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Limitations of existing Chemical Biology Public Domain Data sources

¹Syed Ahsan, ²Muhammad Shahbaz    ³Syed Athar Masood

^1,2Department of Computer Science

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

³Department of Engineering Management, College of E&ME Rawalpindi

¹ ahsancs@hotmail.com   ² m.shahbaz@uet.edu.pk   ^{3atharmasood2000@hotmail.com}

Abstract: We have established an HEC funded basic Analysis Node for Bioinformatics at, Al-Khwarzmi Institute of Computer Science, U.E.T., Lahore with the objectives of establishing and strengthen bio/chem-informatics infrastructure in Pakistan through linkages with international organizations involved in R&D and manufacturing activities in biotechnology. This paper describes the nature and objectives of collaboration with The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (http://www.broad.mit.edu) to create components of a public database that provides transparent access to high-quality compound probe development research data generated as part of ongoing projects at the Broad Institute, enabling the data to be used as effectively by outside researchers as it is by Broad investigators. Limitations of existing ChemBank v2 and need for ChemBank V3 as a new model of public databases is identified. [Dr. Syed Ahsan, Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz,. Dr. Syed Athar Masood. Limitations of existing Chemical Biology Public Domain Data Sources. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):1-4]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: interoperability. Probe development, drug discovery

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Comparison of the Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Rotary Nickel Titanium Endodontic Instruments Manufactured From Two Different Alloys

Marwa Mohammad Aly, Taha Abou Seeda,¹Shehab El-Din M. Saber ², Dalia Yahia Ibrahim ¹

Ehab Elsayed Hassanien. ²

¹ Department of restorative and dental materials research, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

² Department of endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract: The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of ProFile GT (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK) and ProFile GT Series X (Dentsply Tulsa Dental). Files of  taper 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08, 25 mm in length, and ISO sizes # 30 were compared (n = 10 per group). Cyclic fatigue was determined by recording the time until fracture of a file rotating in a simulated canal with curvatures 45 º and 60 º degrees. The files were operated in a cyclic fatigue testing device that was especially designed and made for this test. There was a statistically significant difference between ProFile GT 30/4 in 45 ̊ curvature and ProFile GTX 30/4 in 45 ̊ curvature, as well as, between ProFile GT 30/8 in curvature 45 ̊ and ProFile GTX 30/8 in curvature 45 ̊ .These differences were extremely significant for both (P < 0.001). While for ProFile GT 30/6 in curvature 45 ̊ and ProFile GTX 30/6 in curvature 45 ̊   the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). In the simulated canal of 60 ̊ degrees curvature, the differences were not statistically significant between the tested instruments (P > 0.05).

[Marwa Mohammad Aly, Taha Abou Seeda, Shehab El-Din M. Saber, Dalia Yahia Ibrahim Ehab Elsayed Hassanien. Comparison of the Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Rotary Nickel Titanium Endodontic Instruments Manufactured From Two Different Alloys. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):5-9]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

 http://www.americanscience.org.

Key Words: Cyclic fatigue, nickel-titanium files, M-Wire, manufacturing process

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Description and Evaluation of some Grape Cultivars under Egyptian Conditions

Abd El-Wahab, M.A.

Viticulture Res. Dept., Hort. Res. Instit., Agric. Res. Center, Giza, Egypt

Corresponding author: mohamedabdelaziz2003@yahoo.com

Abstract: This investigation was conducted for three successive seasons (2008, 2009 & 2010) in a private vineyard located at El-Khatatba, Menoufiya governorate to description and evaluation four grape seedless cultivars namely: Thompson Seedless clone 2A, Fiesta, Melissa and Crimson Seedless grape cultivars under Egyptian conditions. The chosen vines were five years old, grown in a sandy loam soil, spaced at 2 X 3 meters apart, irrigated by the drip system, and cane-pruned and trellised by the Spanish Parron system. Some phenological aspects, description studies including (growing tips, leaves, tendrils, bunches and berries), yield and physical and chemical studies of bunches and berries and histogical studies of percentage of predicted bud fertility at different bud positions lengthwise the cane were carried out. The results revealed that Thompson Seedless clone 2A and Fiesta grape varieties were the earliest varieties giving the lowest number of days with regard to the phenological dates (budburst, full bloom, fruit set, veraison and grape maturity) compared to Melissa and Crimson Seedless grape varieties which were the latest in this respect having the highest number of days through the three seasons of the study. All studied cultivars were characterized by good vegetative growth and bunch quality. The average bunch weight of Crimson Seedless cultivar was medium, whereas it was big in Thompson Seedless clone 2A, Fiesta and Melissa cultivars. Concerning berry weight and size, Thompson Seedless clone 2A and Fiesta cultivars were medium, while, Melissa and Crimson Seedless cultivars were big. As for the berry shape, Thompson Seedless clone 2A and Fiesta cultivars were rounded- spherical, while, Melissa and Crimson Seedless cultivars were oval–cylindrical. Concerning berry colour, it is clear that in Thompson Seedless clone 2A cultivar it was yellow, greenish yellow in Fiesta cultivar, yellowish green in Melissa cultivar and bright red in Crimson Seedless cultivar. Percentage of predicted bud fertility at different bud positions lengthwise the cane increased gradually from the basal buds to the middle buds of the cane where it reached its maximum then decreased gradually towards the distal buds in all studied cultivars.

[Abd El-Wahab, M.A. Description and Evaluation of Some Grape Cultivars under Egyptian Conditions. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):10-22]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Grape, Thompson, Fiesta, Melissa, Crimson, bud fertility and bunch quality

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Creating Learning University through Integration of ANP and SWOT with fuzzy AHP Methodology

(Case of University of Tehran)

Abbas monavvarian ¹, Mohammad Reza Fathi ², Asie Omidian ³, Mohammad Karimi Zarchi ²

¹ Associated Professor, Department of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

² M.S. Candidates of Industrial Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

³ M.S. Candidate of business Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

E-mail: reza.fathi@ut.ac.ir

Abstract: The aim of this research is formulation and recognition of the priorities of transforming the University into dynamic learning organization. At first, the most influential internal and external elements were detected with the help of the techniques of strategy formulation. Then having used the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) matrix, that is, the primary organizational strategies, we formulated the primary strategies. This research uses the analytic network process (ANP), which allows the quantitative analysis of SWOT and measurement of the dependency among the factors. Then using of fuzzy AHP technique, all of strategies will be prioritized. The research outcome is the formulation and recognition of the priorities of transforming the University into dynamic learning organization with the help of ANP and SWOT with FAHP techniques. 

[Abbas monavvarian, Mohammad Reza Fathi, Asie Omidian and Mohammad Karimi Zarchi. Creating Learning University through Integration of ANP and SWOT with fuzzy AHP Methodology (Case of University of Tehran). Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):23-35]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 4

Keywords:  Strategic planning, Learning organization, SWOT analysis, Analytic network process, Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process

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Petroleum System of Evans Shoal Gas Field, northern Bonaparte Basin, Australia

Suliman Ahmed Hamid Fadul^1,2, Ye Jia Ren¹, Cao Qiang ¹and Zhang Yang¹

^1. Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, China University of Geosciences

 MOE, Wuhan 430074, China

^2.  Sudan, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Technical Education Corporation

marfsud@yahoo.com, jrye@cug.edu.cn and charleycq@163.com

Abstract: Evans Shoal Gas Field comprises the wells Evans Shoal-1and Evans Shoal-2 .Our study aimed to determine the hydrocarbon potential of the main source rock in the study area and analyze the petroleum systems and guide future hydrocarbon exploration and development. The methods used encompass BasinMod techniques using mathematical methods. Analysis of the source rock potential helped to identify the Plover-Plover (!) system. The main source rock and reservoir rock are located in the Plover Formation. The source rock of Plover Formation is currently mature and characterized by OM Type II and Type III. The average TOC of the Plover Formation in well Evans Shoal-1 is 1.78 wt%, whereas in well Evans Shoal-2 it is 1.84 wt%. The reservoir composed predominantly of fine-grained sandstone deposited with marine and estuarine environments. The measured porosity and permeability are reduced with depth and the upper part of the reservoir section is better than lower one. Cleia and Echuca Shoals formations encompass the main Seal. The overburden includes Cleia, Echuca Shoals, Darwin, Jamieson, Wangarlu, Vee, Lynedoch, Turnestone, Hibernia, Oliver, Barracouta and Alaria formations. The traps were developed from Middle Jurassic to Middle Cretaceous, are almost anticline structural traps. The threshold for hydrocarbon generation and expulsion of the Plover Formation occurred during Late cretaceous and reached the peak at Early Paleocene. The intensities of gas generation and expulsion of the Plover Formation source rock are greater than that of oil generation and expulsion. The Plover-Plover (!) System comprises a complete geological elements and processes.

[Suliman Ahmed Hamid Fadul, Ye Jia Ren, Cao Qiang and Zhang Yang. Petroleum System of Evans Shoal Gas Field, northern Bonaparte Basin, Australia. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):36-48]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

 http://www.americanscience.org. 5

Keywords: Petroleum System; geological elements; geological processes; Plover Formation; Evans Shoal Gas Field

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The prevalence of four cardiovascular risk factors in employees of three companies affiliated to the Ministry of Oil

Abdullah sarami¹, Sayed Abdolreza Ghani²

1-     Mph Infectious Specialist Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Great oil hospital 2- nutritionist
 

Abstract: In this study of 1,983 employees with no choice as a center for health and industrial medicine, and four risk factors (obesity, blood lipids, blood pressure and diabetes, separately and together) in these subjects were studied. Statistics that the percentage of overweight tenth 10.1 and obesity and blood lipid 30.5 and obesity, blood fat and blood pressure 13.6 and obesity, blood lipids, blood pressure and diabetes, 10.3 in this population was determined. Examining four factors: obesity, blood lipids, blood pressure and diabetes, separately and together were able to rate each of them separately and together to be realized. Of these, 655 patients were equivalent to 33% for perfectly healthy and had no problems.95% of participants were male and mean age was 50-35 years, and only those involved in the study patients were women age 45-40 years.  Group on operational activities and the group were in the office and staff. 90% of high school graduates to higher education were inadequate and 1.3 in 89 Arabic-speaking people and the education cycle. Obesity and blood lipids in 32% of patients are evident.  

[Abdullah sarami, Sayed Abdolreza Ghani. The prevalence of four cardiovascular risk factors in employees of three companies affiliated to the Ministry of Oil. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):49-50]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

http://www.americanscience.org. 6

Keywords: cardiovascular, obesity, blood lipids, blood pressure and diabetes

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Abstract- The most promising and fully operational GPS (Global Positioning System) is a navigation system based on a group of 24 satellites developed by U.S. Department of Defence. Every satellite sends data to the receiver in the form of signals, having some information about satellite and orbital information. This paper aims to discuss the potential of GPS as constantly global communication medium and gives insights in terms of its business and military applications. It focuses on the architecture of GPS, its working, changing signal conditions and discusses its technical applicability and uses current advanced applications of GPS like vehicle tracking, location-based services as a case study. Even in worst weather conditions this GPS system is used to find out exact location with respect to timing information anywhere on the surface of globe. The paper will also consider different weather and geographical conditions to prove the suitability and compatibility of the GPS. The paper will also compare GPS with other navigation systems and will discuss its advantages such as high precision and continuous coverage.

[Shafqat Hameed, Ahmad Raza, Junaid Tariq. Working and Applications of Global Positioning System. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):51-57]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 7

Keywords: Global Positioning System, satellite, signal, suitability, compatibility, location, navigation.

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Abstract- As new communication technologies are emerging they are introducing new form of short range wireless networks. Bluetooth is one of them as well, which allows information exchange over a short range. Bluetooth is a low cost, short range and low power radio technology which was originally developed to connect the devices such as mobile phone handsets, portable computers, headsets without having cable. Bluetooth was started in about 1994 by Ericson mobile communications but version 1.0 of Bluetooth came out in 1999.  Bluetooth is a fastest growing technology. Its applications are increasing as the research goes on. By using Bluetooth we can make connection for traffic between sender and receiver. It can be either synchronous traffic such as voice or asynchronous traffic such as traffic over the internet protocol. In this paper we shall discuss that how efficiently Bluetooth can carry the TCP/IP traffic and as well as we shall analyse that how retransmission and delays are handled when there is an error in a packet of data. In addition we shall discuss the Bluetooth layer model and how it works and make the comparison between OSI reference model and Bluetooth layer model.

[Shafqat Hameed, Umar F.Khan, Muhammad Saleem. TCP/IP Traffic with Efficient Bluetooth Technology. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):58-62]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 8

Keywords:  TCP/IP, Bluetooth, OSI reference model

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Split tensile strength of cementitious composites in the optimum state

Farzad Soleymani

Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Payame Noor University, P.O. 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.

E-mail: farzad.soleymani52@yahoo.com

Abstract: Split tensile strength of SiO₂ nanoparticle blended cementitious composite cured in saturated limewater have been optimized. SiO₂ nanoparticles with partial replacement of cement by 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 weight percent have been used as reinforcement. To determine the strength of cement pastes, the specimens were cured in two different media (water and saturated limewater) for 7, 28 and 90 days. The results showed that SiO₂ nanoparticles could improve the mechanical properties of concrete. It has been obtained that curing in saturated limewater for 28 days and afterwards in water until 90 days, produces more strengthened cementitious composite than those cured only in water or saturated limewater for 90 days. Excess Ca(OH)₂ crystals which forms after 28 days when the specimens cured limewater reduces the effect of C-S-H gels which form until the 90 days hence negatively impacts the mechanical properties of the specimens. On the other hand, curing the specimens in water after 28 days produces more C-S-H gel results in a cementitious composite with higher strength.

[Farzad Soleymani, Split tensile strength of cementitious composites in the optimum state. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):63-68]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

 http://www.americanscience.org. 9

Key words: SiO₂ nanoparticle; split tensile strength; cementitious composite; curing medium; optimal strength.

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Potential of High Velocity Oxy Fuel Thermal Spraying in Turbine Shaft Repairing

M. Jalali Azizpour¹   S. Norouzi ²    H.Mohammadi Majd³   D.Sajedipour⁴     E. Pipelzadeh⁵   B.Aslani⁶  H.Talebi⁷   A.Ghamari⁸    

^{1, 3, 4, 5} Production Technology Research Institute, branch of ACECR

²Babol University of Technology, Babol, Iran

⁶Powderafshan, Isfahan, Iran

^7,8SETESCO, Ahwaz, Iran

Mahdi.jalali.azizpour@gmail.com

Abstract: In this paper, the application of thermal spray coatings in high speed shafts by a revolution up to 23000 RPM has been studied. The agglomerated WC-12Co powder was coated on gas compressor components using high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) method and its microstructure and residual stress were evaluated.  Two high speed shafts were coated using the experimental data and the results demonstrated an acceptable performance in the high cycles. The results have shown that the developed coating has 148±30 MPa using hole drilling method and 156-257 MPa compressive residual stresses in curvature method. Morphological and crystallographical studies were conducted using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction respectively to evaluate the powder and coating characteristics.

 [M. Jalali Azizpour, S. Norouzi, E. Pipelzadeh, D.Sajedipour, H.Talebi, A.Ghamari, b.Aslani. Potential of High Velocity Oxy Fuel Thermal Spraying in Turbine Shaft Repairing. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):69-73]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

http://www.americanscience.org. 10

Keywords—Hole drilling, Residual stress, WC-12Co, Thermal spraying

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Risk Factors of Obesity on Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes among Pregnant Women

Hala Ibrahim Zaiton^*1, and Eman elsayed mohammed elsabagh²

Medical Surgical Nursing Dept.^*1, ²Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing Dept., Faculty of Nursing, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. *hala_zaton@yahoo.com

Abstract: Obesity constitutes a major risk factor for both maternal and fetal complications for mothers includes, hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, eclampsia and higher frequency of cesarean section and fetal complications includes intrauterine death, low Apgar score and macrosomia. This study aimed to assess risk factors of obesity on maternal and perinatal outcomes among pregnant women. Prospective cohort study, the study subjects consisted of four groups; 27 women with normal BMI (group I: BMI 19.1–25 kg/m2), 25 overweight (group II: BMI 25.1–30 kg/m2), 73 obese (group III: BMI 30.1–40 kg/m2) and 25 morbidly obese women (group IV: BMI >40 kg/m2). The study was conducted in obstetric department, labor ward at zagazig university hospital. Women in group III and IV were characterized by higher systolic booking blood pressure and higher diastolic booking blood pressures, with mean differences being 27.9,14.2 respectively. Similar differences were found in booking diastolic blood pressures with mean difference being 12.13 and 1.83 respectively. Women in group III and IV are at increased risk at gestational diabetes with OR 2.72; and OR 10.1. Requirement of instrumental deliveries or lower segment caesarean section occurred more often in group II, III and IV with 2.07, 2.58 and 6.61 respectively. The birth weight in group III and IV are significantly higher with mean differences 1.54 and 1.72. Macrosomia occurred more often in all increased BMI groups, but significance was only found in women of group IV with OR 4.4. The present study had revealed that the obesity during pregnancy represents a major risk for adverse outcome for pregnant women. Maternal weight measurements need to be recorded during antenatal care and used consistently because BMI is obviously a risk factor for maternal complications during pregnancy, labor and postpartum period.

[Hala Ibrahim Zaiton, and Eman elsayed mohammed elsabagh. Risk Factors of Obesity on Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes among Pregnant Women. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):74-83]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 11

Key words: Risk factors, Obesity, maternal, perinatal, outcome.

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Symbolic world of dream in Kushnameh

Nahid Yousefzadeh

Department of Persian literature, University State-National Tajikistan, Tajikistan

yousefzadeh1389@gmail.com

Abstract: In this study, dream symbols and their effect on opinion of the poet are reviewed, and difference between the application of this element in Shahnameh and Kushnameh is expressed. The dreams are one of several attractiveness factors of Iranshah stories in Kushnamh. He expresses beautiful and mysterious stories and legends, and in addition to respecting national and cultural values and figures, secret of many complexities are revealed to us in the form of a dream. His mysterious dreams have also features of Ahormazda dreams. In addition, they carry messages that contain their probable problems as well, which are symbolic and the truth is hidden in secrets. Iranshah has tried to reflect the hidden dimensions of his story characters and heroes in their dreams, and to create images with elements of dream that never happen in reality. He also tries to warn his readers and those who suffer from negligence and awaken and bring them to the world of conscious.

[Nahid Yousefzadeh. Symbolic world of dream in Kushnameh. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):84-90]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

 http://www.americanscience.org. 12

Keywords: Sleep; Dream; Ahourai dream; Decryption; Kamdad mysterious; Abtin

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The Evaluation of the Role of Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptor (FSHR) Gene Polymorphism in Controlling Ovarian Hyperstimulation

Gaber, S.S. ^*1; Elgindy, E.²; Elrehany, M.A.¹; Abd-Elghany, H.M.¹; and Okasha, A.M.¹

Departments of Medical Biochemistry¹, and Obstetrics and Gynacology², Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt. ^*elrehany1963@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study was performed to investigate the association between FSH receptor (FSHR) gene polymorphism at position 680 and the outcomes of controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) for in vitro fertilization (IVF) in Egyptian women. The FSHR genotype distribution was 36.6% for Asn/Asn, 31.7% for Asn/Ser, and 31.7% for Ser/Ser FSHR genotype groups. Although there was no difference among the three genotype groups in terms of the age and infertility diagnosis of study subjects, the basal levels of FSH (day 3) were significantly different [6.37 ± 1.65 mIU/ml (mean±SEM), 6.93 ± 2.09 mIU/ml, and 8.42 ± 3.22 mIU/ml] for Asn/Asn, Asn/Ser, and Ser/Ser groups, respectively. The Ser/Ser group tended to require a least dose of gonadotropins for COS, though these differences did not reach statistical significance. When the patients were classified according to their ovarian response, the mean levels of basal FSH in Asn/Asn and Ser/Ser subgroups showed an increasing level from poor to good and high responders. In contrast Asn/Ser subgroup showed a decreasing level of day 3 FSH from poor to good and high responders, thus indicating a relative resistance to the action of FSH in this subgroup. The numbers of oocytes retrieved tended to be different for the three groups (5.47 ± 3.02, 6.54 ± 7.48, and 11.23 ± 4.48 for Asn/Asn, Asn/Ser, and Ser/Ser groups, respectively). Clinical pregnancy rate was higher (23.08%) in Ser/Ser, compared to the others. The homozygous Asn/Asn genotype of FSHR polymorphism at position 680 may be associated with a reduced ovarian response to COS for IVF, while Ser/Ser genotypes showed a higher pregnancy rate.

[Gaber, S.S.; Elgindy, E.; Elrehany, M.A.; Abd-Elghany, H.M.; and Okasha, A.M. The Evaluation of the Role of Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptor (FSHR) Gene Polymorphism in Controlling Ovarian Hyperstimulation. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):91-100]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key word: FSH, polymorphism and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

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[Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):101-112]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

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The Fine Structure of the Spermatozoa of Three Species of Land Snails Belonging to the Genus Monacha (Müller, 1774) in Egypt

Mohamed F. Mansour^*; El-Sayed M. El-Habibi; M. M. Mortada and Amany M. Ramez

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

^{*mohmansour44@mans.edu.eg}

Abstract: The present study deals with the ultrastructure of the mature spermatozoa of three species belonging to the land snail genus Monacha (Müller, 1774). These snails are considered as agricultural pests. These species are M. cantiana, M. cartusiana and M. obstructa. They are morphologically closely similar to each other. The present investigation is a new trial to differentiate between them. The snails were collected from the field crops at Dakahlia governorate and brought alive to the laboratory where they were dissected and the gonads were isolated and fixed to be prepared until they were examined and photographed by the transmission electron microscope. Examination of the ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of the three species revealed that sperm of each of them composed of head (acrosome and nucleus), Neck region, midpiece and end-piece. The nucleus has nuclear fossa in which impregnated the components of the neck region. The midpiece contains the mitochondrial derivative and one glycogen helix containing glycogen granules. The end-piece contains only the axoneme surrounded by the plasma membrane. The axoneme has the typical 9+2 microtubule arrangement. There are some differences between them which can be summarized as follow; the nucleus in M. obstructa has a perinuclear sheath, the plasma membrane is convoluted in M. cantiana, the coarse fibers are present in the neck region in the three species but in M. obstructa they extend until the end of the midpiece. The midpiece can be differentiated into glycogen helix region and mitochondrial derivative region in M. cantiana and M. cartusiana but in M. obstructa it can be divided into glycogen helix region, middle region and posterior region. The mitochondrial derivative region in M. cartusiana contains cortical microtubules. In M. obstructa the anterior region of the midpiece has the glycogen helix; the middle region has the glycogen granules in a tubular form around the axoneme, while the posterior part contains only a condensation of glycogen granules around the axoneme. The glycogen helix region in M. obstructa contains cortical microtubules beneath the plasma membrane. According to the above descriptions of the ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of the three species of Monacha in Egypt and due to the presence of many differences between them, the present study recommend that they are actually three valid species representing this genus of land snails in Egypt.

[Mohamed F. Mansour; El-Sayed M. El-Habibi; M. M. Mortada and Amany M. Ramez The Fine Structure of the Spermatozoa of Three Species of Land Snails Belonging to the Genus Monacha (Müller, 1774) in Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10):113-124]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 15

Keywords: Spermatozoa; Land Snail; Genus; Monacha; Egypt

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Armenian challenges for establishing independent educational system in Iran from Mashrotiat (Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1905-1911) to Islamic Revolution (1979)

Mahvash Lotfi

¹Ministry of Research Science and Technology

²Student of Ph.D major of educational management

E-mail: M7_lotfi@yahoo.com

Abstract: Armenian people include one of the most important religious minorities of Iran and they have been regarded as one of the most professional and intellectual population of the country. Since there have been few articles or books regarding the educational system of Armenian-Iranian people up to now, this article reviews the challenges and efforts of Armenian society for establishing their own educational system in Iran from the Mashrotiat (Constitutional) event to 1978 (the Islamic revolution), mainly during the reign of Pahlavi . This research was conducted based on the documents and studies performed regarding Armenian educational policy in Iran. The results show that the principle of education and religious training was regarded as a main challenge for the Supermen  Armenian council in different provinces of Iran since 1941 and Armenians tried to follow up their request in different methods by referring to the ministry of culture and prime minister of the country. Establishing Armenian schools in different provinces of country was involved with different problems influenced by the socio-cultural condition of the province itself and the central government  policy.

[Mahvash Lotfi. Armenian challenges for establishing independent educational system in Iran from Mashrotiat (Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1905-1911) to Islamic Revolution (1979). Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):125-129]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

http://www.americanscience.org. 16

Keywords: Armenian, educational system, Iran

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Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Rabbit Meat as Affected by Gamma Irradiation

Hesham M. Badr

Atomic Energy Authority, Nuclear Research Center, Abou Zaabal, P.O. Box 13759 Cairo, Egypt. heshambadr_aea@yahoo.co.uk 

Abstract: The present study was conducted to investigate the changes in lipid and fatty acid composition of gamma irradiated rabbit meat samples were aerobically packaged and exposed to gamma irradiation at doses of 0 and 3 kGy at room temperature and 0 and 7 kGy at the frozen state. Lipids were extracted and isolated as neutral lipids and phospholipids classes, then the individual fractions of these classes were separated by thin layer chromatography. Furthermore, the observed neutral lipids and total phospholipids as well as the major phospholipids fractions, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, were converted to fatty acid methyl esters and analyzed by gas chromatography. The obtained results revealed that irradiation of rabbit meat samples had no significant effect on their contents of total lipids and the observed fractions for neutral and phospholipid classes were similar in lipids separated from irradiated and non-irradiated rabbit meat. Moreover, irradiation treatments showed no significant effects on the contents of triglycerides, however, significant decreases in the contents of cholesterol and phospholipids were observed. The fatty acids of neutral lipid class showed no significant changes due to irradiation of rabbit meat, while significant decreases, but of minor interest, were observed in the polyunsaturated fatty acids of total phospholipids and their major fractions. The observed results demonstrate that irradiation of rabbit meat samples at doses recommended for irradiation of poultry had no adverse effects on their lipid and fatty acid composition and the observed decreases in the contents of cholesterol or phospholipids and their polyunsaturated fatty acids were of minor interest.

[Hesham M. BadrL ipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Rabbit Meat as Affected by Gamma Irradiation. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10):130-136]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 17

Key words: Rabbit meat, irradiation, lipids, neutral lipids, phospholipids, fatty acids

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ssessment of Some Heavy Metal Contents in Fresh and Salted (Feseakh) Mullet Fish Collected from El- Burullus Lake, Egypt

Yosef  TA and Ghada M Gomaa

Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology,

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt

E-mail: tarektoxicology@yahoo.com

Abstract: Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd concentrations were determined in muscle, gills and liver of fresh and salted (either by analytical or industrial salt) mullet fish caught from El-Burullus Lake. Heavy metal concentrations varied significantly depending on the type of the tissue and salt. Generally, the lowest concentrations of the studied metals were found in fresh fish, while the highest concentrations were recorded in salted fish by industrial salt which were higher than salted fish by analytical one. Fish organs of fresh and salted fish by analytical salt contain metals followed the order: liver>gills>muscle, while in salted fish by industrial one showed: gills>muscle>liver. The metal levels were ranked as follow: Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd. Fe and Cd concentrations exceeded the upper limit of standards while, Zn one recorded much below level in all deliberate fish organs. Cu content was slightly higher than the permissible limit in muscle and gills of salted fish by industrial salt. Concerning Pb level, it was almost double the concentration of the permissible limit in the liver of all groups and muscle of salted fish by industrial salt, while it were triple the concentration of the permissible limit in gills of that group.

[Yosef  TA and Ghada M Gomaa. Assessment of Some Heavy Metal Contents in Fresh and Salted (Feseakh) Mullet Fish Collected from El- Burullus Lake, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10):137-144]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 18

Keyword: Assessment, Heavy Metal, Fresh and Salted (Feseakh) Mullet Fish, El- Burullus Lake.

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Measurement the Immunological and Hormonal Parameters in Intensive Excises in the Environment 33°C

Mozhgan Ahmadi¹; Hamid Agha Alinejad²; Maghsood Peeri²; Zuhair Hassan ³

¹ Ph.D. student of Exercise Physiology, Physical Education & Sport Science college. Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Iran

² Asisstant Professor , Physical Education & Sport Science college. Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Iran

³ Professor, Immonology Dept, medical science college. Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran

E-mail: mahmadi1376@gmail.com

Abstract: Heat stress is one of the physical stresses which play a role in arising central body temperature and making changes in immune and hormone responses. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of one stage severe aerobic exercise in warm environment on active women’s immune and hormone factors. 16 physical education students with average age of 20.25 ±0.9 years, maximal oxygen uptake of 42.14±9.8 ml/kg/m and body mass index of 22.11±2.66 kg/mm have randomly divided in tow experimental and control groups. The experimental group has pedaled the ergometer wheels with VO₂max 75% for 60 minutes and the control group has no activity during the test. The environmental temperature and humidity were maintained 33° centigrade and 40% respectively fixed during the test. Blood samples for measuring the levels of IL-10, TNFα, CRP, cortisol , epinephrine were taken in three periods pre, immediately and 2 hours after termination of the activity from participants. There wasn’t any significant difference between control and experimental groups in density of IL-10, TNFα, CRP, epinephrine when they were doing intensive activity in warm weather. There were only significant differences between groups on density of CPR and immediately and two hours after activity (p≤0.05). These data demonstrate that a 60 min exercise heavy in hot environment under these conditions can not affect on  immunity and  hormonic responses in activity women 

[Mozhgan Ahmadi; Hamid Agha Alinejad; Maghsood Peeri; Zuhair Hassan. Measurement the Immunological and Hormonal Parameters in Intensive Excises in the Environment 33°C. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10):145-151]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

http://www.americanscience.org. 19

Keywords: IL-10, TNFα, CRP, Cortisol, Epinephrine, Women`s Active

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Rumen Constituents and Ciliates Generic & Species Composition in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Egypt

Baraka, T. A.

Dept. Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.

drtaherbaraka@cu.edu.eg

Abstract: Rumen liquor physical, biochemical and ciliates orders, families, species, genera, forma and their dimensions in 37 native buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) belonging to private farms in Giza Governorate were performed. Obtained results revealed that mean value of pH was 6.70 ± 0.12, total protozoa count 15.85 ± 6.29 ×10⁴, generic composition of Entodinium, Diplodinium, Epidinium and Holotricha were 95.71 ± 2.62, 1.18 ± 0.11, 2.5 0± 0.21 and 0.61 ± 0.41% respectively. Ammonia concentration, volatile fatty acids, total protein, calcium, phosphorus, copper and zinc levels were 373.65 ± 9.189 mmol/L, 73.25 ± 7.57 mmol/L, 9.47 ±1.66 g/L, 1.57 ±0.50 mmol/L, 2.96 ±0.67 mmol/L, 6.57 ± 1.11 µmol/L and 23.12 ± 3.80 µmol/L respectively. In addition; 13 new species belonging to 6 genera were identified. They were Entodinium rectangulatum f. caudatum, Entodinium  longinucleatum, Entodinium  longinucleatum f. spinolobum, Entodinium ciclum, Diplodinium monocanthum, Eudiplodinium magii, Ostrachodinium gracile, Ostrachodinium nucleulobum, Ostrachodinium tiete, Ostrachodinium mammosum, Metadinium banksi, Metadinium esalqum, Epidinium caudatum and Epidinium bicaudatum. On conclusion; physical, biochemical and cellular constituents of water buffalo should be put in consideration during clinical examination and evaluation of rumen performance, and typing of buffalo rumen ciliates needs further investigation to be a guide during rumen juice transplantation.

[Baraka, T. A. Rumen Constituents and Ciliates Generic & Species Composition in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10): 152-160].(ISSN: 1545-1003).

 http://www.americanscience.org.  20

Key words: Buffaloes, rumen constituents, ciliates.

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Elastic Joints and its lateral forces Futuristic structural concept

Hesham Gerisha

Misr University for Science and Technology – 6.October city –Egypt

Con_develope@hotmail.com

Abstract: Bridge structures have been supported on flexible and elastomeric bearings for a number of years. In this paper supporting the structure system concerning buildings in every connection on elastomeric bearing will be discussed. The human body structure content elastic joints in its connection. A simulation of this concept can be useful for the buildings concerning earthquakes. Most structures act as transfer elements, receiving certain forces and transferring them to other points. This transfer capability is dependent on the internal strength and stability of the structure. A thin sheet of aluminum may be easily buckled, a block of wood may be easily split along its grain, and a rectangular framework with loose, single-pin joints may be easily collapsed sideways. All of these structures fail because of an inability to maintain internal equilibrium through lack of strength, or because of the lack of some inherent stability, or for both reasons. The complete static equilibrium of a structure requires two separate balances: that of the external forces and that of the internal forces. Externally sufficient reaction components must be developed by the supports. Internally, there must be an inherent capability for stability and sufficient strength to do the work of transferring the applied loads to supports.  But what is about a flexible structural system? Can we damage the movement of the system? Are sensors useful for this new structural concept? The idea is to develop a steel structure system with elastic connection. And this system includes a error reader (sensor) response for the linearity of the system. If we have any horizontal force in form earthquakes or wind the sensor give the signal to the stepper motor to correct the error through moving the structure with the tension member.  We propose that the humane design is one of the most important principles of sustainability in architecture.

[Hesham Gerisha. Elastic Joints and its lateral forces Futuristic structural concept. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10): 161-167].(ISSN: 1545-1003).

 http://www.americanscience.org 21

Keywords: Improvement in seismic design, Basic elements of seismic isolation system, Design objective, Elastic Connection, Structure type's analysis, Comparing between knee and Slab connection, Equilibrium of structures, Elastic sensor added structure Concept

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Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Quality of Life in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Soad M. Hegazy^*1, Ghada M. Mourad², Rania A. Zaki² and Hamdi H. Emam³

Departments of ¹Medical-Surgical Nursing; ²Psychiatric ∕ Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing , Ain Shams University, ³Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Naser Institute, Cairo, Egypt

^*soadmahmoud43@yahoo.com

Abstract: Foot ulcers are a significant source of morbidity, mortality and diminished quality of life (QOL) in patients with diabetes. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been proposed as a possible treatment. Aim:  this study aims to evaluate the effect of HBOT on QOL in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was used. This study was conducted at the HBOT unit and surgical outpatient clinics, affiliated to Naser Institute Hospital. Sample: A purposive sample included 46 adult patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Tools: 1) Patient's interviewing sheet to assess QOL domains: physical, psychological, social and spiritual (pre/post tests), 2) Strauss wound classification scoring system (Pre/post tests), 3) Wound symptoms chart (pre/post tests), 4) Hamiltons anxiety rating scale and 5) Numerical rating pain scale (pre/post tests). Results: Statistically significant differences were found between QOL domains before and after HBOT among the studied patients. Moreover there is an obvious improvement regarding wound ulcers healing added to significant reduction in the anxiety level post treatment sessions. Conclusion: HBOT had a positive effect on the improvement of QOL in patients with diabetic foot ulcers, which is possibly attributable to better ulcers healing. Recommendations: Further studies should be done to assess the long term success of HBOT and to follow up patient's QOL.

[Soad M. Hegazy, Ghada M. Mourad, Rania A. Zaki, and Hamdi H. Emam Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Quality of Life in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10):168-175].(ISSN: 1545-1003).

http://www.americanscience.org.22

Key words: Hyperbaric Oxygen, Diabetic Foot Ulcer

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Multiplex PCR for Detection and Genotyping of C. Botulinum Types A, B, E and F Neurotoxin Genes in Some Egyptian Food Products

Shabaan H. Ahmed*, Mohamed S. Badary, Wegdan A. Mohamed, Amal A. Elkhawaga

Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

dr.shabaan@gmail.com    amy.elkhawaga@gmail.com

Abstract: Clostridium botulinum [C. botulinum] is an obligatory anaerobic, Gram positive, endospore forming bacterium. It produces lethal botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) that causes life threatening neuroparalytic illness known as botulism. Many cases of foodborne and infant botulism were reported worldwide. This study determined the prevalence of C. botulinum and its spores in some Egyptian food products using conventional methods and Multiplex PCR.  A total number of 250 food samples (50 honey, 100 fish products and 100 meat products) were randomly collected from apiaries, fish shops, butcher shops, retail stores and supermarkets in Assiut City. They were examined for the presence of C. botulinum and its spores using conventional methods. Finally, multiplex PCR was done for genotyping isolated C. botulinum neurotoxin genes types (A, B, E and F). Total number of positive samples for C. botulinum was 13 (26 %) in honey, 19 (19%) in fish products and 21 (21%) in meat products. Standard filtration (SF) method detected C. botulinum spores in honey more efficiently than Dilution centrifugation (DC) method. Genotyping using multiplex PCR was successful. It revealed that C. botulinum type A was 10% in honey and 6% in meat products; C. botulinum type B was 20% in honey, 5% in fish and 11% in meat products; C. botulinum type E was 14% in fish and 4% in meat products. While, C. botulinum type F was 0%. The present study revealed that some food products in Assiut City may present a potential hazard for foodborne and infant botulism.

[Shabaan H. Ahmed, Mohamed S. Badary, Wegdan A. Mohamed, Amal A. Elkhawaga Multiplex PCR for Detection and Genotyping of C. Botulinum Types A, B, E and F Neurotoxin Genes in Some Egyptian Food Products. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10): 176-190 ].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Clostridium botulinum, spores, botulism, Multiplex PCR

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Computer-Aided Design of Framed Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Flood Scouring

Hamed Salem

Structural Engineering Dept., Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
hamedhadhoud@yahoo.com

Abstract: In the beginning of 2010, several reinforced concrete structures collapsed due to floods in Sinai and Aswan, Egypt. Scour of soil beneath foundations lead to excessive differential settlements, failure of main structural members and finally complete structural collapse. A three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic analysis of a multi-storey reinforced concrete framed structure with induced soil scour under its foundation is carried out using the Applied Element Method. The analysis of the structure is followed until its complete collapse. The numerical analysis is then used to propose a safe design against collapse. Three different alternatives proposed for preventing progressive collapse are independently investigated; floor beams, tie beams connecting footings, and diagonal bracings. Increasing the size of the floor beams was found not to have significant effect on mitigating progressive collapse, while the use of diagonal bracings in the ground floor or rigid tie beams connecting the structure’ footings was found to efficiently prevent progressive collapse. With diagonal bracings or rigid tie beams, the excessive differential settlements of the footings can be eliminated and the gravity loads can follow a safe alternative path preventing the structural collapse. The tie beam reinforcement was found to have a significant effect on the structural behavior during such an extreme loading case. Section analysis of the tie beam suggests that its ultimate strength should be based on rupture of main reinforcement, which is more economical and appropriate for such loading case.

[Hamed Salem Computer-Aided Design of Framed Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Flood Scouring. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10): 191-200].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.24

Key words: Flood scouring, progressive collapse, Applied Element Method, tie beams

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Impact of Nitrogen rates on growth and yield attributes of Sweet Corn grown under different Phosphorus levels

Mehrzad Alimohammadi¹, Mohsen Yousefi² and Peiman Zandi¹

¹Department of Agronomy, Takestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Takestan, Iran

²Young Researchers Club, Takestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Takestan, Iran

E-mail: z_rice_b@yahoo.com

Abstract: The effect of different nitrogen levels (0, 200 and 400 kg urea ha^-1) and phosphorus rates of 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg  ha^-1 in the form of triple superphosphate on growth and yield components of sweet corn was investigated at a research field, in Takestan, Iran, during 2006 growing season. The experiment was carried out using split plots based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Results showed that nitrogen fertilizer effect was significant on number of grains per ear, number of nodes per stalk, ear height, ear diameter, husked green ear weight, 1000-grain weight, plant height and grain yield of sweet corn. Phosphorus rates significantly affected plant height, ear diameter, ear height, grain yield, husked green ear weight and 1000-grain weight. Interaction effect of nitrogen × phosphorus was only affected 1000-grain weight, grain yield and husked green ear weight. whereas the rest of studied traits were remained unaffected. The highest grain yield (7781.10 kg ha^-1) was that of application of 200 kg urea ha^-1 coupled with 200 kg ha^-1 of triple superphosphate. It is concluded that optimum dose of phosphorus/nitrogen for sweet corn crop is 200 kg ha^-1. It is also suggested that further research should be done under different environmental conditions.

[Mehrzad Alimohammadi¹, Mohsen Yousefi² and Peiman Zandi^. Impact of Nitrogen rates on growth and yield attributes of Sweet Corn grown under different Phosphorus levels.Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):201-206]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

 http://www.americanscience.org 25

Key words: sweet corn (Zea mays L.); nitrogen; phosphorus; grain yield

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Treatment Results and Prognostic Factors of Pharyngeal Carcinoma Treated with Either Radiotherapy Alone or in Combination with Systemic Chemotherapy

Hala F. Elshazly; Ashraf F. Barakat ; ^*Hanan S. Gamal El-Deen and  Heba H. El Setiha.

Clinical Oncology Department, Tanta University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, Egypt

^*hannshawky@yahoo.com

Abstract: Pharyngeal carcinoma has been identified as a significant public health threat. Systematic evaluation of the significant impact of several prognostic factors in pharyngeal carcinoma treated either with radiotherapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy is of great importance to health care providers and policy makers. This study used to evaluate the correlations between disease characteristics, treatment, and survival for patients with pharyngeal carcinoma. Main outcome measures were disease-free survival, overall survival, and treatment response. Methods: This study included 97 patients with pharyngeal carcinoma treated at Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University Hospital between January 2000 and December 2005.  Results: The mean age of all patients was 50.18 years (range; 23 - 75 years). Men made up 61.9% of patients. Pathologic diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in 77.3% of cases. Younger patients (<50 years) had a much higher frequency of presentation with stage I and II tumors (58.5%). Most tumors were located at the hypopharynx (57.7%) with clinical stage III or IV (63.9%). Treatment response was associated with age, tumor status, nodal status, tumor site, Karnofsky performance status, and clinical stage before treatment. The 2-year overall survival (OS) rate for all patients (n = 97) was 21.6% and the 2-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate for patients who achieved complete response (n = 31) was 51%. The significant prognostic variables were Karnofsky performance status, nodal status and primary tumor volume. Conclusion: A combination of clinical factors, such as primary tumor volume measurement, nodal status, tumor site, Karnofsky performance status, age, and clinical stage are reliable ways to stratify outcome as predictors of overall survival, disease-free survival, and treatment response in pharyngeal carcinoma.

[Hala F. Elshazly; Ashraf F. Barakat ; Hanan S. Gamal El-Deen and  Heba H. El Setiha. Treatment Results and Prognostic Factors of Pharyngeal Carcinoma Treated with Either Radiotherapy Alone or in Combination with Systemic Chemotherap. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):207-217].(ISSN: 1545-1003).

http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Pharyngeal carcinoma, Prognosis, Radiotherapy, chemotherapy,    chemoradiotherapy.

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Size Composition, Growth Pattern and Sexual Maturity of the Blue Crab, Callinectes amnicola (De Rocheburne, 1883) in three interconnecting tropical lagoons.

Aderonke O. Lawal-Are* and Kola Kusemiju

Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos –Nigeria.

*Corresponding author: aolawalare@gmail.com

Abstract:  The size composition, growth pattern, sex ratio and gonadal stages of Callinectes amnicola (De Rocheburne) in three interconnecting tropical lagoons were investigated over 18 months. The major ecological variable in the lagoons was salinity. The crabs exhibited negative allometric growth. The largest sized crabs were obtained in the freshwater Lekki Lagoon. The males were significantly more abundant than the females in the freshwater Lekki Lagoon while the sex ratio was nearly 1:1 in the brackish Badagry and Lagos Lagoons. Five stages of gonadal maturity were recorded for both males and females in the three lagoons. Fecund females carrying eggs underside of the abdomen were obtained only in the high brackish water Lagos Lagoon. The salinity gradient and occurrence of the blue crab throughout the year in the three interconnecting lagoons makes them a suitable environment for completion of its life history in the lagoons.

[Aderonke O. Lawal-Are and Kola Kusemiju. Size Composition, Growth Pattern and Sexual Maturity of the Blue Crab, Callinectes amnicola (De Rocheburne, 1883) in three interconnecting tropical lagoons. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):218-225]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Salinity, size, growth, gonadal stages

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Application of adsorbent from Dum palm for the removal of Manganese (II), Zinc (II) and Copper (II) ions from aqueous solution

^1*Yisa Jonathan, ²Hassan  Hussaina and ¹Jimoh Oladejo Tijani

¹Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State

²Department Science Laboratory, Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Niger State

joeyisa@yahoo.com

Abstract: The batch adsorption of Mn (II), Zn (II) and Cu (II) ions from aqueous solution using frond and leaves of dump palm was investigated. The influence of sorption time, initial metal ion concentration and adsorbent dosage were evaluated. The results showed that these parts of dump palm have relatively high adsorption capacity for these heavy metals ions. The percentage removed was (76%), (64%), (62%) and (64%) (57%) (56%) for Mn (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) ions respectively for frond and leaves. Adsorption equilibrium was established in 90mins for Mn (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) ions. The equilibrium data generated fitted well for Freundlich adsorption model. The obtained results show that the both the leaves and the frond of dump palm are favourable for the sorption of the heavy metal ions.

[Yisa Jonathan, Hassan  Hussaina and Jimoh Oladejo Tijani. Application of adsorbent from Dum palm for the removal of Manganese (II), Zinc (II) and Copper (II) ions from aqueous solution. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):226-230]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: adsorbent; palm; Manganese; Zinc; Copper; ion; aqueous solution

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Silica nanoparticle size effect on mechanical properties and microstructure of cement mortar

M.R. Arefi^1, M.R. Javaheri¹, E. Mollaahmadi¹, H. Zare², B. Abdollahi Nejand^3,4*, M. Eskandari³

^1. Department of Civil Engineering, Taft branch, Islamic Azad University, Taft, Iran

^2. Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif   University of Technology, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran     

^3. Nanomaterial Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR) on TMU, Tehran, Iran

^4.Kil o Pico Aryan Company, 56 North Dibaji St, Suite#01, Farmanieh, Tehran, Iran

ba@kilo-pico.com

Abstract: In this study, the effects of micro and nano silica particle size and their quantity on mechanical properties and microstructure of fabricated cement mortar was investigated. The measurements carried out at the 7th day after the production of the cement mortar. The results showed that the cement mortar containing silica nanoparticles had better mechanical properties compared with the pure cement mortar. The production method used here caused a homogenous dispersion of silica nanoparticles in the cement mortar; therefore, its mechanical properties increased even with addition of only 1% silica nanoparticles. In the othr words the compressive strength increased by more than 100% by addition of critical amount of SiO₂ nanopowder. The SEM, DTA, TGA, water permeability tests revealed that nano and microparticles not only work as fillers for the cement mortar’s porosity and improves its microstructure, but also reduce the amounts of Ca(OH)₂ and other calcium hydrates.

M.R. Arefi, M.R. Javaheri, E. Mollaahmadi, H. Zare, B. Abdollahi Nejand, M. Eskandari. Silica nanoparticle size effect on mechanical properties and microstructure of cement mortar. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):231-238]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Mechanical properties; Silica nanoparticles; Cement mortar; Particle size effects

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Infratentorial Brain Tumors in Children: The Value of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the Differentiatial Diagnosis

Mohamed T. Abd Alhak, Alya A. Elnaggar^* and Yasser M. Fekry

Radiodiagbosis Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Egypt

^*alyaelnaggar@ymail.com 

Abstract: Background and Aim of the Work: Brain tumors are the most common solid tumor in children and are the second most common neoplasm in childhood after hematological malignancies, and accounts for 20% of all pediatric cancers. Approximately half of all intracranial neoplasms in children are found within the posterior fossa. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging is the corner stone in the initial evaluation of pediatric brain tumors. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of MRI in differential diagnosis of infratentorial brain tumors in children by MRI. Patients and Methods: This study was carried out on 30 patients (17 male, 57% and 13 female, 43%), their age ranged from 4 – 11 years old with the mean age 7.5 years. All patients were selected according to their presentation with cranially related manifestations and all were subjected to full history, full clinical data and radiological examination by MRI. Results: The MRI evaluation and histopathological reports showed that: 10 cases of cerebellar juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (33%), 10 cases of medulloblastoma (33%), 4 cases of infr atentorial ependymoma (13%), 5 cases of brain stem glioma (17%) and one case of atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (3%). Conclusion: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the primary imaging modality used for the assessment of intracranial tumors as MRI provides superior delineation of the extent of tumor.

[Mohamed T. Abd Alhak, Alya A. Elnaggar and Yasser M. Fekry Infratentorial Brain Tumors in Children: The Value of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the Differentiatial Diagnosis. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10):239-245]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Infratentorial Brain Tumor; Children; Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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Historical transformation of vowel sounds from traditional Persian to current Bakhtiarian Izeh language

Nour Ali Ahmadi Falehi

The professor of Enghelabe Eslami technical college

             Email:  n_a_faleh@yahoo.com

Abstract: Backtiari area is located in south west of Iran in alignment with Zagros Mountain ,Covering 39900 Km, including towns such as Daran and Fereidan shahr (Isfahan Province), Aligodarz (Lorestan District), Dezfool, Andimeshk, Masjed soleiman, Izeh, Shoshtar (Khuzestan Province), Borojen, Lordegan, Farsan (Charmahal Backtiary Provincel). Ize is a small town with 3930km located in north east of Khuzestan province between eastern latitude (T) and northern altitude This town is, 200 KM to Ahvaz the capital of khozestan province. Among the population residing in this town, 108232 people are living in urban districts and the rest are the rural communication living at the countryside. This town is cold in autumn and winter and warm in spring and summer. Although Izeh is a part of Backtiarian area, but there are some important difference between the language common in Izeh area and other Backtiarian population. Many books and articles have been published regarding the history, culture and linguistic characteristics of the whole Backtiarian population. Among them we may refer to (1) conversation customs and beliefs of Backtiarian People (Adivi), (2) Backtiarian Language which is dominantly as a dictionary instead of paying attention to languages (Khosravi) (3) Backtiari language dictionary written by saral (2002) (4) summary of Backtiarian poems (Mir Ghayed) – 2003), (5), Backtarian legend (Daghighian), (6) poems (Divan) of Mulla Zolfali Backtiari (Backtiari – 1996) and a book a bout the history and geography of Ize which is part of the Islamic Encyclopedia  including also some common words and language in Backtiari which is different from Izeh Language. Since a significant part of Iranian population in khozestan, Isfahan, Fars and Lorestan provinces talk in this language ,this article is intending to focus on Historical transformation of vowel sounds from traditional P persian to current Bakhtiarian Izeh language. On the other hand, oil discovery in this area increased its importance for many geographic, sociologic researchers and historians, among them Scarmann was first foreigner who published some texts of Backtiary literature in 1904 and a Russian researcher, called Dimitry Jokovski published some of these texts in Saint Petersburg in 1923. In 1922, Lorimer and English officials working in Iran worked on some language in Iran as well as Backtiary language and published some of them in BSOAS Izeh area. Through the history of Backtiary population played a significant role in Iranian social political situation, and this society was under the attention of many tourists and researchers.

[Nour Ali Ahmadi Falehi. Historical transformation of vowel sounds from traditional Persian to current Bakhtiarian Izeh language. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):246-253]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: VOWEL, Ize, Backtiari, zagros, Khuzestan, urban, fucyclopedia, Iranian population, geographic, socilolgic.

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Nonlinear Analysis of Circular Composite Columns

Mohamed A. A. El-Shaer

Civil and Construction Engineering Department, Higher Technological Institute, 10^th of Ramadan City, Cairo, Egypt

ecg_group@yahoo.com

Abstract: The finite element is introduced to describe the behavior of circular columns: confined, partially confined or reinforced with fiber reinforced polymers (FRP). Geometric and material nonlinearities are taken into consideration. The column is analyzed under axial force together with a biaxial moment applied at its ends. This paper presents the initial results of a study aimed at quantifying the increase in strength of columns due to introducing FRP in different methods. Results show that using FRP as external wrapping gives higher increase in strength than using it as embedded reinforcement.

[Mohamed A. A. El-Shaer Nonlinear Analysis of Circular Composite Columns. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10): 254-262].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keyword: Nonlinear Analysis of Circular Composite Columns

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Insecticide Resistance in Potato Tuber Moth Phthorimaea Operculella Zeller in Egypt

Hafez El-kady

Faculty of Agriculture at Damytta, Mansoura University, Egypt

Abstract: The potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera - Gelechiidae), is a major pest of the potatoes world-wide attacking the foliage and infest the tubers in both field and store causing serious economic damage. In this study, the efficacies of seven insecticides [organophosphate (Fenitrothion & Pirimiphos-methyl),  carbamate (Carbosulfan & Aldicarb), pyrethroid (Lambda-cyhalothrin & Deltamethrin) and imidaclopride (Confidor)] were determined against four strains of P. operculella collected from four Governorates in Egypt [Damytta (DAM), Dakahlia (DAK), Behera (BEH) and Menofia (MEN)]. Collected strains were bioassayed and compared with a reference susceptible strain. DAM and BEH strains recorded 193.4 and 23.3-fold resistance, respectively to fenitrothion and also recorded 133.7 and 23.6-fold resistance, respectively to pirimiphos-methyl. DAM and MEN strains recorded 87.2 and 23.8-fold resistance, respectively to lambda-cyhalothrin while DAM and BEH strains recorded 81.2 and 13.7-fold resistance, respectively to deltamethrin. DAM and MEN strains demonstrating 36.1 and 16.6-fold resistance, respectively to carbosulfan while DAM and BEH strains demonstrated 63.4 and 7.1-fold resistance, respectively to aldicarb, and also DAM and BEH strains recorded 134.7 and 15.3-fold resistance, respectively to confidor. These results are discussed in relation to the possible mechanisms of resistance present in the studied P. operculella strains and underpin the resistance management strategy for potato tuber moth in Egypt.

[Hafez El-kady Insecticide Resistance in Potato Tuber Moth Phthorimaea Operculella Zeller in Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10):263-266].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Insecticide Resistance in Potato Tuber Moth Phthorimaea Operculella Zeller.

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The relationship between budget deficits and current account deficits

Neda Farahbakhsh ¹, Mohammad Poorgholamali ²

^1. Department of Economic, Islamic Azad University, Rood hen Branch, Tehran, Iran

^2. Financial Assistant of Statistics, Planning and Budget of Sepah Bank of Iran, Tehran, Iran

farahbakhsh1389@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: The significance of budget and current account deficits dates back to 1980s which trade and budget deficits dramatically increased in the United States. Two theories have been arisen about twin deficits: Keynesian theory and Ricardian equivalence. According to Keynes theory, the budget deficit affects the domestic and foreign economy, while the Ricardian equivalence neglates any relationship between budget deficit and other economic sectors including domestic or foreign. In this paper, two visions are theoretically studied and eventually the impact of budget deficit over the variables of domestic sector (private consumption and economic growth) and variable of foreign sector (current account deficit) within the period of (1985-2006) will be analyzed.  The review of this issue has been conducted for different countries (70 countries) which according to the world development indicators are categorized into 3 groups of high, middle and low- income countries. A summary of the acquired results would not affirm the relationship between the budget deficit and current account deficit, consumption and economic growth in the period of study in high-income countries. This relationship remains in force in middle and low income countries, in other words Ricardian equivalence is rejected in these countries.

[Neda Farahbakhsh, Mohammad Poorgholamali. The relationship between budget deficits and current account deficits. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):267-275]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Ricardian equivalence; Keynesian theory; twin deficits hypothesis; integration model

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Effects of rumen protein availability on transition ewe's performance

Tayyebeh Ajam Rangraz and Asadollah Teimouri Yansari

Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Aquaculture faculty, Agricultural and Natural Resource University, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran. astymori@yahoo.com

Abstract: Two experiments carried out to determine the effects of rumen protein availability on ewe's performance at transition period. The first trial were performed using the in sacco method with two fistulated Zel ewes to determine degradability of untreated (UCM) and formaldehyde treated canola meal (FTCM; 4 ml/ 100 g CM). In second experiment, sixteen 3-years old pregnant Zel ewes (133 ± 4day in pregnancy) were fed ad libitum two rations that consisted of UCM and FTCM with same composition that offered as a TMR twice daily at 0900 and 2100 h. Formaldehyde treatment decreased a, b, potential degradable fractions and effective degradability for dry matter (DM) and crud protein (CP), with no effect on neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradation. The FTCM increased body weight before lambing and reduced body weight loss after parturition. There were no differences between DM intake (except on 2 weeks after lambing). Control treatment had greater digestibility for CP, NDF and ash than FTCM treatment. The body weight of lamb at birth, 7, 14 and 21 day after lambing and lamb’s daily gain were higher in treatment than control. Milk production, fat (% and kg/day), protein (kg/day) and total solid (%) content of milk increased in sheep that fed ration contained the FTCM. However, using FTCM enhanced milk production (13.2 % based on control), therefore, can be beneficial to high-producing dairy ewes.

[Tayyebeh Ajam Rangraz and Asadollah Teimouri Yansari. Effects of rumen protein availability on transition ewe's performance. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):276-283]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: transition ewe; formaldehyde treat; degradability; protein; milk yield

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Analyzing the required social supports from On-line interactions network in chat users in Tehran

Dr. Mehrdad Navabakhsh ¹, Zahra Zare ²

^1. full Professor , department of sociology , Science and Research Branch,Islamic Azad University (IAU)

^2. Phd Student ,department of sociology , Science and Research Branch,Islamic Azad University (IAU)- Corresponding author: zahra_zare2006@yahoo.com

Abstract: Social networks not only help to increase social captials but also expand the communications between people. This is important because we can see erosion of social captials in today world. Developing communication and information technologies provides people to have a virtual social network in a cyber space through their interactions and enjoy its supports. So, this study has tried to analyze the conditions of required social supports from Online Interaction Network in Tehran users in 2010-2011 through Online Questionnaire and ground theory. This study shows that Tehran On-line interactions users in their virtual social network in on-line interactions do not receive many supports from the network. It means that: 1) each person in his own network does not need or expect to receive some kinds of aid 2) companionship and advice is two main aids in this network. Since the social network of the person in real world is his main network and his support source, it seems that social network provides some kinds of supports which the person isn’t able to ask for or provide them in the real world. The most required support in Chat On-line interaction users is companionship. Undoubtedly, the received supports from virtual social network help people to compensate some support gaps in real world as well as expanding the communication.

[Mehrdad Navabakhsh, Zahra Zare. Analyzing the required social supports from On-line interactions network in chat users in Tehran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):284-290]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Social network, social captials, virtual space, social support, virtual social support

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Impact of Educational Program among Open Heart Surgery Patients on Minimizing the Incidence of Post Operative Infections

Sahra Z. Azer¹; Sanaa M. Alaa Eldeen²;  Mohammed Abd-Elwahb³;Amal M. Ahmed⁴

¹Adult Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, ²Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University,  ³Cardiothoracic Surgery Dept., Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, ⁴Medical - Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University. *

sahra_zaki_azer@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study aimed to investigate the impact of educational program among open heart surgery patients on minimizing the incidence of post operative infections. Data were collected from cardiothoracic surgery department, intensive care unit, and outpatient clinic at Assiut University Hospital. The study was conducted on 60 adult patients with open heart surgery (30 - study group and 30 - control group) who have been selected randomly. Data were collected through: four tools; (cardiac surgery patient needs assessment sheet, cardiac teaching program based on individualized patient needs assessment, cardiac post operative observation checklist sheet, and cardiac post operative wound site infection evaluation sheet). Results of this study concluded that, more than half of the patients in study group 53.3 % were females, 70 % were married, and 40 % their ages ranged from 18 - 29 years. While the majority of the patients in the control group 63.3 % were male, 46.7 % were married, and 33.3 % from 30 - 39 years. Conclusion; Significant differences for improvements throughout educational program phases among study group regarding total score of knowledge and practice about open heart surgery. The study recommended that, pamphlets and simple illustration booklet should be available for patients illiterate to with simple explain how to safely live after open heart surgery. The patients must understand the importance of oral hygiene and visiting a dentist regularly because dental infections can affect the valve prosthetic.

[Sahra Z. Azer; Sanaa M. Alaa Eldeen;  Mohammed Abd-Elwahb;Amal M. Ahmed. Impact of Educational Program among Open Heart Surgery Patients on Minimizing the Incidence of Post Operative Infections. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10):291-304]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key Words: Heart Surgery Patients on Minimizing the Incidence of Post Operative Infections

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Using Wind Energy and Fuel Cells to Construct an Autonomous Energy System

A.M. Agwa^{1 and} S. A. Nagy²

¹Electrical Engineering Department; ²Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. ah1582009@yahoo.com

Abstract: This research presents an assessment of using wind energy in addition to fuel cells instead of diesel generators in autonomous power system. A small community in Sinai (Abu Geida) is electrified for a period of 8 hours per day, in the context of which an autonomous power system based on a 48 kW diesel generator is installed. Simulation results based on wind energy plus fuel cells system has been developed for Abu Geida autonomous power system. The simulation and optimization of the case study have been performed by using the HOMER software tool.

[A. M. Agwa and S. A. Nagy Using Wind Energy and Fuel Cells to Construct an Autonomous Energy System. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10): 305-311]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Wind Energy, Fuel Cells, Autonomous Energy System

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Can We Predict Left Ventricular Dysfunction Induced Weaning Failure? Invasive & Echocardiographic Evaluation

Akram Abdelbary; Yasser Nassar; Khaled Hussein & W Ayoub

Faculty of medicine, Cairo University, critical care department

Abstract: Introduction:  Cardiovascular dysfunction may contribute to unsuccessful ventilator discontinuation & promote prolonged ventilator dependence. Aim: Studying the relation of weaning failure to development of LV diastolic dysfunction using echo & PA catheter Methods: Thirty invasively mechanically ventilated patients fulfilling criteria of weaning from mechanical ventilation & Shifted to SBT (using low PSV (8 cmH2O)) for 30 minutes. 2 sets of variables were measured at the beginning& end of the SBT; Weaning failure was defined as; Failed SBT, Reintubation and /or ventilation or death within 48 h .Following extubation ,Swan Ganz catheter was inserted to get the right atrial (RAP) ,pulmonary artery (PAP), pulmonary artery occlusion (PAOP) pressures, & cardiac index (CI). Using trans-thoracic Echocardiography; The LV internal diameter at end diastole (LVIDd) & end systole (LVIDs), Ejection fraction (LVEF %), E/A ratio; Deceleration time (DT), Isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) in ms were measured & E/E` ratio using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI).  Results: Mean age was 56.6 ±15.9 years, 53% were males. The outcome of weaning was successful in 76.6% of patients. The pts were subdivided into two groups according to weaning outcome; Group І: 23 pts (successful weaning), Group ІІ: 7 patients (failed weaning). RAP,PAOP&SVO2 were similar at the start of SBT(6.3±1.9 vs.7.6±2.3,p=0.1),(12±3.7 vs.14.6±3,p=0.4),(72±2.4 vs.71±3.1,p=0.1) between group І & ІІ yet significantly different at the end of SPT; (6.2±2.4 vs.10±3.5,p=0.01), (12.8±3.5 vs.19±5.4,p=0.004), (73±2.8 vs.66.6±7, p=0.009) respectively. CI was similar between group I &II at both ends of the SBT, p=0.5&0.9.Group I & II had similar LVIDs &EF at the beginning of SBT (3±0.7 vs. 3.3±0.5,p=0.2),(68±8vs.62±6,p=0.08) yet different at the end (3±0.6 vs. 3.5±0.5,p=0.048), (66±8vs.58±7, p=0.03) respectively. There was no significant differences in E/A,IVRT,DT yet significant difference in E/E' between group І &group ІІ at both ends of the trial; (1.04±0.4 vs. 0.97±0.3,p=0.78),(1.02±0.4 vs.1.07±0.4,p=0.78),(94±26 vs. 99.6±18, p=0.52),(97±22vs. 91±24,p=0.57),(194±31 vs. 196±30,p=0.98),(197±27 vs.189±33, p=0.6), (8.9±2 vs. 12.2±4, p=0.02), (9.4±2.3 vs. 13±5, p=0.02) respectively. Conclusions: LV dysfunction may have an impact on weaning outcome. Invasive monitoring as well as echocardiography and tissue Doppler indices may be reliable in monitoring and detection of LV dysfunction and subsequently may be possibly useful in improving weaning outcome  RAP may be particularly a reliable and easy method to monitor during the period of weaning.

[Akram Abdelbary; Yasser Nassar; Khaled Hussein & W Ayoub. Can We Predict Left Ventricular DysfunctionInduced Weaning Failure?Invasive & Echocardiographic Evaluation Journal of American Science  2011; 7(10):312-319]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words:  mechanical ventilation, LV dysfunction, echocardiography& weaning failure

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Abstract: The High Impedance Faults (HIFs) are the faults which are difficult to detect by overcurrent protection relays. In this paper a general logic-based intelligent approach for detecting and classifying the HIF in distribution systems is presented. The proposed approach recognizes the distortion of the current waveforms caused by the arc usually associated with HIF.  The Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) based pattern recognition is used for extracting the current signals.  Single line to ground, double line to ground, and three lines to ground faults are classified using three simple logic functions.  In order to detect the faulty feeder a general logic-based intelligent approach has been designed. The proposed approach is verified by applying several fault scenarios on IEEE-34 node test system. The proposed approach can be applied for any configuration, current rating or voltage rating.  The results confirm that the proposed approach accurately detects and classifies the HIF in the distribution systems.

[Ebrahim A. Badran, Elsaeed Abdallah, and Kamal M. Shebl  A Complete General Logic-Based Intelligent Approach for HIF Detection and Classification in Distribution Systems. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10):320-328]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org

Keywords: Fault Detection, Fault Classification, HIF, DWT, Distribution Systems

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Investigation of Ferroresonance in Offshore Wind Farms

        Ebrahim A. Badran, Member, IEEE, Mohammad E. M. Rizk, and Mansour H. Abdel-Rahman, Member, IEEE

Egypt

Abstract — Up to date, many literatures have investigated ferroresonance in electrical systems particularly distribution systems due to abnormal switching operations. Ferroresonance has bad effects on the insulation system and causes damages to surge arresters also. Recently, many researchers have investigated electromagnetic transients in offshore wind farms after the wide penetration of offshore wind farms in many countries as a renewable source of electricity. However, ferroresonance phenomenon has not been investigated in offshore wind farms. This paper investigates ferroresonance phenomenon and its bad effects in offshore wind farms.  The PSCAD/EMTDC program is used for modeling the offshore wind farm. The offshore wind farm investigated in this study consists of 72 wind turbines arranged in eight rows. Ferroresonance in offshore wind farm in this investigation is produced by three different abnormal switching operations. The results show that the transient overvoltages produced by ferroresonance have bad effects on the insulation of both submarine single-core cables and the transformers. The results show also the surge arrester damage due to the continuity of ferroresonance phenomena.  Furthermore, this paper suggests a protective method for suppression the ferroresonance in offshore wind farms.  The results show that the proposed protective method against ferroresonance gives high suppression to ferroresonance in offshore wind farms.

[Ebrahim A. Badran, Member, IEEE, Mohammad E. M. Rizk, and Mansour H. Abdel-Rahman, Member, IEEE. Investigation of Ferroresonance in Offshore Wind Farms. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):329-337]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key Words: Offshore Wind Farms, Ferroresonance Phenomenon, Abnormal Switching Operations, Wind Turbine Transformer (WTTs), Single Core Submarine Cables, Capacitor Banks.

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      A Comparative Study between intralesional Low Molecular Weight Chitosan and Triamcinolone Acetonide for Treatment of Erosive-Atrophic Oral Lichen Planus.

Egypt

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common chronic inflammatory mucosal disease in which T-cell mediated immune responses are implicated in the pathogenesis. Various treatments have been employed to treat symptomatic OLP, but a complete cure is very difficult to achieve because of its recalcitrant nature. Topical corticosteroids therapy of OLP has shown conflicting results in many reports. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of topical intralesional 1% low molecular weight chitosan with topical intralesional Triamcinolone Acetonide in the treatment of oral erosive and atrophic lichen planus and level of TNF-α. METHODS: Twenty patients with symptomatic OLP were randomly assigned treatment with intralesional 1% low molecular weight chitosan or Triamcinolone Acetonide. The assessments were at weeks 0, 2, 4, 16 by appearance score, pain score, and TNF-α of the target lesions. Results: Appearance score, pain score, and TNF-α, were reduced in both groups. No significant differences were found between the treatment groups regarding the response rate and relapse. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that 1% low molecular weight chitosan was as effective as topical triamcinolone acetonide therapy without any adverse effects and it may be considered as an alternative treatment for erosive-atrophic OLP in the future.

[A Comparative Study between intralesional Low Molecular Weight Chitosan and Triamcinolone Acetonide for Treatment of Erosive-Atrophic Oral Lichen Planus. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):338-345]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

 http://www.americanscience.org. 42

Keywords: Chitosan; Triamcinolone Acetonide; Erosive-Atrophic Oral Lichen Planus.

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Alleviation of Cisplatin-induced Toxicities by Encapsulation IntoLiposomes in the Absence or Presence of GinkgoBiloba

Elawady A Ibrahim*^§, Medhat W. Ismail**, Hossam S. Kareem***

Biophysics and Laser Science Unit, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza,   Egypt.

Physics Department, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.

Physiological Optics unit, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza, Egypt.

^§ Corresponding Author: Elawady A Ibrahim

Mailing Address:  2 Al-Ahram Street Giza, Egypt.P.O.Box: 90

e-mail: amalawady@hotmail.com

Abstract: Over the last three decades, cisplatin has been one of the most effective cytotoxic agents, but its administration has been hindered by its nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, myelotoxicity, and retinal toxicity. Recently, liposomal cisplatin has been formulated and tested thoroughly in preclinical studies (in vitro). Experiments on animals showed that liposomal cisplatin is less toxic than cisplatin while keeping its anti tumor function.Antioxidants are intimately involved in the prevention of cellular damage by means of reducing the adverse effects of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species on the biochemical processes in the body, hence, they play an important role in the protection and defense mechanisms of the body. This study aims to reduce the adverse effects of cisplatin on the blood and the electroretinogram (ERG) of rabbits through the administration of liposomal cisplatin and by liposomal cisplatin combined with Ginkgo bilboa(G.b) . To achieve this goal, 36 albino rabbits were used and were divided into 6 groups, the first group didn't receive any treatment (control group), the second was given Ginkgo biloba only, the third one was administrated with IP cisplatin only, and the fourth was given oral Ginkgo biloba plus IP cisplatin. The fifth and sixth groups were administrated with liposomal cisplatin and liposomal cisplatin plus Ginkgo biloba respectively. Our results indicate that there was a reduction of some hematological parameters and ERG waves after the administration of cisplatin, while these values reached comparable values to the control level in the fifth and sixth groups.

[Elawady A Ibrahim, Medhat W. Ismail, Hossam S. Kareem. Alleviation of Cisplatin-induced Toxicities by Encapsulation IntoLiposomes in the Absence or Presence of GinkgoBiloba. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10):346-356]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

KeyWords: Cisplatin, Liposomal cisplatin, Ginkgo biloba, ERG, Ocular toxicity, Chemotherapy, DSC, Haematotoxicity, Liposomes

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Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of α-Aminophosphonates Bearing Neocryptolepine Moiety

Ibrahim El Sayed^1*, Salah M. El Kosy¹, Mohamed A. Hawata, Ahmed Abdel Aleem El Gokha, Aliaa Tolan and  Mostafa. M. Abd El-Sattar 

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, El Menoufeia University, Shebin El Koom, Egypt

ibrahimtantawy@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: A novel amino-substituted neocryptolepine analogues 7 have been synthesized starting from methyl-1H- indole-3-carboxylate and N-methylaniline. The three pot reaction of 7 with aldehydes and triphenylphosphite in presence of zinc (II) triflate as a Lewis acid catalyst led to the formation of novel  α-aminophosphonate derivatives 10 bearing neocryptolepine moiety in good yields. The synthesized compounds have been characterized on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral  studies. The synthesized  products  have  been  screened in vitro  for  thei              antibacterial.                                                                                                                                                          [Ibrahim El Sayed, Salah M. El Kosy, Mohamed A. Hawata, Ahmed Abdel Aleem El Gokha, Aliaa Tolan and  Mostafa. M. Abd El-Sattar .opySynthesis and Antibacterial Activity of α-Aminophosphonates Bearing Neocryptolepine Moiety. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10):357-361]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: neocryptolepine, α-aminophosphonates, Lewis acid, antibacterial agents

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Impact of Peer Education Using Group Approach and Procalcitonin detection on Peripheral Intravenous Catheter-

Related Blood Stream Infections and Associated Complications among Mansoura University Patients

Karima Elshamy ¹, Maggie R Mesbah ²

1. Adult Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Egypt

2. Microbiology and Medical Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

Correspondence to: Dr. Karima Elshamy, Adult Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University

Karima_elshamy2002@yahoo.com

Abstract: A peripheral venous catheter (PVC), also known as peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs), peripheral venous line or peripheral venous access catheter is a catheter (small, flexible tube ≤ 7.5cm in length) usually inserted in the veins of the forearm or hand. This article describes the Impact of Peer Education Using Group Approach and Procalcitonin detection on Peripheral Intravenous Catheter.

[Karima Elshamy, Maggie R Mesbah. Impact of Peer Education Using Group Approach and Procalcitonin detection on Peripheral Intravenous Catheter. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):462-472]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Peer Education; Procalcitonin detection; Peripheral Intravenous Catheter

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 The Effect of Postoperative Pain Assessment and Management Monitoring Program on Surgical Nurses’ Documentation, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Patients' Satisfaction at Mansoura University Hospitals

Karima Elshamy ¹Eiad Ramzy ²

1   Adult Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Egypt

2   Department of Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

Correspondence to: Dr. Karima Elshamy, Adult Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University

Karima_elshamy2002@yahoo.com

Abstract: Introduction: Post operative pain is an expected adverse outcome following surgery and it often delays mobilization and overall recovery. Acute post operative pain is subjective and cannot be measured directly.Aims: The aim of this study was to: 1- Assess nurses' postoperative pain assessment and management documentation of pain in the first three days postoperatively in the surgical wards at Mansoura University Hospitals. 2-Assess nurses’ knowledge of and attitudes toward pain in the surgical wards at Mansoura University Hospitals.3- Assess nurses’ communication with patients and their satisfaction of pain management, and 4-Evaluate the effectiveness of implementing a postoperative pain assessment and management program (POPAM) on improving nurses’ documentation, knowledge, attitudes, communication with the patients and their satisfaction of pain management .Subjects and Method: The POPAM program was implemented for six months during the period of Data were collected by interviewing 18 nurses working in surgical wards at Mansoura University Hospitals. The program was evaluated by means of a quasi-experimental pre-post test design Documentation of pain in the first three days postoperatively in the patients' records were audited, nurses’ knowledge of and their attitudes toward pain, and, assessment of nurses’ communication about pain with patients and their satisfaction about nurses’ intervention were assessed before and after implementing the program.

[Karima Elshamy, Eiad Ramzy. The Effect of Postoperative Pain Assessment and Management Monitoring Program on Surgical Nurses’ Documentation, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Patients' Satisfaction at Mansoura University Hospitals.  Journal of American Science 2011;7(10): 373-387].  (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

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Disposition of Staff Nurses’ Critical Thinking and its Relation to Quality of their Performance at Mansoura University Hospital

Reda Shehata El-sayed¹, Wafaa Fathi Sleem¹, Neamat Mohamed El-sayed¹ and Fardos Abd el-Fatah Ramada²

¹Nursing Administration, Faculty Of Nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

²General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

Abstract: Along with the evolution in the scope of nursing practice, there has been greater autonomy for nurses and a growing demand for expanded critical thinking abilities. Therefore, Critical thinking in nursing is an essential component of professional accountability and quality of nursing performance. So, this study aimed to examine the relationship between the disposition of staff nurses toward critical thinking and quality of their performance at Mansoura University Hospital. Cross sectional descriptive design was used for staff nurses working at all general medical and surgical units of Mansoura University Hospital. It included 95 staff nurses (35 staff nurses working at medical units and 60 staff nurses at surgical units). Data collected through two tools: the first tool consists of two parts; the first part was intended to collect demographic characteristics; and the second part was The California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory. The second tool was Observation checklist to measure staff nurses ' performance. Within the total sample (n=95) the relationship between the disposition of staff nurses toward critical thinking and quality of their performance was statistically significant.       

[Reda Shehata El-sayed, Wafaa Fathi Sleem, Neamat Mohamed El-sayed and Fardos Abd el-Fatah Ramada Disposition of Staff Nurses’ Critical Thinking and Its Reflection onQuality of Their Performance at Mansoura University Hospital. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10):388-395]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: disposition critical thinking, quality of performance, staff nurses' performance

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Nursing Guidelines For Improving Foot Care Practecies For Adult Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Based on National Institute for Clinical Excellence guidelines, 2004.

Fathia Ahmed Mersal, Nahed Ahmed Mersal

Community health nursing Department, Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

Abstract :  Foot problems are a common complication in people with diabetes. Fortunately, most of these complications can be prevented with careful foot care. If complications occur, daily attention will ensure before they become serious.  These complications have been shown to be already present in about 10% of diabetic patients at the time of diagnosis. Teaching patients proper foot care is a nursing intervention that can prevent costly, painful, and debilitating complications. Half of all major leg amputations in the UK are performed on people with diabetes who have uncontrolled ulceration, infection, and gangrene. Morbidity and mortality associated with the diabetic foot are unacceptably high, there is a perceived need for evidence-based guidelines to improve outcomes in management of the diabetic foot, which is a major public health problem, In response to this, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) has published Clinical Guidelines in Prevention and Management of Foot Problems (2004) for Type 2 Diabetes.  This study aims to improve foot care practice for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus .A quasi-experimental intervention was conducted in Eldemerdash outpatient clinic for diabetes, Ain Shams University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt, on a sample of 180 type 2 diabetic patients randomly divided into two equal study and control groups. Data were collected using interview questionnaire, foot care practice scores; foot care guideline was developed based on NICE Guidelines and implemented on the study group. Data were collected at pre-post, and 3 months follow up phases. The finding of this study revealed that the mean age of the study and control group was 39.3±5.6 and 40.3±4.9 years respectively. About (19.8%) of patients in the study and control (20.5%) groups had previous exposure to foot injury, health information needs were very high in both groups. At post and follow up tests, patients in the study group had satisfactory knowledge, 95.3% and 87.2% respectively (p<0.001), compared to 24.4% and 23.2% respectively in the control group, in the study group adequate practice were 96.5% and 79.1% at the post and follow up phases among patients in the study group, compared to 16.8% and 13.2% respectively in the control group (p<0.001), It was concluded that foot care knowledge and practice for diabetic adults were improved after guidelines.

[Fathia Ahmed Mersal, Nahed Ahmed Mersal. Nursing Guidelines For Improving Foot Care Practecies For Adult Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.  Journal of American Science 2011;7(10): 396-403].  (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: type 2 diabetes mellitus, foot care practices, NICE guidelines.

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New markers of disease activity in children with atopic dermatitis

Abdel hakeem Abdel mohsen,¹ Hosam  Abdel wahab.,² and Emad Allam ³

From the Departments of Pediatrics,¹ Dermatology and Andrology,² and Clinical Pathology,³ Faculty of Medicine, El-Minia University, Egypt

Abstract: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with 2 phases, acute and chronic..  Recent studies had shown that inducible nitric oxide synthetase (i NOS) is expressed in the atopic skin lesion, suggesting the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the skin inflammation of AD. Soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin) adhesion molecules expressed on endothelial cells can regulate leukocyte migration and shed into the circulation. Their level in the serum is known to reflect the degree of systemic inflammation, and therefore be used as a marker of inflammations and activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of serum nitrate and sE-selectin concentrations in relation to severity and clinical course of atopic dermatitis in children. Serum Nitrate and sE-selectin levels were assessed in 40 patients with AD (24 males and 16 females) aged 8-84 months and 16 healthy children as controls (9 boys and 7 girls) aged 6-60 months by ELIZA. Serum nitrate and sE-selectin concentrations in patients with AD were significantly increased as compared to non-atopic controls (P<0.001) and there were also significant differences between subgroups of AD (mild, moderate and severe) as compared to controls and among subgroups themselves. The levels of both markers were significantly diminished after treatment of severe cases of AD. Significant correlations were present between serum nitrate levels, sE-selectin levels, disease activity and eosinophilic count, but no correlation was found between serum nitrate and sE-selectin levels. Our results indicate that NO and Soluble E-selectin may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD skin and could be used as indicators of   disease severity and activity

[Abdel hakeem Abdel mohsen, Hosam  Abdel wahab.,and Emad Allam. New markers of disease activity in children with atopic dermatitis.  Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10):404-408]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

 http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words; Atopic dermatitis, sE-selectin and Nitric oxide

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Platelet-Associated CD154 in Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Children

AbdelHakeem Abdel Mohsen*, Sawsan M El Banna*, Asharaf M Othman**, Hazem M Salah*

*Department of pediatrics faculty of medicine Al-Minya University Egypt

 *Department of clinical pathology faculty of medicine Al-Minya University Egypt

Abstract: Background; CD40-ligand (CD154) is expressed on activated CD4+ T lymphocytes and is essential for the T cell–dependent activation of B lymphocytes. CD154 is also expressed at the activated platelet surface. Objective; to investigate the role of CD154 in ITP pediatric patients and correlate their levels with the course and progression of the disease.  Subjects and Methods; This study included 25 patients with acute ITP (13 Females and 12 males) with age ranged between 2-6 years (group1).and 25 patients with chronic ITP (14 Females and 11 Males) with age ranged between 8 – 12 years (group II) also 25 apparently healthy children, (10 Females and 15 Males) with age ranged between 3-12years as control (group III). Studied groups were subjected to the following investigations; complete blood counts, bone marrow examination and flowcytometric analysis of CD154 B lymphocyte counts Results; We found that there was a highly significant increase in CD154in patients with acute ITP compared with chronic ITP and control group p0.001 and 0.0001 respectively) also there was a negative correlation between CD154  and platelet count  in acute and chronic groups (r=-0.6, p=0.004 and r=-0.5, p=0.005 respectively) Also there was a positive correlation between CD154 and lymphocytic count in acute and chronic groups (r=0.422, p=0.007 and r=0.77, p=0.001 respectively), Conclusion; the increased number of CD154 might be one of the mechanisms that cause immune regulation dysfunction in ITP also the count is related to the severity of the disease as it was highly increased in acute phase than chronic and therefore CD154 expression is increased in ITP and is able to drive the activation of auto reactive B lymphocytes in this disease.

[AbdelHakeem Abdel Mohsen  ,Sawsan M El Banna,  Asharaf M Othman, Hazem M Salah. Platelet-Associated CD154 in Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Children. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10):409-415] (ISSN: 1545-1003).

http://www.americanscience.org

Keyword: Platelet-Associated CD154 in Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Children

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Evaluation Fiber Properties of Some Egyptian Cotton Genotypes under Different Environments Using Geometric Method

^*Abeer S. Arafa and O.D.M. Nour

Cotton Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt

Sameh_owf@yahoo.com

Abstract: The colored areas under graph are used to evaluate the behavior of the Egyptian genotypes under different locations and comparing its results with classic statistical method. The Egyptian cotton cultivars, namely, Giza 80, Giza 90 and the H6 genotype [G83x(G75x5844)] were grown at four  different locations at upper Egypt, namely; El-fayoum, El-menia , Sohag, and El-matana .  While, the Egyptian cotton cultivars, namely, Giza 88, Giza 92 and H10 genotype [G84x (G70xG51b)x pima62] were grown at four  different locations at delta, namely; El -dkahlia , kafr El-sheikh, el-Behira and Damietta . The Experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications. The Upper Egypt genotypes gave their best fiber quality under Loc 4 except for, the H6 genotype gave the best fiber quality under Loc 3 . However, all the genotypes couldn't adapted to the weather conditions of the first locations . In contrast , the first location exhibited the highest fiber properties for Giza 88 and Giza 92 cultivars while the second location exhibited the highest fiber properties for H10 genotype .The color area under radar graph indicated those results as clear as compared with the statistical analysis.

 [Abeer S. Arafa and O.D.M. Nour Evaluation Fiber Properties of Some Egyptian Cotton Genotypes under Different Environments Using Geometric Method. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):416-421]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: cotton-genotypes-fiber-properties-location-climate

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From Simnan to Kichowcha

Nayereh Abyat

Center for International Religious Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

abyat1389@gmail.com

Abstract: The most powerful wave of expansion of Islam in Indian subcontinent is indebted to the migration of scholars, mystics, and Jurists to India. Scholars believe that the contribution of Sufis in preaching Islam in India was both positive and enormous. They developed close contacts with the local people socially and culturally and preached Islam amongst them. Four Sufi orders i.e. Chishtiyeh, Sohravardiyeh, Qaderiyeh and Naqshbandiyeh have been popular in India from early days till our times and are known more than other orders in India. The Sufis of the subcontinent are in some way or the other connected with these four schools of Sufi order. The shrines and tombs of prominent Sufis of all these orders are situated in Indian subcontinent and are centers of congregation during annual URS i.e. the date of death of the master Sufi. One of followers of Chishtiyeh is Mir Seyed Ashraf Jahangir Simnani from Simnan city of Iran. He left Iran for his destined goal in 8 century. After the long distance and passing through different cities of India, he reached to Sheikh Ala al-Haq in India.Then he went to small town called Kichowcha and their expansion of Islam and mysticism there. This article is about Seyed Ashraf Simnani’s life and his influence among Indian and unknown small town called Kichowcha near Ahmedabad and Lacknow.

[Nayereh Abyat. From Simnan to Kichowcha. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):422-431]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

 http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Chishtiyeh; Ashrafiya; Seyed Ashraf; Jahangir; Simnan; Kichowcha

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Social capital and participatory actions among aged population of Ahwäz, Iran

A. Asadollahi ¹, A. H. Hoseinzadeh ², N. Ahmad ³

^1. Department of Social Work, University of Applied Science and Technology (UAST), Ahwäz, Iran

^2. Department of Sociology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwäz, Ahwäz, Iran

^3. Department of Development Studies & Deputy Dean, Institute for Social Sciences, Ahwäz, Iran

asadollahi1389@gmail.com

Abstract: The importance of social capital and its variables including participatory actions and voluntarily behaviors can be considered for higher age ranges and elderly. Using randomized stratified sampling, 194 elderly in Ahwäz participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to groups of experiment and control groups. It was demonstrated that the two conceptual fields of participation; interaction structures (networks) and the quality of relationships (norms) have significant statistical correlation with voluntarily actions of the elderly in the experiment group. The findings were along with that of other research in the elderly study field decreased social participation, and reduction in elements of social capital is associated with literacy and social awareness. Nevertheless, investment in establishment and development of anticipatory variables of social capital for the elderly will surely affect their attitude toward an effective end for their individual social life.  

[A. Asadollahi , A. H. Hoseinzadeh , N. Ahmad. Social capital and participatory actions among aged population of Ahwäz. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):432-441]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Elderly Population of Khuzestan; social capital; participatory actions; social participation

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Performance Status and the Number of the Metastatic Sites are Powerful Prognostic Factors in Patients with Carcinomas of Unknown Primary Site

^*Mohamed El-Shebiney and Alaa Maria

Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia, Egypt

^*melshibiny@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: Previous studies dealing with prognostic features in patients with carcinomas of unknown primary site (CUP) identified a number of independent adverse variables such as male sex, a poor performance status, a high number of metastatic sites, the presence of liver metastases, and an elevated serum alkaline phosphatase level. Because conclusions drawn from small series are limited, many authors have advocated for the design of randomized trials in CUP patients. Methods: Univariate and multivariate prognostic factor analyses were conducted in a population of 84 consecutive patients with CUP who were evaluated at Oncology Department, Tanta University Hospital from January 2006 to March 2010. Results: Univariate prognostic factor analysis revealed baseline performance status (PS) of two or more, >1 metastatic sites,  poorly or undifferentiated adenocarcinoma, lung metastasis, liver metastasis, brain metastasis and low serum albumin levels  as adverse clinical and biologic prognostic factors. Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that, poor PS and >1 metastatic sites had the most powerful adverse impact on survival. We developed a prognostic model using those two variables; a good-risk group (PS 0–1 with 1 metastatic site) and a poor-risk group (PS ≥2 and/or >1 metastatic sites). The poor-risk group showed significantly poorer overall survival (OS) than the good-risk group (1 year OS 5.08% versus 40% respectively, P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Cancers of unknown primary site has a poor prognosis. Poor PS and >1 metastatic sites were identified as adverse prognostic factors in CUP. Consideration of the authors’ to improve the prognostic model for survival of patients with CUP is warranted.

[Mohamed El-Shebiney and Alaa Maria Performance Status and the Number of the Metastatic Sites are Powerful Prognostic Factors in Patients with Carcinomas of Unknown Primary Site. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10):442-447].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Metastasis of unknown primary site, prognostic factors.

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Flutamide Induces Xenoestrogenic Environment in Rat testes: Light and Electromicroscopic Evaluation

Abdel Wanes Alawdan; Sadeia Shalaby; Essam Mehlab; Omar Abdul Aziz and Ali M. Ali

Departments of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the toxic effects of prenatal flutamide exposure on testicular structure and ultrastructure of pubertal rats.  Materials and Methods: 40 newly born male albino rats were divided into: Control group: included 10 offspring whose mothers were injected subcutaneously by vehicle only from the 10^th gestational day until birth and Study group: included 20 offspring whose mothers were injected by flutamide in a dose of 5 mg /day dissolved in vehicle from the 10^th gestational day until birth. When rats reached the adult age, they were sacrificed and both testicles were removed and prepared for light microscopic (LM) and electron microscopic (EM) examination.  Results: LM examination of treated animals' specimens showed seminiferous tubules containing few numbers of germ cells, spermatogonia and spermatocytes with degenerated material in the cavity, but contains no sperms. Part of the seminiferous tubule contained edematous fluid in between the germ cells and the lumen of the tubule contains debris of degenerated cells. EM examination showed little number of degenerated primary spermatocytes and Sertoli cells with multiple vacuoles in their cytoplasm, but no sperms were detected in lumen. Higher magnifications showed degenerated Sertoli cells with multiple vacuoles in its cytoplasm and degenerated spermatogonia. In other parts of the seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cells appeared deeply infolded (lobulated nucleus) with vacuolated cytoplasm. Degenerated spermatogonia with rounded nuclei and patches of heterochromatin appeared resting on irregular basal lamina. Degenerated spermatocytes with shrunken nuclei were also seen. Basal lamina was distorted with collagen deposits. Sertoli cells cytoplasm contained scanty mitochondria with loss of its cristae.   Conclusion: Prenatal exposure to flutamide has deleterious effect on adult testicular function as regards spermatogenesis with proved ultrastructural changes and pregnant females should be instructed to avoid exposure to flutamide either as occupational exposure or as therapeutic use.  

[Abdel Wanes Alawdan ; Sadeia Shalaby; Essam Mehlab; Omar Abdul Aziz and Ali M. Ali Flutamide Induces Xenoestrogenic Environment in Rat testes: Light and ElectromicroscopicEvaluation.  Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10): 454-462].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Flutamide, prenatal exposure, ultrastructure changes

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Targeting PCOS-associated Insulin Resistance: Aerobic Exercise and Hypocaloric Diet without Medications could adjust the Hyperandrogenic milieu and help Induction of Ovulation in Infertile PCOS women

Mohamad F. Al-Sherbeny¹ and Adel F. Al-Kholy²

Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology¹ and Medical Biochemistry², Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt

^*adeladel59@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the impact of weight reduction and exercise interventions on ovulatory function of infertile polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women. Patients & Methods: 90 infertile PCOS women diagnosed depending on the Rotterdam criteria underwent anthropometric measurements and determination of body fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and percent body fat (BF%) using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), plasma insulin (FPI) and serum testosterone (Test), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured and free androgen index (FAI) was calculated. Insulin resistance (IR) was evaluated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) with HOMA-IR score >2 was considered insulin resistant (IR). All women performed 6-months weight-reduction dieting regimen in association with no exercise (Group A), aerobic exercise (Group B) or combined aerobic-resistance exercise (Group C). All measures were evaluated at 3 and 6-months but ovulation was monitored monthly. Results: At end of 6-months, all women showed significant change of anthropometric measures with significantly higher extent of change in groups B and C compared to group A. Also, IR was significantly modulated with significant reduction of HOMA-IR compared to pre-treatment levels; however, change was least in Group A and only 15 of 63 women were still IR. Serum testosterone and SHBG levels estimated at 6-m showed significant difference compared to baseline levels in groups B and C and all groups showed progressive decrease of FAI with significantly lower FAI level in group B compared to group A. Fifty-nine women got ovulation with ovulatory success rate of 65.6% with non-significant difference among studied groups. Conclusion: Weight reduction regimens associated with aerobic physical exercise intervention could induce weight loss and improve insulin sensitivity with subsequent amelioration of inhibitory effect of obesity and insulin resistance on the reproductive function and adjustment of the hyperandrogenic milieu.

[Mohamad F. Al-Sherbeny and Adel F. Al-Kholy Targeting PCOS-associated Insulin Resistance: Aerobic Exercise and Hypocaloric Diet without Medications could adjust the Hyperandrogenic milieu and help Induction of Ovulation in Infertile PCOS women. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):463-469].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

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The Protective Role of Brown Alga (Sargassum Crassifolia) Against the Degenerative Toxic Effects Induced by Nimbecidin in Muscles of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus L.

Hawazin H. Mutawie¹ and Asmaa M. Hegazi²

¹Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. ²Department of Aquatic Pathology, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Al-Qanater, Cairo, Egypt   hhmutawie@uqu.edu.sa        dr.amhegazy@gmail.com

Abstract: This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential effect of the brown alga Sargassum crassifolia against biochemical and histological alterations in the muscles of fresh water fish, Oreochromis niloticus, exposed to 1/10 LC₅₀ (0.03 ppm ) of Nimbecidin (azadirachtin).  S. crassifolia was added to the basal diet of fish in different proportions (0, 10 and 25%) and the experiment lasted for 4 weeks. Exposure of fish to Nimbecidin induced significant decrease in the activity of reduced glutathione, catalase and in the total protein content of fish muscles. Also many histopathological changes including degeneration and necrosis, disorganized myofibers with chromophobic cytoplasm, haemocytic infiltration, oedema and inflammations were noticed in Nimbecidine - treated fish. Exposing fish to Nimbicidin and  Sargassum crassifolia (10% and 25% ) led to marked improvement in the examined biochemical parameters together with the histological structure of muscles . This improvement was more obvious at high concentration of Sargassum crassifolia.   In conclusion , the results of the present work indicated that the brown alga Sargassum crassifolia had ameliorative effect against muscle damage induced by Nimbicidin and this may be mediated by its potent antioxidant activities.

[Hawazin H. Mutawie and Asmaa M. Hegazi The Protective Role of Brown Alga (Sargassum Crassifolia) Against the Degenerative Toxic Effects Induced by Nimbecidin in Muscles of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus L. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10): 479-488].(ISSN: 1545-1003).

http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Sargassum crassifolia, Oreochromis niloticus, antioxidant, neem, Nimbecidin, muscles, Glutathione, Catalase, Total protein.

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A new species of genus Philbyella China, 1938 (Nogodinidae, Fulgoromorpha, Hemiptera) from Gabal Elba, Egypt

Rawda M. Badawy; Hayam El Hamouly and Rabab F. Sawaby

Entomology Departement, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University

rbadawi90@hotmail.com

Abstract: Philbyella adeiba is described as a new species from two males and one female which collected from Wadi Adeib (Gabal Elba), family Nogodinidae is recorded as a new from Egypt. The species is characterized by the patches and spots on vertex, pronotum, mesonotum, frons, antennae and ovipositor. The structure of male and female genitalia has distinct features. Detailed description accompanied with figures were given.

[Rawda M. Badawy; Hayam El Hamouly and Rabab F. Sawaby A new species of genus Philbyella China, 1938 (Nogodinidae, Fulgoromorpha, Hemiptera) from Gabal Elba, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10): 499-502].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key wards: Fulgoromorpha, Philbyella, new species, new recorded family and colored images.  

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The Effect of Ergonomic Intervention Program on Neck Pain among Computer Employees at a Communication Company in Zagazig City

Sohair A. Hagag^* and Sahar A. Abou El-Magd

Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine- Zagazig University

^*dr.sohierhagag@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: work- related neck disorders are a major health problem in many occupations, so many epidemiological studies dealing with them. The objectives of this study to determine the prevalence of neck pain among communication company employees, to explore some socio demographic and occupational risk factors of neck pain, to plan for an ergonomic health education and physical exercise programs and to evaluate the effect of this program after 3 months using the same pre- test questionnaire.  Subjects and methods: This study was carried out at the governmental communication company in Zagazig city. One hundred and thirty employees were randomly selected from the workstations and were subjected to a pre-constructed questionnaire included socio demographic, occupational and Ergonomic features in the workplace.  An ergonomic educational program was applied after addressing the Northwick neck pain questionnaire to measure neck pain and the consequent patient disability. Evaluation of the program was done after 3 months. Results: The mean age of the participants was 42.75+ 9 years, 58.5% were females, 80% were married and 91.5% were nonsmokers. The percentage of chronic headache was 24.6%, the majority of them had psychosocial troubles (70.8%). Neck pain prevalence was 61.5%. The present study revealed that body mass index had significant association with neck pain (p < 0.05). Also employment duration, chronic headache, psychosocial troubles and boring work had significant association with neck pain. After application of the ergonomic health education program the change in monitor level and keyboard position had statistically significant difference. Neck pain had also improved among communication employees after application muscular exercise program.Conclusion: current study concluded that there is a relationship between neck pain among computer users and some risk factors as duration of employment, body mass index, boring work, psychosocial troubles and chronic headache. Application of Ergonomic Education program and neck physical exercises can reduce neck pain among computer employees. Recommendation: application of periodic ergonomic health education programs for refreshing employees knowledge and provide new employees with required knowledge also physical exercise program should be a part of daily work schedule. Further researches should be focused on risk factors of neck pain among computer employees.

[Sohair A. Hagag and Sahar A. Abou El-Magd The Effect of Ergonomic Intervention Program on Neck Pain among Computer Employees at a Communication Company in Zagazig City. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10): 503-509].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: neck pain- work related- computer- Ergonomic- intervention

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Impact of Irritable Bowel Syndrome on Quality of Life among Female Patients Attending Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinics in Zagazig University Hospital

Sohair A Hagag^*1 , Shereen Eassa¹and Mahmoud Abdou Aashour²

Community Medicine and Public Health¹& Internal medicine² Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt

*dr.sohierhagag@yahoo.com

Abstract: Introduction: little is known about the health- related quality of life(HRQOL) of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).Although it is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders. The illness is characterized by chronic or recurrent abdominal pain and altered bowel habits .These symptoms can adversely affect HRQOL of people who suffer from IBS. Objectives of this study: to assess QOL of females with irritable bowel syndrome and to find the relationship between severity, duration and types of IBS and QOL.  Subjects and methods : a case – control  study ,93 Female patients suffer from (IBS)  attending internal medicine outpatient clinic of Zagazig  University Hospital  were included in this study, compared to control group( 93 females). Data was collected using 1- structured questionnaire covering some socio-demographic data, 2- Rome11 criteria of IBS diagnostic questionnaire, 3-a generic QOL (SF 36) questionnaire. Results: females with IBS had worse QOL of physical functioning,  role limitation due to physical health,  role limitation due to emotional problems,  vitality ,social functioning, pain, emotional wellbeing and general health  perception compared to controls p<0.05.  Female patients suffered from severe IBS symptoms had a significantly poor QOL of domains (physical functioning, pain and emotional wellbeing) compared to IBS female patients reported moderate symptoms (p<0.05). Diarrhea- type and mixed- type IBS female patients had worse QOL of the three  domains ( role limitation due to physical health, role limitation due to emotional problem and emotional wellbeing)  than constipated- type of IBS patients p <0.05.Also there was negative significant correlation between duration of IBS and QOL of IBS female patients in domain of  physical functioning, role limitation due to emotional problems  , social functioning , pain and  vitality (r - 0.4, - 0.24 , - 0.33 , - 0.39 ,-0.34)  respectively p < 0.05. Conclusion: and recommendation: IBS- symptoms had a great effect on the QOL of female patients so early detection may improve the progress of health problem and decrease the burden of disease on health service. So there is a great need to include QOL as a tool during assessment and evaluation of IBS patient

[Sohair A Hagag ,Shereen Eassa and Mahmoud Abdou Aashour² . Impact of Irritable Bowel Syndrome on Quality of Life among Female Patients Attending Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinics in Zagazig University Hospital. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10): 510-516].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), quality of life (QOL), short form 36- item health survey(SF36).

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Impact of Maternal Diabetes Mellitus on Fetal Echocardiographic Parameters

Mohamed A. El-Nory

Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology- Faculty of Medicine, Benha University

adeladel59@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the impedance to the ductus venosus (DV) flow and the pulmonary vein pulsatility index (PVPI) in fetuses of diabetic mothers with and without myocardial hypertrophy (MH) in comparison to control fetuses of non-diabetic mothers. Patients & Methods: The study included 100 pregnant women; 50 diabetics and 50 non-diabetics of the same gestational age. Prior to cardiological evaluation, the fetal anatomy was analyzed using ultrasound assessment to rule out malformations and fetal biometry. Fetal echocardiographic examinations were conducted for assessment of ventricular septum thickness (VST), ductus venosus pulsatility index (DVPI), mitral and tricuspid atrioventricular flows and pulmonary vein flow studies were also conducted. Results: Mean VST was significantly increased in fetuses of diabetic mother (FDM) compared to its thickness in non-diabetic group and 19 fetuses had VS hypertrophy (VSH) with significantly thicker VS compared to FDM free of VSH. FDM showed significant increase of DVPI compared to fetuses of non-diabetic mothers (FNDM) with significantly higher index in those had VSH. Mean mitral and tricuspid E wave peak flow was significantly higher in FDM compared to FNDM. Pulmonary vein pre-systolic flow showed a significant decrease and PVPI was significantly higher in FDB compared to FNDM.  Conclusion: Maternal hyperglycemia induces ventricular hypertrophy that increases impedance to blood flow through cardiac chambers manifested as increased ductus venosus and pulmonary vein pulsatility indices.  [Mohamed A. El-Nory Impact of Maternal Diabetes Mellitus on Fetal Echocardiographic Parameters Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10): 517-522].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Pregnancy, Diabetes mellitus, Fetal echocardiography, ductus venosus flow

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Designing and Producing Fabrics Suitable for Being Used as Waterproof Raincoats

G. E. Ibrahim

Spinning, Weaving and Knitting Dept, Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract: This research is mainly concerned with producing fabrics suitable for raincoats, which is considered the main protection garment beside hoods, ponchos ….etc. which used to provide protection to the body from rain showers .All samples under study were produced of polyester yarns 50, 70 and 100 denier .Three weft sets were used 60, 80 and 100 picks /cm and three fabric structure (plain weave 1/1, twill 1/4 and satin 5). Samples were coated using P.V.C in order to produce a waterproof, moisture vapor permeable laminated fabrics and having perforation to provide ventilation to the user. Their influence on the performance of the end-use fabric and the achieved properties were studied. On the other hand physic-chemical properties including, tensile strength and elongation, abrasion resistance, water permeability, water repellency, tear resistance, thickness and weight were evaluated according to the final product needs. Some more results were reached concerning structures and materials. Most samples have achieved the expected results.

[G. E. Ibrahim Designing and Producing Fabrics Suitable for Being Used as Waterproof Raincoats. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10): 529-544].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Waterproof ,Raincoats

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Nurses' Perception Regarding the Use of Technological Equipment in the Critical Care Units

Samaher A. Laila¹, Nadia T. M. Ahmed². Mohammad M. A. Mogahed³

¹Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing. Faculty of Nursing. Tishreen University- Syria

²Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing. Faculty of Nursing. Alexandria University

³Department of Critical Care Medicine. Faculty of Medicine. Alexandria University

samaherlaila@yahoo.com

Abstract: A critical care unit is a high-technology environment. The use of technological devices can ensure better outcomes for patients’ health and decrease morbidity and mortality. The critical care nurse needs not only to be aware of what benefits the technology holds for the patient, but also what adverse effects. The aim of the study is to assess the nurse's perception regarding the use of technological equipment in Critical Care Units. A descriptive study research design used in this study; this study was conducted in the critical care units of Main University Hospital in Alexandria, A convenient sample of all bed side nurses -102 nurses- who are working in this unit, and were available at the study time. Nurse's perception questionnaire regarding the use of technological equipment in Critical Care Units was used in this study. The results of this study revealed that nurses who work in critical care areas of Main University Hospital in Alexandria identified all positive aspects of using technological equipment and were not aware about most of the negative aspects of using technology. It is recommended courses about contemporary aspects of technology should be added to both pregraduate and continuing education. Further researches needed for investigate effect of the nurses' perception about using technology on patients.

[Samaher A. Laila, Nadia T. M. Ahmed and Mohammad M. A. Mogahed Nurses’ Perception Regarding the Use of Technological Equipment in the Critical Care Units. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10):545-552].(ISSN: 1545-1003).

 http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Technological equipment, Critical care unit, Nurses' perception

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An Integrated Method for Supplier Selection in a multi-product and quantity discount environment

Ali Naimi Sadigh¹, Hamed Fallah¹, S. Kamal Chaharsooghi^1* , Hamid Reza Eskandari¹, Fariborz Jolai²

¹Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

^bIndustrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

a.naimisadigh@modares.ac.ir,  ^*skch@modares.ac.ir

Abstract: Supplier selection or vendor selection is a complicated multi-criteria decision-making including both quantitative and qualitative factors. In order to select the best suppliers it is important to make a trade-off among these factors, some of them may conflict. The buyer should determine two important variables: the number of best suppliers and the amount of purchasing from each selected supplier. In this paper an integrated approach of Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) and Linear Programming (LP) is proposed for supplier selection problems when a buyer needs more than one product. Also, a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) approach is applied in a discount environment to determine the best suppliers and to place the optimal order quantities among them. Both cumulative and incremental discounts are taken into account in this study. Two numerical examples are presented for each discount policy to illustrate the application of the recommended models which in a reasonable time reach to an exact solution.

[Ali Naimi Sadigh, Hamed Fallah, S. Kamal Chaharsooghi, Hamidreza Eskandari, Fariborz Jolai. An Integrated Method for Supplier Selection in a multi-product and quantity discount environment . Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10):553-560]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).  http://www.americanscience.org.

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Some Occupational Health Problems among Poultry Farm Workers in Sharkia Governorate: An Epidemiological Study

Mahmoud E. El-Saadawy, Mohammed M. Nassif, Sahar A. Abou El Magd^* and Amany S. Ahmed

Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine - Zagazig University

^*Sahar_abolmagd@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: The atmosphere in poultry farms usually contains significant levels of agricultural dust and toxic gases, which put the workers at a health risk. Objectives: 1-To determine the prevalence of some occupational health problems among poultry farm workers and their determinants.2-To study the work environment by assessing dust concentration level and its effect on the health of the exposed workers.3-To propose recommendations for occupational safety at poultry farms. Methods: a comparative cross sectional study was conducted among 222 male workers divided into two groups: The exposed group consisted of 110 poultry farm workers working in 63 poultry farms in Diarb Nigm city and Comparable control group consisted of 112 workers from ready- made clothes factory. Data were collected by a pre-designed questionnaire, clinical examination and laboratory investigation. Results: self–reported health complaints among poultry farm workers were ocular complaints (55.4%), followed by gastrointestinal (48.2%), respiratory (41.8%), and dermatological (38.1%) complaints. The prevalence of  nasal irritation, sneezing, throat irritation and chest tightness were significantly higher among the Poultry farm workers (21.8%, 20.9%, 27.2%, 15.4% respectively) compared to control group. Also, prevalence of chronic cough, chronic phlegm, chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma were significantly higher among poultry farm workers (39.09%, 38.18%, 16.3%, 6.3% respectively) compared to control group. Duration of work is a risk factor for respiratory symptoms (chronic and acute), while smoking is a risk factor for chronic respiratory symptoms. The frequency of obstructive and combined ventilatory function impairment among poultry farm workers (26.3%, 14.5%) are significantly compared to control group (8.9%, 5.35%). The prevalence of chronic dermatitis, onychomycosis and tinea pedis are significantly higher among exposed group (15.45%, 18.18% and 20% respectively) compared to in control group (4.46%, 3.57% and 8.03% respectively). The prevalence of eye irritation & lacrimation, discharge and Foreign body is significantly higher among exposed group (22.7%, 14.4% and 54.54%) compared to control group (6.25%, 3.57% and 5.35%). Also The prevalence of Klebsiella and E-coli are significantly higher among exposed group (18.05% and 88.8%) compared to control group (1.755 and 14.03%). The mean concentration of respirable dust at poultry farms was (5.5±1.62). Conclusion: Poultry workers are at greatest risk of developing many health problems as respiratory, ocular, dermatological, gastrointestinal problems, so recommendations: pre-placement and periodic medical examination, health education program, effective exhaust ventilation, and periodic environmental monitoring for better prevention for these health problems.

[Mahmoud E. El-Saadawy, Mohammed M. Nassif, Sahar A. Abou El Magd and Amany S. Ahmed Some Occupational Health Problems among Poultry Farm Workers in Sharkia Governorate: An Epidemiological Study. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10):561-567].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Poultry farm workers – dust concentration- respiratory – gastrointestinal – ocular – dermatological.

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Assessment of Stomp^® (Pendimethalin) toxicity on Oreochromis niloticus

Nabela I. El-Sharkawy¹; Rasha M. Reda *² and  Iman E. El-Araby³

Departments of ¹Forensic Medicine & Toxicology; ²Fish Diseases &Management and ³ Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt

^*rashareda55@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this study, the toxic effects of stomp^® were evaluated by measuring growth performance, biochemichal parameters, histopathological findings and genotoxic effect in a commercially important fish species, Oreochromis niloticus. sixty Oreochromis niloticus with an average body weight (50.43 ± 0.20g.) were used and divided into 3 equal groups, the first group kept as control, while fish of the second and third groups were exposed to 10% and 5% (0.355 mg/l and 0.177 mg/l, respectively) of 96 hrs LC_{50 .} The results revealed a significant decrease in body weight and weight gain while significant increase in serum glucose, aspartate amino transaferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase, total protein, cholestrol in fish exposed to 10% then 5% 96 hrs LC₅₀ of stomp in a dose dependent manner compared to control. Stomp^® produced genotoxic effects on the exposed fish.

 [Nabela I. El-Sharkawy; Rasha M. Reda and  Iman E. El-Araby Assessment of Stomp^® (Pendimethalin) toxicity on Oreochromis niloticus Journal of American Science 2011; 7(10):568-576].(ISSN: 1545-1003).

http://www.americanscience.org.

Keyword: Stomp^®, Oreochromis niloticus, genotoxic effects, growth, biochemical parameters.

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Pose-Invariant Multimodal (2D+3D) Face Recognition using Geodesic Distance Map

Farshid Hajati ^1,2, Abolghasem A. Raie ¹, Yongsheng Gao ^2,3

^1. Electrical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15914, Iran

^2. School of Engineering, Griffith University, QLD 4111, Australia

^3. Queensland Research Lab, National ICT Australia, QLD 4207, Australia

hajati@aut.ac.ir, raie@aut.ac.ir, yongsheng.gao@griffith.edu.au

Abstract: In this paper, an efficient pose-invariant face recognition method is proposed. This method is multimodal means that it uses 2D (color) and 3D (depth) information of a face for recognition. In the first step, the geodesic distances of all face points from a reference point are computed. Then, the face points are mapped from the 3D space to a new 2D space. The proposed mapping is robust under the in-depth face rotations. Finally, the feature extraction and face classification task is done in the new 2D space. For feature extraction, we use the Patch Pseudo Zernike Moments (PPZM) with a new weighting method to decline the self-occlusion caused by in-depth rotations. For this purpose, a novel approach for self-occlusion detection based on geodesic distances of face points is proposed and a self-occlusion map is created. For evaluation purpose, a large scale 3D face database is used and the various in-depth rotations (vertical and horizontal) are tested. The performance of the proposed method in two scenarios is compared with a classical 3D face recognition method. The results emphasize the performance of the proposed method in the pose-invariant face recognition.

[Farshid Hajati, Abolghasem A. Raie, Yongsheng