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Classical and Molecular Detection of Polyhydroxybutyrate-Producing Bacteria obtained from Different Habitats

Mona O. Albureikan

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 42805, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia

mona.albureikan@gmail.com

Abstract: Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) was gained more interest in the recent years as a bio-based polymer that has many useful features. Polyhydroxybutyrate is a biodegradable plastic material, which used in different beneficial applications because the properties of bio-based polymer become more desirable than petroleum-based plastic. It considered the best and common member in a polyhydroxyalkanoate group (PHA) that synthesized completely by bacteria as a carbon energy storage compound. Many different species of bacteria while gram positive or negative have the ability to produce PHB using various sources of carbon. Because the importance of isolating PHB-producing bacteria from different habitats, it is necessary to use rapid method that can screen a wide groups of bacteria in a limited time. There are two main methods for identifying PHB-producing organisms, classical and molecular methods. This review focused on the researches and developments that detect phaC gene encodes PHA synthase (key enzyme for PHA synthesis) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques as a molecular method. Moreover, it illustrated some advantages and disadvantages of both classical and molecular methods.

[Mona O. Albureikan. Classical and Molecular Detection of Polyhydroxybutyrate-Producing Bacteria obtained from Different Habitats. J Am Sci 2019;15(3):1-7]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1. doi:10.7537/marsjas150319.01.

Keywords: Biopolymer; polyhydroxybutyrate; bio-based polymer; biodegradable; phaC gene; PHA synthase; classical methods; molecular methods; PCR

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Vaginal Bee Propolis Treatment of Uterine fibromyoma A New Modality

Ali Farid M. Ali¹, Laila Farid ² and Samir Shaker³

¹Consultant Obstetrics and Gynecology Heliopolis Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.

²Consultant Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cairo Medical Centre, Cairo, Egypt.

³Consultant Clinical Pathology, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt.

elshayb1950@yahoo.com

Abstract: Introduction: Uterine fibromyom as are the most common benign tumors of the uterus, hysterectomy is the definitive treatment of symptomatic fibromyomas (uterine). Medical treatment of uterine fibromyomas include androgens, antiprogestogens, reloxifene and the most common used treatment GnRHagonist, we introduced for the first time in the literature Bee propolis in the treatment of uterine fibromyoma. Objective: To test the efficacy and safety of Vaginal Bee Propolis in the treatment of uterine fibromyoma. Patients & Methods: A total of 40 with a single fibromyoma measuring ≥ 8cm were enrolled in the study. Bee propolis was taken in the tablet form 1g daily for 8 weeks, measuring Hb concentration before and after the treatment. Main outcome measuring: Measurement of fibromyoma volume, uterine volume, Hb concentration. Result: Statistically significant decrease in the myoma and uterine volume after treatment. (P < 0.01) statistically significant increase in Hb concentration. (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Vaginal Bee propolis is a new line of treatment of uterine fibromyoma with no side effect.

[Ali Farid M. Ali, Laila Faridand Samir Shaker. Vaginal Bee Propolis Treatment of Uterine fibromyoma A New Modality. J Am Sci 2019; 15(3):8-10]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2. doi:10.7537/marsjas150319.02.

Keyword: Uterine fibromyoma, Bee propolis, Caffeic acid phenethl ester (CAPE). Vagina

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An investigation and prioritization of the factors affecting customer satisfaction with banking services by MCDM method (A case study: Bank Meli Iran, Isfahan's branches)

Hassan Mehrmanesh ¹, Farzane Nazemi², Javad Khamisabadi ³

^1. Department of Industrial Management, Faculty of management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

^2. Department of Industrial Management, Faculty of management, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran

^3. Department of Industrial Management, Faculty of management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

javad_kamisabadi@yahoo.com

Abstract Like other service industries, offering high quality services would increase customer satisfaction in banking industry and would lead to greater profitability. High quality services will decrease losses- resulting from customers. Moreover, they will increase customer loyalty, sale opportunities and positive word-of-mouth. All the mentioned factors themselves, would improve the customer perception of the organization. Nowadays, many industries are paying great attention to service quality and customer satisfaction. The purpose of the current study was the investigation of the factors affecting customer satisfaction in the Meli Iran bank (Isfahan branches). The current study is categorized as descriptive survey that has been done in order to investigate the factors affecting customer satisfaction in banking sector. All the customers of Meli Iran Bank were the population of the study and 230 customers were randomly selected as the sample of the study. In order to collect data, a researcher- made questionnaire was used. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were calculated as the reliability index of the questionnaire and it was equal to.8549. In order to analyze the hypothesis of the study the fuzzy TOPSIS method has been used. The results of the study indicated that the assess to the bank branches has little impact on customer satisfaction; on the contrary, the features of the services would increase customer satisfaction.

[Mehrmanesh H, Nazemi F, Khamisabadi J. An investigation and prioritization of the factors affecting customer satisfaction with banking services by MCDM method (A case study: Bank Meli Iran, Isfahan's branches). J Am Sci 2019;15(3):11-18]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3. doi:10.7537/marsjas150319.03.

Key Words: customer satisfaction, banking services, fuzzy TOPSIS, the features of the services

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Experimental study of in-situ combustion process in One Iranian Carbonate heavy oil reservoir

Mohammad Masoumi^1*, Riyaz Kharrat², Abdolnabi Hashemi², Mohammad Ali shojaiepour¹, Mohammad Nikokar³

¹⁾ Department of Petroleum Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IRAN.

²⁾ Department of Petroleum Engineering, Ahwaz Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, Ahwaz, IRAN.

³⁾ IOR Research Institute, National Iranian Oil Company, R & T, Tehran, IRAN.

^*) Corresponding Author: Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, TEL: +98-9177048972

Email: m.masoumi46@yahoo.com

Abstract: The purpose of this study is feasibility study of in-situ combustion process in one heavy oil reservoir in Iran, under experimental conditions. This paper includes the results of two experiments. The maximum temperature Combustion front in the two experiments was 573.13 and 512.8°C, respectively. The amount of produced oil in the combustion process approximately 34% and 84%. In addition, the amounts of oxygen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were measured using gas analyzer. Due to the success achieved in this experimental study, it can be concluded that EOR combustion method can be considered as an important option for development and exploitation of such reservoir.

[Mohammad Masoumi, Riyaz Kharrat, Abdolnabi Hashemi, Mohammad Ali shojaiepour, Mohammad Nikokar. Experimental study of in-situ combustion process in One Iranian Carbonate heavy oil reservoir. J Am Sci 2019;15(3):19-25]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4. doi:10.7537/marsjas150319.04.

Keywords: Experimental; study; combustion; process; One Iranian Carbonate heavy oil reservoir

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Antioxidant Potential of Quercetin: Remarkable Protection Against Hypercholesterolemia in Rats

Hussam H. Baghdadi

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Taibah University, P.O. Box 30001, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah 41477, Saudi Arabia. hussambaghdadi@hotmail.com

Abstract: The aim of the present study was the evaluation of possible protective effects of the flavonoid antioxidant quercetin (QE) against experimentally-induced atherosclerosis in rats. Experimental atherosclerosis was produced by feeding rats a diet enriched in coconut oil (15% by weight) and cholesterol (2% by weight) for 30 days. QE (15 mg kg⁻¹ day, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection) was injected for 3 successive days prior to cholesterol administration for 4 weeks. It has been believed that oxidative stress plays a role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Lipid profile parameters such as plasma total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C, LDL:HDL ratio and triglycerides were elevated in hypercholesterolemic (HC) rats. Plasma and liver glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme levels were unaffected in all studied groups. In order to determine the changes of cellular antioxidant defense system, antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, were measured in rat liver homogenate. Moreover, lipid peroxides expressed as thiobarbituric acid substance (TBARS) level in both serum and liver homogenate, were measured. Hypercholesterolemia induced significant increase in lipid profile and lipid peroxidation and decreased the antioxidant enzyme activity. TBARS level in serum and liver were significantly increased (P<0.05) and also the antioxidant levels significantly decreased (P<0.05) in HC group. QE treatment significantly decreased the elevated TBARS (P< 0.05), lipid profiles (p<0.05) and also increased the antioxidant enzyme activities (P< 0.05). QE treatment has shown protective effect possibly through decreasing lipid peroxidation and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity. These findings point out that, QE treatment has protective effect against atherosclerosis by decreasing oxidative stress state associated with HC.

[Hussam H. Baghdadi. Antioxidant Potential of Quercetin: Remarkable Protection Against Hypercholesterolemia in Rats. J Am Sci 2019;15(3):26-32]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5. doi:10.7537/marsjas150319.05.

Keywords: Quercetin; Hypercholesterolemia; Oxidative stress.

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Evaluation of the Intellectual Property Rights Influence On the North – South Relationships

Javad Ghiah Shenasbonbazari

Department of political science, hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, hamedan, Iran

Email: arad_everest@yahoo.com

Abstract: Find the spark late Zmanyst conceptual development and actual production in the field of wealth and power in the field of international political economy was established. In this chapter the first spark of such evolutionary change in attitude towards the economy Fyvdalyth Mrkantlysty we witnessed. So the slogan is achieved wealth business to strengthen the basic paradigm of political power became the beginning of the Renaissance era and especially focus his attention and focus on this basis can be. Especially in this time of year feudal and automatically and noticeably large Zmyndaran kings declined. Areas gradually change the concept figure Adam Smith and the Industrial Revolution RSS, so that the everyone to the point he calls the production of wealth is caused. Although this view that wealth and power from the trade and production, especially as a matter of double circuit colonization were considered, but any of these periods very close relationship between the paradigm of wealth and power components to be Mtbadr eyes. But today the vast changes that formed the basic needs re-look at power and wealth and its relations with the economy and we are Mhvrsyast. It seems that the present context of knowledge production Activities are power and wealth. Therefore, this article reviews the mechanisms and effective layer Ngahdarndh to as intellectual property rights has been paid.

[Javad Ghiah Shenasbonbazari. Evaluation of the Intellectual Property Rights Influence On the North – South Relationships. J Am Sci 2019;15(3):33-46]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6. doi:10.7537/marsjas150319.06.

Keywords: Power, wealth, knowledge, technology, intellectual property rights, international political economy, North, South

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An Evaluative Study of Pre-School Components of ICDS Project Area-Zaldagar in District Srinagar, J & K

Anjum Ahad ¹, Hafiz Mudasir ², Dilruba Syed Yatu ³

^1. Research Scholar, Deptt. Of Education, Kashmir University

^2. Research Scholar, Deptt. Of Education, Dr. C.V Raman University, Chhattisgarh

^3. Research Scholar, Deptt. Of Education, Kashmir University

hafizmudasir@rediffmail.com

Abstract: The present study was conducted to study the total functional Anganwadi Centres in the Project Area Zaldagar in District Srinagar. The sample which consists of 5% of the total number of Anganwadi centres from the ICDS Project Area Zaldagar in District Srinagar were randomly selected for the present study. The Investigators used Check List, Questionnaire developed by Prof. Nadeem and Shah in (2000) and Interview Schedule for Anganwadi workers. The data was analyzed by employing Percentage Statistics. The results revealed that the Anganwadi Centres established by the Department of Social Welfare, Jammu and Kashmir Government in the Project Area Zaldagar imparted Pre-school education to the children within the age group of (3 to 6) years.

[Anjum Ahad, Hafiz Mudasir, Dilruba Syed Yatu. An Evaluative Study of Pre-School Components of ICDS Project Area-Zaldagar in District Srinagar, J & K. J Am Sci 2019;15(3):47-51]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7. doi:10.7537/marsjas150319.07.

Keywords: Anganwadi, ICDS, Project, Centres

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Introducing the Modes and Developing Thinking through Translation in Iran

Moloud shagholi

MA in English Translation, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

moloudshagholi@yahoo.com

Abstract: The major objective of translation instruction is to improve the efficiency of thinking through translation. To this end, the research on thinking through translation is a prerequisite. According to cognitive psychology, cognitive linguistics and psychology of thinking, this paper first explicates the characteristics of thinking through translation process, the types of transfer thinking and the structure of thinking through translation. Then we summarize the Main differences in thinking through translation because of Experience in Translators. Based on these research findings, this paper proposes that the introducing translations priority should be given to know and optimize the thinking habits and the development of the ability of monitoring thinking. No matter in Iran or somewhere else Suggestions on translation instruction concepts are the same.

[Moloud shagholi. Introducing the Modes and Developing Thinking through Translation in Iran. J Am Sci 2019;15(3):52-59]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8. doi:10.7537/marsjas150319.08.

Keywords: modes of thinking, translation, characteristics, instruction

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Arsenosis is one of the Predisposing Factor of Carcinoma of Lung in Non- Smokers

Ali Raza Memon¹, Rafiq Ahmed Jalbani¹, Tanveer Ahmed Shaikh²

¹Department of Biochemistry, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS) Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan.

²Department of Pathology, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS) Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan.

aliraza_dr@outlook.com

Abstract: The cause of lung cancer is commonly ascribed to tobacco smoking. Arsenic is the prominent non-tobacco carcinogens strongly associated with lung cancer carcinoma. The study identified 65 lung cancer cases and 40 controls, in which 46 males and 19 females, histologically 52 cases of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of lung and 13 were Adenocarcinoma of lung. These 65 diagnosed cases all are non-smokers. The arsenic in the samples was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. We examine the relationship between lung cancer and arsenic in a case-control study involving patients diagnosed with lung cancer between 2011 and 2012 and controls. The blood samples were collected from the Department of Oncology, NIMRA Centre, LUMHS, Jamshoro. The results indicate that the level of arsenic was significantly higher in non-smokers as compared to controls (p<0.01). This study confirms the increased risk of lung carcinoma in non- smokers in relation to Arsenic concentrations in blood and water.

[Ali Raza Memon, Rafiq Ahmed Jalbani, Tanveer Ahmed Shaik. Arsenosis is one of the Predisposing Factor of Carcinoma of Lung in Non- Smokers. J Am Sci 2019;15(3):60-63]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9. doi:10.7537/marsjas150319.09.

Key words: Arsenic, Lung cancer, Non- Smokers.

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The effects of brand image on the customer attitude and purchasing behavior (Shahrvand chain stores)

Zohre Hosseini

Master of Business Administration, Marketing Management specialization, Graduate School of Management, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia

zhosseini.zh@gmail.com

Abstract: This study is applied in terms of objectives, and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. A questionnaire with closed questions, rated from very high to too low according to five-point Likert scale, was applied for data collection. The data analysis was done through SPSS software. The spatial domain of research includes all shahrvand chain stores in Tehran. The time domain of research was in 2013. The statistical population of this study was randomly selected from shahrvand chain stores' purchasers. Sampling method in this research had the cluster type and the content validity method was applied in order to determine the validity. Cronbach's alpha method determined the research reliability. The total computational alpha was obtained equal to 0.84. The analysis of factor based on application of VPLS software was applied in order to determine the relationships between variables and their correlation coefficients. According to the measured structural equation modeling, the coefficient of determination for the brand image was obtained R=0.921 and the coefficient of determination for the customer attitude equal to R= 0.824. According to the main result of this study, there is a direct and significant relationship between the brand image frames and the customer attitude in shahrvand chain stores. Furthermore, the variables such as brand awareness, association, perceived quality, and brand loyalty have the significant direct relationship with the customer attitude with coefficients of 0.536, 0.318, 0.434, 0.631 and 0.714, respectively, and also the variables such as the emotional, economic and the operational values have the significant direct relationship with the brand image with the coefficients of 0.224, 0.419, and 0.357, respectively from Shahrvand chain stores customers' perspective. These factors are ranked in the following order: Brand awareness, loyalty, equity, perceived quality, and brand association.

[Zohre Hosseini. The effects of brand image on the customer attitude and purchasing behavior (Shahrvand chain stores). J Am Sci 2019;15(3):64-71]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10. doi:10.7537/marsjas150319.10.

Keywords: Brand image, customer attitude, brand equity

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Prediction of Tropospheric Scintillation over some Selected Locations in Nigeria

Babatunde Adebo, Joseph Akindugbagbe

Department of Basic Sciences (Physics Unit), Lead City University Ibadan Nigeria.

adeboistalking@yahoo.com

Abstract: This paper discusses the prediction of tropospheric scintillation over some selected locations in Nigeria- Akure, Lagos, Port-Harcourt, Makurdi and Abuja, based on the ITUR scintillation prediction model. Tropospheric scintillation in this context means a rapid fluctuation of the amplitude or phase of radio wave caused by the changes in refractive index with altitude. Generally, scintillation occurs continually, regardless of whether the sky is clear or it is raining. Therefore, scintillation effects must be accounted for. This paper compares the result of the study locations, the findings show that for all the sites considered, the scintillation comes to peak in August, except at Makurdi. The highest value 0.06 dB, of scintillation was recorded at Akure in the month of August and the minimum 0.03 dB, at Abuja in the month of January. The result indicates that scintillation is higher in the wet season than in the dry season and that scintillation intensity is high in the coastal areas and decreases as one moves northward in the country. It is also observed that scintillation is higher in the raining season than in the dry season.

[Babatunde Adebo, Joseph Akindugbagbe. Prediction of Tropospheric Scintillation over some Selected Locations in Nigeria. J Am Sci 2019;15(3):72-77]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11. doi:10.7537/marsjas150319.11.

Key Words: Scintillation, Nigeria, Tropical, Troposphere, Nwet

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Diagnostic Values of Some Non- Invasive Biomarkers in Patients with Different Stages of Chronic Hepatitis C

Abousree Taha Ellethy

Department of Oral and Medical basic sciences, Biochemistry Division, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, KSA

lethy2009@qudent.org

Abstract: Liver biopsy is still a disturbing method subjected to spectator inconsistency for staging hepatic fibrosis. The study was conducted to evaluate procollagen III peptide, hyaluronic acid, and fibronectin as diagnostic biomarkers in hepatic fibrosis among HCV patients. Serum and/or plasma were collected from 38 patients with different grades of hepatic fibrosis, portal, portolobular fibrosis and cirrhosis were investigated. All patients with fibrotic liver had significantly higher levels of both procollagen III peptide and hyaluronic acid than healthy controls (n=16). Theses markers were higher in patients with hepatic fibrosis (n=22) than the remaining non fibrotic cases. Regarding fibronectin plasma levels, in significant difference was found between normal subjects and patients with grade 0, 1 or 2 fibrosis. Higher positive and negative predictive values for diagnosis of fibrosis and cirrhosis were observed with hyaluronic acid (83% and 82%) respectively, while lower predictive values were observed with fibronectin (60% and 63%) respectively. The diagnostic value of serum hyaluronic acid is greater than both serum Procollagen III peptide and plasma fibronectin for different grades of lever fibrosis. Therefore, procollagen III peptides should be preferred as a non-invasive as a biomarker test for monitoring the early fibrotic process in HCV patients where fibronectin was detected only in the advanced cirrhostic cases.

[Abousree Taha Ellethy. Diagnostic Values of Some Non- Invasive Biomarkers in Patients with Different Stages of Chronic Hepatitis C. J Am Sci 2019;15(3):78-85]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 12. doi:10.7537/marsjas150319.12.

Keywords: Procollagen III – Fibronectin - hyaluronic acid - hepatitis C – Hepatic fibrosis.

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Evaluation Of The Growth Performance Of Lands Snail Achatina achatina Fed With Different Plant Materials In Sangere, Girei Local Government Of Adamawa State, Nigeria

¹Kwaga, B. T. ¹Martha, E.M., ¹Ali, A. and ²Khobe, D.

¹Department of Forestry, Modobbo Adama University of Technology, Yola

²Department of Animal Production, Adamawa State University, Mubi

²Correspondence: amanoyang@gmail.com; 08137459305 and 08051516924

Abstract: There is no adequate and reliable information on the plant materials that could contribute significantly to the growth of land snail in the study area. A total of sixty (60) snails were divided into three groups (A, B and C) and fed with three different plant material (paw-paw fruit, orange chaff and combination the two, i.e. paw-paw + orange chaff) for a period of eight weeks. Data obtained were subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and descriptive statistics. The results obtained indicated that snail group fed with combination of paw-paw plus orange chaff recorded the highest weight (9.68kg) as against those fed with orange chaff (7.29kg) and paw-paw fruit (6.62kg) respectively. The result of cumulative length gained were 5.58cm, 4.67cm and 4.65cm for combination of paw-paw and orange chaff, orange chaff alone and paw-paw fruit alone respectively. There was significant difference (P<0.05) between the snails fed with combination of the feds (orange chaff and paw-paw fruit) and the single feeds. There was positive correlation between weight and length of snails fed with the three plant materials. Rearing of Achatina achatina fed with the combination of paw-paw fruit and orange chaff as better plant material is recommended.

[Kwaga, B. T. Martha, E.M., Ali, A. and Khobe, D. Evaluation Of The Growth Performance Of Lands Snail Achatina achatina Fed With Different Plant Materials In Sangere, Girei Local Government Of Adamawa State, Nigeria. J Am Sci 2019;15(3):86-91]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 13. doi:10.7537/marsjas150319.13.

Key words: snail, length, weight, plant material, performance

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Comparing the effectiveness of teaching distraction techniques on the self-efficacy and consuming desire (craving), in women addicted to drugs and stimulants

Najmeh Khavaninzadeh, Department of Clinical Psychology, Yazd branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd. Iran.

Fahimeh Dehghani (corresponding Author), Department of Clinical Psychology, Yazd branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd. Iran.

Mohsen Saeed Manesh, Department of Clinical Psychology, Yazd branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd. Iran.

Abstract: Traditional drugs, such as opium, heroin and other natural products, usually, have physical early and specific effects and side effects. But consumers of stimulants, such as "glass", except for the change in pupil size and dimensions, possible wounds in corners of tongue and small amounts of impotence are the physical symptoms and changes in consumer behavior. The remarkable thing is that, traditional drugs have signs of "hangover" or withdrawal of the drug after 4 to 12 hours from the last consumption. The statistical population of the study is all women undergoing conservative treatment that referred to center for addiction treatment of doctor Jafari in the six months of 2015-2014 that after informing and obtaining consent from individuals to engage in research, 30 people were randomly selected among them and were in two groups of 15 participants for testing and controlling. Then, in 8 weekly group sessions of 45 minutes, the experimental group participated in the treatment group with the aim to teach distraction techniques. The instrument used in this study was a 17-item questionnaire of Scherrer and 14-item questionnaire of Haynes and colleagues at the pre-test and post-test. The main findings obtained from covariance showed no significant difference between the mean scores of craving posttest in the experimental group.

[Najmeh Khavaninzadeh, Department of Clinical Psychology, Yazd branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd. Iran. Comparing the effectiveness of teaching distraction techniques on the self-efficacy and consuming desire (craving), in women addicted to drugs and stimulants. J Am Sci 2019;15(3):92-96]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 14. doi:10.7537/marsjas150319.14.

Key words: craving posttest, hangover, craving, addiction, self-efficacy

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Outcome of right ventricular outflow reconstruction using valved conduit in the treatment of tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve

Samy Amin MD,  Hesham Abd El-Fatah Shawky MD, Yasser Mohamed Meneisy MD and Ali Saad Ali, MS.

Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo Univ., Giza-Egypt

email: samymamin@yahoo.com

Abstract: Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with the absent of pulmonary valve is unusual; with about 3% of patients with tetralogy of Fallot possess this valve syndrome. Also, it is described by tetralogy of Fallot with either primitive ridges or the whole absence of pulmonic valve tissue and generally with a hypoplastic valve annulus. The absence of mature pulmonary valve tissue leads to severe regurgitation, which is often connected with large dilatation of the proximal branch of pulmonary arteries. The dilated pulmonary compress the tracheobronchial tree resulting in respiratory distress. Management of TOF/APV shows two points of controversy regarding the surgical technique of RVOT reconstruction and reduction of dilated pulmonary arteries. Patients and methods: The study includes 20 patients of TOF/APV who underwent surgical repair using bovine jugular vein valve conduit (contegra) in the Abu El Reesh specialized pediatric hospital (Japanese Hospital), Cairo University in the period from January 2015 to July 2018. Results: in our study there were 8 males about 40% and 12 females about 60%,the average age was 16.55m ± 13.83months and the mean weight was10.2± 3.578 Kilograms, the main presentation was shortness of breath in 12 patients, the remaining 8 patients discovered accidentally, the Cardiopulmonary bypass time was ranged from 85 to 130 with mean 111.9±22.46 min and cross-clamp time was ranged from 45 to 110 with mean 91± 8.49 min, all patients need inotropic support and operative mortality represent 5%. Conclusion: there are two points of discussion in the surgical therapy of children with TOF/APV concerning the surgical technique of RVOT reconstruction and reduction of the size of the enlarged  pulmonary arteries.

[Samy Amin, Hesham Abd El-Fatah Shawky, Yasser Mohamed Meneisy and Ali Saad Ali. Outcome of right ventricular outflow reconstruction using valved conduit in the treatment of tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve.J Am Sci2019;15(3):97-103]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online).http://www.jofamericanscience.org.15. doi:10.7537/marsjas150319.15.

Keywords: Absent pulmonary valve (APV), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), Right ventricle out flow tract (ROVT), Pulmonary artery (PV), Contegra.

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