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Effect of Moisture Content, Seed Varieties and Seed Orientation on the Mechanical Properties of African Oak (Afzelia africana) Seeds

Tar Iorbee, Simon Verlumun Irtwange and John Okanagba Awulu

(Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi)  E-mail: tariorbeee2017@gmail.com. Tel: +234 7032423626

Abstract: The effect of moisture content on the mechanical properties of agricultural material is essential during design and adjustment of machines used during harvest, cleaning, separation, handling and storage. This study determined some mechanical properties of two varieties of African Oak seeds in Nigeria under different moisture contents range of 8 to 17 % (w.b) and three different seed orientation. The mechanical analysis of the samples tested showed that seed orientations, variety and moisture content had a significant effect on the mechanical properties. The correlation that existed between moisture content and the force-deformation properties was statistically significant at (P≤0.05) level. It is economical to crack the small and large samples at the major axis and at 11.0% moisture content in order to reduce energy and strength demand when necessary to crack and compress the samples properly. This research has generated data that are efficiently enough to design and fabricate processing and storage structures for small variety and large variety of African Oak seeds.

[Tar Iorbee, Simon Verlumun Irtwange and John Okanagba Awulu. Effect of Moisture Content, Seed Varieties and Seed Orientation on the Mechanical Properties of African Oak (Afzelia africana) Seeds. J Am Sci 2023;19(12):1-7]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org 01. doi:10.7537/marsjas191223.01.

Key words: Seed Orientation, Compressive force, Seeds Varieties, Moisture Content

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Changes in climate are going to happen in Palau in the coming years upto 2075s Monsoon Time Scales are warning

Gangadhara Rao Irlapati

H.No.5-30-4/1, Saibabanagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad, India-500055

Email:  gangadhar19582058@gmail.com

Google pay A/C No. +91 99 89 239 159

Abstract: According to Global Monsoon Time Scales, changes in climate are going to happen in the Palau in the coming years upto 2075's. Future changes are expected to include a warmer atmosphere, a warmer and more acidic ocean, higher sea levels and larger changes in precipitation pattern. According to an estimate, the climate of the Palau will change in the coming years and Heavy rains and floods will occur. The rivers that currently flowing normally will overflow. Dry rivers will be full. The dried lakes will be full. Overall, until the coming year 2075's, many countries of the world including the Palau will be flooded with heavy rains, snow and other precipitation and floods in the coming years. Through this research proposal, we can know the future consequences of the climate of the Palau and prevention and mitigation measures can be made accordingly. So, scientists can establish Monsoon Time Scale for the Palau and predict what is going to happen in that Palau in the coming years roughly. 

[Gangadhara Rao Irlapati.  Changes in climate are going to happen in Palau in the coming years upto 2075s Monsoon Time Scales are warning. J Am Sci 2023;19(12):8-74]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org  02.doi:10.7537/marsjas191223.02.

Keywords:  Monsoons Time Scales, North American Monsoon Time Scale, North African Monsoon Time Scale, Indian Monsoons Time Scale, East Asian Monsoon Time Scale, Western North Pacific Monsoon Time Scale, South American Monsoon Time Scale, South African Monsoon Time Scale, Australian Monsoon Time Scale, European Monsoon Time Scale.

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Development, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of a Yam Harvester for Yams Planted in Mounds

^*1Engr. Ikpi Azwis Nyifi, Prof. ²Isaac Nathaniel Itodo, Prof.  ²John O. Awulu

¹Department of Road Traffic, Ministry of Works and Transportation Development, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria.

²Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria.

^*Phone Number: +234(0)7037950977

^*E-mail: inyifi@gmail.com

Abstract: A yam tuber harvester was designed and developed to harvest tubers in mounds and its performance evaluated. It is a three-point hitch system with PTO drive train consisting of a digging fork, the lifting cam, transit bin, collection bin, spring loaded depth control wheels, transport wheels and the power drive train. Its performance was conducted on the plain ground and field lay-out measured 15.78 m x 5.14 m with thirty (30) mounds arranged in three rows. The harvester was tested at tractor forward speeds of 1.5 km/h, 2.0 km/h and 2.5 km/h respectively. The machine parameters such as fork dwell, rise and fall distances, harvesting efficiency, effective field capacity, theoretical field capacity, field efficiency and effect of speed on dwell, rise and fall distances of its digging fork were determined to be 912 mm and 740 mm, 70%, 0.09 ha/h, 0.13 ha/h, 69.2% and ANOVA at p≤0.05 showed that speed had effect on dwell, rise and fall distances harvester digging fork. The optimum performance of the harvester was at the tractor forward speed of 2.0 km/h and rate of harvesting of 900 tubers per hour. Recommendation was provided about further evaluations.

[Engr. Ikpi Azwis Nyifi, Prof. Isaac Nathaniel Itodo, Prof. John O. Awulu. Development, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of a Yam Harvester for Yams Planted in Mounds. J Am Sci 2023;19(12):75-86]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org  03.doi:10.7537/marsjas191223.03.

Keywords: Digging Fork; Harvesting Rate; Inter-Mound Spacing; Mound Basal Diameter; Yam Harvester

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A Comparative Study of Egypt Crop Yields in New Lands and Old Lands

Howayda Y. Botros and Maha M. Bastawy

Agricultural Economics Research Institute - Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Egypt

Email: howayda.y@yahoo.com

Abstract: Egypt attempts to enhance its food production through the horizontal expansion of arable land to the sandy desert. The reclaimed land in the desert is referred to as new lands to differentiate it from the old farming land.  The total cultivated area in the newly reclaimed land was about 3.1 million feddans as an annual average for the period 2017-2021. The largest effort of land reclamation took place in the Nubaria region with an estimated area of about one million feddan. The total value of farm production in year 2020 amounted to EGP 595.7 billion where the contribution of old lands was about 77.6 percent and the contribution of new lands was about 22.4 percent. Egypt is keen to increase its production of the wheat crop through the expansion of wheat acreage in the newly reclaimed lands. The contribution of the new lands to the national wheat acreage increased from about 11.3 percent in 1990-1999 to about 22.43   in 2010-2021. The average crop yield of the wheat crop per feddan was about 16 ardab for the old lands and 10 ardab for the new lands during the period 1990-1999.  This average increased to 19 ardab for the old lands and 16  ardab for the new lands during the recent period of 2010-2021.The wheat yield gap between the old land and the new lands has been narrowing over the time period of 1990-2021. Furthermore, the incremental yield improvement for the white maize crop is higher for the new lands than its counterpart for the old lands. Another important export crop is potatoes.  The acreage of potatoes has increased between the periods of 1990-1999 and 2000-2009 by 14 percent in the old lands and by 41 percent in the new lands. Finally, the potato crop yield has increased annually during the study period by statistically significant rates of about 0.11 tons in the old lands and 0.21 tons in the new lands. That is the incremental yield improvement for the potato crop in the new lands is almost twice its counterpart for the old lands.

[Howayda Y. Botros and Maha M. Bastawy. A Comparative Study of Egypt Crop Yields in New Lands and Old Lands. J Am Sci 2023;19(12):87-98]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org  04.doi:10.7537/marsjas191223.04.

Keywords: Old lands, new lands, field crops, vegetable crops, acreage, crop yield, trend equations, yield gap

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Combined Heat and Power Economic Dispatch Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

Mojtaba Hakimzadeh ¹, Arsalan Najafi ², Mahdi Hayatdavudi ³, Masoud Majd ⁴ and Reza Sedaghati ⁵

^1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Ahram Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran

^2. Department of Electrical Engineering, Ahram Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran

^3. Department of Electrical Engineering, Beyza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Beyza, Iran

^4. Department of Electrical Engineering, Fasa Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fasa, Iran

^5. Department of Electrical Engineering, Beyza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Beyza, Iran

reza_sedaghati@yahoo.com

Abstract: Combined heat and power economic dispatch is one of the key issues in power systems. Complexity of these issues increases when heat production units are added to it. Hence, in this paper a new method based on heuristic penalizing method and artificial bee colony algorithm for solving combined heat and power economic dispatch has been presented. Complexity and difficulty in solving simultaneous production of heat and electricity economic dispatch is related to the provisions of this problem is that this algorithm is easily able to satisfy these constraints. This optimization algorithm has a wide field of general search and this is effective in achieving optimized solutions by this algorithm. Application of artificial bee colony algorithm to solve the problem of combined heat and power economic dispatch has been tested in two samples and numerical results reveal the fact that this method has better and faster convergence in comparison to other existing methods to solve the problem.

[Mojtaba Hakimzadeh, Arsalan Najafi, Mahdi Hayatdavudi, Masoud Majd and Reza Sedaghati. Combined Heat     and Power Economic Dispatch Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm.  J Am Sci 2023;19(12):99-107]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org  05.doi:10.7537/marsjas191223.05.

Keywords: Artificial bee colony algorithm; Combined heat and power economic dispatch

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Evaluation of Natural Gas Energy Recovery Powering Distribute with Turbo-Expander

Sahar Safarian

Department of Energy Engineering, Sharif University of technology, P. O. Box14565-1114, Tehran, Iran

safarian@energy.sharif.ir

Abstract: A study is conducted on a turbo-expander as a good choice in place of expansion valves due to improvement of the cycle efficiency by recovering energy in gas pressure reduction stations (GPRS) on transmission pipelines. A model has been developed to calculate the output power and required heat for different inlet conditions based on Thermodynamics parameters. It is worth mention that, the model utilizes equations of actual gas for estimation of enthalpy causes accurate results and would no longer need Moulier graphs. The model predicts 476 MW excess power production by installing turbo-expander (with a pressure ratio 2.5) in all of Iran`s GPRS. The required heat is a function of hydrate formation temperature in gas; if the expander outlet temperature has been selected close to its limit temperature i.e. hydrate formation temperature, maximum power efficiency can be achieved for each flow rate entering the facility and also minimum heat duty will be needed. In addition, since the gas flow rate is maximum (i.e. 866 MSCMH) and inlet pressure is varied from 3800 to 5200 kPa, the efficiency of the expander system varies from 82 to 44%, respectively.

[Safarian S. Evaluation of Natural Gas Energy Recovery Powering Distribute with Turbo-Expander.  J Am Sci 2023;19(12):108-114]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org   06. doi:10.7537/marsjas191223.06.

Keywords: turbo-expander; energy recovery; gas pressure reduction station; modeling

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The role structural wisdom in the process of rationality

Javad Giahshenasbonbazari

Department of political science, hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, hamedan, Iran

arad_everest@yahoo.com

Abstract: It is a long time that the issues related to rational paradigms, especially those in the realm of political science, have found significant status and various theorists have turned to them to determine their application, definitions and methodology. The changes in the history of rationalism are very important to recognize to explain the path ahead. Along with rationalists, the romanticists of the 19^th century ,hermeneutics and religion scientists to shape an ideal society based on humanity or divine  principles and base the trend of life on the correct normative, there appeared another approach which claimed to be able to crystallize the hidden fact of human beings` in the political, social and economical dimensions. The fact that the dual application of this approach in the government practically drove the authorities to be foe or friend with it can be attributed to the social and cultural structures of each country. In this paper we focus on the grounds of implementation of structural rationality, its barriers and different outcomes it has brought with and compare it with instrumental rationality in the first wave of rationalism, conceptual rationalism in the second wave of rationalism and the synthesis of explanatory and conceptual rationalism.

[Javad Giahshenasbonbazari. The role structural wisdom in the process of rationality.  J Am Sci 2023;19(12):115-117]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org  07. doi:10.7537/marsjas191223.07.

Keywords: role; structural; wisdom; process; rationality

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Efficiency Assessment of the Anaerobic Filter Reactor for Rural domestic sewage treatment at a low temperature

John Leju Celestino LADU^*1,2, Xiwu LU¹, Ahmed M.O. KHAIRALLA¹

^1.School of Energy and Environment, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China

^2.College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Juba, Republic of South Sudan

John.leju6@gmail.com

Abstract: In this research paper, the efficiency of anaerobic filter (AF) reactor was examined for rural domestic sewage treatment at different operational temperature of 30°C, 22°C, 18°C and 15°C and different loading rates r respectively. At each temperature experimented, a stable CODt removal was observed with upflow velocity lower than 0.34 m/h. At these upflow velocities the removal rates of COD were 83 and 71% at temperature 30°C and 22°C respectively. Moreover at temperature 18°C and 15°C, the COD removal rates were 68 and 44% respectively. The removal of COD was the result of biological degradation and solids accumulation in the reactor. At temperature 30°C, constant 220 g sludge mass and a constant sludge volume index (SVI) value of 12 ml/g was observed in the reactor and COD removal was attributed to biological degradation only. Solids accumulation was observed in addition to biological degradation with an increase in reactor sludge as the temperature decreased. The study found out that, the decrease in biological degradation at lower temperatures was offset by solids accumulation and this explains the similar overall COD removal efficiency observed at 30°C, 22°C and 18°C. As the temperature decreases, there was an increase in the effluent TSS concentration in reactor. A lower effluent TSS concentration was observed at temperature 18°C and 15°C revealing the suitability of the anaerobic filter reactor in rural domestic sewage treatment.

[John Leju Celestino LADU; Xiwu LU; Ahmed M.O. KHAIRALLA. Efficiency Assessment of the Anaerobic Filter Reactor for Rural domestic sewage treatment at a low temperature.  J Am Sci 2023;19(12):118-122]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org  08.doi:10.7537/marsjas191223.08.

Keywords: Anaerobic filter; rural domestic sewage; loading rates; biological degradation; solids accumulation

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