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The Efficiency of Healthcare Resources in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Overview

Sherif B. Moussa^1,3,  Rasha R. Basheer ^4,5, Mohammed S. Hussein^1,6,7, Assem M. Salah⁸

¹Healthcare Management, Dr. Samir Abbas Hospital, Jeddah, KSA

²MBA in International Healthcare Management, Cumbria, UK

³Associate Professor of Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, October University for Modern Science and Arts, Geiza, Egypt

⁴ Associate Professor of Operative Dentistry, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, Egypt.

⁵Consultant of Restorative Dentistry, Biolife Clinics, Jeddah, KSA

⁶DBA, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

⁷ Professor of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

⁸M. B. BCh, Faculty of Medicine, Benha National University, Egypt

Corresponding author: cherif_fayez@yahoo.com

Abstract: An increased demand for healthcare services from the growing population in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), together with a significant rise in expenditure, has led to an urgent need to develop a more efficient, fair and effective healthcare service delivery system through proper resource management. The delivery of the current healthcare system faces many challenges, including a healthcare workforce that is unable to meet the demand for services. In addition, approximately 60% of the healthcare workforce is composed of expat workers, which results in instability in the sector, as well as increased costs. Another challenge is the fast rise in healthcare spending and the payment methods used for healthcare providers, including the pay-for-service method, which should be substituted with a pay-for-performance (P4P) one. Furthermore, the level of accessibility to healthcare services and the centralised healthcare system seem to cause dissatisfaction for patients receiving these services. The currently adopted solutions, such as complete privatisation, are mostly ineffective, and new ways should be considered. Resource management is considered to be a continuous process of resource utilisation enhancement to optimise patient well-being. For everyone’s benefit, all stakeholders should participate in the solutions proposed in order to confront the existing challenges facing the healthcare sector. In addition, we should stress the importance of the role of public–private partnership (PPP) in handling escalated healthcare expenditure due to the increased demand for healthcare services, which is caused by the aging population; an increase in the annual population growth rate and increased life expectancy; a high occurrence of lifestyle-related illnesses as well as an increase in incidences of communicable diseases; and an increased demand for a high level of technology to be used in the healthcare sector. The application of eHealth, the adoption of value-based care, increasing the population's awareness about the importance of preventive rather than curative approaches in the improvement of public health, and investment in medical education, seem to benefit all related stakeholders, including patients, healthcare providers, public and private payers, suppliers and the community.

[Sherif B. Moussa,  Rasha R. Basheer, Mohammed S. Hussein, Assem M. Salah The Efficiency of Healthcare Resources in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Overview. J Am Sci 2025;21(10):1-7]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 01 doi:10.7537/marsjas211025.01

Keywords: Efficiency; Healthcare; Resource; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Overview

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Corporate Governance: Strategic Role of Board of Directors and Its Effect on Financial Performance. Case Study: Auto Companies Listed in Tehran Stock Exchange

¹Hossein HajiBeigloo,²Younes Nazary,³Vahid Asadi; ⁴Meysam Goudarzi,⁵Ghasem Bakhshanddeh;

¹P.hD of Political Management, Allameh Tabatabae University Hajibeigloo@gmail.com; ²M.S. Student of Commerce Management, Allameh Tabatabae Universityy.nazari7@yahoo.com; ³M.S. Student of IT Management, Allameh Tabatabae Universityv.asadi322@gmail.com; ⁴M.S. Student EMBA of Allameh Tabatabaei University ,Tehran,Iranmeysam.godarziallame@yahoo.com; ⁵M.S. Student of Commerce Management, Allameh Tabatabae Universityg.bakshandeh@gmail.com

Abstract: Corporate governance is a critical factor in efficiency improvement in any economy.  It represents a collection of interactions among board of directors, corporate management, shareholders, and other stakeholders.  Corporate governance provides a structure for development of corporate objectives, facilities to achieve those objectives, and means to supervise corporate performance. Corporate governance mechanisms are critical for company performance.  This study examines the internal mechanisms employed by board of directors and their effects on financial performance through strategic planning.  It uses a case study of auto companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The role of board of directors in strategic management is determined by their degree of participation in strategic planning.  In order to measure the role of board of directors in strategic management, this study used a questionnaire developed based on Hunger-Wheelen and Nadler Models.  This questionnaire was distributed to 105 board members of auto companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange.  75 questionnaires from 78 respondents were included in this study.  Financial performance (Tobin's Q) was calculated based on corporate balance sheets. The study findings revealed a significant relation between the role of board of directors in strategic management and financial performance.  It means that board of directors with catalyst role, active participation, or nominal participation in strategic management had positive effect on corporate financial performance.  Conversely, board of directors with minimal review, rubber stamp, or phantom roles in strategic management had negative effect on corporate financial performance.

[Hossein HajiBeigloo, Younes Nazary, Vahid Asadi; Meysam Goudarzi, Ghasem Bakhshanddeh. Corporate Governance: Strategic Role of Board of Directors and Its Effect on Financial Performance. Case Study: Auto Companies Listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. J Am Sci 2025;21(9):8-16]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 02 doi:10.7537/marsjas211025.02

Keywords: Corporate Governance; Auto Industry; Board of Directors; Strategic Management; Corporate Financial Performance

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Effect of Hydrocortisone on the Early Post Natal Murine Thymic Vasculature with Speclal Emphasis on High Endothelial Venule Cells Phagocytose Apoptotic Leucocytes

Manal G. Abd El Wahab¹, Sawsan G. Abd El Wahab²

¹Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls Al Azhar University, Cairo- Egypt

²Gynecology and Obstetric Department, Badr General Hospital, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

 

Abstract: The functions of the thymus gland were imperfectly understood, but it appeared to control the development of immunologically competent cells (T- lymphocytes) in the embryo and neonate. In adult life the thymus atrophied to vestigial remnant, but to the surgeon it was of importance in having an ill-understood connection with myasthenia gravis and of being a rather rare site of mediastinal tumour. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) was a definable process with a morphology that was distinct from necrosis, and occurred in lymphocytes and neurons. The aim of work is to find out the effect of hydrocortisone on the early post natal thymic vasculature with special emphasis on high endothelial venule (HEV) cells phagocytose leucocytes. That was done to confirm the role of HEV in removal of apoptotic lymphocytes before histamine release. The work aimed to predict a possible effect in human. Material and methods: 40 new born rats were used. The rats were divided into two subgroups: control subgroup contained 10 animals and experimental subgroup contained 30 animals. Hydrocortisone was injected intraperitoneal within 2 hours after birth by a therapeutic dose (0.09 mg/animal). The thymus glands were taken from both groups at the age of 2 days and prepared for serial histological sections for light microscopic study. Semi thin and ultrathin sections for electron microscopic study were also prepared. Suitable stains were used. It was found that histological light microscopic and ultra-structural study by transmission electron microscopic (TEM) showed that thymus gland of two days white rat contained a specialized system of blood vessels. Capsular vessels, inter and para lobular vessels, cortical, medullary and cortico -medullary vessels were noted. The subcapsular veins and post capillary m in the form of apoptosis, increased vascularity, increased size of endothelial cells and epitheliocytes surrounding the vessels. However endothelial lining was intact and endothelial cells of venule phagocytosed apoptotic lymphocytes. The number of macrophages increased. It was concluded that apoptotic lymphocytes induced by hydrocortisone administration to rat could be phagocytosed by high endothelial venule HEV cells in the thymus. That was essential to clear the thymus from apoptotic leucocytes before they release potent inflammatory mediators into the vasculature. Phagocytosis was accomplished in part by macrophages.

[Manal G. Abd El Wahab, Sawsan G. Abd El Wahab Effect of Hydrocortisone on the Early Post Natal Murine Thymic Vasculature with Speclal Emphasis on High Endothelial Venule Cells Phagocytose Apoptotic Leucocytes. J Am Sci 2025;21(10):17-26]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 03 doi:10.7537/marsjas211025.03

Keywords: Hydrocortisone; Murine Thymic Vasculature; High Endothelial Venule; Apototic Leucocytes; Hydrocortisone

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My New Model Cosmology

Gangadhara Rao Irlapati

H.         No.5-30-4/1, Saibabanagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad - 500 055, Telangana,  India.

Email: gangadhar19582058@gmail.com

Abstract:  What is the atom?  According to the scientific evidence available to us and the available information of the past and present cosmology, atoms consist of an extremely small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. Although typically the nucleus is less than one ten-thousandth the size of the atom, the nucleus contains more than 99.9% of the mass of the atom. The structure of an atom is made up of three particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Positively charged particles located in the nucleus of an atom. Particles with no charge located in the nucleus of an atom. Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus.  But according to my cosmology tomorrow's, the atom present from hydrogen to uranium and above is a gigantic universe resembling to our universe and the photon.  It has a marvelous structure and properties containing the electrons, protons, and neutrons exactly similar structure like galaxies, stars, and planets in our universe, and similar structure in the photon.  That means, whatever structure and properties atom has, our universe and photon also has the same structure as the universe and photon. There may be continents, oceans, countries, living creatures and civilizations on some earth-like neutrons with favorable conditions in the atom exactly similar to earth-like planets in our universe. There may be many such earth-like neutrons in the atoms. For the living creatures on the earth-like neutrons in the atom, in their view, their atom is a great universe, but they do not know that there are another gigantic universe exists above them in the ascending order that is our universe and even on the earth-like bodies with favorable conditions on the particles in the photons beneath atom. This means atoms are an enormous-mixed compound of electrons, protons, neutrons, earth-like neutrons and their compounds behaves as an individual universe. I adduce several lines of evidences to support this point. Let's learn about the Atomic-universe in detailed.

[Gangadhara Rao Irlapati. My New Model Cosmology. J Am Sci 2025;21(10):27-83]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 03 doi:10.7537/marsjas211025.04

Key Words: Bioforecast (1965-70); A New Hypothetical Model of Cosmology (1970-77); Inquisition (1977-79); Basics of Geoscope (1980-87); Basics of Monsoon Time Scales (1987-91); Indian Monsoon Time Scale (1991); Researches on Earth and space related issues (1991-2000); Numerical Weather Periodic Tables 2000-10); Designs of Geoscope projects (2010-20); Designs of Global Monsoon Time Scales (2020)

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