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IMPROVEMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN PLANT CALCIUM SIGNALING

OKO. E¹ & AFOLABI A. E.² IBIRONKE H. O³

¹ Department of Natural Resources and Environmental sciences, Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University Huntsville, Alabama.

² Department of Plant Science, University of Cambridge. Cambridge

³ Department of Crop and Horticultural Science, University of Ibadan, Oyo State.

³ Genetic Resources Centre, National Horticulture Research Institute, Oyo State.

okoemmanuel8@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Calcium signaling plays a crucial role in plant responses to environmental stimuli, regulating various physiological processes, including growth, development, and stress tolerance. Recent advances in plant biology have significantly improved the understanding of calcium signaling pathways, revealing complex interactions between calcium ions, calmodulins, and other signaling components. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on plant calcium signaling, highlighting recent breakthroughs, and discussing the challenges that remain to be addressed. We examine the molecular mechanisms underlying calcium signaling, including the roles of calcium channels, pumps, and exchangers, as well as the downstream signaling cascades that regulate plant responses and the implications of calcium signaling for plant stress tolerance, growth, and development. We also identify key areas for future research, including the need for further elucidation of the complex interactions between calcium signaling and other signaling pathways, and the development of novel strategies for manipulating calcium signaling to enhance plant performance. By combining current knowledge and identifying future directions, this review aim is to provide resources for researchers and practitioners seeking to understand and exploit the complex mechanisms of plant calcium signaling.

[OKO. E & AFOLABI A. E., IBIRONKE H. O. IMPROVEMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN PLANT CALCIUM SIGNALING, J Am Sci 2025;21(12):1-6]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 01. doi:10.7537/marsjas211225.01

Keywords:  Calcium signaling; plant biology; stress tolerance; development; signaling pathways; crop resilience

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Summery: The aim of this research was the presentation of an analytic model about relationship between perfectionism and attachment styles, irrational beliefs and self-esteem according to Albert Ellis’s theory among the students of Islamic Azad University of Hamadan. For this aim a correlation design is used that inspects step by step and rout analysis methods. The present study draws a distinction between two different kinds of perfectionism, positive and negative. Subjects consisted of 391(271 female and 120 male) students from the same university. The results of step by step regression and rout analysis show that all three variables (attachment style, irrational belief and self-esteem) have relation with positive and negative perfectionism and share in forecasting their variance. Also such variables can distinguish positive and negative perfectionism very well. In other words, regarding positive perfectionism, 27 percent of the whole variance is explained by avoiding attachment style, irrational beliefs and self-esteem. Regarding negative perfectionism, avoiding attachment style, ambivalent attachment style, irrational beliefs, self – esteem and positive perfectionism factors forecast 56 percent of whole variance of negative perfectionism. Finally, the results show that attachment style, irrational belief and self – esteem which contain three rational – emotive – behavioral factors in Albert Ellis’s theory can predict positive and negative perfectionism variances, and distinguish them.

[Mohammad Esmail Ebrahimi; Ali Delavar, Hasan Ahadi, Farhad Jomehri. Representation A Structural Model about Relationship between Perfectionism and Aattachment Styles, Irrational Beliefs and Self-Esteem. J Am Sci 2025;21(12):1-11]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 02. doi:10.7537/marsjas211225.02

Key Words: positive and negative perfectionism; attachment style; irrational beliefs; self-esteem; rational-emotive- behavioral theory.

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The Concept of Home from Sojourners’ Viewpoint, “Case Study Research in Malaysia”

Anahita Zendehdelan¹, Hamidah Ahmad¹, and Ehsan Pouyanfar³

^1. Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia(UTM), Malaysia

^2. Department of Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

Anahita_ze@yahoo.com

Abstract: Home has a complicated meaning and incorporates physical, social, cultural and psychological dimensions. These qualities of home are mixed together, so home is more than its boundaries and it extends further beyond its wall. It has a principal role in everyday life and includes numerous psychological meanings, which affect people’s shaping identities. There is a deep and intimate connection between most of us and our homes and our attachment to home are often uniquely personal. This paper explores a study on the meaning of home for temporary residents in a new social and cultural environment away from home. In addition, the study tries to find out whether the residents can emotionally be attached to their new environment and consider it second home and which of the elements in the new environment help them feel attached was also identified. The starting point of the research was the person and their habitual lived experience of home. Through an exploratory study, some Iranian temporary residents in the city of Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia shared detailed description of their feelings, thoughts and opinions of the meaning of home and their current environment. The results of the study show in the first choice, their country mean home for them and later their own home. Also, The  common assumption about home is that each person has only one home can change sometimes in special situation and some key elements such as similarity in environment, culture, religious, foods and others can help to feel at home in the new environment.

[Zendehdelan A, Ahamd H, Pouyanfar E. The Concept of Home from Sojourners’ Viewpoint. J Am Sci 2025;21(12):12-17]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 03. doi:10.7537/marsjas211225.03

Keywords: Concept of home; temporary resident; place attachment; sojourner; life experience; mixed method

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Prevalence of Asthma among School Age Children in Taif, Saudi Arabia

Dr. Hani Ahmed Abo Zid

Head of Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, College of medicine, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.

h.abozaid@tu.edu.sa

Abstract: Background: Prevalence of asthma and allergies among children has become an increasing problem in the last few decades. Asthma has become the most common chronic disease among children and is one of the major causes of hospitalization among those younger than 15 years of age (World Health Organization, 2006). Aim of study:  to estimate the prevalence of asthma among school age children in Taif, KSA and its level of control. Also, we tried to study the risk factors associated with asthma & factors that might affect the level of control.  Research Design and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was done. A multistage random sampling technique will be used to recruit the 1197 students participate in the study by applying a written questionnaire on school age (5-18 years-randomly selected) children, the questionnaire was contain Socio-demographic data as number of living children, age of mother, mother education, mother occupation, father education, father occupation, father smoking, family history of any allergies, number of rooms in the house, ventilation and animals or birds in the house and Questions for asthmatic children To evaluate asthma clinically to detect triggers we asked about increased severity of asthma symptoms with foods, fumes, effort, smoking, cold exposure, drugs, contacts or others. Also, we asked about wheezing module used in The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) and Asthma Control Test ™ questions to assess clinical control. Statistical analysis will be performed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) program for windows version 16. Results; we found that The prevalence of children asthma in Taif, Saudi Arabia was 10.44%.and Uncontrolled asthma was detected in 19.2% of asthmatic children, while 40 % of asthmatic children were partly controlled and 40.8% were well controlled.

[Hani Ahmed Abo Zid. Prevalence of Asthma among School Age Children in Taif, Saudi Arabia. m Sci 2025;21(12):18-13]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 04. doi:10.7537/marsjas211225.04

English Keywords: Asthma; children; school

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Masonry Tools

Monica Dembsky

Abstract: Masonry is all about building. The term can describe taking individual units (bricks, blocks, stones, etc.) and building structures with those units and mortar, or it can be used to describe the actual units themselves. Masons are the people who use the units to put everything together, and there are different types of masons, as well. These include brickmasons, stonemasons, and blockmasons. They all make buildings and other structures, but they do so in different ways and with different materials. Masons make all kinds of things. From small stone paths to huge, industrial-sized buildings, there is always a need for something to be created or built. That's not the only thing that masons do, though. They can also handle brick repair, tuckpointing, wall panels, decorative accent pieces, stone or marble cutting, and the installation of refractory tile or firebrick in locations like furnaces, boilers, and other environments that are designed for high temperatures.

[Monica Dembsky. Masonry Tools. J Am Sci 2025;21(12):30-41]. ISSN 1545-1003 (print); ISSN 2375-7264 (online). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 05. doi:10.7537/marsjas211225.05

Keywords: Masonry; individual unit; bricks; blocks; stones; building; materials

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