the mean atomic velocity, amplitude of atomic vibration and electron thermal excitation to increase and there by result in the increase in the electronic heat capacity of the metals as deformation increases.
[Adesakin G. E. Effect Of Linear Deformation On Electronic Heat Capacity Of Metals. J Am Sci 2018;14(3):22-28]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3. doi:10.7537/marsjas140318.03.

Keywords: Deformation, Einstein model, Debye temperature, heat capacity, poison ratio. electron density parameter

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Effect of Using Resistance Exercises on Muscular Ability and Some Physiological Variables Level for Soccer Youngsters

Dr. Ahmed Dobai

Assistant Professor in Biological Sciences and Sports Health Department, Faculty of Physical Education for Boys and Girls, Port Said University, Egypt. ah_dobai@hotmail.com

Abstract: Aim of the study was to determine the effect of using resistance exercises on muscular ability and some physiological variables level for soccer youngsters, the researcher used the experimental method (pre-post) measurement, (20) soccer youngster were chosen from Port Fouad club under (15) years to participate in the study, (10) players as control group and (10) players as experimental group, the resistance training program and the traditional program was applied to the experimental group and the control group for (6) weeks with (6) days training per week, (36) training units and (90) minutes training unit time, muscular ability level tests used… for arms - overhead medicine ball throw, for legs - steady wide jump, lactate and pulse rate measurement, (5) ml venous blood withdrawn before and after the resistance program and the regular program for evaluation of physiological variables level… T.WBCS, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, interleukin₂, IGF₁, the resistance training program was positive in influencing the performance and health variables compared to the regular program.

[Ahmed Dobai. Effect of Using Resistance Exercises on Muscular Ability and Some Physiological Variables Level for Soccer Youngsters. J Am Sci 2018;14(3):29-35]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4. doi:10.7537/marsjas140318.04.

Key words: Resistance exercises – Muscular ability – Soccer youngsters

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Flora and Macrofauna of Saraswati Plantation Wildlife Sanctuary (SPWS) and Bir Sonty Reserve Forest (BSRF), Kurukshetra, Haryana (India): A Survey

*Ajay Kumar, Tarsem Kumar and Girish Chopra

Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119, India

*e-mail - ajayindorakuk@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study was carried out from February, 2011 to July, 2011 to record information about dominant flora and macrofauna of Saraswati Plantation Wildlife Sanctuary (SPWS) and Bir Sonty Reserve Forest (BSRF), Haryana (India). Scan sampling method (Altman, 1974) was followed for identification of biodiversity in Saraswati Plantation Wildlife Sanctuary (SPWS) and Bir Sonty Reserve Forest (BSRF). In Saraswati Plantation Wildlife Sanctuary (SPWS) and Bir Sonty Reserve Forest (BSRF) 17 species of birds (Acridotheres tritis, Corvus splendens, Dendrocitta vagabunda, Turdoides caudatus, Turdoides striatus, Phala crocorax niger, Phalacrocorax carbo, Ardeola grayii, Babulus ibis, Dendrocygna javanice, Anas clypeate, Haliaste indus, Pavo cristatus, Columba livia, Prisyaculla krameri, Haycyon smyrnesis, Saxicola torquata), 10 species of mammals (Rattus rattus, Boselaphus tragocamelus, Macaca mullatta, Funimbulus sp., Felis sp., Canas sp., Antilope cervicapra, Canis aureus, Lepus nigericollus, and Velpes bengalensis), 22 species of trees (Acasia nilotica, A. Leucopholia, Albizza lebbek, Azadirachata indica, Bauhinia variegate, Butea monosperma, Cordea dichtoma, Crataeva nurvala, Dalbergia sissoo, Eukalyptus hybrid, Ficus bengalensis, Ficus glomerata, Focus religiosa, Ficus Rumphi, Morus alba, Parkinsonia aculeate, Prosopis cineraria, Prosopis juliflora, Salvadora oleoides, Tamarise aphylla, Zizyphus mauritiana), 2 species of shrubs (Ziziphus nummularia, Capparis sepiaria) and 7 species of herbs (Brassica compestris, Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum, Saccharum officinarum, Trifolium alexanderium, Chenopodium album, Cynodon dactylon) were recorded.

[Ajay Kumar, Tarsem Kumar and Girish Chopra. Flora and Macrofauna of Saraswati Plantation Wildlife Sanctuary (SPWS) and Bir Sonty Reserve Forest (BSRF), Kurukshetra, Haryana (India): A Survey. J Am Sci 2018;14(3):36-41]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5. doi:10.7537/marsjas140318.05.

Keywords: Flora, Forest biodiversity, macrofauna, Sanctuary.

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A Comparison between Neural Networks and Wavelet Networks in Nonlinear System Identification

Hamed Khodadadi ¹, S. Ehsan Razavi ² and Hossein Ahmadi-Noubari ³

¹Department of Technical and Engineering, Khomeini shahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. khodadadi@iaukhsh.ac.ir

²Department of Electrical Engineering, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. erazavi@qdiau.ac.ir

³Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. noubari@ece.ubc.ca

Abstract: In this paper, identification of a nonlinear function will be presented by neural network and wavelet network methods. Behavior of a nonlinear system can be identified by intelligent methods. Two groups of the most common and at the same time the most effective of neural networks methods are multilayer perceptron and radial basis function that will be used for nonlinear system identification. The selected structure is series - parallel method that after network training by a series of training random data, the output is estimated and the nonlinear function is compared to a sinusoidal input. Then, wavelet network is used for identification and we will use orthogonal least squares (OLS) method for wavelet selection to reduce the volume of calculations and increase the convergence speed.

[Hamed Khodadadi, S. Ehsan Razavi and Hossein Ahmadi-Noubari. A Comparison between Neural Networks and Wavelet Networks in Nonlinear System Identification. J Am Sci 2018;14(3):42-47]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6. doi:10.7537/marsjas140318.06.

Keywords: Nonlinear Identification, Nonlinear ARX Model, Radial Basis Function, Wavelet Network, Orthogonal Least Squares

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[J Am Sci 2018;14(3):48-53]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7.

withdrawn

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Reflectance Distribution Function Measurements with Near Infrared Cameras

Afshin shaabany, Fatemeh jamshidi

Sama Technical and Vocational Training College, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch, Shiraz, Iran afshinshy@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this paper, a new Method for estimation of grow index based on Reflectance Distribution Function measurements with Near Infrared cameras is proposed. Due to a fact that Near Infrared camera data is proportional to total nitrogen while that shows negative correlation to fiber contents, it is possible to estimate nitrogen and fiber contents with ground based camera data and remote sensing satellite data. Through regressive analysis between measured total nitrogen and fiber contents, it is found that there is a good correlation between both then regressive equations are created. Also it is found that monitoring of a grow index measured with networks cameras is valid.

[Afshin shaabany, Fatemeh jamshidi. Reflectance Distribution Function Measurements with Near Infrared Cameras. J Am Sci 2018;14(3):54-57]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8. doi:10.7537/marsjas140318.08.

Keywords: Reflectance distribution function; Regressive analysis network cameras.

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Energy strategy of United State of America (In Obama Administration)

Ghasem toraby

Department of Political Science, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran

ghasemtoraby@yahoo.com

Abstract: Providing energy in a clean method not creating environmental problems for human being was always one of the important concerns of the countries in 21th century. America by importing about 20million oil barrel per day is very dependent on Middle East as a region with about 60% of the oil in the world. This dependence on Middle East oil encountered USA with an extensive political and safety issues during the previous decades. Here Barak Obama administration in its strategy emphasized more on some policies such as “Diversification”, “reserve” of fuel resources, increasing “energy efficiency” and investing on new energies to reduce USA dependency on Middle East oil by decreasing oil consumption. Besides, oil consumption reduction by increasing efficiency and using alternative energies decrease concerns especially in USA about environmental issues, the concern that was especially being emphasized in Obama presidential campaign.

[Ghasem toraby. Energy strategy of United State of America (In Obama Administration). J Am Sci 2018;14(3):58-66]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9. doi:10.7537/marsjas140318.09.

Keywords: Middle East; diversification; energy efficiency

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A proposal of a symmetrical base partial differential equations embed for a class of manifold metrology-A partial differential equation embedded Riemannian manifold-

Ryota Ishibashi PhD ¹, Hideo Fujimoto PhD ²

^1. Department of Botany, Medical Ins. Shiki Fukushi kai Attaka/Tokyo Metropolitan University/Georgia Institute of Technology visiting scholar, USA/Japan

^2. Fujimoto Tech. Co. Ltd./Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan

tmu.ishibashi@gmail.com

Abstract: The methods of the system analysis are often use kinds of partial differential equations. The economical, the physiological and psychological, the medical and the neuroscience recognition-brain science field the scientific knowledge become important. The system analysis of these fields should be able to apply to develop these metrology to be economical analytical methods. This paper develops and proposes a metrology of analysis of these concerned fields graphical base topologically symmetrical method. The metrology based approach should be the same method as such kinds of partial differential equations with various conditions and the results of analysis were investigated various analytical methods. The proposed metrology is newly conducting kinds of partial differential equations embedded Riemannian manifold to investigate the metric as the Riemann metric. The metrology of the proposed topological base system analysis of the Riemann metric must be developed as the graph theory of the system obtained as the metrical tiled structure.

[Ryota Ishibashi, Hideo Fujimoto. A proposal of a symmetrical base partial differential equations embed for a class of manifold metrology-A partial differential equation embedded Riemannian manifold-. J Am Sci 2018;14(3):67-76]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10. doi:10.7537/marsjas140318.10.

Keywords: Riemannian manifolds, Riemann Metric, Graph theory, Embedded problems, A partial differential equations embedded Riemannian manifolds

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Prevalence and correlates of co-morbid anxiety and depression among patients with dental disease on follow up at Saint Paul’s hospital millennium medical college, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Kemal Jemal^*

College of health sciences department of psychiatry, Selale University, Fiche, Ethiopia;

E-mail address: KJ: olifanjemal@gmail.com

Abstract: Objective: Anxiety and depression are the most common mental disorders co-occurring among people with dental diseases. However, research into co-morbid anxiety and depression and correlates in low- and middle-income countries is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of co-morbid anxiety and depression and associated factors in persons with dental disease. Institution cross-sectional design was used at Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College May, 2016. Data were collected using a pretested, structured, standardized and culturally validated version of Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). Systematic sampling technique was used to selected study participants. The prevalence of co-morbid anxiety and depression were found to be 21.5%. In the multivariable analysis, poor social support [AOR= 2.54 95% CI (1.26, 5.15), oral bad odor [AOR= 8.21, 95% CI (4.09, 16.47), tooth loss [AOR= 2.18, 95% CI (1.13, 4.18), khat use [AOR=3.10, 95% CI (1.19, 8.06) and tobacco use [AOR=3.79, 95% CI (1.37, 10.50) were significantly associated with co-morbid anxiety and depression among people with dental disease. The prevalence of Co-morbid anxiety and depression was high among people with dental disease. Integrating mental health service into dental clinic is vital for early Identifying and treating anxiety and depression.

[Kemal Jemal. Prevalence and correlates of co-morbid anxiety and depression among patients with dental disease on follow up at Saint Paul’s hospital millennium medical college, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. J Am Sci 2018;14(3):77-83]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11. doi:10.7537/marsjas140318.11.

Keywords: Comorbidity, Anxiety, Depression, People with Dental Disease

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Haematological and molecular characterization of sickle cell-β thalassemia in Dera Ismail Khan Division of Pakistan

^1§Jabbar KHAN, ²Nafees AHMED, ³Sami SIRAJ, ⁴Shahid Niaz KHAN, ¹Hamid SHAFIQ

¹Department of Biological Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan.

²Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, Islamabad, Pakistan.

³Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan.

⁴Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat.26000 Pakistan.

E-mail: jkhans2001@yahoo.com; Phone No. +92-966-750273

Abstract: Sickle cell-β thalassemia (HbS-β thalassemia) is an inherited erythrocyte disorder affecting multiple organs. It results from compound heterozygosity for sickle cell trait and β thalassemia trait. As individuals are living well into middle age due to advances in diagnosis and treatment, further disease-related complications are being recognized. The present study was undertaken to determine the genetic factors responsible for hematological and molecular variability of HbS-β thalassemia patients in Dera Ismail Khan (D.I.Khan), Pakistan. The current study was observed to analyse both molecular and haematological characterization of HbS-β thalassemia patients using Hb electrophoresis and allele specific primers through polymerase chain reaction to determine both a and β-thalassemia, and restriction enzymes for characterization of g-globin gene arrangement. A total of fifteen HbS-β thalassemia cases with variable clinical manifestations were investigated. Ten patients showed milder clinical presentation against five patients who had severe clinical manifestations. Six β thalassemia mutations were identified: IVS 1-5 (G>C), codon 8/9 (+G), codon 30 (G>C), Cap+1 (A>G), -88 (C>T) and Cd 41/42 (-TCTT). Codon 30 (G>C) and -88 (C>T) mutations were found only in Pashtoon ethnic group while Cap+1 (A>G) mutation was observed only in Balochi ethnic group. HbS homozygous in Pashtoon ethnic group is being observed for the first time. α thalassemia and XmnI polymorphism in homozygous condition (+/+) were found to be common among the milder cases. The βS chromosomes were linked to the typical Arab-Indian subcontinent haplotype. Saudi haplotype is mostly associated with HbS and haplotype III is associated only with Pashtoon ethnic group. The phenotypic expression of HbS-β thalassemia is not uniformly mild and α thalassemia and XmnI polymorphism in homozygous condition (+/+) are additional genetic factors modulating the severity of the disease in the Pakistan.

[Jabbar KHAN, Nafees AHMED, Sami SIRAJ, Shahid Niaz KHAN, Hamid SHAFIQ. Haematological and molecular characterization of sickle cell-β thalassemia in Dera Ismail Khan Division of Pakistan. J Am Sci 2018;14(3):84-89]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 12. doi:10.7537/marsjas140318.12.

Key words: HbS- β-thalassemia, Globin gene, Mutation, Haplotype, Polymorphism

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Tobit Analysis of Factors Influencing Loan Repayment Performance: A Case Study of Lift Above poverty Organization (LAPO) Micro-Credit Agency in Nigeria.

Olatomide Waheed Olowa, Omowumi Ayodele Olowa

Department of Agricultural Education, Federal College of Education (Technical) Akoka, Nigeria.

olowa1@yahoo.com

Abstract: The Microfinance system in Nigeria and many sub-Sahara countries has suffered serious setback due to poor loan repayment. This study attempt at assessing the loan-repayment performance of Lift Above Poverty Organization (LAPO). LAPO in Nigeria was chosen to be investigated because of its profile of attaining one million borrowers and disbursement of one billion dollars in micro-credits to smallholders. Secondary data on LAPO micro-credits from different sources from 1990 to 2014 were analyzed using Simple descriptive statistics such as percentages, mean, t-tests and regression techniques. The results of the analyses showed at 0.92 repayment rate and 0.08 default rate, LAPO enjoys high level of repayment and a low default rate. As further shown by the results, this is spurred by the borrower experience, positive effects of the volume of loans borrowed, number of borrowers, number of credit agency staff, and volume of loans repaid. Incentive-driven system and further administrative re-engineering towards enhancing repayment performance is recommended.

[ Olatomide Waheed Olowa, Omowumi Ayodele Olowa. Tobit Analysis of Factors Influencing Loan Repayment Performance: A Case Study of Lift Above poverty Organization (LAPO) Micro-Credit Agency in Nigeria. J Am Sci 2018;14(3):90-96]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 13. doi:10.7537/marsjas140318.13.

Keywords: LAPO Microfinance, Micro credit repayment performance, repayment rate, default rate, Nigeria

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