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Modeling the Relation between Intellectual Capital and Efficiency of Companies

Saeed Yaqubianallaf

Master of Business Administration, Asia Superior Education Institute, Iranian

yaqubian@yahoo.com

Abstract: Increase in the gap between market value and book value of the companies has made scholars to carry out multiple researches regarding identification of the factors that have been removed from financial statements of the companies. Brand value, intellectual capital value, etc. are among factors that influence company value but are not provided in the financial statements. This paper is aimed at modeling the relation between intellectual capital and efficiency of the companies. The present paper is an applied research in terms of objective and an ex post facto research in terms of data collection. To achieve this objective, a sample comprised of 150 companies of Tehran Stock Exchange during 2007-2012 was used. To measure intellectual capital, Value Added Intellectual Coefficient formulated by Pulic was used. Value Added Intellectual Coefficient measures efficiency of three kinds of data: applied capital (financial and physical), human capital, and structural capital. This paper examines separate effects of capital efficiency including efficiency of human capital, structural capital, and applied (physical) capital on return on assets (ROA) for 150 companies during 2007-2012 by generalized least squares method. the results of testing the research hypotheses revealed that there is a positive significant relation between three dimensions of intellectual capital (relational capital, human capital, and structural capital) and company efficiency (return on assets). Also relational capital has more effect on ROA compared to other dimensions of intellectual capital.

[Saeed Yaqubianallaf. Modeling the Relation between Intellectual Capital and Efficiency of Companies. J Am Sci 2019;15(5):1-7]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1. doi:10.7537/marsjas150519.01.

Key words: Intellectual capitals, efficiency, return on assets, Tehran Stock Exchange

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The Effect Of Work Stress On Physicians’ Performance In A Governmental Public Sector Hospital In Alexandria, Egypt

Mohammad Hammad

Human Resource Management Lecturer, Pharos University, Egypt, Alexandria, 21500

mohammad.hammad@pua.edu.eg

Abstract: Stress is one of the main factors that affects most people at the workplace and it arises at different levels. Because of this, it is becoming a growing concern in many organizations with respect to the current state of the economy. Employees in different organizations face such condition as job unsatiety, job insecurity, and lack of autonomy as well as being overworked. Based on literature, there is evidence that indicates workplace stress contributing to detrimental health issues and overall wellbeing of the employees. This in turn impacts on an employee’s ability to be productive and beneficial at the workplace. In as much as there are several measures that companies can take in order to alleviate the negative effects of work stress, it is important to first understand the root cause of this issue in order to come up with the right measures specific to a work environment. In the present study, we determine the various job stress variables affecting the performance of physicians at the Raas el Tin General Hospital in Alexandria, Egypt. To determine this, 31 physicians with different technical qualifications serving different departments at the hospital participated in the study. Sampling was purposive and data was collected using survey questionnaires. From the present study, the research findings indicate a strong relationship between job stress and the overall performance of the employees at the workplace. Descriptive statistics and Comparison code results revealed that work overload has a strong correlation to the performance of the employees. What was more interesting was that underutilization of skills and ambiguity in employee’s roles had a lower effect on the employee performances. Drawing from the findings from the present study, it is evident that companies need to consider work overload as a factor of employee performance. The best way to address this would be for the Human Resource Department to conduct a proper inventory of the appropriate skills required for a particular job so that each physician is able to handle their jobs well. It is also important that further studies be conducted using a larger sample size, scope and variable in order to make proper inferences for a larger population.

[Mohammad Hammad. The Effect Of Work Stress On Physicians’ Performance In A Governmental Public Sector Hospital In Alexandria, Egypt. J Am Sci 2019;15(5):8-12]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2. doi:10.7537/marsjas150519.02.

Keywords: Job Stress, Workplace Stress, Physicians, Employee Job Performance, Role of ambiguity, Underutilization of Skills, Overload

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Influence of Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus on Serum and Urinary Parameters in Patients with Urolithiasis

Badr Alharbi¹ and Abdulrahman F. Alruwaily²

¹College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia

²Division of Urology, Department of Surgrey, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

badralharbi@qumed.edu.sa

Abstract: Purpose: The goal of this study was to study the effect of obesity and diabetes mellitus on serum and urinary biochemical variables in patients with urinary stone disease. Patients and methods: A retrospective chart review of patients’ medical history, serum chemistry, 24-hours urinary metabolites and body mass index were analyzed for 181 consecutive patients diagnosed with urinary stone disease. The associations between obesity defined by BMI, diabetes mellitus, serum and urinary parameters were investigated. Results: A total of 181 patients were included in this study and obese women comprise the majority 123 (68%) of this cohort of patients. High serum uric acid 393.7 umol/l (±11.2) was observed in the studied population. Low urinary pH, citrate and high oxalate excretion were the main significant findings found on the 24-hour urine analysis. Conclusion: Obesity and diabetes mellitus are major health issues in most parts of the world. Both serum and urinary biochemical derangements were found to inversely increase the risk of urinary stone formation.

[Badr Alharbi and Abdulrahman F. Alruwaily. Influence of Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus on Serum and Urinary Parameters in Patients with Urolithiasis. J Am Sci 2019;15(5):13-16]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3. doi:10.7537/marsjas150519.03.

Keywords: Nephrolithiasis, obesity, diabetes mellitus

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Study the anatomical variation of the Jugular Foramen in Egyptian dry skulls (Morphological and Morphometric studies)

Samia M. Manawy¹ and Eman A. El-Sawaf²

¹Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

²Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

drsamiamanawy@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: The jugular foramen is a large foramen in the base of the skull. It transmits important vascular and nervous structures. Understanding of normal dimensions of this foramen is necessary and of great help to neurosurgeon while approaching this foramen. Aim: To study the morphometric analysis and anatomical variations of jugular foramen in Egyptian dry skulls. Materials and methods: One hundred skulls of unknown sex were studied morphologically. The shape was observed. Antero-posterior and medio-lateral diameters were measured by digital vernier caliper. Detection of presence or absence of dome and septations was done. Statistical analysis: The mean, standard deviation (SD) and range of dimensions was computerized. Comparison between two sides was made using student’s t-test. Results: Oval shaped foramen was common (70%), round shaped foramen (30%). Dome was bilateral in 79%, unilateral in 21%. Septation was in 97% of foramina. Complete septation bilaterally in 25% of, unilateral in40%. While partial septation was in 32%. Absence of septation in 3%. AP diameter (right - 6.8 ± 2.39 mm, left -5.4 ± 1.58 mm) and was side insignificant difference. ML diameter (right – 17.2 ± 4.6mm, left –14.6 ± 2.07mm) and was significantly higher on the right side. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the right is dominance in the parameters of the foramen. Presence of septation and dome are more frequent. The oval shape foramen is common. Good imaging of the foramen preoperative is recommended to avoid injury of its contents due to foramen variability.

[Samia M. Manawy and Eman A. El-Sawa. Study the anatomical variation of the Jugular Foramen in Egyptian dry skulls (Morphological and Morphometric studies). J Am Sci 2019;15(5):17-25]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4. doi:10.7537/marsjas150519.04.

Keywords: Jugular foramen, Jugular dome, Septation, Skull, Foramen dimensions.

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Early outcome of pulmonary valve replacement

Samy Amin M.D, Yasser Menaissy M.D, Hesham Al Kady MD and Mohamed Eldesouky Mohamed Shehata M.SC

Cardiothoracic surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo-Egypt

email: samymamin@yahoo.com

Abstract: Pulmonary valve replacement in the adult population or after repair of congenital heart diseases e.g. Tetralogy of Fallot is an uncommon operation. In our study, we retrospectively and prospectively evaluated the factors associated with mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing pulmonary valve replacement surgery. Patients and Methods: an observational prospective-retrospective study aimed to determine the indications, optimal timing and early outcome of patients done pulmonary valve replacement, all patients with the diagnosis of pulmonary valve diseases were identified from the database of Kasr Alainy Pediatric Hospital (Abo Elreish), Kasr Alainy Hospital, Misr University for Science and Technology [MUST] (affiliated by kasr Alainy Hospital). Results: There were 12 males (60 %) and 8 females (40%). The mean age was 16.60 ± 8.26 years (range from 8 to 35 years). The mean weight was 43.55 ± 13.99 Kg (range from 25.00 to 70.00 Kg). There was no mortality among the included patients. Postoperative complications occurred in the form of; chest infection in 3 patients (15%), arrhythmia in 3 patients (15%), brain insult in one patient (5%), diaphragmatic paralysis in one patient (5%) and re-opening for bleeding in one patient (5%). Conclusion: Surgical pulmonary valve replacement is a safe procedure. Early valve replacement before the development of significant right ventricular dysfunction was associated with low operative mortality. The Recommendation is further studies with a larger sample size to obtain statistically significant results.

[Samy Amin, Yasser Menaissy, Hesham Al Kady and Mohamed Eldesouky Mohamed Shehata. Early outcome of pulmonary valve replacement. J Am Sci 2019;15(5):26-33]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5. doi:10.7537/marsjas150519.05.

Keywords: Surgical pulmonary valve replacement, early outcome, Tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary valve endocarditis.

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Silver Nano Particles Improve the Therapeutic Effect of Mebendazole Treatment during the Muscular Phase of Experimental Trichinellosis

Manal Ahmed EL-Melegy¹, Nagwa Saad Ghoneim², Nermeen Mohamed Noor EL-dien³, Mohamed Soliman Rizk⁴

¹Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt

²Department of Histology & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt

³Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt

⁴Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt

nermeennooreldien@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Mebendazole is one of the Benzimidazole drugs that are used for treatment of trichinellosis, but they have a restricted effect against encysted Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) larvae in muscles. Aim: Our aim wasto improve the anthelminthic effect ofmebendazole; so we used mebendazole loaded to silver nano particles (AgNPs) to evaluate its effect on encysted T. spiralislarvae in muscles compared to the treatment with mebendazole alone and AgNPs alone. Methods: Thirty (30) female Swiss albino micewereused in this study & equally divided into five groups. Group1 (G1): served as control negative group (non infected non treated), while the other 4 groups (G2, G3, G4 & G5) were infected with 400T. spiralislarvae. G2: served as control positive group (infected non treated), G3: treated with mebendazole (50mg /kg / day), G4: treated with AgNPs (50mg / kg / day) & G5: treated with mebendazole (20mg / kg / day) loaded to AgNPs. Treatment of mice in G3, G4 & G5 started on 35^thday post infection for 5 consecutive days. The duration of the experiment was 40days All mice were sacrificed at the end of the experiment. Evaluation of the treatment was done by counting T. spiralis larvae, histological examination of skeletal muscle tissue using Hx& E and Mallory stains, immunohistochemical staining of muscle tissue using cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), scanning electron microscopic study and biochemical measuring of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK). Results: Our results revealed that each of the three lines of treatment (mebendazole alone, AgNPs alone and mebendazole loaded to AgNPs) showed significant (p≤0.001) reduction in the mean larval count compared to the infected control. There was significant (p≤0.001) reduction in the mean larval count with mebendazole loaded to AgNPs comparing with the other treated groups. The percentage of reduction was (40.18%,38.46%,92.25%) respectively. Inthe present work treatment with mebendazole 20mg loaded to AgNPsshowed restoration of nearly normal appearance of skeletal muscle fibers with marked reduction of inflammatory reaction and COX-2 expression. while treatment with mebendazole alone showedmoderate damage and necrosis ofmuscle fibers, moderate inflammatory reaction and COX-2 expression. In AgNPstreated group there wasmild damage and necrosis of skeletal muscle fibers and mildinflammatory reaction and COX-2 expression. Biochemical results showeda highly significant (p≤0.0001) reduction of AST, ALT, creatinine and CPK levels in all treated mice compared to infected control group, with highly significant reduction (p≤0.0001) in mebendazole loaded AgNPs treated group compared to the other treated groups. Conclusion: AgNPs improves the anthelminthic effect of mebendazole in treatment of muscular phase of experimental trichinellosis.

 [Manal Ahmed EL-Melegy, Nagwa Saad Ghoneim, Nermeen Mohamed Noor EL-dien, Mohamed Soliman Riz. Silver Nano Particles Improve the Therapeutic Effect of Mebendazole Treatment during the Muscular Phase of Experimental Trichinellosis. J Am Sci2019;15(5):34-46]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.6. doi:10.7537/marsjas150519.06.

Key wards:AgNano, mebendazole, Tricinella, COX-2

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Available CAD/CAM System Concepts for the Fabrication of Digital Dentures

Ahmed Heji Albaqawi¹, Jose Nazareno J. Lopez ²

^1.Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Hail University, Faculty of Dentistry, Hail, Saudi Arabia. Email address: ahmedalbaqawi1@gmail.com

^2.Department of Restorative, Dental School, Hail University, Faculty of Dentistry, Hail, Saudi Arabia.

Email address: jomster109@gmail.com

Abstract: The remunerations of utilizing the Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer -Aided Manufacturing (CAM) have long been a historic success and established in fabricating dental prosthesis. The fabrication of complete dentures from CAD/CAM technology was introduced following the success of this advanced technology in the implant and fixed prosthesis. The comparative review of the four CAD/CAM technologies such as DentcaäCAD/CAM Denture (Dentca, Inc), Ceramill^® Full Denture System (Amann Girrbach), Zirkonzahn Denture system (Zirkonzahn, Inc), and Baltic Denture System (Merz Dental GmbH) were scrutinized, tabulated and compared. The manufacturing concepts and clinical methods are distinct for each system, which facilitates the dental practitioner’s ability to choose their preferred system for digital denture fabrication. In choosing which system to follow, consideration should be paid to aesthetic requirements, chair time and laboratory costs, number of visits and convenience and return on investment associated with CAD / CAM equipment should be addressed. The CAD/CAM complete dentures manufacturers’ protocols are reported as either additive or subtractive manufacturing concepts, and each system has a different number of specified clinical appointments with various clinical laboratory workflows for the patients. The findings of the review revealed that this use of CAD / CAM in the manufacture of full dentures has had an obvious impact in practice of removable prosthodontics. The four technological digital denture approaches showed that working time for laboratory procedures is significantly reduced relative to the fabrication of conventional complete dentures. In addition, the clinical aspect of digital dentures is also shortened. This can be indicated that the manufacture of complete dentures using CAD / CAM innovation has increased remarkable in the age of digitized dentistry, even for dentists who have less denture experience, due to several inherent advantages such as storage capacity of the denture digital data in CAD. The continuous futuristic vision of digital technology in the field of dentures is important to improve the clinical and laboratory performance of denture fabrication and to provide more convenience for both dentists and patients.

[Albaqawi Ahmed, Lopez J. N. Available CAD/CAM System Concepts for the Fabrication of Digital Dentures. J Am Sci 2019;15(5):47-55]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7. doi:10.7537/marsjas150519.07.

Keywords: CAD/CAM System Concepts, Fabrication Of Digital Complete Dentures

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Histological and Immunohistochemical Alterations of Thyroid Gland After Exposure to Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Protective Effect of Vitamin C in Adult Male Albino Rat

Eman E. Elwakeel^1* and Amira Z. Mohamed²

¹ Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

²Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.

E-mails: eman.ismail@fmed.bu.edu.eg; elwakeelazs@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Thyroid gland has crucial importance for the normal function of different body organs and its hormones affect all body metabolisms. Electromagnetic fields are now widely used in various fields due to the great development and rapid expansion of technology. The aim of the present work was to investigate the histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical changes of thyroid gland after exposure to low frequency electromagnetic fields and the possible protective effect of vitamin C. Material & methods: Thirty adult male albino rats were classified randomly into four experimental groups. Group I: Control group that was fed on standard diet. Group II: rats were exposed to low frequency electromagnetic field for 1 month. Group III: rats were given vitamin C just before being exposed to electromagnetic field. Group IV: rats were kept as a recovery group for 1 month following electromagnetic field exposure for the same period. At the end of experimental period, all of the rats were scarified. TSH, Free-T3 and Free-T4 were assessed. Thyroid sections were subjected to H & E, massontrichrome and caspase 3 immunohistochemical stains. Morphometric and statistical studies were analyzed. Results: In electromagnetic field exposed group, there were significant increase of TSH with significance decrease of free T3 and free T4 in comparison to control group. Within this group, there were several pathological changes including: distorted walls, displacement of desquamated epithelial cells in their lumens, cytoplasmic vacuoles, deeply stained nuclei, degeneration of follicles with exfoliated follicular cells in their lumens, congestion of blood capillaries, mononuclear cellular infiltration and strong positive caspase-3 reaction. Additionally, there were a significant decrease in the mean height of the follicular epithelium and significant increase in the mean area percentage of collagen fiber content compared to the control group. There was apparent improvement with the use of vitamin C during period of exposure. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the deleterious changes of thyroid gland morphology and activity due to electromagnetic exposure. Vitamin C is considered to have protective effect against these changes.

[Eman E. Elwakeel and Amira Z. Mohame. Histological and Immunohistochemical Alterations of Thyroid Gland After Exposure to Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Protective Effect of Vitamin C in Adult Male Albino Rat. J Am Sci 2019;15(5):56-64]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8. doi:10.7537/marsjas150519.08.

Keywords: Electromagnetic Fields, thyroid gland, vitamin C, pathological changes

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Immediate Effect of Nadi Shodhana Pranayama on Blood Glucose, Heart Rate and Blood Pressure

Manoranjan Tripathy¹ & Bisweswari Sahu²

¹Ph.D Scholar, Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India. manoranjanonly@gmail.com

² Ph.D Scholar, H.N.B.G, Garhwal, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India. bisweswari1978@gmai.com

Abstract: Background: Nadi shodhana Pranayama ensures that the whole body is nourished by an extra supply of oxygen. The beneficial effects of practicing Nadi shodhana Pranayama on body functions and ability to combat stressors in our daily life has been well recorded in our ancient yogic books. Yogic discipline aims at disciplining of organ system functions acting at cortical level. Objectives: The present study aimed at comparing the immediate effect of Nadi shodhana Pranayama practice on blood glucose level, heart rate and blood pressure. Methods: The study was conducted on male yogic practitioners from Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar who gave consent and performed Nadi shodhana Pranayama correctly were included in the study. (N=25, mean and SD of age respectively 20±2 as the scores were normally distributed). A detailed demographic profile with a structured questionnaire and observational checklist was filled for data collection. The data were collected on the subjects on selected physiological variables before and after the immediate practice of Nadi shodhana Pranayama. The blood glucose level, heart rate and blood pressure were measured by glucometer, heart rate monitor and sphygmomanometer during mentioned time. The tests were administered before Nadi shodhana Pranayama and immediately after Nadi shodhana Pranayama practice at early morning in empty stomach. Results: A Paired t-test was employed as statistical analysis to compare the mean at 5% level of significance. Finally, significant difference was shown in blood glucose level from 89.40± 2.30 to 74.80± 3.10 and heart rate was significantly decreased from 69.70 ± 5.47 to 66.40 ± 6.43. Significant difference was found in systolic blood pressure (from128 ± 3.15 to 122 ± 3.28) during Nadi Shodhana Pranayama where diastolic blood pressure was significantly decreased after Nadi Shodhana Pranayama (from 84 ± 3.45 to 82 ± 3.34). Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that Nadi Shodhana Pranayama could reduce the blood glucose level, heart rate and blood pressure by activating the parasympathetic nervous system which enhance the healthy cardiovascular functioning of the body control high blood glucose by stimulating the insulin secretion from pancreas. The data were entered in SPSS and Statistical analysis was done using version 20.

[Manoranjan Tripathy & Bisweswari Sah. Immediate Effect of Nadi Shodhana Pranayama on Blood Glucose, Heart Rate and Blood Pressure. J Am Sci 2019;15(5):65-70]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9. doi:10.7537/marsjas150519.09.

Key Words: Nadi shodhana Pranayama, Blood Glucose Level, Heart Rate & Blood Pressure

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Importance of Information Technology In Organizations and How To Have A Successful IT Project

Ahmed S. Al Fehaid

Department of Technology Management, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT 06604, United States of America.

ahmad_s3ad@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of this research is to prove the urgent need of IT tools and approaches in the nowadays organizations, and the factors that is mandatory for the success of applying an IT project. Technology is prevalent these days, and the existing of these systems is indispensable in leading and wanting to progress organizations. This research paper is build upon the review of many articles from scholar journals related to the use of technology in organization and the approaches for IT emerging. Many technical articles discuss the reasons and the causes of succeeding in IT projects. Also, personal experience in some IT projects, and case studies of other companies implemented IT system is used in this research paper. Human, Technical, and Business factors are the critical factors for the success of any IT project. The role of human plays the most effect of integrating IT in an organization. This research develops a study of the role of IT in firms and the factors that are dependent on to implement an IT/IS system. The research indicated that the success of IT projects depends on Human, Technical, and Business related factors. The factors are categorized under these categories. IT project stakeholders recognize the factors that helps to achieve the success of the project. The model of IT successful project is used as a road plan for any IT project shareholder to achieve the goal of implementing IT system. The value of this research paper that it indicates the common reasons to complete an IT project and implement the intended system.

[Ahmed S. Al Fehaid. Importance of Information Technology In Organizations and How To Have A Successful IT Project. J Am Sci 2019;15(5):71-82]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10. doi:10.7537/marsjas150519.10.

Keywords: Information Technology; Information System; System Development Life Cycle; Human Factors; Technical Factors; Business Factors.

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Multiple Access Communication System Using Orthogonal Lu Chaotic Vector

Hikmat N. Abdullah

Department of Electrical Engineering, Al-Mustansiryah University, Bab Al-Moadham, Baghdad 10001, Iraq

hikmat_04@yahoo.com

Abstract: The multiple access techniques based on chaotic signals suffer from high co-channel interference due to pseudo- orthogonal nature of chaotic signals. In this paper, an efficient chaotic multiple access communication system based on Orthogonal Chaotic Vector (OCV) generated from Lu system has been proposed. To measure the effectiveness of the proposed system, its performance has been compared with traditional code division multiple access system (CDMA) based on Walsh-Hadamard sequence which has perfect orthogonally. The simulation results showed that the proposed scheme successfully separates the messages of each user and its performance is almost the same regardless of the number of users in AWGN channel. The results also showed that for four users and at bit-error-rate of 10^-3, the proposed system has achieved gains of 5 dB and 8 dB in signal-to-noise ratio over traditional CDMA system in AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels respectively.

[Abdullah HN. Multiple Access Communication System Using Orthogonal Lu Chaotic Vector. J Am Sci 2019;15(5):83-90]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11. doi:10.7537/marsjas150519.11.

Keywords: Chaotic signals; multiple access; Lu system; orthogonal chaotic vector

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Comparative Study of Bioethanol Production from Different Carbohydrate Sources

Shubhra Tiwari, S.K. Jadhav * and K.L. Tiwari

School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G.)

* shailesh_07@sify.com; Phone-07712263022 Fax-07712262583

Abstract: Bioethanol is also biodegradable, less explosive, less poisonous and easier to extinguish if burning, compared to petrol and diesel. It is normally produced by fermenting starchy or sugary solids from crops based feedstock like corn, sugar beet, sugarcane, barley, feedstock containing cellulosic biomass such as stalks, leaves and husk from corn plants and woodchips. Biofuels are a wide range of fuels which are derived from biomass. Biofuels are gaining increased public and scientific attention, driven by factors such as oil price spikes, the need for increased energy security and concern over greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels. Bioethanol is produced by process of fermentation in which large organic molecules are broken down in to simpler molecules as the result of the activity of microorganisms. The present work deals with the bioethanol production from some carbohydrate source like rice bran, jatropha oil cake and mahua flowers. Among all mahua flowers produced maximum bioethanol 9.40%. Rice bran and jatropha oil cake can also able to produce bioethanol. All substrate produced maximum bioethanol on fifth day of incubation.

[Shubhra Tiwari, S.K. Jadhav and K.L. Tiwari. Comparative Study of Bioethanol Production from Different Carbohydrate Sources. J Am Sci 2019;15(5):91-93]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 12. doi:10.7537/marsjas150519.12.

Keywords: Biofuel, Fermentation, Mahua, Bacteria

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