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The Journal of American Science
(J Am Sci)
ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online),
doi prefix: 10.7537, Monthly
Volume 18, Issue 11, Cumulated
No. 177, November 25, 2022
Cover (jpg),
Cover (pdf),
Introduction,
Contents,
Call
for Papers,
am1811
The following manuscripts are presented as online first for
peer-review, starting from November 5, 2022.
All comments
are welcome:
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americansciencej@gmail.com,
or contact with author(s) directly.
You can use the message in end of the article abstract to
cite it.
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"Full Text" for each article, change the last 3 characters of
the web address from .pdf to .doc
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your manuscript(s) to:
americansciencej@gmail.com.
Marsland Press, 310 W 18th
Street, New York, NY 10011, USA.
718-404-5362; 347-321-7172
CONTENTS
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1
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The impact of e-marketing in
tourism industry on the development of tourism sector in the
kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Moshabbab Mouadh Y Alqahtani
Lecturer at Department of Marketing and E-Commerce
- College of business - King
Khalid University- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Abstract:
E-marketing
in tourism industry services had become a necessity and a
prerequisite for increasing the contribution to marketing
tourism services. However, E-marketing in tourism industry has a
great role in developing the tourism sector and benefiting from
the opportunities it offers. The paper employs a sample of 60
individuals and a number of statistical tests in order to
investigate the article’s queries and hypothesis such as:
validity and reliability coefficients, arithmetic mean, standard
deviation, chi-square, analysis of variance, regression and
correlation. The results depict that the questioner statements
are consistent, characterized by validity and reliability, also
a strong correlation is found between developing tourism sector
in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the role of e marketing tourism.
In addition, it reveal the presence of strong concurrence among
the sample individuals in questionnaire statements, and the
presence of a positive statistically significant impact of
e-marketing in tourism industry on the development of the
tourism sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The paper
recommends: the necessity of providing infrastructure to support
e-marketing in tourism industry, increasing the administrative
capabilities, observing the targeted tourism markets,
establishing agreements and specialized exhibitions.
[Moshabbab
Mouadh Y Alqahtani. The
impact of e-marketing in tourism industry on the development of
tourism sector in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
J Am Sci
2022;18(11):1-14].
ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264
(online).
http://www.jofamericanscience.org.
01.doi:10.7537/marsjas181122.01.
Keywords: Ttourism Sector, Enhancing the efficiency of
e-marketing, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |
Full Text |
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The economic impact of investment on Moringa’s fodder and
seed projects in new land "case study in Aswan Governorate"
Sadek, Sanaa, H.M1,
Mahmoud Moawad ELSayed2, Hanan M. Mostafa3
1Senior
Researcher - Department of Statistics Research, Agricultural
Economics Research Institute (AERI),
Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt
2Senior
Researcher – Department of Land and Water Economics,
Agricultural Economics Research Institute (AERI),
Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt
3Researcher
- Department of Land and Water Economics, Agricultural
Economics Research Institute (AERI), Agricultural Research
Center (ARC), Egypt
sanaahassan21@yahoo.com,
Mahmod_assy@yahoo.com,
Hanan_Statistic@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Moringa is characterized as a high economic yield crop that
can add a return to the national economy by investing in
farming projects for new lands which traditional crops
usually do not suitable. In addition it can contribute
essentially to solving part of the problem of animal feed
shortages and its high costs suffered by the Arab Republic
of Egypt, especially in the summer, by including moringa
leaves in animal diets. Moringa cultivated in all new, old,
desert and arid lands, even marginal lands with low
productivity, as well as its therapeutic importance for many
diseases and health problems.
The research aims to recognize the economic feasibility of
Moringa's farming projects, so that farmers and investors
especially smallholders are encouraged to investment in
Moringa's farming projects by identifying the economic
profits that farmers can earn and in an effort to help
farmers adopt its cultivation under the concept of
cost-volume-profit analysis, and to study the impact of
changes affecting profitability of two moringa farms for
feed and seed production through a number of scenarios.
v
It is clear that the area variables at the level of the
Republic lands are unstable around their average during the
study period, the instability and fluctuation explains the
non-spread of the crop and the lack of adoption of the crop
by farmers as a result of their lack of knowledge of its
benefits in feeding animal and therapeutic furthermore
the marketing difficulties.
v
The break-even point analysis of Moringa farming projects
shows a high production safety margin of about 70.02%,
86.86%, which means that the projects have the potential to
achieve gains and are safe from suffering losses in case of
a decline up to those ratios. A sensitivity analysis of the
break-even point of the fodder project shows that the
maximum proportion the project can afford to raise operating
costs and decrease revenue together by up to 22%.
v
It is clear that the proposed scenarios sensitivity analysis
indicators show the economic feasibility of the Moringa seed
production project according to economic criteria, where the
standards' values were(ROI), (PI), (NPV) and (B/C) for the
third scenario has about 29. 86, 2. 31, 206.17 thousand
pounds, 1.69. The results also showed that the estimated
value (IRR) of the 3rd scenario analysis was about 15.17%,
higher than the prevailing interest rate, and thus
represented the best expense for the alternative opportunity
of society.
v
Results show that the proposed scenarios1,2 sensitivity
analysis indicators economic feasibility of the feed
production project in the light of the gradual reduction of
the project's (IRR), but it still exceeds the
prevailing opportunity cost of society,high operating cost
ratios and a decrease in revenue combined by 15%, 20% in the
third scenario where the standard falls (IRR) is lower than
the prevailing opportunity cost in society, reaching about
6.66%, 0%, and both criteria fall (PI) to 1.35, 0.68, and
(NPV) to 11.273, (11.399) a thousand pounds, and (B/C)
criterion is about 1 .05, 0.95 respectively. Which means no
project feasibilityThe results of the economic assessment
show that the net value- added criterion was approximately
13.895, 39.023 thousand pounds, indicating a marginal
surplus of approximately 320.650, 112.291 thousand pounds.
v
The investor capital productivity benchmarks and project
capital density were estimated at 3.46, 3.80 pounds, 28.91%,
and 26.3%.
v
Social feasibility criterias were shown the social surplus,
its proportion and the social return rate of feed project
drops from seed production project to
approximately about 7.417 thousand Pounds about 13.128%,
1.31. The level of labour units' contribution to the
value-added and national income of the feed crop is amounted
to about 781.77 LE, which is lower than the counterpart for
the seeds production amounted to about 2118.23 LE.
[Sadek,
Sanaa, H.M,
Mahmoud Moawad ELSayed, Hanan M. Mostafa.
The economic impact of investment on Moringa’s fodderand seed
projects in new land" case study in Aswan Governorate"
J Am Sci
2022;18(11):15-36].
ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264
(online).
http://www.jofamericanscience.org.
02.
doi:10.7537/marsjas181122.02.
Key words:
Moringa Oleifera, Criteria for financial evaluation under
conditions of certainty, Criteria for measuring profitability
under conditions of uncertainty, Break-even point, Sensitivity
Analysis. |
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STUDY ON CONCEPT OF FEMINIST PHILOSOPHYIN
LANGUAGE
Dr. Sudesh
House No. 1704, Sector-9, Karnal, Haryana (Indian)
Email:
sonia086.rajpoot@gmail.com
Abstract:
Feminism as a movement gained potential in the twentieth
century, marking the culmination of two centuries’ struggle for
cultural roles and socio-political rights — a struggle which
first found its expression in Mary
Wollstonecraft‘s
Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792). The movement gained
increasing prominence across three phases/waves — the first wave
(political), the second wave (cultural) and the third wave
(academic). Incidentally
Toril Moi also
classifies the feminist movement into three phases — the female
(biological), the feminist (political) and the feminine
(cultural). The first wave of feminism, in the 19th and 20th
centuries, began in the US and the UK as a struggle for equality
and property rights for women, by suffrage groups and activist
organizations. These feminists fought against chattel
marriages and
for political and economic equality. An important text of the
first wave is Virginia
Woolf‘s
A Room of One’s Own (1929),
which asserted the importance of woman’s independence, and
through the character
Judith (Shakespeare’s
fictional sister), explicated how the patriarchal society
prevented women from realizing their creative potential. Woolf
also inaugurated the debate of language being gendered an issue
which was later dealt by Dale
Spender who
wrote
Man Made Language (1981), Helene
Cixous,
who introduced ecriture
feminine
(in
The Laugh of the Medusa)
and Julia
Kristeva,
who distinguished between the symbolic and the semiotic
language. The second wave of feminism in the 1960s and ’70s, was
characterized by a critique of patriarchy in constructing the
cultural identity of woman. Simone
de Beauvoir in
The Second Sex (1949) famously stated, “One is not born, but
rather becomes a woman” – a statement that highlights the fact
that women have always been defined as the “Other”, the lacking,
the negative, on whom Freud attributed “penis-envy.”
A prominent motto of this phase, “The Personal is the political”
was the result of the awareness. of the false distinction
between women’s domestic and men’s public spheres. Transcending
their domestic and personal spaces, women began to venture into
the hitherto male dominated terrains of career and public life.
Marking its entry into the academic realm, the presence of
feminism was reflected in journals, publishing houses and
academic disciplines.
[Sudesh.
STUDY ON CONCEPT OF FEMINIST PHILOSOPHYIN
LANGUAGE. J Am Sci 2022;18(11):37-44].
ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264
(online).
http://www.jofamericanscience.org.
03.
doi:10.7537/marsjas181122.03.
Keywords:
theory, sex
differences, gender
differences, intersectionality, critical
neuroscience, feminist
psychology |
Full Text |
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4
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RACE RELATION IN “A PASSAGE TO
INDIA” RELATED TO TREATMENT OF INDIA IN RUDYARD KIPLING’S KIM
AND IN E.M. FORSTER’S: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Indra Pal Singh
Former Ph.D. Research Scholar,
Department of English, University of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh,
(Indian)
Email:
indrapal1219@gmail.com
Abstract:
At first sight, Kim may appear as
the story of an orphan white boy gone native cloak, he is
indistinguishable from the natives of the soil. He uses his
native cloak of invisibility and becomes a peerless secret
service Agent. J.I.M. Stewart finds him, "sheerly and superbly a
boy's dream boy and he is really that".3 It is his
proud privilege even in his proud privilege even in his infant
years to be thrilled by the words as "warn the Pindi and
Peshawar brigades". His playthings are not dummy and insensate
dolls but "a mother of pear; nickle-plated, self extracting, 450
revolver" (Kim Pg.229). He is equally adept at driving cows from
the mountain hut and Russian emissaries from the forbidden
valleys of China and Busahar. These things are significant, but
more significant are the fact that he never thinks that he
belongs to the ruling class. He is too much a part and parcel of
India to think in that light.
[Singh, I.P. RACE RELATION IN
“A PASSAGE TO INDIA” RELATED TO TREATMENT OF INDIA IN RUDYARD
KIPLING’S KIM AND IN E.M. FORSTER’S: A COMPARATIVE STUDY.
J Am Sci 2022;18(11):45-51].
ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264
(online).
http://www.jofamericanscience.org.
04.
doi:10.7537/marsjas181122.04.
Keywords:
PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL LANDSCAPE, A PASSAGE TO INDIA,TREATMENT,
INDIA, RUDYARD KIPLING’S KIM AND IN E.M. FORSTER’S |
Full Text |
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Impact of
climate change on tomato crop production in some governorates of
Egypt
Dr. Yomna Shehata
Mostafa1, Dr. Hassan Abdullah Greda2,
Dr. Nagwa M. Ahmed3
1Senior
Researcher, Agricultural Economics Research Institute,
Agricultural Research Center
2
Researcher, Agricultural Economics Research Institute,
Agricultural Research Center
3Senior
Researcher Center Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAVC)
Agricultural Research Center - Egypt
Emails
(1):selimyomna@yahoo.com,
(2):
economic.2013@yahoo.com,
(3):
Nogah100@hotmail.com
Abstract:
The tomato crop is one of the most affected crops with very cold
weather, which leads to moving up their prices, and this can be
observed in the high prices of tomatoes in the markets at times
which is following periods of the fall of temperature. The area
planted with winter tomatoes was estimated about 192.43 thousand
feddan, With a feddan productivity of about 17.9 tons and total
production was estimated at about 3436.7 thousand tons, with a
net return estimated at about 16.73 thousand Egyptian pounds /
feddan as an average for the Republic during the period
(2000-2021), The problem lies in effect of climate change on
both the productivity and quality of the tomato crop, as it is
one of the crops whose growth is affected by a temperature drop
below 10 degrees Celsius, The research aims to study the effect
of climate changes which was represented by the maximum and
minimum temperature, humidity and rain on the net return per
feddan of the winter tomato crop, Using Ricardo’s approach to
reach the range of crop sensitivity to climate change , and by
applying Ricardo’s model to climate change on the net return of
feddan for winter tomato crop, it was found that there is an
inverse relationship to the effect of the average minimum
temperature during the growth period and the square of the
average minimum temperature during the cultivation period And
also for both the average maximum temperature for the growth
period and the harvest period. While it was found that there was
a positive effect for both the average minimum temperature and
its square for the growth period and the harvest period, as well
as the presence of a positive effect for the square of the
average maximum temperature for each of the planting period, the
growth period and the harvest period. The results of the study
indicate the expected scenarios of climate change range on the
winter tomato crop that the effect was positive in the case of a
decrease in the minimum temperature by about 0.5 to 1 Celsius
degree, and the effect was positive in case of a decrease or
increase in the quantity of rain by about 5%.
The
research recommended the following:
1-
It is preferable to plant winter tomatoes early because they
cannot bear the low temperature and are considered warm weather
plants, with the selection of the appropriate place and date of
planting and the appropriate soil. 2- Developing new varieties
that can withstand the change in climatic conditions, as well as
expanding the cultivation under the greenhouse to avoid weather
fluctuations. 3- Establishing an automated system for early
weather warning and forecasting of risks to the tomato crop and
other crops, and issuing recommendations to be followed to
protect those crops. 4- Establishing an automatic system for
early warning of diseases and insects associated with spreading
under certain climatic conditions that may infect the tomato
crop and other crops and how to avoid or limit them. 5- Training
farmers on how to deal with climate changes, how to protect
cultivated crops, and Training how to receive text messages and
indicative videos through mobile phones from a private local
information network maybe without the need for the Internet must
be provided. 6- Creating a database for all agricultural crops
on which information about those crops is stored and linked to
farmers' mobile phones for easy access maybe without the need
for the Internet.
[Yomna Shehata Mostafa, Hassan
Abdullah Greda, Nagwa M. Ahmed.
Impact of
climate change on tomato crop production in some governorates of
Egypt.
J Am Sci
2022;18(11):52-66]. ISSN 1545-1003
(print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online).
http://www.jofamericanscience.org.
05.
doi:10.7537/marsjas181122.05.
Keywords:
Climate Changes, Tomato Crops, Variance analysis, Ricardo model,
net return,
seasonal index, Egypt |
Full Text |
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Economic analysis of the
value chain of sugar beet crop in Beheira Governorate
Dr. Ramadan Ahmed Mohamed Hassn1
and Dr. Mohamed Ali Fathallah2
1Senior
Researcher at Agricultural Economics Research Institute,
Agricultural Research Center, Egypt
2Associate
Professor, Economic and Agribusiness Department, Faculty of
Agriculture - Alexandria University, Egypt
Email:
economic.ramadan72@gmail.com1,
mohamed.kharoub@alexu.edu.eg2
Abstract:
The value chain analysis approach is an important tool for
developing marketing systems and enhancing the competitiveness
of agricultural products. The research object to study the value
chain of the sugar beet crop in Beheira Governorate by drawing
the value chain and studying the production relationship
represented in farms and the rest of its links, including sugar
manufacturing, marketing represented by the wholesaler and
retailer in order to determine the strengths and weaknesses of
the current series and develop proposals, the results showed
that the average productivity of feddan (Feddan = 4200m2)
of sugar beet crop in Beheira Governorate amounted to 23 Tons/
Feddan, and the average cost of production per feddan was about
13038 EGP/feddan, and the value of the total revenue was about
18853 EGP/Feddan, which It resulted in a net return about 5816
EGP/Feddan in the research sample. Estimates of profitability
indicators for sugar beet farmers in Beheira Governorate showed
that the ratio of revenue to costs amounted to 145%, and the
relative profitability is about 72.4%. The profit margin for the
farmer per ton of sugar beet was estimated at 253 EGP/Ton, which
led to achieving a high return for the farmer on the invested
pound amount to 45piasters/pounds. The product incentive
amounted to 31.6%, and by estimating the criteria for measuring
the productive risks of farms, break-even production amounted
11.14 Tons/Feddan, the production safety limit was 51.6%, and
the price safety limit was 56.1%. This means that the sugar beet
farmer will be more able to cope with the potential decline in
production and selling price. The results of the research also
showed that the value added achieved in the various links of the
value chain for sugar beet for farms was 15071 EGP/Feddan, and
for the sugar factory about 2484 EGP/ Ton, the wholesaler about
708 EGP/Ton and an estimate of the marketing efficiency of each
of the sugar beet farms, the sugar factory and the wholesaler.
And it amounted to 32.3% 75.9% 93.7% for each of them,
respectively, and it is clear from this that the marketing
margin of the farmer is greater than the marketing margin of the
sugar factory and the wholesaler, i.e. there is an inverse
relationship between the marketing margin and the marketing
efficiency, that is, the greater the marketing margin, the lower
the marketing efficiency and vice versa. The research results
indicated that the consumers pound for beet sugar can be
distributed by studying the share of the sugar producer,
wholesaler and retailer of the consumers pound, reached about
86%, 8%, 6% respectively. By conducting an analysis of the value
chain of the sugar beet crop in Beheira Governorate, it was
found that the strengths are the rapid turnover of capital, the
availability of experience in agriculture and the availability
of job opportunities the sugar beet crop is a strategic crop, as
it is the best alternative to increase sugar production, while
the weaknesses are the high rates of sugar beet, the production
and marketing risk, the lack of production links, the monopoly
of factories for sugar beet seeds, and the control of the price
of the crop.
[Dr. Ramadan Ahmed Mohamed Hassn
and Dr. Mohamed Ali Fathallah Economic analysis of
the value chain of sugar beet crop in Beheira Governorate.
J Am Sci
2022;18(11):67-81]. ISSN 1545-1003
(print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online).
http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 06.doi:10.7537/marsjas181122.06.
Keywords:
value chain - sugar beet - value added - marketing efficiency
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Changes in climate are going
to happen in the Canada in the coming years upto 2075s...Monsoon
Time Scales are warning
Gangadhara Rao Irlapati
H.No.5-30-4/1, Saibabanagar,
Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India-500055
Email:
gangadhar19582058@gmail.com
Google pay A/C No. +91 99 89 239
159
Abstract: According to Global Monsoon Time Scales, changes in
climate are going to happen in the Canada in the coming years
upto 2075's. Future changes are expected to include a warmer
atmosphere, a warmer and more acidic ocean, higher sea levels
and larger changes in precipitation pattern. According to an
estimate, the climate of the Canada will change in the coming
years and Heavy rains and floods will occur. The rivers that
currently flowing normally will overflow. Dry rivers will be
full. The dried lakes will be full. Overall, until the coming
year 2075's, many countries of the world including the Canada
will be flooded with heavy rains, snow and other precipitation
and floods in the coming years. Through this research proposal,
we can know the future consequences of the climate of the above
country and prevention and mitigation measures can be made
accordingly. So, scientists can establish Monsoon Time Scale for
the Canada and predict what is going to happen in that country
in the coming years roughly.
[Gangadhara Rao Irlapati.
Changes in
climate are going to happen in the Canada in the coming years
upto 2075s...Monsoon Time Scales are warning.
J Am Sci
2022;18(11):82-94]. ISSN 1545-1003
(print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online).
http://www.jofamericanscience.org.
07.doi:10.7537/marsjas181122.07.
Keywords:
Monsoons Time
Scales, North American Monsoon Time Scale, North African Monsoon
Time Scale, Indian Monsoons Time Scale, East Asian Monsoon Time
Scale, Western North Pacific Monsoon Time Scale, South American
Monsoon Time Scale, South African Monsoon Time Scale, Australian
Monsoon Time Scale, European Monsoon Time Scale. |
Full Text |
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An economic study of some leafy
vegetable crops in Sharkia Governorate (A case study of parsley and watercress
crops)
Dr. Kamel Salah El-Din, Dr. Heba Abd El Kareem
Fawzy and Dr. Rasha Abd El-Hady Naiel
Agricultural Economics Research Institute, Agricultural Research
Center, Egypt.
Email:
kamel.salah@yahoo.com,
rashanaiel@gmail.com,
hebafawzy1983@gmail.com
Abstract:
Parsley and watercress are leafy
vegetables are grown on all types of lands and are found
throughout the year. In the cultivation of leafy vegetables, the
months of extreme heat and cold should be avoided, so the best
time for planting, in general, is at the beginning of September
and March, and with the beginning of summer. The area cultivated
for the parsley crop in the Sharkia Governorate was about 449
feddan in the winter season, and 435 feddan in the summer
season, while the area cultivated for the watercress crop
reached about 89 feddan in the winter season, and 63 feddan in
the summer season in 2020. The most important results:
The study recommends the adoption and expansion of leafy
vegetable crops, especially parsley and watercress, and through
the results of the economic efficiency
indicators, it is possible to plant parsley in the winter
season, and watercress in the summer season to get the highest
economic efficiency.
By studying the marketing
efficiency indicators of the parsley and watercress crops in the
winter and summer seasons, it became clear that the marketing
efficiency of the farmers in the two
marketing paths was weak. It requires studying the vegetable
market, especially leafy vegetables, to raise the weakness of
the marketing efficiency of the farmers.
The most important recommendations:
1- Inventory and register the small areas
of leafy vegetable crops and provide
data and statistics about them. 2- Due to the high yield of
leafy vegetable crops, they must be grown in small areas to
increase the family's income compared to other field crops. 3-
Leafy vegetable crops provide direct and indirect job
opportunities for rural women, enabling them to empower their
families economically. 4-
The agricultural extension educates farmers about the
appropriate dates for cultivation, agricultural operations, and
modern methods of control infectious diseases, and provides them
with technical expertise in harvesting and marketing.
[Kamel Salah El-Din, Heba Abd El Kareem Fawzy and Rasha Abd
El-Hady Naiel An economic study of some leafy vegetable crops
in Sharkia Governorate (A case study of parsley and watercress
crops). J Am Sci 2022;18(11):95-112].
ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264
(online).
http://www.jofamericanscience.org.
8.
doi:10.7537/marsjas181122.08. |
Full Text |
8 |
The
manuscripts in this issue are presented as online first for
peer-review, starting from
November 5, 2022.
All
comments are welcome:
editor@americanscience.org;
americansciencej@gmail.com,
or contact with author(s) directly.
For back issues of the Journal of American Science, click here.
Emails:
editor@americanscience.org;
americansciencej@gmail.com
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