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Heritage and natural Conservation as tool for Sustainable Regeneration in Shatana village Irbid \Jordan

Jawdat Goussous ¹, Yahya M. Qtaishat ²

^1. Department of Architecture Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan, Jordan-Assistant Professor.

jawdatgoussous@hotmail.com

^2. Department of Architecture Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, the University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan, researcher.

Yahya.qtaishat_dez@yahoo.com

Abstract: On our today’s world, heritage is no longer just a memory or cultural references, or even a place or even an object. Heritage is moving towards broader and bigger scenarios, where it becomes often the driven forces for commerce, business, leisure and politics. Nowadays, sustainable development was brought much forward than the concept expressed in the book “Our Common Future”, commonly known as “The Brundtland Report”. The role of culture and social aspects enlarged the initial statement where environment and economics took the main role, guiding the earliest research on sustainable development. In such a global context, heritage becomes one of the key aspects for the enlargement of sustainable development concepts, for Heritage is often seen and treated through its cultural definition., However; sustainable development brings heritage concepts to another dimension, as it establishes profound relationships with kind of economics, environment, and social aspects. Actually, heritage preservation and safeguarding is facing new and more complicated problems. Degradation of Heritage sites is not any more just a result of materials ageing or environmental actions. Factors such as global and local pollution, climate change, poverty, religion, tourism, commerce, ideologies, war, are now in the cutting edge for the emerging of new approaches, concerns and visions about heritage. This paper reviews how the principles of sustainable tourism have special relevance to the development of rural villages and towns tourism, and examines how those principles can be translated into practice by the writing and implementing of regional sustainable heritage tourist destination strategies. It considers the advantages of this approach, and offers guide-lines for future practice. A case study is given of the development of a strategy for the village of shatana in northern Jordan.

[Jawdat Goussous, Yahya M. Qtaishat. Heritage and natural Conservation as tool for Sustainable Regeneration in Shatana village Irbid \Jordan. J Am Sci 2018;14(12):1-12]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1. doi:10.7537/marsjas141218.01.

Keywords: Heritage conservation; urban regeneration; Sustainability

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Effects of Imputities on Suspension PVC Resin Quality

Dr. Abbas Anwar Ezzat

Production General Manager, Egyptian Petrochemicals Co.

abbassezzat@yahoo.com

Abstract: In suspension polymerization techniques, it has been visualized that there are direct relations between system impurity levels and Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) resin quality. Such impurities are originated from two main sources, the first one is derived from Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) whereas the second one is related to process water quality. This study has revealed that vinyl Chloride Monomer impurities have a great impact on PVC resin quality. On the other hand impurities related to process water have adverse effects on PVC resin particle size and enhance the frequency of coarse charges.

[Abbas Anwar Ezzat. Effects of Imputities on Suspension PVC Resin Quality. J Am Sci 2018;14(12):13-14]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2. doi:10.7537/marsjas141218.02.

Keywords: Effect; Imputities; Suspension; PVC; Resin Quality

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[J Am Sci 2018;14(12):15-20]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3. doi:10.7537/marsjas141218.03. withdrawn

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Morphological and Histological Prenatal Studies on Some Structures of the Developing Human Knee Joint

Manal G. Abdelwahab¹, Sohair A. Sadek² and Alia Nassar³

¹Prof. of Anatomy, Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine (Girls) Al Azhar University. Cairo –Egypt, Members of Yousef Abdul Latif Jameel (YAJ) Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Applications, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University (KAU) Jeddah -Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Basic Sciences Anatomy, Basic Sciences Department, Nursing College – King Saud Bin Abd El Aziz University – National Guard Jeddah-(KSA)

²Prof. of Anatomy, Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine (Girls) Al Azhar University. Cairo –Egypt.

³Prof of Anatomy Anatomy Department Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University. Cairo –Egypt.

profdrmanal2018@gmail.com

Abstract: The human knee joint has been studied widely. However morphogenesis and histogenesis of some intra articular structures in the developing human knee were insufficiently studied. The present work studied the morphological and histological changes of the intra articular septum in the developing human knee and its differentiation and emerging of the crutiate and meniscofemoral ligaments from that septum. The morphogenesis and histogenesis of the developing menisci were observed. The results of this work present new data about differentiation of the developing intra articular septum and emerging of the crutiate and meniscofemoral ligaments from it as well as the morphogenesis and histogenesis of the developing menisci in human knee joint. The study provides the basis for further investigations on anatomical pathology, comparative morphology and evolutionary anthropology. Thirty three human fetuses of different sexes and ages ( 3- 9 months) from (12-13wks-CRL 8- 9cm) to full-term: (33-36 weeks) CRL 31-34cm) and newborn infant (37-38 weeks; CRL 35-36cm) were used in this study, besides 4 adult knee joints. Morphological study of the developing knees revealed that early, in 3-5 months old fetuses (12-13wks, CRL 8- 9cm and 17 -20weeks, CRL 15-19cm)., the joints cavity was divided by a broad intra-articular septum into two cavities. This septum with age progressing became absorbed and differentiated into 3 bands: the menisco-femoral ligament and the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments. The lower end of the femur from 6 months: (21 -24weeks) CRL 20-23cm had also changed progressively with age. With the exception of ligamentum patellea which had appeared early, the other ligament started to be observed from 6 months: (21 -24weeks) CRL 20-23cm. They became well developed at birth. The menisci were ill defined at 5 months old fetus, with flat upper surface, their horns started to appear at the age of 6 months old fetus and upper surface was still flat. At the age of 7 months, the outer edges started to thicken and elevated, at full term, the outer edges of the menisci were thicker more elevated and their inner edges were thinner than previous ages, to form concave upper surface to deepen the articular surface of the tibia preparing it to receive femoral condyles. The lateral meniscal upper surface concavity was more than the medial meniscus. The concavity of the upper meniscal surface increased with age progress. The femoral intercodyler fossa was shallow in young ages similar to inverted U when seen in anterior view flexion position, and increased in depth and length with age progress and became similar to inverted V in adult. Histological examination of the developing menisci showed that they were initially formed of cartilaginous tissue then with age progress they became formed of fibro cartilage tissue. The cruciate ligament were initially formed of fibrous tissue contained few fibroblasts and loosely packed short collagen bundles, then with age progress those bundles became longer, parallel, wavy and more packed intermingled with few fibroblasts arranged in linear manner.

[Manal G. Abdelwahab, Sohair A. Sadek and Alia Nassar. Morphological and Histological Prenatal Studies on Some Structures of the Developing Human Knee Joint. J Am Sci 2018;14(12):21-42]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4. doi:10.7537/marsjas141218.04.

Key words: Knee joint, development, human foetuses, intraarticular septum, meniscus, cruciate ligaments, embryogenesis, morphogenesis, histogenesis

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The impact of guerrilla marketing campaign on consumer behavior of the young women in Saudi Arabia

Sarah Hamad Alrabeeah¹* and Artemisa Jaramillo²

¹ Business administration department, College of Business Administration, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

² Business administration department, DCU Business School, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland

research.sarah@hotmail.com

Abstract: Purpose: Guerilla marketing has gained a lot of popularity over the years as a marketing strategy for most businesses globally. Guerrilla marketing is the marketing strategy that incorporates creativity to produce standard advertisement messages to influence the behavior and the attitude of the consumer at lower prices. The aim of this paper is to determine the impact of guerrilla marketing campaign on consumer behavior of young women in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: Quantitative measures will be used in the study. The researcher will use an online survey through constructing a questionnaire that is associated with the stated topic using Google form. The constructed questionnaire will then be sent to the target group for them to answer the several questions. Findings: Findings from the study revealed that guerrilla marketing did have an effect on the young women in Saudi Arabia and their buying behaviors.

[Sarah Hamad Alrabeeah and Artemisa Jaramillo. The impact of guerrilla marketing campaign on consumer behavior of the young women in Saudi Arabia. J Am Sci 2018;14(12):43-70]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5. doi:10.7537/marsjas141218.05.

Keywords: Guerilla marketing, Culture, Advertising. Celebrity marketing, Advertising, Advertising, Consumer perception.

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Influence of Laser and Ultraviolet Surface Modification Strategies on Zirconia Implants Osseointegration in Rabbits: In vitro – Histological study

Yousreya Shalaby PhD¹, Samia Soliman Omar PhD², Dawlat Mostafa PhD³ and Hassan Mohammed Fahmy BDS⁴

¹ Department of Conservative Dentistry (Fixed Prosthesis), ²Department of Oral Biology, ³Department of Dental Biomaterials; Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt.

⁴B.D.S. Faculty of Dentistry, October 6 University, Egypt.

dwlat.mostafa@yahoo.com; yashalaby@yahoo.com; drsamiaomar@hotmail.com; hassanfahmy27@hotmail.com

Abstract: Introduction: Zirconia is a promising alternative to titanium regarding to dental implant field. Additional surfaces modifications to enhance osseointegration is essential for hard and dense zirconia implants. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of laser and Ultraviolet surface modification strategies to enhance osseointegration of zirconia implants. Materials and Methods: CAD/ CAM   zirconia discs (8mm x 3mm) (N=30) and implant cylinders (3mm x 6mm) (N=36) were milled and sintered according to manufacturer instructions. Specimens were divided into three groups; (Unmodified control surfaces), (Nd: YAG laser modified surfaces) and (UV light modified surfaces). Zirconia surfaces were modified by Nd: YAG laser and UV light. Surface roughness topography (Ra) values and wettability of all discs were characterized using confocal laser scanning microscopy and contact angle records. In vivo phase was performed by insertion of zirconia implants into the femur’s heads of rabbits for histological evaluation of osseointegration. Results: No significant difference was detected between (Ra) mean values of unmodified and UV light modified surfaces. While, Nd: YAG laser modified surfaces recorded the significantly highest (Ra) mean value (P<0.001). Regarding to the contact angle records, the significantly lowest records were for the UV modified surfaces, then Nd: YAG laser modified surfaces, and the unmodified surfaces recorded the highest values (P<0.001). Histological finding revealed superior osseointegration for the Nd: YAG laser modified implants, satisfied osseointegration for the UV modified implants, and the poorest osseointegration features were observed around the unmodified implants. Conclusions: Nd: YAG laser and UV light enhanced osseointegration of zirconia implants through alteration of zirconia surface topography and wettability.

[Yousreya Shalaby, Samia Soliman Omar, Dawlat Mostafa and Hassan Mohammed Fahmy. Influence of Laser and Ultraviolet Surface Modification Strategies on Zirconia Implants Osseointegration in Rabbits: In vitro – Histological study. J Am Sci 2018; 14(12):71-82]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6. doi:10.7537/marsjas141218.06.

Keywords: Zirconia implants, Nd: YAG laser, UV light, wettability, osseointegration.

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[J Am Sci 2018;14(12):83-90]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7.

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Shear Bond Strength of Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement to Dentine: Effect of Nano-Sized Hydroxyapatite Particles Incorporation and Storage

Mohamed Ismaeel Ebrahim¹ and Reham Mohammed Attia²

¹Assistant professor of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Medicine Al Azhar University, Cairo (Boys), Egypt

²Lecturer of Operative Dentistry, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.

rehamyml@yahoo.com

Abstract: Abstract: Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the influence of incorporating of nano-sized hydroxyapatite particles in the level of 5% concentration to a resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGI) material on the shear bond strength to dentin surface after twenty four hours and after six months. Materials and methods: sixty extracted molars teeth were utilized in the study. Teeth embedded in self cure acrylic resin mold after that the occlusal surface of each tooth was cut to expose a mid coronal dentine and form a flat surface, then the dentine surface was abraded with 600 grit silicon carbide paper. Hydroxyapatite particles weighted in exact amounts with digital balance to add it to the resin modified glass ionomer powder and in order to reach the mass percent of nanoparticles in glass powder to 5%. According to the incorporation of nano hydroxyapatite particles, the teeth were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (control): (30 specimens) resin modified glass ionomer (RMGI) without nano hydroxyappetite particles was used. Group B: (30 specimens) resin modified glass ionomer (RMGI) with nano hydroxyapatite particles was used. The powder and liquid were mixed according to the instructions of manufacturer. Then the mixed material was packed into a Teflon molds placed on the dentine surface of the tooth, and packed them until they were full to create resin modified glass ionomer sample measuring 4 mm diameter and 4 mm height. According to the time of storage each group subdivided into two subgroup .Subgroup1: (15 specimens) the specimens were stored in artificial saliva for a period of 24 hours. Subgroup 2: (15 specimens) the specimens were stored in artificial saliva for a period of six months. Shear bond strength was carried out using an Instron universal testing machine. Results: The highest mean shear bond strength (MPa) belonged to group B at 24 hours (11.75± 0.89) followed by group B at six month (11.32± 1.17) then RMGIC specimen of group A without additives (control group) at 24 hours (5.48± 1.25) then at six month of group A (4.81± 1.21). RMGIC specimen without any additives (control group) showed significantly lowest mean shear bond strength. The difference was significant between mean shear bond of group A and group B at 24 hours and at six month (p<0.001) .On the other hand the difference between mean shear bond strength (MPa) at 24 hours and at six month of group A and group B was insignificant p>0.001. Conclusion: Under the limitations of this study, it appears that we may add 5% nano-sized hydroxyapatite particles to the resin modified glass ionomer powder to improve its bond strength to dentine.

[Mohamed Ismaeel Ebrahim and Reham Mohammed Attia. Shear Bond Strength of Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement to Dentine: Effect of Nano-Sized Hydroxyapatite Particles Incorporation and Storage. J Am Sci 2018;14(12):91-96]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8. doi:10.7537/marsjas141218.08.

Key words: Nano-sized hydroxyapatite, Resin modified glass ionomer, Shear bond strength

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The toxic effect of antibiotic resistant Salmonella heidelberg on food poisoning in poultry products. —A Review

Ahmed Gomaa

Department of Food and Animal Sciences, Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University, Huntsville, AL 35811, USA

Agomaa@bulldogs.aamu.edu

Abstract: Salmonella is a widespread pathogen that is responsible for the food-borne infection salmonellosis. Salmonella infection is spread through food contamination mainly, especially poultry and dairy products. There are multiple mechanisms of action that cause the salmonellosis related symptoms such as fever, gastroenteritis, and abdominal pain. Among those mechanisms are the Salmonella virulence factors such as the Type I secretion systems, Fimbriae, Superoxide dismutase, and Ion acquisition. Also, the presence of Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) which is the main component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria contribute to the intestinal inflammation and Kupffer cells depletion in the liver. Some of the serovars of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica such as Salmonella heidelberg were shown in more than one CDC outbreak to be a multidrug-resistant organisms that cannot be killed or controlled by antibiotics. The aim of this review is to discuss the mechanisms of salmonella toxicity and the prevalence of a multidrug-resistant Salmonella heidelberg.

[Ahmed Gomaa. The toxic effect of antibiotic resistant Salmonella heidelberg on food poisoning in poultry products. —A Review. J Am Sci 2018;14(12):97-100]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9. doi:10.7537/marsjas141218.09.

Keywords: Salmonella pathogenesis, Salmonella heidelberg, Antibiotic resistance, CDC

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Investigating the role of social network s in the political growth of developing societies

Javad giahshenas bonbazari

Islamic azad university hamedan branch, Hamedan. Iran. arad_everest@yahoo.com

Abstract: The rise and emergence of social networks under the formation of technological and media revolutions can be investigated as an influential parameter in changing the political relationship of government with the mass so that it has influenced the major issue of sociology, Socialization. In fact, this important phenomenon results in the change of vertical relationship of political ideologies, always represented as a monologue to force the mass to obey the rulers. The horizontal dialogue of social networks represented in Face book, Twitter and Messengers plays a great role in the destruction or deviation of development dimensions recognized by political systems as the dominant discourse. The upheavals of Eastern and Asian countries especially from 2008 to 2011 against totalitarian governments depict this effect outstandingly while other dimensions of this newly-emerged product of modern technology have been neglected. Seen from other way round, change in the method of fighting in the revolutions of the recent decades announces a paradigm shift from violent combats to civil disobedience based on the introduction of social networks and their spread. This paper reveals the fundamental changes in the informatics systems, public protestation and request for human`s rights based on the recognition and spread of social networks in the Asian, American and European countries.

[Javad giahshenas bonbazari. Investigating the role of social network s in the political growth of developing societies. J Am Sci 2018;14(12):101-104]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10. doi:10.7537/marsjas141218.10.

Key words: social networks, rulers, socialization, development

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[J Am Sci 2018;14(12):105-108]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11.

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Effects of Specific Exercises on Motor Response Speed for Saber Fencers

Dr. Salman Hussain Hajji Mohammad

Associate Professor – Faculty of Basic Education – Department of Physical Education and Sport – General Organization for Applied Education and Training. salman-hajji@hotmail.com

Abstract: The current research aims to identify the effects of specific exercises for arms and legs on improving motor response speed due to its importance in saber fencers. The researcher used the experimental approach (two-group design) with pre- and post-measurements. Research community included all fencers of Al-Quadesia Sports Club (n=76). The researcher recruited (30) fencers for the main application and divided them into two equivalent groups (experimental = control = 15). Another (16) fencers were recruited for the pilot study. Results indicated that: (1) Specific exercises had positive effects on improving motor response speed of the armed arm. (2) Specific exercises had positive effects on improving motor response speed of the armed arm with advance. (3) Specific exercises had positive effects on improving motor response speed of the lunge.

[Salman Hussain Hajji Mohammad. Effects of Specific Exercises on Motor Response Speed for Saber Fencers. J Am Sci 2018;14(12):109-116]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 12. doi:10.7537/marsjas141218.12.

Key words: Motor Response – Saber – Fencing – Specific Exercises.

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Histopathological study of the possible protective effect of Thymoquinone on liver of albino rat treated with cyclophosphamide

Naglaa A.S. Sarg¹, Samia M. Manawy¹ and Asmaa Y.A. Hussein²

¹Departments of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

²Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

drsamiamanawy@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an oxazaphosphorine- alkylating agent widely used in the treatment of various neoplastic diseases and disorders associated with altered immunity. The optimal clinical usefulness of CP is severely limited by a high incidence of multiple organ toxicity. Many studies suggest that CP through its acrolein radical causes reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thymoquinone (TQ), the main constituent of the volatile oil from Negella sativa seeds, is reported to possess strong antioxidant properties. Aim of the work: This research evaluates the possible protective effect of Thymoquinoneon CP-induced liver toxicity in albino rat model. Material and Methods: Thirsty albino rats were divided into three groups each one contains ten rats. Group I (Control group): the rats were received normal saline intraperitoneally. Group II: Each ratreceived150 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CP) as a single dose intraperitoneally. GroupIII: The rats pretreated with Thymoquinone (TQ) at a dose of 10mg/kg/day intraperitoneal for 7 days before the administration of 150 mg/kg CP a single dose intraperitoneally one week after the last dose. In each group, animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation the liver was identified and dissected out and prepared for histological examination after staining the tissues by Hematoxylin and eosin (H x & E) and Masson's trichrome. Also an Immunohistochemical study was done to detectα-smooth muscle actins (α –SMA). The mean area percentage of (α –SMA) expression was quantified in five images from five non-overlapping fields of each rat. The data were collected from the experiment, recorded and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics software. Electromicroscopic examinations: Semi-thin sections approximately 1 μm thickness were cut Sections were stained with toluidine blue. Ultrathin (below 100 nm) sections were collected on copper grids, stained with uranyl acetate and Reynold’s solution (sodium citrate and lead nitrate), then examined with transmission electron microscope (Philips 201C by Netherland) and photographed. Results: The liver sections of rats received cyclophosphamide (CP), showed dilated and congested central vein with inflammatory cellular infiltration around the central vein and in the portal area There were proliferation of bile duct. The density of hepatocytes reduced with lacking acidophilic and the cells were vacuolated. Lymphocytes were scattered in the hepatic parenchyma and formed foci in some area between the hepatocytes known as focal hepatitis. Marked increase of the collagen fibers deposition around the central vein and in portal area detected by masson trichrome stain. On examination of liver section treated by TQ prior to CP, there were improvement of the liver tissue. The hepatic cells were normally arranged around the sinusoids, some cells were binucleated and acidophilic. Some sinusoids were dilated and less collagen fibers deposition around central vein and portal area than in groupie. Immunohistchemical stain (α-SMA stain: Area % of α-SMA immuno- reactivity was highly significant increased in group II as compared to groups I & III (P<0.01). Ultrastructure results: The livers of rats from group (II) which received CP showed hepatocyte with nearly irregular nucleus, massive infilteration with lipid droplet, cytoplasmic vacuolation, dilated RER, rarified cytoplasm, dilated bile canaliculus with disrupted microvilli, swollen degenerated mitochondria with partial lysis of their cristae and collagen fibers. Livers from group (III) ) showed a normal hepatocyte with euchromatic nucleus. The cytoplasm contains many mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum and rosettes shape of glycogen. Conclusion: Thymoqinone ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced liver toxicity in albino rats liver.

[Naglaa A. S. Sarg, Samia M. Manawy and Asmaa Y. A. Hussei. Histopathological study of the possible protective effect of Thymoquinone on liver of albino rat treated with cyclophosphamide. J Am Sci 2018;14(12):117-126]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 13. doi:10.7537/marsjas141218.13.

Keywords: Cyclophosphamid, Thymoquinone, liver- antioxidant

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