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Environmental Degradation Effects of Urbanization in Port Harcourt

Ipalibo West¹ and Obinna O. Wodike ²

¹Deptartment of Architecture, School of Environmental Science, Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic, Rumuola, P.M.B. 5936, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

²Deptartment of Architecture, School of Environmental Science, Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic, Rumuola, P.M.B. 5936, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

ipalibowest66@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper examined the effect of urbanization on the environment, specifically, the increasing pace of the degradation of our environment. In the face of global economic recession environmental degradation poses a great challenge to sustainable development. Rivers State and Port Harcourt metropolis specifically, is faced with climate change, which presently defines the life expectancy of people living in the region, due to the rapid pace of urbanization. Urbanization is the physical growth of urban areas as a result of rural migration and even suburban concentration into cities. Due to uncontrollable urbanization in Rivers State, environmental degradation has been occurring very rapidly and causing many problems like land security, worsening water quality, excessive air pollution, flood and problem of solid waste management. This paper emphasizes on the effect of urbanization on environmental components namely; deforestation loss of biodiversity, flooding and environmental pollution. Although it is impossible to restrict urbanization, but there is need to ensure that, urbanization proceeds in the right path, to reduce its impact on the environment. Conclusively, this paper recommended measure that could reduce the escalation of environmental degradation caused by urbanization in Rivers State.

[West, I. and Wodike, O. O. Environmental Degradation Effects of Urbanization in Port Harcourt. J Am Sci 2019;15(9):1-7]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1. doi:10.7537/marsjas150919.01.

Keywords: Environment, Degradation, Urbanization, Deforestation, Climate change

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[J Am Sci 2019;15(9):8-20]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2.

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Effect of E - learning on the efficiency of self - assessment of performance and the teaching efficiency of rhythmic exercises using ribbon

Dr Nahla Abdel Azim Ibraheim¹ and Dr Maha Mohamed Abdelwahab²

¹Exercises, Gymnastics, and Motion Expression Department. Faculty of physical Education for Girls, Zagazig University, Egypt.

² Curricula and Methods of Teaching, Training and Practical, Education Department, Faculty of Physical Education for Girls, Zagazig University, Egypt.

nahla_sy@yahoo.com

Abstract: Introduction: The researcher noted that the greatest interest in the process of teaching, learning and teaching methodologies/ attention has been paid to the study of the extent of student’s self-assessment of the movement’s skills, although it has a significant role in promoting the learning process through error’s discovery and the attempt to correct them. Study aim: Research aims to identify effect of E-Learning on the efficiency of self-assessment of skillful performance and teaching efficiency of some exercises skills by using ribbon Material and methods: Sample was 40 students of the fourth year of the Faculty of Physical Education for Girls Zagazig University in 2017 - 2018, applied the E-Learning program to the students of the experimental group after completing pre-measurements directly for 6 weeks. Results: There are statistically significant differences between the pre and post measurements in the level of self-evaluation efficiency of the student’s performance for the ribbon usage, the level of the teaching efficiency of the rhythmic exercises using the ribbon, and the cognitive achievement test of the experimental group which follows the E-Learning method Conclusions: E-learning contributed positively and effectively in learning and improving the efficiency of self-assessment of the student, the level of teaching efficiency and level of cognitive achievement.

[Nahla Abdel Azim Ibraheim and Maha Mohamed Abdelwahab. Effect of E - learning on the efficiency of self - assessment of performance and the teaching efficiency of rhythmic exercises using ribbon. J Am Sci 2019;15(9):21-27]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3. doi:10.7537/marsjas150919.03.

Key words: E-Learning, Efficiency of self-assessment, Teaching efficiency.

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A Comparative study between pneumatic and holmium laser lithotripsy in treatment of ureteric stones.

Ahmed Elshorbagy, Ahmed Radwan, Ahmed Farouk, Waleed Mousa, Mohamed A Gamal

Urology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

Email: dr.mohgamal@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Urolithiasis is an important as a general world healthcrisis.In the past 20 years, the treatment of urinary calculi has been changed significantly, although the tolerant application of ureteroscopiclithotripsyis and ESWL, still preferring this methods in the management and treatment of ureteric stones at several hospitals. Aim of Work: To compare between holmium laser and pneumatic lithotripsy in management of ureteric stones as regarding duration of the procedure, stone clearance, incidence of complications and hospital stay. Patients and Methods: Sixty patients complaining from stone ureter were enrolled in the current work over the period from August 2014 to June 2016 in Urology department of National Institute of urology and nephrology. Patients were randomly classified into two groups. Group A (n=30) were managed by holmium YAG laser lithotripsy (LL) while Group B (n=30) were managed by pneumatic lithotripsy (PL) for stone ureter. Different patient data were evaluated and analyzed including, demographics, intraoperative parameters, stone characteristics, and postoperative complications. Results: All 60 patients were evaluated as we had no patients who lost in follow up. No differences between the two groups were observed regarding the baseline demographics and stone characteristics of patients. Group (LL) patients were significantly superior than group (PL) patients regarding the average operative time (29+8.45vs38+11.03 min, p=0.0010) and early stone free rate (93.3%vs86.7%) and incidence of postoperative haematuria which showed statistically significant difference between both groups (6.6%vs56.7%, p=<0.001). While other complications such as migration, perforation and stricture was detected in both groups and compared. Conclusions: Both LL and PL are safe and efficient modalities in treating stones in the ureter with the following advantages of LL for their high efficiency of stone destruction and greater clearance rate of stones with shorter operative time and less incidence of stone migration and postoperative haematuria over PL.

[Ahmed Elshorbagy, Ahmed Radwan, Ahmed Farouk, Waleed Mousa, Mohamed A Gamal. A Comparative study between pneumatic and holmium laser lithotripsy in treatment of ureteric stones. J Am Sci 2019;15(9):28-32]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4. doi:10.7537/marsjas150919.04.

Key Words: holmium laser lithotripsy, pneumatic lithotripsy, uretroscopy

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Coragen induced toxicity and the ameliorative effect of an Origanum majorana L. in male albino Rats

Noha M. Meligi, Hanaa Fawzy Hassan and Honyda, S.M.

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University 61519, Minia, Egypt.

*Correspondence: noha.melege@mu.edu.eg hanaafawzy78@yahoo.com

Abstract: Pesticides are chemical substances used to kill variety of different animal pests. Because of they are sprayed across whole agricultural fields, they can affect many species other than their goal species. Pesticides encompass different types of compounds such as insecticides. Worldwide, insecticides are known to be a main reason behind the increase in the agricultural production in the last century. However, insecticide class comes with a specific set of environmental concerns. Therefore, insecticides must be estimated for their toxicity. The present work aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of the insecticide, Coragen and the ameliorative effects of an Origanum majorana L. suspension on male albino rats. The administration of a sub-lethal dose of Coragen (2000 mg/kg b.wt. orally three times a week for 30 days) was associated with significant inhibition of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity and enhanced lipid peroxidation. Moreover, a significant increase in the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were detected. In contrast, there were a decline in the concentrations of total protein, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and albumin in the present study in response to the insecticide. In addition, the histopathological changes of liver, spleen and lung by Coragen were evaluated. Treatment with (5 g/kg b.wt.) suspension of Origanum majorana L given orally, 3times/week for 4 weeks, showed a probable way to mitigate the Coragen induced toxicity.

[Noha M. Meligi, Hanaa Fawzy Hassanand Honyda, S.M. Coragen induced toxicity and the ameliorative effect of an Origanum majorana L. in male albino Rats. J Am Sci 2019;15(9):33-44]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5. doi:10.7537/marsjas150919.05.

Keywords: Ooxidative stress, biochemical parameters; histological changes; Coragen; albino rats; Origanum majorana.

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Comparative study of the physico-chemical properties and dissolution behavior of three Carbamazepine (200mg) brands available in the Sudanese market

Yasin Salah Aldeen Osman Ismail¹, Dhia Eldin Abd Elmagied Elhag ², Nour Eldaim Azhari Ismail Fagiri³*, Samah Azhary Ismail Fagery⁴ and Osama Ibrahim Elamin Ahmed⁵

¹ Department of Sales and Marketing, Arac Healthcare Co., Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

² Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.

³ Department of Internal Medicine, Ribat Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan.

⁴ Department of Medical Laboratory science, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.

⁵ Department of Internal Medicine, Lincoln Medical Center, New York, USA.

Dr.noureldaim@hotmail.com, dr.noureldaim@hotmail.com

Abstract: Introduction: Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a widely used antiepileptic and anticonvulsant drug, it is considered as a golden standard therapy for many types of epilepsies, including generalized tonic colonic seizures and partial onset seizures. Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate three different commercially available CBZ brands, their relative dissolution behavior, weight variations, thickness and diameter of the tablets, hardness of the tablets, content uniformity, and the cost-effectiveness of local brands compared to the imported brands that might be used as alternatives. Methods: The methods used to compare the physico-chemical properties and the dissolution behavior for the carbamazepine brands were taken as stated in the US pharmacopeia (2013), and additional methods that were given by Shanghai pharmaceuticals were also used. Other in-house methods were also valuable in the accomplishment of this research. Results: All the different brands were comparable regarding weight variations, diameter and thickness, content uniformity, friability and dissolution and met the acceptable standard limits described by pharmacopeias such as USP (2013). Conclusion: Though differences for release profiles exist, all the commercial brands released 75% of drug labeled amount within 1 hr. according to USP (2013), so they can satisfy patient need. Also the rest of the properties investigated were all conforming with the USP (2013).

[Yasin Salah Aldeen Osman Ismail, Dhia Eldin Abd Elmagied Elhag, Nour Eldaim Azhari Ismail Fagiri, Samah Azhary Ismail Fagery and Osama Ibrahim Elamin Ahme. Comparative study of the physico-chemical properties and dissolution behavior of three Carbamazepine (200mg) brands available in the Sudanese market. J Am Sci 2019;15(9):45-50]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6. doi:10.7537/marsjas150919.06.

Keywords：Comparative; study; physico-chemical properties; dissolution; behavior; Carbamazepinebrands; available; Sudanese market

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Impact of Caloric Beverage Consumption on Weight and Health Status of Pre-school Children: A study in Egypt

Safaa Tawfik¹, Eman H. Elsebaei², ElSayed Hammad¹, Eman Habib¹  and E. M. Elhabashi ²

¹ Department of Clinical Nutrition, National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, Egypt.

² Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

safaahta@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Several studies found reliable evidence to back-up the fact of negative impact of high intake of sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) on children’s health and expose them to overweight/obesity risk. The high consumption of sugar sweetened beverage has increased in parallel to the obesity epidemic all over the world and therefore, the World Health Organization considered that high intake of SSBs may be responsible for extra calories which is more than child’s energy requirements and leading to weight gain. Objectives: To describe preschool children’s consumption of different beverages’ categories and to assess impact of sugar sweetened beverages consumption on their body mass index. Methods: observational cross sectional analytical study was implemented on 450 preschool children aged two to six years in Cairo and Suez governorates. Data was collected from five primary health care units (PHCs). Four of which are located in Cairo and one in Suez governorates. Results: Normal weight children had significantly higher intake of milk and herbal drinks than wasted and obese children. On the other hand, 80% and more of overweight and obese children were found to consume higher quantities of canned/sugar added fruit juices as well as soda drinks. Children suffering from chronic diseases was found to have low intake of milk (68%) and natural fruit juices (96%) with statistical significance. Conclusion: Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and/or soda drinks was significantly related to overweight and obese preschool children. Meanwhile, high intake of milk and herbal drinks was found associated to normal weight children than wasted or obese ones.

[Safaa Tawfik, Eman H. Elsebaei, ElSayed Hammad, Eman Habiband E. M. Elhabashi. Impact of Caloric Beverage Consumption on Weight and Health Status of Pre-school Children: A study in Egypt. J Am Sci 2019; 15(9):51-59]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7. doi:10.7537/marsjas150919.07.

Key words: Sugar sweetened beverages, pre-school children, obesity, body mass index, milk intake

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The Possible Role of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp in the transmission of Avian Influenza virus H5N8 in Saudi Arabia

Mai D Ibrahem^1,2*, Hanan Ogaly^3,4, Attalah Elkott⁴ and Abdulrahim R Hakami⁵

^1*Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Khamis Mushait, Saudi Arabia

²Department of Fish Diseases and Management; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

³Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

⁴College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

⁵Clinical Laboratories Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61481, Saudi Arabia

^*Author for correspondence: Tel.: +966(0)17-241-5917, email: mai@kku.edu.sa

Abstract: Avian influenza is a highly contagious disease and poses a threat to both human beings and animals. The global spread of the disease in bird populations represents a major problem. Aquatic habitats aids in avian influenza virus transmission by many diverse hosts. The aim of this study was to screen crustaceans, namely, Litopenaeus vannamei shrimps for avian influenza virus and investigate their possible role in the virus transmission. A total number of 1200 adult live Litopenaeus vannamei were collected from Jazan Region, South-West coast of Saudi Arabia. RNA isolation and RT-PCR Techniques were performed in collected haemolymph. Results of virus detection by RT-PCR were negative, indicating that Litopenaeus vannamei may not have a role in the transmission of avian influenza virus in the Kingdom. Based on the current study, shrimps should be investigated in different geographical areas to access its possible role in avian influenza virus epizootic and epidemic cases in the kingdom.

[Mai D Ibrahem, Hanan Ogaly, Attalah Elkottand Abdulrahim R Hakam. The Possible Role of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp in the transmission of Avian Influenza virus H5N8 in Saudi Arabia. J Am Sci 2019;15(9):60-64]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8. doi:10.7537/marsjas150919.08.

Keywords: Avian influenza virus, H5N8, Litopenaeus vannamei, RT-PCR Techniques, KSA

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Effect of welding conditions on mechanical and microstructure properties of friction stir welded aluminum alloy 2024-T4

M. M. Ghanem¹, A. A. Abdel-Hakeem² N. A. Abdel-Raheem³ and M. R. El-Kousy³

¹Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), Egypt

²Aircraft Factory, AOI, Egypt

³ Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt

^*corresponding author: ghanem105@yahoo.com

Abstract: The heat-treatable high strength AA2024 aluminum alloy is widely used in airplane fuselage structure due to its high strength-to-density ratio. Currently, riveting is the main joining process used in manufacturing airplane fuselage. The AA2024-T4 alloy has poor weldability by fusion welding because of its hot cracking susceptibility, porosity formation and degradation in mechanical properties Friction stir welding (FSW) is the promising process to weld this alloy. Therefore, the objective of this work is to study the effect of FSW welding parameters on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 2024-T4 welded joints at different rotational speed (450–1800rpm) and travel speed (11.2–45 mm/min) whereas, axial force and tool shape remain unchanged. Results clarified that mechanical properties and microstructure of joints are dependent on welding process parameters. Maximum ultimate strength of the joints is equivalent to 82% of the base material at appropriate rotation speed of 900 rpm and travel speed of 35.5mm/min.

[M. M. Ghanem, A. A. Abdel-Hakeem N. A. Abdel-Raheemand M. R. El-Kousy. Effect of welding conditions on mechanical and microstructure properties of friction stir welded aluminum alloy 2024-T4. J Am Sci 2019;15(9):65-73]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9. doi:10.7537/marsjas150919.09.

Keywords: Aluminum alloy AA2024 T4, friction stir welding (FSW), rotational speed, travel speed, mechanical properties, microstructure

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Central venous oxygen saturation versus veno-arterial carbon dioxide gradient as a predictor of mortality in sepsis

Hany M. EL Zahaby, Mohammed A. EL Gendy, Mostafa M. Serry, Samir E. Kasem

Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

Samiressam89.si@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Sepsis refers to life threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Aim of the Work: to test a hypothesis that mortality prediction in patients with sepsis can be done using veno-arterial CO₂ gradient as compared to central venous oxygen saturation. Patients and Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 30 adult critically ill patients admitted to ICU of AIN Shams University hospitals, either had sepsis or septic shock on admission during a 6 month period. An informed written consent was obtained from patients and/or their guardians before starting this study. Results: The most frequent comorbidities were DM (53.3%) followed by Hypertension (50%) and COPD (36.7%). Sources of infection were mostly Respiratory 80% then urinary 26.7%. The least Sources of infection were CNS infection and abdominal sepsis 20%. SCVO2 at admission and at hour 6 was a significant predictor of mortality in the studied patients. At cut off value of <or =72.5 at admission, the SCVO₂ yielded a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 99%. At cut off value of < or = 58.5% at hour 6, the ScvO₂ yielded a sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 77%. Pv-aCO₂ at admission and at hour 6 was a significant predictor of mortality in the studied patients. At cut off value of > or = 6.95 at admission, the Pv-aCO₂ yielded a sensitivity of 92.9% and specificity of 86%. At cut off value of > or = 6.5 at hour 6, the Pv-aCO₂ yielded a sensitivity of 99% and specificity of 91%. Patients who died had significantly lower ScvO₂ values than patients who survived. Patients who died had significantly higher Pv-aCO₂ values than patients who survived. There was statistically significant positive correlation between SCVO₂ at admission and Pv-aCO₂ at admission (r= 0.55, p=0.002). there was a statistically insignificant difference between patients who survived and patients who died regarding Age and Sex (p>0.05). Conclusion: low ScvO₂ and high veno-arterial PCO₂ gradient are significant predictors of mortality in septic patients. Our study showed that ScvO₂ levels below 70% were significantly associated with mortality and yielded high diagnostic accuracy. Similarly, veno-arterial PCO₂ gradient levels above 6 mmHg within the first 24 h in septic patients were associated with poor outcomes. However, the usefulness of this parameter remains to be explored.

[Hany M. EL Zahaby, Mohammed A. EL Gendy, Mostafa M. Serry, Samir E. Kasem. Central venous oxygen saturation versus veno-arterial carbon dioxide gradient as a predictor of mortality in sepsis. J Am Sci 2019;15(9):74-83]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10. doi:10.7537/marsjas150919.10.

Key words: Central venous oxygen saturation, veno-arterial carbon dioxide gradient, mortality sepsis

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Role of Diagnostic Laparoscopy in Management of Acute Abdomen of Unknown Aetiology

To: Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Ahmed El-Shaf’ey, Assist. Prof. Dr. Hesham Mohamed Ali Omran, Dr. Mohamed Gamal Abd El-Rahman and Reda Harby Marzouk Mithany*

General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

E-mail: reda7rby@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Acute abdominal pain (AAP) is a medical emergency, characterized by pain arising from the abdominal area, of non-traumatic origin with a maximum duration of five days. It is the most common surgical emergency, one of the most common reasons for referral to an emergency department (ED) and the most common cause for non-trauma-related hospital admissions. Aim of the Work: To evaluate the role of laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of unexplained acute abdominal pain and establish it instead of conventional exploratory laparotomy. Results: Maximum numbers of patients were of age 26 to 30 years (9 patients i.e. 30.0%). Least number of patients were from age group of 31-35 years. Female patients of acute abdomen were slightly more than that of male patients, due to increased number of cases of acute cholecystitis in females. Most common cause of acute abdomen in this study was acute appendicitis, while least common causes were pelvic inflammatory disease and mickel's diverticulum equally. Laparoscopy was done in all cases (100%); therapeutic laparoscopy was successful in 22 cases (73.30%) while 8 (26.7%) patients required to be converted to laparotomy. Complications related to laparoscopy in our study were observed in 15 out of 30 cases (50%); with shoulder pain is the most common one. Conclusion: Diagnostic Laparoscopy is helpful in confirming a diagnosis made on clinical grounds and laboratory evaluation.

[Mahmoud Ahmed El-Shaf’ey, Hesham Mohamed Ali Omran, Mohamed Gamal Abd El-Rahman and Reda Harby Marzouk Mithany. Role of Diagnostic Laparoscopy in Management of Acute Abdomen of Unknown Aetiology. J Am Sci 2019;15(9):84-90]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 11. doi:10.7537/marsjas150919.11.

Keywords: Acute abdominal pain - Diagnostic Laparoscopy – Aetiology

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Sensation Assessment of Dorsal Digital Artery Perforator Flap In Fingertip Reconstruction (A Prospective Study)

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Ahmed Khalaf Allah¹, Dr. Ahmed Gamal Othman¹, Dr. Ahmed Mohamed Gad Ali², Mostafa Kotb Abdelrazik Mohammed¹

¹General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

²Plastic Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

mostafakotbau@yahoo.com 

Abstract: Finger tip amputation is really a complicated issue because high rate of incidence and highly specialized functions of it. Surgeons make their efforts to reconstruct fingertip normal shape and restore its function in the form of restoration of sensations, and it is a challenging procedure. In this study we repaired fingertip amputations by DDAP flap without nerve coaptation and after a period of recovery, our goal been tested which was evaluation of flap sensation restoration. We found that this flap has considerable sensory return fair enough that enable patient to manipulate and deal normally with life activities and protect his hand and fingers. Homodigital donor-site morbidity is a major concern when raising a DDAP flap. Skin graft contracture and extensor tendon adhesion are inevitable, but early rehabilitation with the help of a physical therapist can be less prone to these complications. In conclusion, the use of the DDAP flap for fingertip reconstruction appears to result in excellent functional and aesthetic outcomes without sacrificing the digital artery. Therefore, we suggest that the DDAP flap may be a useful technique in all types of fingertip pulp defects.

[Mohamed Ahmed Khalaf Allah, Ahmed Gamal Othman, Ahmed Mohamed Gad Ali, Mostafa Kotb Abdelrazik Mohammed. Sensation Assessment of Dorsal Digital Artery Perforator Flap In Fingertip Reconstruction (A Prospective Study) J Am Sci 2019;15(9):91-99]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 12. doi:10.7537/marsjas150919.12.

Keywords: Sensation; Assessment; Dorsal; Digital; Artery; Perforator; Flap; Fingertip； Reconstruction； Prospective

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