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Ethylene as a keystone to the petrochemical industries

Abbas Anwar Ezzat

Chairman, Egyptian Petrochemicals Co., Egypt

abbassezzat@yahoo.com

Abstract: State of the art technologies used in producing ethylene are briefly presented including an introduction to steam cracking showing the main six parameters affecting the cracking performance. Different approaches of Ethylene recovery units are also illustrated focusing on the disadvantages and advantages of them. Due to the importance of the ethylene industry, the physical and chemical properties of ethylene are presented as well as different feed stocks used for ethylene plants are shown. Gas cracking, cold fractionation and compression and acid removal drying are illustrated. That discovery that olefins could be produced in large yields from hydrocarbons contained in natural gas or crude oils at a reasonable cost which mainly represents the ethylene industry, has come to be known as the petrochemicals industry. As far as is known, ethylene is the largest volume organic chemical produced today in the industrial world and the most important building block of the petrochemicals industry or as previously entitled as the keystone to the petrochemicals industry. The reorientation of ethylene industry from coal to that depending on natural gas or oils mainly comes from the revolution of ethylene technologies which changed the production capacity around the world from thousands to millions tons, due to successful introduction of raw materials, products, intermediate products and byproducts with the right industrial systems which can handle all the right industrial systems which can handle all in parallel with accepted feasibility studies which mainly depends on the actual demand taking in consideration the expectation of the human needs, development and culture. The effective development and expansion of the petrochemicals industry took place through the availability and devoted efforts of researches and operating staff in the production companies of engineers and technicians in the construction and engineering industry and their suppliers as well as the skilled field erection personnel. The objective of this paper is to present an over view of ethylene industry through different technologies and to assist on understanding the effect of different aspects on this industry.

[Abbas Anwar Ezzat. Ethylene as a keystone to the petrochemical industries. J Am Sci 2019;15(1):1-5]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1. doi:10.7537/marsjas150119.01.

Keywords: Ethylene; keystone; petrochemical industries

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Management of Severely Worn Dentition via Full Mouth Rehabilitation: A Case Report

Hisham A. Mously

Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, KSA

 dr_mously@icloud.com

Abstract: It is very crucial to properly diagnose and treat Worn down dentition cases. As the treatment of this condition could be complicated and depends on many aspects, a thorough examination and sequenced treatment planning should be considered. Many aspects should be evaluated including, the causative factors, vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO), the remaining teeth structures and the periodontal condition around them. In this case, the Loss of posterior support was the most common causative factor along with the parafunctional habits the patient had. Mandibular recording device (Cadiax compact 2) was used to register the condylar and mandibular movements. The treatment included restoring the proper vertical dimension utilizing heat cured provisionals after confirming with an occlusal device. In this case many implant was placed in the posterior mandibular region along with metal ceramic porcelain fused to metal crowns to restore proper function and esthetics. Finally, an occlusal device was fabricated with and even bilateral simultaneous contact and canine guidance to protect the ceramic work and insure the longevity of treatment provided.

[Hisham A. Mously. Management of Severely Worn Dentition via Full Mouth Rehabilitation: A Case Report. J Am Sci 2019;15(1):6-11]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2. doi:10.7537/marsjas150119.02.

Keywords: Worn, Dentition, Rehabilitation

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The Effect of Punica Granatum Gel as An Adjunctive Therapy in Patients with chronic Periodontitis: A Clinical, Microbiological and histological Study

Baian AL Dobayan¹, Feda'a AL Ayeid¹, Ibtihal AL Guraid^1, Ghada Bassiouny^2,, Suliman AL Nasser³

¹ Fifth Year Student- College of dentistry- Qassim University. ² Associate professor of periodontology and oral medicine, college of dentistry, Qassim university, KSA, and faculty of dentistry, Alexandria University, Egypt.³ Assistant Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University^.

E-mail: baian.aldobayan@qudent.org

Abstract: Background: Periodontitis is defined as an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by groups of specific microorganisms, resulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligaments and alveolar bone with increased probing depth formation, recession, or both. Herbal medicine has been widely used all over the world since ancient times for their better therapeutic value and fewer adverse effects. Punica granatum (Pomegranate) is one of the oldest edible fruit which has a long history as a medicinal fruit that has been reported to promote tissue healing and modulate host responses. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of Punica Granatum gel as an adjunctive to non-surgical periodontal therapy in patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis. Methodology: Twenty periodontal sites in ten patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis aged between 20 and 45 years with pocket depth of 5-7 mm were included. Supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) was provided and the target teeth in the test quadrant received subgingival delivery of the medicated gel while the control quadrant received placebo gel. The clinical parameters, which include bleeding index (BI), gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were recorded at baseline and after 15 days. The antimicrobial activity of the test gel was evaluated microbiologically and the anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated both clinically and histologically. Results: Significant reduction in mean bleeding index (BI), gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) was observed from baseline to 15 days’ post gel application. In test sites compared to control sites. The microbiological results revealed that oral gel of Punica granatum was potentially effective in suppressing microbial growth. Histological results revealed mild perivascular inflammatory reaction and increased collagen fibers in test specimens compared to dense infiltration of inflammatory cells with destruction of collagen fibers in control sites. Conclusion: Local delivery of Punica granatum gel plus scaling and root planing significantly reduced the clinical signs of chronic periodontitis and improve the gingival health.

[Baian AL Dobayan, Feda'a AL Ayeid, Ibtihal AL Guraid Ghada Bassiouny, Suliman AL Nasser. The Effect of Punica Granatum Gel as An Adjunctive Therapy in Patients with chronic Periodontitis: A Clinical, Microbiological and histological Study. J Am Sci 2019;15(1):12-19]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3. doi:10.7537/marsjas150119.03.

Keywords: Chronic Periodontitis, Punica Granatum gel, plaque, supportive periodontal therapy, tissue healing, herbal extracts.

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Sediment Control In-Front of El-Kureimat Power Plant Intakes

Ibrahim M. M¹ and Bahgat M.²

¹ Shoubra faculty of engineering, Benha University, PO box 11629, Shoubra, Egypt.

²Hydraulic Research Institute, National Water Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.

mohbahgat@gmail.com

Abstract: Sedimentation process at the entrance of river intake structures is an imperative issue. If there should arise an occurrence of power-plants that utilization flow cooling water, sediment deposition decreases the pulled back limit, makes harms the pumping framework and causes halfway or full blockage of the intake. Sediment blockage may cause ceasing of the plant. This examination displays and breaks down the issue of sedimentation at water intake of El-kureimat control plant utilizing a 2 dimensional computational model, iRIC. Four alternatives were tried under three flow conditions, fifteen numerical runs were completed to characterize a progressive arrangement from hydro-dynamical and morphological perspectives. The model was calibrated and verified using field measurements. The results were contrasted with the basic case. Connecting the small formed island and the downstream of El-Kureimat Island to bed level 23.0m, prompted increment the average velocities by 60%, 22.1%, and 30.9% for Min, Dom, and Max flow conditions individually prompting sediments removal in front of intakes of the power plant. Thusly, it was introduced as a practical answer for sediment control at water Intake of El-kureimat power plant.

[Ibrahim M. M and Bahgat M. Sediment Control In-Front of El-Kureimat Power Plant Intakes. J Am Sci 2019;15(1):20-28]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4. doi:10.7537/marsjas150119.04.

Keywords: El-kureimat; Sedimentation; Dredging; 2D hydrodynamic model; iRIC

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The Prevalence of Impacted Permanent Canines in a Saudi Subpopulation: An Original Research.

Feda'a Ali AL Ayeid¹, Shayah Mohammed ALWehiby¹ and Dr. Abeer Ettesh ²

¹ dental interns - College of dentistry- Qassim University.

² Lecturer of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery- College of dentistry- Qassim University.

hopeforthefuture@windowslive.com

Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of impacted permanent canines in patients attending AL Rass General Hospital, Surgery department. Methodology: The study consisted of a retrospective analysis of the panoramic radiographs of 930 patients attending the surgery clinic of AL Rass General Hospital between 2016 to 2017. the chi-squared test was used to examine potential differences in the distribution of impacted canines stratified by gender, age, location (left or right), and position (upper or lower). 𝑃 < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Result: It was found that the incidence of impacted canines was 9.6%. Of the 89 impacted maxillary canines, 59 were in female patients and 30 were in male patients, not a statistically significant difference (P=.149). Ages were in the range of 13 to 33 years, with a mean age of 24.81years. Of these subjects,87 (9.4%) of these impaction cases were found to be in the maxilla while 7 (0.8%) were in the mandible. This difference was statistically significant (P value= 0.000). In 74 patients (8%), we found unilateral impaction, whereas the remaining 15 (1.6%) were bilateral witch was also not statistically significant (P=.254). Right maxilla was the most common site of impaction 53 (5.7%). Conclusion: The incidence of impacted canines in the sample of Saudi population was 9.6%, which is higher than the findings from previous studies.

[Feda'a Ali AL Ayeid, Shayah Mohammed AL Wehiby and Abeer Ettesh. The Prevalence of Impacted Permanent Canines in a Saudi Subpopulation: An Original Research. J Am Sci 2019;15(1):29-33]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5. doi:10.7537/marsjas150119.05.

Keywords: impaction, impacted canine, impacted maxillary canine

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Studying I-V Characteristic of an Optical Detector in Low Temperature

Bahareh Boroomandnasab, Abolnabi kovsariyan, and Mohammad Sorosh

Electrical Department of Engineering Faculty Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran

B-Boroomand@mststu.scu.ir

Abstract: Optoelectronic devices in the range between LWIR and MWIR have several applications such as optical gas sensing, free-space optical communications, infrared measurement, thermal imaging and biomedical etc. Expression of applications, the need for research in the simulation of semiconductor detector features felt. HgCdTe semiconductor detector with a narrow band gap, which can range in wavelength of the aforementioned acts. It's possible to show an elements behavior and Performance by simulated without making it. So far, extensive research to reduce dark current and rise in device operation temperature is performed. Use at low temperatures will result in increased costs. The research was aimed to simulate a Hg_1-xCd_xTe light detector with considering tunneling effect, the Auger and SRH recombination. To achieve this goal, assist those equations to simulate drift - diffusion is done in MATLAB software.

[Bahareh Boroomandnasab, Abolnabi kovsariyan, and Mohammad Sorosh. Studying I-V Characteristic of an Optical Detector in Low Temperature. J Am Sci 2019;15(1):34-37]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6. doi:10.7537/marsjas150119.06.

Keywords: Optical detector, Simulation, Drift - Diffusion, Tunneling, recombination Auger, Recombination SRH

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A Study of translation Strategies of Culture-Specific Items in English-Persian Translations of Three Novels By D.H. Lawrence

Moloud shagholi

MA in English Translation, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, East Azarbaijan, Iran

moloudshagholi@yahoo.com

Abstract: The cultural implications for translation may take several forms ranging from lexical content and syntax to ideologies and ways of life in a given culture. The translator also has to decide on the importance given to certain cultural aspects and to what extent it is necessary or desirable to translate them into the target language (TL). The aims of the source text (ST) will also have implications for translation as well as the intended readership for both the ST and the target text (TT). Considering the cultural implications for a translated text implies recognizing all of these problems and taking into account several possibilities before deciding on the solution which appears the most appropriate in each specific case. Accordingly, the present study was an attempt, in the first place, to examine the effect of cultural censorship and manipulation on transferring the sense of D.H Lawrence’s works. For the second objective of the study, the researcher tried to find out about the applied strategies in the process of translating cultural text and to see which of them is the most and the least used and finally, to assess whether the applied strategies are applicable to transfer of cultural sense of D.H Lawrence’s works or are not. To this end, three D.H. Lawrence’s works, virgin and gypsy, the fox and love among the haystacks and their Persian translations were selected in order to compare originals with their translations and identify any changes, addition, and deletion in translated texts and their effect on the message and cultural sense of the text. Pederson’s theory (2005) was taken as the theoretical framework of this study to find out what strategies have been employed by the translators. The circulation number of the three novels studied here and popularity of D.H. Lawrence in Iran showed that translations of his books were accepted by Persian readers. There were many cultural elements in his novels, thus it can be concluded applying omission strategy would not lead to less number of readers or confusing them.

[Moloud shagholi. A Study of translation Strategies of Culture-Specific Items in English-Persian Translations of Three Novels By D.H. Lawrence. J Am Sci 2019;15(1):38-44]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7. doi:10.7537/marsjas150119.07.

Keywords: Culture, Translation Strategy, Censorship, Manipulation, Culture-Specific Item

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Hepatitis C Virus Infection and its Vertical Transmission in a Sample of Egyptian Pregnant Women.

Rashed Mohamed*, Reham Saeed**, Abdel-Raouf Oun***, Khattab Abdel-Halim****, Mohamed Abdel-Aal*****, Sahar Abdel-Maksoud******

*Ass. Professor of Ob/Gyn (Damietta Faculty of Medicine), **Ass. Consultant of Ob/Gyn (Al-Zahraa University Hospital), ***Ass. Professor Ob/Gyn (Assiut Faculty of Medicine), ****Professor and Head of Ob/Gyn Department (Damietta Faculty of Medicine), *****Ass. Professor of Pediatrics (Damietta Faculty of Medicine), ******Ass. Consultant of Clinical Pathology (Al-Zahraa University Hospital), Al-Azhar University, Egypt.

Abstract: The present study is a cross sectional study performed at Al-Azhar University hospitals (New Damietta and Al-Zahraa) to assess the sero-prevalence rate of HCV among the pregnant females and their neonates. Methods: A total number of 300 pregnant women in the third trimester attending at Al-Azhar University Hospitals for labor were randomly selected. All patients were subjected to full history taking and complete general and obstetrical examinations. A venous blood samples were collected from each woman of 3-4 ml blood. Cord blood samples were obtained immediately after birth from babies of the included mothers. The collected venous blood samples were centrifuged, serum was analyzed for hepatitis-C antibody by ACCURATE Cards, and the result was taken in the form of positive versus Negative. Results: The results of the present work showed that the prevalence of HCV-Abs in the studied samples of the pregnant females were 8.3%. All the neonates born to HCV-Ab's positive mothers were negative for HCV-Abs at birth. Certain risk factors positively correlated with increased risk of HCV-infection, as history of blood transfusion, previous operation, unsafe injections using non-disposable syringes and high risk occupations. 

[Rashed Mohamed, Reham Saeed, Abdel-Raouf Oun, Khattab Abdel-Halim, Mohamed Abdel-Aal, Sahar Abdel-Maksoud. Hepatitis C Virus Infection and its Vertical Transmission in a Sample of Egyptian Pregnant Women. J Am Sci 2019;15(1):45-52]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8. doi:10.7537/marsjas150119.08.

Key Words: Hepatitis C Virus- Pregnancy- Vertical Transmission.

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Do Fuel subsidies reach the poor? Evidence from Rural Nigeria

Olatomide Waheed Olowa and Omowumi Ayodele Olowa

Department of Agricultural Education, Federal College of Education (Technical) Akoka, P.M.B 520 Yaba

Olowa1@yahoo.com

Abstract: The paper examined whether the enormous fuel subsidy expended by the government reached the rural areas where the majority of the poor dwells or not using available data from the Petroleum Pricing and Regulations Agency (PPRA) and Harmonized Nigerian Living Standard Survey, 2009. The data were analyzed using the benefit incidence and Forster, Greer and Thobecke poverty indices/techniques. Results showed that the fuel subsidies were indeed highly regressive, with the richest quintile benefiting from 77.8% of the fuel subsidies as a whole. Conversely, the poorest quintile received the lowest share of the subsidies in all four fuel products, at just 2.97% in all the geo-political zones. The richest quintile of the population received ₦5.25 per year from the fuel subsidies per capita, while the poorest received just ₦2.23 per annum. In sum, the reform of fuel prices in Nigeria appears to be a welcome policy reform allowing the Government to reduce its growing fiscal deficit and to reduce excessively regressive expenditures. However, the poor and vulnerable would be negatively affected by the reforms and are the least able to cope. The resulting impact of increased fuel prices (both directly from higher prices on fuel products themselves and indirectly from higher prices of products that use fuel in their own production) will reduce household consumption, thereby reducing household welfare initially. However, in the long run, the situation will reverse as resulting competition from the deregulated market will force fuel prices down.

[Olowa, OW, Olowa, OA. Do Fuel subsidies reach the poor? Evidence from Rural Nigeria. J Am Sci 2019;15(1):53-60]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9. doi:10.7537/marsjas150119.09.

Keywords: Fuel prices, Subsidy, Poor, Rural areas, Nigeria

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Nesting behaviour and biology of Indian great reed warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus brunnescens Jerdon, at Lake Wular, Kashmir (India).

Mustahson Farooq Fazili

Wildlife Research Division, Postgraduate Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Srinagar-190006, Kashmir.

drfaziliwl@yahoo com

Abstract: Some parameters of nesting biology and behaviour of Indian great reed warbler were studied for three successive years (2011-2013) in the lake Wular Kashmir, India. Breeding occurred from May to August and was initiated by nest building. Nesting sites were chosen in bushy willows and dense emergent reeds dominated by Phragmites communis where average reed density was 48.8 ± 9.5 per m² and average reed height 156.5± 10.3cm. Maximum percentage of nests (96%) was in reeds and among reeds Phragmites communis patches were mostly preferred for nesting (98% nests). Distance of the nests to open waters averaged 13.8 ± 6.2m. Nests were built in different habitats only by female warblers in 4-7 days. The nests on willows differed significantly both in diameter and in depth from those in reeds (P<0.05). In 80% clutches the eggs were laid daily between 7 hours and 10 hours and peak laying was from June, 18 to July, 7. Average clutch size was 3.2± 0.7 and mean egg measurements were 22.4 ±0.5 x 15.7 ± 0.16 mm. Incubation was performed by female warblers only during mean duration of 14.4± 0.66 days. Eggs lost 16% of weight during incubation. Daily survival rate of eggs during incubation was 0.97. Females spent 82% of day time in attending nest and mean attentive period was 44.9 minutes. Hatching period ranged from 8-12 hours and overall hatching success was 62.7%. Hatching success varied in different habitats. Nidicolous hatchlings weighed on an average 2.275± 0.25g. Fledging period varied from 13-15 days. Nestling survival during nestling period was 0.75 and breeding success calculated from exposure was 0.42. It was observed that predation was main cause of low breeding success.

 [Mustahson Farooq Fazili. Nesting behaviour and biology of Indian great reed warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus brunnescens Jerdon, at Lake Wular, Kashmir (India). J Am Sci 2019;15(1):61-70]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10. doi:10.7537/marsjas150119.10.

Key words: Nesting, Incubation, Clutch, Hatching, Breeding success, Wular Lake, Reed Warbler

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Identification and Rating Factors Affecting Introduction and Expansion of Iranian Handicrafts

Mahlagha Azarian

Graduated in Master of art researching, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract: Iranian handicrafts along with Chinese and Indian handicrafts comprise three poles of Asia and the world historically faced with tremendous transformations. However, currently due to appearance of modern technology and new sciences these handicrafts have lost their actual status and in some cases even have been forgotten. Therefore, the present research aims to identify and rate factors affecting introduction and expansion of Iranian handicrafts. So, it is a type of applied research using a survey to gather and analyze the data. The population consisted of all experts and staff at Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Tehran. The effective factors on introduction and expansion of the Iranian handicrafts were extracted after a review of literature and previous studies. In order to rate the factors, the fuzzy hierarchical analysis was applied. The obtained results indicated that in the participants’ viewpoints, economic, political, and socio-cultural factors significantly affect development of handicraft industry respectively. Reduced costs of manufacturing and raw materials, attractive packing of handicraft products and governmental supports as well as supportive policies of the handicrafts are the most salient economic, cultural and political factors respectively.

[Mahlagha Azarian. Identification and Rating Factors Affecting Introduction and Expansion of Iranian Handicrafts. J Am Sci 2019;15(1):71-76]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11. doi:10.7537/marsjas150119.11.

Key words: Handicrafts, manufacturing cost, packing products, industry backup, fuzzy hierarchical analysis

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Corporate governance system and efficiency of firms (Case study: Companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange)

Mostafa Mansour Ghanaei

Master of Accounting, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract: The corporate governance system consists of laws, regulations, structures, processes, cultures and systems which achieve the objectives of accountability, transparency, justice and respecting the stakeholders' rights. This study seeks to examine the relationship between the corporate governance system as the independent variable through the mechanisms (variables): The percentage of institutional investors' ownership, the percentage of independent board members, presence of internal auditor, and corporate information transparency with the stock return (common and non-common stock) and the stock price as the dependent variables. The firm size and systematic risk are also entered into the model as the control variables. In this regard, 118 member companies on stock exchange are selected as samples by targeted sampling method; and Pearson correlation coefficient and ordinary least squares (OLS) econometric method are utilized to test the hypotheses and analyze data. The results suggest that there is a significant correlation between the corporate governance and the stock price and return of listed stock exchange companies and only the information transparency has no significant impact on the stock price and return. The highest correlation is between various governance mechanisms and the dependent variables associated with the correlation between and independent directors and return on common stock (with the positive coefficient of 0.73), the correlation between investors' ownership and return on non-common stock (with the positive coefficient of 0.59) and the correlation between investors' ownership and stock price (with the positive coefficient of 0.79).

[Mostafa Mansour Ghanaei. Corporate governance system and efficiency of firms (Case study: Companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange). J Am Sci 2019;15(1):77-85]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 12. doi:10.7537/marsjas150119.12.

Keywords: Corporate governance, institutional investors' ownership, independent board members, internal auditor, information transparency

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Prognostic significance of Cyclin D1 in urothelial carcinoma; correlation with p53 and clinicopathological parameters

Alaa Ibrahim Amer and Asmaa Mustafa Eid

Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.

dr_alaa_amer@yahoo.com

Abstract: Introduction: Dysregulation of the cell cycle is a key mechanism for the occurrence of various types of tumors including urinary bladder carcinoma [UBC]. Cyclin D1 critically targets the proliferative signals and has been implicated in progression of UBC. Objectives: to determine the expression of cell cycle protein [cyclin D1] in urothelial carcinoma; and to correlate the findings with p53 expression as well as various clinicopathological characteristics. Material and Methods: bladder carcinoma specimens (n=90) were immunostained using antibodies against cyclin D1 and p53. The association between cyclin D1 and clinicopathological parameters [including grade, stage, muscle invasion and lymph node metastasis] as well as p53 expression were evaluated. Results: Cyclin D1 expression showed a highly significant inverse association with MIBC and high grade urothelial tumors (p<0.001). UC with nodal metastasis showed significantly lower cyclin D1 expression compared to cases without nodal metastasis (p=0.038). No significant association between Cyclin D1 expression and age (p=0.745), gender (p=0.777), lympho-vascular invasion (p=0.697), or distant metastasis (p=0.151). Cyclin D1 expression was inversely proportional to P53 expression. Conclusions: Cyclin D1 expression may have a prognostic significance in UBC; as low expression of Cyclin D1 is associated with poorly differentiated, advanced stage and lymph node metastasizing tumors as well as high p53 expression.

[Alaa Ibrahim Amer and Asmaa Mustafa Eid. Prognostic significance of Cyclin D1 in urothelial carcinoma; correlation with p53 and clinicopathological parameters. J Am Sci 2019;15(1):86-91]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 13. doi:10.7537/marsjas150119.13.

Keywords: urothelial carcinoma, Cyclin D1, p53

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Early outcome of ventricular septal defect closure in infants under five kilograms of body weight

Samy Amin, MD, Hesham Abd El Fattah Shawky MD, Tarek Salah El Din Abd Allah Rezk MD and Ahmed Essam Msc.

Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo Univ., Giza-Egypt

email: samymamin@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Early primary repair is recommended to interrupt the natural history of the ventricular septal defect (VSD) before the development of severe pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. The pulmonary vascular obstructive disease may begin to develop as early as 6 to 12 months in patients with large VSDs. Meticulous and minute-minute postoperative care is mandatory to achieve a favorable surgical outcome and postoperative results. Size of the patient, which in the past was one of the most frequent reasons for a Palliative surgery as pulmonary artery banding is no longer a contraindication for complete repair in major centers. Mostly all VSDs are closed by a running suture technique. The closure of the VSD is usually done with a patch made of either Gore-Tex or bovine pericardium. Patients and Methods: In the period between January 2015 and August 2017, 48 infants under five kilograms of bodyweight with VSD underwent open heart surgery at the Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit at Abu El Reesh specialized pediatric Hospital, Cairo University. In our study outcome of surgery was determined by the period of mechanical ventilation time, length of ICU stay, length of ward stay postoperatively, presence of residual VSD, heart rhythm, postoperative chest infection, amount of chest tube drainage, need for blood transfusion, the incidence of re-exploration and mortality. Results: The efficacy of VSD closure in low weight infants in our study is demonstrated by the drop of pulmonary artery pressure in the majority of our patients. In our study, there was postoperative pulmonary hypertension in 14.58 % of the cases compared to 87.5% preoperatively. The overall mortality in our study was 4.16%. 89.58% of our cases had normal sinus heart rhythm postoperatively. 89.6% of our cases didn’t have residual VSDs. Conclusion: The clinical results of operations on VSD infants under five kilograms of bodyweight are satisfactory with attention to the indication and timing of surgery, proper CPB management, rational operations, and perioperative management. Early primary repair is recommended to interrupt the natural history of VSD.

[Samy Amin,, Hesham Abd El Fattah Shawky, Tarek Salah El Din Abd Allah Rezk and Ahmed Essam. Early outcome of ventricular septal defect closure in infants under five kilograms of body weight. J Am Sci 2019;15(3):92-97]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 14. doi:10.7537/marsjas150119.14.

Keywords: Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) closure, infants, under five kilograms

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