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Mechanical Properties of Two Varieties of Melon (Colocynthis citrullus)

Oyerinde, A. S. ¹, Sedara, A. M. ¹, Oladimeji, S. T. ², Ezenwogene, R. C. ², Akinsanya, O. M. ³ and Ogunlade, C. A.³

¹Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure

²Department of Agricultural and Bio-environmental Engineering, Federal College of Agriculture, Moor Plantation, Ibadan.

³ Department of Agricultural Engineering, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria

Abstract: The study of the mechanical properties of biomaterials gives the significant knowledge in quality evaluations and control of mechanical damage in size reduction, this study aimed at determining the mechanical properties of two selected varieties (Bara and Sewere) of melon. The strength properties of the two varieties were determined using a Universal Testing Machine (Testometric Machine) with a 25 KN compression load cell and Integrator. The properties determined include deformation, force, strain, stress, time to failure, time to peak and young modulus, they were determined in two loading orientations (laterally and longitudinally). The data obtained were statistically analysed and difference of means were tested at 95% level of confidence. the deformation, compressive force, strain and stress at the limit of proportionality ranges between 0.74-0.90mm, 9.13-11.13N, 4.63-5.65% and 0.06-0.07N/mm² respectively for longitudinal orientation of Bara and 1.48-2.51mm, 8.22-14.15N, 9.24-15.6%, 0.05-0.09N/mm² respectively for transverse orientation of Bara while for Sewere, the deformation, compressive force, strain and stress ranges between 1.28-1.69mm, 5.40-6.57N, 8.03-10.55% and 0.03-0.04N/mm² respectively for longitudinal orientation and 1.20-1.58mm, 5.47-8.37N, 7.51-9.85%, 0,03-0.05N/mm² respectively for transverse orientation. There exists a significant difference in the force required to attain the yield point between the longitudinal and transverse orientation for Bara while there is no significant difference between longitudinal and transverse orientation in Sewere but Bara in transverse orientation is significantly higher that of Sewere and Bara in longitudinal orientation is significantly higher than that of Sewere. The deformation, compressive force, strain and stress at peak point ranges between 1.57-.65mm, 35.43-44.91N, 9.81-10.29% and 0.22-0.28N/mm² respectively for longitudinal orientation of Bara and 2.20-3.02mm, 22.68-30.35N, 13.77-18.89%, 0.14-0.19N/mm² respectively for transverse orientation of Bara while for Sewere the deformation, compressive force, strain and stress ranges between 3.90-5.79mm, 13.22-23.50N, 24.39-36.25% and 0.08-0.15N/mm² respectively for longitudinal orientation and 2.42-3.08mm, 18.17-22.72N, 15.11-19.22%, 0.11-0.14N/mm² respectively for transverse orientation.

[Oyerinde, A. S., Sedara, A. M., Oladimeji, S. T., Ezenwogene, R. C., Akinsanya, O. M. and Ogunlade, C. A. Mechanical Properties of Two Varieties of Melon (Colocynthis citrullus). J Am Sci 2020;16(9):1-9. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 1. doi:10.7537/marsjas160920.01.

Keywords: Melon varieties, mechanical properties, machine design, strength characteristics

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Pretreatment with erythropoietin of stem cell therapy in cyclosporine A induced nephrotoxicity: Histological, biochemical and pharmacological study

Marwa Omar Abdl El All¹, Mohamed M Khamiss Abd Elguaad², Fatma A. Ahmed³, Heba Hussein Rohym⁴, Asmaa Mohammed Mohammed Ibrahim⁵, Radwa Mohammed Ahmed⁶, Ayman Mohamed Helal⁷

¹Lecturer, Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt

²Lecturer, Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt

³Lecturer, Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt

⁴Lecturer, Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt

⁵Lecturer, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt

⁶Lecturer, Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt

⁷Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt

Abstract: Background: Cyclosporine A is one of the most commonly used immunosuppressant drugs in transplantation medicine in order to prevent graft rejection. However, it is highly toxic drug especially to kidney and pancreas. Stem cell therapy especially if preceded by erythropoietin administration could improve the adverse effects of cyclosporine A found to occur in renal tissue. Aim of work: is to elucidate the therapeutic effect of stem cells, especially pre-treated with erythropoietin, on cyclosporine A - induced nephrotoxicity in adult male albino rat and to demonstrate the limited role of spontaneous recovery in renal tissue repair. Material and methods: This research uses fifty adult male albino rats weighing 180-220 g. Ten rats were divided into five groups each: Group I (Normal control): The rats received olive oil at a dose of 1 ml/kg/ day subcutaneously once daily for one month. Group II (Cyclosporine A administration): The rats received cyclosporine A. Group III (Cyclosporine A administration with spontaneous recovery): The rats received cyclosporine A and left for a month following the last dose of Cyclosporine A for spontaneous recovery. Group IV (Cyclosporine A and stem cells administration): The rats received cyclosporine A. Stem cells were injected intravenously (dose: 1x106 stem cells labelled with PKH26 dye in 1 ml phosphate buffer saline into the tail vein) 24 hours following the last dose of cyclosporine A. Group V (Cyclosporine A, stem cells with erythropoietin pre-administration): The rats received cyclosporine A. Stem cells were injected intravenously 24 hours following the last dose of cyclosporine A. 48 hours before stem cell therapy, rats were injected intravenously, into the tail vein, with 1 ml of erythropoietin. The dose of cyclosporine A 15 mg/kg/ day subcutaneously once daily for one month. Rats of groups I, II were sacrificed after one month, III, IV and V after two months. The kidneys were removed and processed for histological and biochemical studies. Results: Light microscopic examination of rat kidney specimens, of rats the received cyclosporine A, stained with haematoxylin and eosin showed extensive degeneration of lining epithelial cells in renal cortex and medulla, cytoplasmic vacuolation, and haemorrhage. Treatment with mesenchymal stem cells, especially pre-treated with erythropoietin greatly ameliorated these histological alterations much more than the effect of spontaneous recovery.

[Marwa Omar Abdl El All, Mohamed M Khamiss Abd Elguaad, Fatma A. Ahmed, Heba Hussein Rohym, Asmaa Mohammed Mohammed Ibrahim, Radwa Mohammed Ahmed, Ayman Mohamed Helal. Pretreatment with erythropoietin of stem cell therapy in cyclosporine A induced nephrotoxicity: Histological, biochemical and pharmacological study. J Am Sci 2020;16(9):10-32]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 2. doi:10.7537/marsjas160920.02.

Keywords: Cyclosporine A, stem cells, erythropoietin, kidney

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Effect of Pile Spacing on Load Sharing of Pile Raft Foundation under Different Loads

El-Samny, M.K.¹, Ezz-Eldeen, H.A^.1, Elbatal, S. A.¹ and Kamar, A.M.²

¹ Al-Azhar university, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, Egypt

² Sinai University, Faculty of Engineering, - El Arish, Egypt

Abstract: The present study is mainly based on the determination of the effect of spacing between piles and load underneath pile cap. Furthermore, the distribution of load on pile after redistributed of load from soil. The program consisted of installing four piles (Lp=1.5m, D=0.15 m) with various spacing where (Sp=3D, 4D, 5D and 6D) and the piles supported a square steel plate (1.20 X1.20) m and the plate support I-beam to ensure the load distributed uniformly from the hydraulic jack to dense compacted sand piles put in a soil chamber, subject to compressive axial loading. The displacement, strains along the piles as well as transferred loads to soil underneath piles cap were measured simultaneously. Also, finite element package of a PLAXIS 3D version 2013. (A finite element code for soil analysis) has been done for the experimental program to compare between the theoretical and experimental result. The obtained experimental test results indicated that the increasing pile spacing increase the load carried by soil by ratio from (8.3% to 27.5%). The ratio from (35% to 48%) of the load carried by soil redistributed to pile. So, the Soil carried (5.5% to 14%) from the total load applied to pile after redistributed of load from soil, ultimate load for the pile group (four piles) decrease by increasing spacing between piles.

[El-Samny, M.K., Ezz-Eldeen, H.A, Elbatal, S. A. and Kamar, A.M. Effect of Pile Spacing on Load Sharing of Pile Raft Foundation under Different Loads. J Am Sci 2020;16(9):33-54]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 3. doi:10.7537/marsjas160920.03.

Keywords: Effect; Pile; Spacing; Load; Sharing; Foundation

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Transvaginal versus Transabdominal Ultrasonography in Diagnosis of Degree Placental Invasion of Placenta Previa with Previous Cesarean Section Scar

Dina Mohamed Ragheb Eladeep^1,MSC, Essmat Hamdy AboZeid^1,MD, Khaled Abd Al-Wahab Abo Dewan^2,MD, Mohamed Mohamed Hefeda^2,MD, Ahmed M. Hagras^1,MD.

¹Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta. Egypt

²Diagnostic Radiology and Medical Imaging, Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta. Egypt

Abstract: Background: Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders encompass a heterogeneous group of anomalies characterized by abnormal adhesion or invasion of the trophoblastic tissue into the myometrium. Advances in prenatal imaging techniques and improved knowledge of the natural history of these anomalies have led to an increase in the prenatal detection rate of PAS disorders. Prenatal diagnosis of a PAS disorder is fundamental as it has been shown to reduce the burden of maternal morbidity by allowing preplanned treatment in centers with high expertise in surgical management of this condition. TVS is often recommended to identify the cervical canal, internal os, and the relationship between the leading placental edge and the internal os; it can also be used for a focused evaluation of the lower uterine wall and the bladder interface Histopathology is now widely considered as the gold standard modality recommended to confirm clinical diagnosis of PAS. The aim of our study was to compare between transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasonography in diagnosis of placental invasion in case of placenta previa with previous cesarean scar. Methods: Fifty pregnant women with persistent placenta previa (after 28 weeks‟ gestation) were prospectively enrolled into this study. Both trans abdominal and transvaginal ultrasound were performed using the unified descriptors of the European working group and evaluated by TAS and TVS by two different operators who were blinded to the results of each other. The placenta was studied as regarding the site and the degree of invasion and. The ultrasound findings were analyzed with reference to the final diagnosis made during intraoperative evaluation and histopathological examination in case of hysterectomy. Result: Cases statistically evaluated in the study were 50 pregnant females with persistent placenta previa, mean age 32.5 years +/- 3 years SD Eleven patients had placenta previa with no abnormal invasion, whereas thirty Nine patients had placenta previa with histopathologically confirmed abnormal invasion with all three grades i.e. accreta, increta and percreta, Each one of the unified descriptors was evaluated both transvaginally and transabdominally, And the accuracy of each route in detection of the criterion was evaluated also the accuracy of the assessed criterion in prediction of abnormal placental invasion; the accuracy of detection of the loss of the retroplacental clear zone was 82%by TVS and 52% by TAS, While that of the abnormal placental lacunae was 54 % by TVS and 90% by TAS, Myometrial Thinning detection accuracy was 84% by TVS and 66%by TAS. While the Doppler assessment showed that the accuracy of detection of the uterovesical hypervascularity was 88% by TVS and 86% by TAS. While the detection of vessels in sub placental zone was 52% by TVS and 26% by TAS. with over all accuracy 72% by TVS and 64 % by TAS. Conclusion: Transvaginal ultrasound shows higher accuracy than transabdominal ultrasound in diagnosis of normal and abnormal invasive placenta using the unified descriptors of the European working group and transvaginal is safe in diagnosis of normal and abnormal invasive placenta and both transvaginal and transabdominal complementary to each other and this confirmed by intraoperative findings and histopathological findings in case of hysterectomy. Recommendations: Further studies should be performed including larger number of patients from more than one center. For further studies we should include MRI for further evaluation of abnormally invasive placenta and for confirming the accuracy of Transvaginal ultrasound.

[Essmat Hamdy AboZeid, Khaled Abd Al-Wahab Abo Dewan, Mohamed Mohamed Hefeda, Ahmed M. Hagras, Dina Mohamed Ragheb Eladeep. Transvaginal versus Transabdominal Ultrasonography in Diagnosis of Degree Placental Invasion of Placenta Previa with Previous Cesarean Section Scar. J Am Sci 2020;16(9):55-73]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 4. doi:10.7537/marsjas160920.04.

Key words: Abnormal invasion, placenta, transabdominal, transvaginal, ultrasound.

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Pathological Changes in the Liver of Albino Rats Fed Raw or Processed Sickle Pod (Senna obtusifolia) Seed Meal Based-Diets

Augustine, C¹, Ardo, M.U², Ahmed, S³, Nyalas, B.P⁴ Katsala, J.A², Maspalma, A.J³, Umar, M², Yusuf, J² Garba, Y.M². and Shall, M.P³

Department of Animal Production, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria.

^1.  Department of Animal Production, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria

^2.  Department of Agricultural Education, Adamawa State College of Education, Hong, Adamawa State, Nigeria

^3.  Department of Home Economics, Adamawa State College of Education, Hong, Nigeria

^4.  Ministry of Animal Production, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Email. audaggai@gmail.com; GSM No: 08132946167

Abstract: A feeding trial was conducted for thirty (30) days to investigate the effects of feeding processed Senna obtusifolia seed meal (SOSM) based-diets on the physical appearance and condition of liver of albino rats. Five experimental diets were compounded to contain 0% SOSM and 20% each of the raw, toasted, boiled and fermented SOSM based-diets. Sixty (60) young albino rats with initial average weight of 72.67 g were randomly allotted to the five dietary treatments in a complete randomized designed with three replicates of four rats each. At the end of the thirty (30) days, three (3) albino rats were randomly selected, sacrificed and their livers carefully removed and examined. The result indicated that albino rats fed raw SOSM based-diet showed some forms of liver injuries (dark colour, inflammation and dark spots) on the liver while mild signs of liver injuries (slightly dark colouration and few spots) were observed on the livers of albino rats fed the toasted and boiled SOSM based-diets. The livers of albino rats fed 0% SOSM and 20% fermented SOSM based-diet were observed to be in normal condition. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that incorporation of 20% fermented SOSM in the diets of albino rats had little or no deleterious effects on the liver of albino rat and is therefore recommended for feeding of albino rats.

[Augustine, C., Ardo, M.U., Ahmed, S., Nyalas, B.P Katsala, J.A., Maspalma, A.J., Umar, M., Yusuf, J Garba, Y.M. and Shall, M.P. Pathological Changes in the Liver of Albino Rats Fed Raw or Processed Sickle Pod (Senna obtusifolia) Seed Meal Based-Diets. J Am Sci 2020;16(9):74-76]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 5. doi:10.7537/marsjas160920.05.

Keywords: Pathological changes, albino rats, processed Senna obtusifolia seeds.

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A Study On Prevalence Of Bovine Trypanosomosis In And Around Jimma Town Oromia Regional State, South West Ethiopia

^1* Mohamed Husen, ² Masire Mesay, ³ Beshatu Ferede, ⁴Bihonegn Wodajnew

^{1* & 3}Wollega University, college of medical and health science school of veterinary medicine, P.O. box 391, Nekemte, Ethiopia. Mobile Phone: +251941760090

²Livestock & Fishery Resource Development office of Mao and Komo special wereda, Benishagulgumuz, South West Ethiopia. Email: masimesay@gmail.com

⁴Assosa University, College of Agriculture & Natural Resource, Department of Veterinary, Science, Western Ethiopia, P.O. Box 18, Email address: wodajbihonegn19@gmail.com

Abstract: A cross sectional study was carried out in and around Jimma town from November 2015 to May 2016 to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis species in naturally infected cattle and its associated risk factors. From three selected peasant association 384 cattle were randomly selected and examined for trypanosomosis by taking blood sample for laboratory analysis. The overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was 31(8.1%) of which 20(5.2%), 5(1.3%), 6(1.8%) was T. congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei respectively which was highly statistical significant (P=0.00). A significant association was observed (P<0.05) between the disease positivity and body condition score also. Sex wise prevalence of trypanosome infection was higher in male 28(10.5%) while 3(2.5%) female animals and The mean PCV value of parasitemic and aparasitaemic animals was recorded as (PCV>24%) and (PCV≤24%), respectively. This study result indicates the high prevalence of T. congolense which indirectly indicate that high distribution of tsetse fly. Therefore, Strategic control of bovine trypanosomosis including vector control should be strengthened to improve livestock production and agricultural development in the area and educating the public in the tsetse belt or affected areas of trypanosome to participate in control strategies.

[Mohamed Husen, Masire Mesay, Beshatu Ferede, Bihonegn Wodajnew. A Study On Prevalence Of Bovine Trypanosomosis In And Around Jimma Town Oromia Regional State, South West Ethiopia. J Am Sci 2020;16(9):77-83]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 6. doi:10.7537/marsjas160920.06.

Keywords: Bovine, Jimma, PCV, prevalence, Trypanosome

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Determination of Aroma Components in Vitex doniana Fruit Syrup Following Hydrodistillation Extraction

Imoisi Chinyere and Iyasele Uche Julius

Department of Chemistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria.

imoisi.chinyere@gmail.com

Abstract: The fresh fruits of black plum (Vitex doniana) were collected from several randomly selected trees in a farm site in Uromi metropolis, Esan North-East Local Government Area of Edo state and then processed into an extract in form of syrup. Hydrodistillation extraction (HDE) and GC-MS (HDE-GC-MS) were used to extract and analyse the volatile compounds, VOCs (aroma) respectively from black plum (Vitex doniana) fruit syrup and the percentage of each components were reported as raw area percentage based on the total ion current. 24 different volatile compounds (VOCs) were identified and were grouped into seven classes of organic compounds comprising of 8 terpenes, 5 carboxylic acids, 4 ketones, 2 lactones, 2 aldehydes, 2 ethers and 1 ester. The terpenes are alpha-thujene (0.22%), eucalyptol (34.86%), linalool (0.79%), Fenchol-exo (3.31%), terpinene-4-ol (8.01%), alpha terpineol acetate (4.29%), 3-butyl spathulenol (0.83%) and caryophyllene (0.52%). The carboxylic acids components are heptanoic acid (3.77%), n-octanoic acid (14.86%), 3-octenoic acid (0.61%), n-nonanoic acid (1.20%) and 3-Decenoic acid (16.91%). The ketones are acetylfuran (0.20%), lilac alcohol formate C (0.35%), P-hydroxylactophenone (0.76%), and cycloheptanone (2.24%). The aldehydes are benzaldehyde (1.79%) and lilac aldehyde B (0.79%). The Ethers are methyleugenol (0.67%) and caryophyllene oxide (1.04%). The lactones are 4-octanolide (0.91%) and Jasmine lactone (0.43%). Esters represent the least of the total volatile compounds identified, which is methyl cinnamate (0.47%). The aroma components are the characteristic odor active compounds in Vitex doniana fruit syrup. The aroma components could also contribute to the biomedical activities of the syrup, especially its antioxidant effect due to their natural radical scavenging potential. It is also suggested that further research should be carried out on its economic status and feasibility of the seed as feed supplement in animal feed. Proper exploitation of the fruit and utilization of the syrup can help conserve foreign exchange expended on the importation of syrup, and substitute for other syrups in industrial and food uses.

 [Imoisi Chinyere and Iyasele Uche Julius. Determination of Aroma Components in Vitex doniana Fruit Syrup Following Hydrodistillation Extraction. J Am Sci 2020;16(9):84-93]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 7. doi:10.7537/marsjas160920.07.

Keywords: Aroma constituents, flavor, hydrodistillation, Vitex doniana, syrup, extraction

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Effects of Heat Treatment Parameters on Mechanical Expression of Soya Bean Oil

Anebi Joseph Garba^*, Victor Imolemhe Umogbai, Samuel Enyi Obetta, John Okanagba Awulu

Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria

Email address: anebigarba59@gmail.com; Phone: +234 8065002217

Abstract: Experiments were carried out with objectives to determine the various heat treatment parameters for better recovery of oil from Soya bean seeds. The experiments were designed at combinations of heating temperature (70, 80 and 90°C) and heating time (10, 15 and 20 minutes) and were conducted using single chamber screw oil extractor. The effect of independent variables i.e. heating temperature and heating time on oil yield were found significant. The optimum conditions for maximum oil recovery were 90°C heating temperature and 15 minutes heating time.

[Anebi Joseph Garba, Victor Imolemhe Umogbai, Samuel Enyi Obetta, John Okanagba Awulu. Effects of Heat Treatment Parameters on Mechanical Expression of Soya Bean Oil. J Am Sci 2020;16(9):94-98]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 8. doi:10.7537/marsjas160920.08.

Keywords: Heating, soya bean, oil extraction, parameters

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Wind Energy Potential Mapping in Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra, India

Kelkar Gautam

Assistant Professor

Jamkhed Mahavidhayala, Jamkhed, Ahmednagar 413201 (Maharashtra) India.

E-mail: drgautamkelkar@gmail.com

Abstract: Currently, wind energy is one of the fastest developing renewable energy source technologies across the globe. Wind energy is an alternative clean energy source compared to fossil fuel, which pollute the lower layer of the atmosphere. It has the advantage of being harnessed on a local basis for application in rural and remote areas. In order to tap the potential of wind energy sources, there is a need to assess the availability of the resources spatially. Mapping potential sites for tapping wind energy in Ahmednagar, Maharashtra state is the focus of this study. The study employs the wind energy resources of in Ahmednagar, Maharashtra and analyze their variability considering spatial and seasonal aspects. Considering these, the present status of the potential is assessed and maps of locations suitable for tapping wind energy have been prepared. A spatial data base with data of wind velocities has been developed and used for evaluation of the theoretical potential through continuous monitoring and mapping of the wind resources. The study shows that the average wind velocity in Ahmednagar, Maharashtra varies from 0.5m/s in Parner to 8 m/s in Ahmednagar during the monsoon season. Shrigonda, in Ahmednagar district, has high wind velocity during the period May to September with a peak value of 9 m/s in July.

[Kelkar Gautam. Wind Energy Potential Mapping in Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra, India. J Am Sci 2020;16(9):99-103]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9. doi:10.7537/marsjas160920.09.

Keywords: Ahmednagar, Access Energy, Wind velocity, Wind energy, Potential, Agroclimatic zones

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Computer guided Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block by a modified customized 3D-printed surgical guide: A proof of Concept

Hamdy A. M. Marzook¹, Abeer A. Elgendy ², Fawzy A. Ali ³.

¹ Assistant professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.

²Assistant Professor of Endodontics and Chairman of Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.

³ Lecturer of Oral Biology Department., Faculty of Dentistry, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.

Email: marzook_h@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) is essential for many surgical and endodontic procedures. It requires accurate needle placement due to its high failure rate. Purpose: The article was undertaken to assess the location of the targeted mandibular foramen and to present a proof of concept (PoC) of a novel customized modified surgical guide for blocking the inferior alveolar nerve. Materials and Methods: The location of this foramen was determined in 360 mandibular rami in 180 cone-beam computed tomography scans of the mandible from the premolar region of the opposite side. A novel customized 3D-printed implant surgical guide was modified after determining the suitable IANB needle direction on 3D images generated from digital dental model images and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans for 8 lower posterior implant cases. Results: The distance from the IANB targeted foramen to the premolar region of the opposite side could be measured in all CBCT scans and showed many variations. The CBCT-based analysis of the mandibular foramen location could be fused with digital dental images for the modification of the new device for IANB. The concept of determining the path of needle insertion for the design and fabrication of a modified 3D-printed surgical guide for IANB was found to be feasible. Conclusions: The location of the mandibular foramen could be determined in CBCT scans with its variations. A proof of concept (PoC) of a new customized device for IANB computer guided accurate needle penetration could be presented. The new modified 3D-printed guide may offer the advantages of more accurate IANB injection with an exact three-dimensional determination of the path of needle insertion.

[Hamdy A. M. Marzook, Abeer A. Elgendy, Fawzy A. Ali. Computer guided Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block by a modified customized 3D-printed surgical guide: A proof of Concept. J Am Sci 2020;16(9):104-111]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10. doi:10.7537/marsjas160920.10.

Keywords: Computer guided anesthesia; novel guide; customized surgical guide; modified guide; Inferior alveolar nerve block; CBCT; 3D printing; mandibular foramen.

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