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Does the degree and duration of hearing loss affect cochlear implantation side selection? Language and speech outcome evaluation

Mohamed Baraka¹, Hossam El Dessouky², Ahmed khashaba³, Eman Ezzat⁴, Reham Zenhom⁴

¹Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt

² Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

³ Egyptian Military Medical Academy, Egypt

⁴ Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt

emezzat50@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: A cochlear implant (CI) is an electrical auditory device used for stimulating the primary auditory nerve fibers to induce sound perception in individuals with severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing impairment. The development of language and speech skills is achieved by using CIs. The aim: this paper aims to study the effect of the preimplant degree and duration of hearing loss on side selection to be implanted, by evaluating language outcome, in order to reach the better decision of the side to be implanted for better language and speech outcome. Methods: A retrospective study is used to assess language outcome of (30) patients with pre lingual severe to profound sensori-neural hearing loss. These patients were classified into (3) groups each has (10) patients. The first group has been implanted in the worse and short duration of deafness, the second group has been implanted in the worse and long duration of deafness and the third group has been implanted in the better ear regardless of the duration of deafness. All patients were subjected to personal history taking, psychometric evaluation and language assessment by Pre-school Language Scale test (PLS-4) “Arabic edition”. Results: it reveals that there was a significant increase in total language raw score in groups III than group I and also a significant increase in total language raw score in groups I than group II. Conclusion: The comparison between the three studied groups illustrates the superiority of implanting in the better functional ear over the worse functional ear was validated objectively and subjectively and there is an inversely proportional relationship between the language outcome and duration of deafness.

[Mohamed Baraka, Hossam El Dessouky, Ahmed khashaba, Eman Ezzat, Reham Zenho. Does the degree and duration of hearing loss affect cochlear implantation side selection? Language and speech outcome evaluation. J Am Sci 2019;15(8):1-7]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1. doi:10.7537/marsjas150819.01.

Keywords: Cochlear implant. Degree and duration of deafness. Residual hearing

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Performance Measurement Models in Saudi Arabian Charities

Entisar Hassan Amasha

College of Business Administration, Taif University, KSA.

Email: Intesar.a@tu.edu.sa

Abstract: This paper aims to identify and evaluate the Performance Measurement Models (PMMs) that are employed within the charity sector, and the alternative PMMs that might aid the evaluation of these organizations in Saudi Arabia. The research reviews PMMs in various sectors and investigates the approaches that Saudi charity organizations conduct their performance evaluation. The important findings that have emerged by utilizing a quantitative approach, questionnaires and the discussion of results highlight important insights to the Saudi charities practices of measuring performance. The study proposes a framework to carry out the measuring and evaluation of a charity performance in a holistic approach with flexible features that could suite different kind of organizations. The researcher recommends intensive and professional development of non-profit management to improve performance management and measurement. Moreover, charities must revise their PMMs to achieve excellent practices and learn from international and national successful experiences. Finally, charities should encourage research in various scientific fields to contribute to their development.

[Entisar Hassan Amasha. Performance Measurement Models in Saudi Arabian Charities. J Am Sci 2019;15(8):8-16]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2. doi:10.7537/marsjas150819.02.

Keywords: Performance Measurement Models; Performance Management

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The Impact of Boko Haram Insurgency on Livestock Production in Mubi Region of Adamawa State, Nigeria.

Augustine, C¹., Daniel, J.D.², Abdulrahman, B.S.¹ Lubele, M.I.³, Katsala,. J.G.⁴ and Ardo, M.U.⁴

^1.  Department of Animal Production, Adamawa State University, Mubi.

^2.  Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Adamawa State University, Mubi.

^3.  Department of History, Adamawa State University, Mubi.

^4.  Department of Agricultural Education, College of Education, Hong.

Abstract: This study was conducted to examine the impact of Boko Haram insurgence on livestock production in Mubi region of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Four local government areas (Mubi north, Mubi south, Madagali and Michika) were purposely selected for this study. Thirty (30) livestock farmers were randomly selected from each of the local government area making a total of one hundred and twenty (120) respondents. One hundred and twenty (120) structured questionnaires were administered to gather information from the farmers through an interview schedule. Majority of the livestock farmers in Mubi south (56.67%) Mubi north (63.33%), Madagali (53.33%) and Michika (80%) were males. Most of the respondents had secondary school certificates (40 to 50%) and Diploma certificates (23.33 to 36.70%). Greater proportion of the livestock farmers had family size of 5 to 10 people per family. Family labour accounted the highest (43.33 to 60%) types of labour used in managing the animals. Sizable population (53.33 to 63.33%) of the livestock farmers kept domestic animals as source of income. Livestock populations were observed to have been drastically reduced as a result of Boko Haram attacks. Significant economic losses were recorded in Madagali with the highest economic losses of N395,000, N2,000,000, N285,000 observed for goats sheep and pigs respectively and N300500, N175,000, N390,000 losses were also recorded respectively for goats, cattle and pigs were recorded in Michika local government area. The problems of finance (36.67 to 40%), problem of supply of inputs (13.33 to 23.33%) and scare of reoccurrence of Boko Haram attack (30 to 43.33%) are the major constraints affecting the development of livestock production in Mubi area of Adamawa State. There is need for government, non governmental organization and individuals to assist livestock farmers in Mubi region with finance and facilities. Government should further enhance the security of Mubi region and restore back confidence in people to invest more in livestock production. It was concluded that the activities of Boko Haram insurgence had serious negative impact on the livestock industry in Mubi area.

[Augustine, C., Daniel, J.D., Abdulrahman, B.S. Lubele, M.I., Katsala,. J.G. and Ardo, M. The Impact of Boko Haram Insurgency on Livestock Production in Mubi Region of Adamawa State, Nigeria. J Am Sci 2019;15(8):17-21]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3. doi:10.7537/marsjas150819.03.

Keywords: Impact, insurgency, livestock production

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Specific Deductions Available In Tax To Tax Payers: A Critical Analysis

Neeraj * & Bhawna **

* Neeraj, Advocate, High Court For Punjab And Haryana. Assistant Professor, Geeta Institute of Law, Panipat, Haryana (India)

** Bhawna, Assistant Professor, Geeta Institute Of Law, Panipat.

Email: *advocateneerajjain@gmail.com, **bhawnabhardwaj1321@gmail.com

Abstract: There are many advantages of levying the taxes not only in economical context but also in other ways which empowers individuals on one hand and the society on the other hand. Therefore, the state comes with a proper system of imposing the taxes on the citizens and non-citizens so that the system works in the proper manner and no hindrances or chaos occurs. It is the duty of the state to make certain provisions. Tax, as we see it today, is not present day phenomenon but has been coming since very long time back that is the tax was also levied in the past India wherein certain laws and regulations were made in this regard as to make the wealth and atmosphere of the state better in every aspect whether in education, social, economical, salaries etc.

[Neeraj & Bhawna. Specific Deductions Available In Tax To Tax Payers: A Critical Analysis. J Am Sci 2019;15(8):22-27]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4. doi:10.7537/marsjas150819.04.

Keywords: Specific Deductions, Tax, Tax Payers, India.

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Efficiency Of Sewage Treatment Plant, Laam, Nishat, Srinagar, Jammu And Kashmir, India

M. Mehdi and S. K. Rafiq

P.G Department of Environment S.P. Post Graduate College, Srinagar, 190001, Jammu & Kashmir, India.

Hydrobiology Research Lab. S.P. Post Graduate College, Srinagar, 190001, Jammu & Kashmir, India.

Abstract: The current study was undertaken at Sewage treatment plant (STP) Laam, Nishat, Srinagar situated between 33°25´ to 34°50´ N & 74°75´E geographical coordinates at the shores of world famous Dal lake. Comparative analyses were undertaken for raw sewage entering the STP and treated sewage discharged into the Dal Lake at aforesaid site. The parameters which were analyzed during the study included Temperature, pH, Electrical conductance, Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Chloride (Cl¯), Sodium, Potassium, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS), Totalsolids (TS), Nitrogen (as nitrate-nitrogen and ammonical-nitrogen), and ortho-phosphate. It was observed that the concentration of TS, TSS, TDS, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca⁺, Mg⁺, Am. Nitrogen, Orto-phosphate, BOD and COD was reduced by 59%, 66%, 50%, 33%, 73%, 30%, 66%, 49%, 60%, 77% and 74% while as that of Cl, NO₃^-, and dissolved oxygen increased by 67%, 51% and 99% respectively after treatment at STP.

[M. Mehdiand S. K. Rafiq. Efficiency Of Sewage Treatment Plant, Laam, Nishat, Srinagar, Jammu And Kashmir, India. J Am Sci 2019;15(8):28-32]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5. doi:10.7537/marsjas150819.05.

Key Words: Sewage treatment plant, Dal lake, Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD)

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Mangrove Deterioration in Tarut Bay on the Eastern Province of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

¹Hanan Al- Mahasheer, ² Dr. Wafa Al-Taisan,³ Dr. Mohey. K. Mohamed

Department of Biology, Girls College of Science, University of Dammam, P.O. Box 838, Dammam 31113, Saudi Arabia

Abstract: All over the world, coastal environments suffer the negative effect of the human pressures particularly on mangrove trees Problem Statement: The deterioration and loss of Mangrove communities, which are the evergreen trees that grow in Tropical and Semi-tropical regions and between regions of tides, represent a problem for the protection of the Ecosystem. Where mangrove communities have deteriorated and their numbers decreased due to the pollutions of factories, littering, and reclamation; such influence seemed obvious after the Gulf War and it will remain so for a long period of time. Because This Bay is exposed to many environmental pressures as (Urban encroachment, pollutants, and reclamation) if they continued, it will cause the elimination of mangrove forests in the region Approach: The current study evaluate Mangrove forests deterioration which mostly centralize in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in Taut Bay throughout the study of LANDSAT and SPOT images of different dates to monitor the gradual changes in the mangrove vegetation Results: The satellite images which is taken over 39 years in the period from 1972 to the year 2011 had marked a huge decline in the study area estimated by 55.93%. Conclusion/Recommendation: The study highly recommends: stopping the excessive reclamation, establishing a national center to for protecting the remaining mangrove communities from extinction. Keeping the areas of mangrove protected because of its significance: as a shelter of marine and land animals and its effect in reducing soil erosion, and purification of water and soil contamination.

[Hanan Al- Mahasheer, Wafa Al-Taisan,  Mohey. K. Mohamed. Mangrove Deterioration in Tarut Bay on the Eastern Province of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Am Sci 2019;15(8):33-41]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6. doi:10.7537/marsjas150819.06.

Keywords: Satellite images, Avicennia marina, deterioration, NDVI

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Chemical, Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Extracts of B. sapida for Agricultural and Medicinal Relevance

Olusegun Onimisi John-Dewole¹, Olutomi Oyedunni Popoola ²

¹Department of Biochemistry, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria

²Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria

segunotaru@yahoo.com

Abstract: Phytochemical screening of the fruit of Blighia sapida confirmed the presence of Saponin, Saponin glycoside, Tannin, Balsam, Cardiac glycoside and Volatile oil. Spectrophotometric analysis for trace metals (such as Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni and Fe), Phosphorus and Sulphur showed that B. sapida contained Mn (0.332+0.003 mg/100g), Zn (1.820+0.001 mg/100g), Cu (0.253+0.002 mg/100g), Ni (1.074+0.001 mg/100g), Fe (0.791+0.002 mg/100g), Pb (0.010+0.001), P (49.20+0.200 mg/100g) and S (719.83+0.290 mg/100g). The medicinal and agricultural relevance of the extracts were evaluated in-vitro by antimicrobial and antifungal assays. The aqueous extract (but not methanol and petroleum ether extracts) showed growth inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, but Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were resistant to all the plant extracts and the antibiotic controls. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the aqueous extract of B. sapida on S. aureus and E. coli were 3.13 mg and 12.50mg respectively. The Minimum Bacterial Concentration (MBC) of the aqueous extract against the test organisms ranged from 12.50mg to 25.00mg.

[John-Dewole OO, Popoola OO. Chemical, Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Screening of Extracts of B. sapida for Agricultural and Medicinal Relevance. J Am Sci 2019;15(8):42-47]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7. doi:10.7537/marsjas150819.07.

Keywords: antimicrobial; B. sapida; herbal; pharmaceutical; phytochemical

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Micropropagation of baobab, an economic plant

Taiye R. Fasola and Mary T. Okerenkporo

Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

E-mail: fasolatr@yahoo.com

Abstract: Adansonia digitata L. has been repeatedly reported to have ethno-medicinal uses such as food and fodder, fibre in clothing and ropes, ethno-veterinary medicine and other herbal applications. Currently, it is widely used in the many traditional systems of medicine and yet detailed report of its mass propagation is lacking. This study was therefore conducted to develop multiple formation of shoot and buds of Adansonia digitata using embryos as a starting material. Matured embryos of baobab plant were inoculated on two basal media namely Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Woody Plant Medium (WPM). Nodal explants excised from the regenerated plantlets were cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with various concentrations of cytokinin such as Benzylaminpurine (BAP) and Kinetin (KIN), auxin - Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and an additive (coconut water). The effects of growth hormones and additive (coconut water) on in-vitro propagated plantlets were evaluated. In embryo regeneration both basal media could be used, though MS basal medium proved to be better than WPM basal medium with the highest number of nodes coupled with the maximum length of roots and shoots. However in shoot multiplication MS basal medium with or without KIN and NAA performed better than BAP and NAA. The sufficiently rooted plants were then transferred for acclimatization and later taken to screen house for hardening.

[Taiye R. Fasola and Mary T. Okerenkporo. Micropropagation of baobab, an economic plant. J Am Sci 2019;15(8):48-53]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8. doi:10.7537/marsjas150819.08.

Keywords: Kinetin, Benzylaminopurine, Naphthalene Acetic Acid, Useful plant

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An Location And Detection (Eld) Based Attacks In Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Implementation With Embedded Systems

¹ Rajaram M, ² Dr. Sumathy V.

¹ Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Park college of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India

² Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Government College of Technology Coimbatore, India

E-mail: ¹ happyramm900@gmail.com, ²sumi_gct2006@yahoo.com

Abstract： A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a temporary wireless network composed of mobile nodes, in which an infrastructure is absent. If two mobile nodes are within each other’s transmission range, they can communicate with each other directly; otherwise, the nodes in between have to forward the packets for them. Several routing protocols have already been proposed for ad hoc networks. This paper suggests an approach to utilize location information obtained by using DLRDP_F (Dynamic located Routing and Detection Protocol Far), if the destination is Remote and DLRP_L (Dynamic located Routing and detection Protocol Local), if the destination is local. in this routing scheme affected various attacks. In MANETs, it is difficult to identify malicious attacks as the topology of the network dynamically changes. In this Progress we proposed new efficient dynamic detection scheme for attacks also. Using location information to help routing is often proposed as a means to achieve scalability benefits like Packet delivery ratio, Average delay, packet loss and Qos in large mobile ad-hoc networks. and detect the attacks. We use the network simulator 2 (ns-2) system to conduct the MANET simulations and consider scenarios for location and detection. and on the Tiny based Real time operating systems.

[Rajaram M, Sumathy V. An Location And Detection (Eld) Based Attacks In Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Implementation With Embedded Systems. J Am Sci 2019;15(8):54-69]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9. doi:10.7537/marsjas150819.09.

Keywords: Adhoc networks, Location, Detection attacks, Scalability benefits, Tiny 2.OS

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Multi-objective optimization of square beam subject to side impact for improvement of crashworthiness design

A. Farhaninejad ¹, Rizal Zaharib ², B.B. Sahari ¹, Faieza Abdul Aziz ¹, E. Rasooliyazdi ¹

^1. Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

^2. Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti of Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

alifarhaninejad@gmail.com

Abstract: Increasing energy absorption is a significant parameter in vehicle design. Absorbing more energy results in decreasing occupant damage. Limitation of the deflection in a side impact results in decreased energy absorption (SEA) and increased peakload (PL). Hence a high crash force jeopardizes passenger safety and vehicle integrity. The aims of this paper are to determine suitable dimensions and material and an appropriate reinforced structural design of a square beam subjected to side impact, in order to maximize SEA and minimize PL. To achieve this novel goal, the geometric parameters of a square beam are optimized using the response surface method (RSM). Both multi-objective and single-objective optimizations are performed, and the optimum design for different response features is obtained. A comparative analysis showing the relationship between these two parameters is presented.

[A. Farhaninejad, Rizal Zaharib, B.B. Sahari, Faieza Abdul Aziz, E. Rasooliyazdi. Multi-objective optimization of square beam subject to side impact for improvement of crashworthiness design. J Am Sci 2019;15(8):70-80]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10. doi:10.7537/marsjas150819.10.

Keywords: crashworthiness, side impact, energy absorption, multi-objective optimization, square beam, SEA

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Harnessing Green Technology for Ecological Sustainability and Healthy Citizenry

Leera Solomon, Chinedu Azubuike Uzor and Isetima Kelsy Alalibo

Department of Science Laboratory Technology, School of Science and Technology, Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic, Rumuola, P.M.B. 5936, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

sololeera@yahoo.com

Abstract: Environmental technology, also known as 'green' or 'clean' technology or green chemistry, refers to the application of environmental sciences in the development of new technologies which aim to conserve, monitor or reduce the harm humans regularly cause the environment while consuming its resources. It is the technology or the chemistry which designs and develops chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous waste substances. As a matter of fact, the risk to humanity, associated with a toxic substance or a pollutant, is a function of hazard and exposure. Since we have not been able to control the “exposure” effectively, the green technology aims to control the “hazard” itself, by preventing its occurrence. Thus, instead of limiting “risk” by controlling our “exposure” to hazardous chemicals, green technology attempts to reduce or eliminate the “hazard”, thereby negating the necessity to control “exposure”. The bottom line is, if we do not use or produce hazardous waste substances, the risk is zero and we do not have to worry about the treatment of hazardous substances or of limiting our exposure to them. The use of microbial fuel cells as alternative sources of non-conventional energy are all green technologies, which possesses a good potential for future use, as a clean fuel. Green technology has, therefore, gained a strong foothold in the area of research and development (R & D) in industry and academia. The paper, seeks to highlight major areas for development of environmental technology for ecological balance and a healthy citizenry across the globe.

[Solomon, L., Uzor, C. A. and Alalibo, I. K. Harnessing Green Technology for Ecological Sustainability and Healthy Citizenry. J Am Sci 2019;15(8):81-89]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11. doi:10.7537/marsjas150819.11.

Keywords: Green chemistry, pollutant, ecological balance, healthy citizenry, clean fuel

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Streptomyces: habitats, and Some Products of antibiotic (Review)

Baghdadi A.M. A. and Alblady N.M.

Micro Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

amboghdadi@uj.edu.sa

Abstract: Streptomyces was the largest genus of Actinobacteria and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae. Phylogenetically, streptomycetes were part of the Actinobacteria, the class of gram-positive and morphologically diverse bacteria that have DNA comparatively rich in G+C Among free-living actinobacteria, G+C content ranges from 54% in some corynebacteria to more than 70% in streptomycetes. Streptomyces species are chemoorganotrophic, filamentous gram-positive bacteria but not acid-alcohol fast, not fungi and occur in the same habitats as fungi and are superficially similar (Ikeda et al., 2003).

[Baghdadi A.M. A. and Alblady N.M. Streptomyces: habitats, and Some Products of antibiotic (Review). J Am Sci 2019;15(8):90-101]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 12. doi:10.7537/marsjas150819.12.

Key words: Streptomyces, Antibiotic, Antimicrobial gradient

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