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Benefits of ZnO₂ nanoparticles on improving damage resistance of concrete specimens

Mohammad Mehdi Kaykha¹ and Farzad Soleymani^*,2

1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.

2. Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Payame Noor University, P.O. 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.

^* E-mail: farzad.soleymani52@yahoo.com

Abstract: Flexural of concrete containing ZnO₂ nanoparticles which were cured in saturated limewater have been optimized. ZnO₂ nanoparticles with partial replacement of Portland cement by 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 weight percent have been used as nano-fillers. The specimens were cured in water and saturated limewater for 7, 28 and 90 days after casting and then their strength was evaluated by flexural strength test. The results showed that replacement of Portland cement with ZnO₂ nanoparticles up to 1.0 weight percent for the specimens cured in water and 2.0% for the specimens cured in saturated limewater produces concrete with the best strength. It has been obtained that curing the specimens in saturated limewater for 28 days and then in water until 90 days, produces more strengthened concrete than those cured only in saturated limewater for 90 days. Excess Ca(OH)₂ crystals which forms after 28 days, when the specimens cured in limewater, reduces the effect of strengthening gels which form until the 90 days hence reduces the mechanical properties of the specimens. On the other hand, curing the specimens in water after 28 days produces more strengthening gel results in a concrete with higher strength. The pore structure of different mixtures was studied. The addition of nanoparticles improves the pore structure of concretes, the refined extent of pore structure increase with decreasing nanoparticles’ content. The pore structure of concretes which were cured in saturated limewater is better than that of concretes cured in water.  

[Mohammad Mehdi Kaykha and Farzad Soleymani. Benefits of ZnO₂ nanoparticles on improving damage resistance of concrete specimens. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):1-6]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 1

Key words: ZnO₂ nanoparticles; flexural strength; optimized properties; pore structure; concrete.

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Antibacterial activities of gallic acid and gallic acid methyl ester on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Salha H.M. Al-Zahrani

Biology Department, Faculty of Science for Girls, King Abdul Aziz University, Saudi Arabia

Abstract: Dried pomegranate peels were powdered and extracted by maceration in ethanol for 2 days at room temperature. The total ethanolic extracts were then successively partitioned to three parts to extract in a Soxhlet extractor with methyl acetate, -hexane and dichloromethane. The dried extracts were used to determine their antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MSSA). All the peel extracts exhibited marked antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity of methyl acetate extract inhibited the growth of all tested isolates, while dichloromethane extracts had no antimicrobial activity. Gallic acid (3,4,5 trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a naturally occurring polyphenol comprising the major hydrolytic product of tannic acid. Gallic acid (GA) and gallic acid methyl ester have been identified in pomegranate peels by the use of Nuclear magnetic resonance NMR (¹H, ¹³C NMR). The ethanolic methyl acetate extract of pomegranate peels contained 100 and 10 mg/1g of GA and gallic acid methyl ester respectively. The overall results showed that the pure compounds of pomegranate peel extracts (Gallic acid (GA) and gallic acid methyl ester) have antibacterial activity.Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of Gallic acid and gallic acid methyl ester were demonstrated.

[Salha H.M. Al-Zahrani. Antibacterial activities of gallic acid and gallic acid methyl ester on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):7-13]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 2

Keywords: Gallic acid; Punica granatum, pomegranate peel, antibacterial, Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA

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Acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement by alveolar corticotomy using piezosurgery

Islam T. Abbas* and Gamal M. Moutamed**

*Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

** Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. Corresponding authors: itarek@msn.com , gamalmoutamed@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: The purposes of this study were to: (1) Identify the effect of the corticotomy-facilitated (CF) orthodontics technique on orthodontic tooth movement compared with the non surgical standard orthodontics technique. (2) Evaluate pain and discomfort levels and the levels of satisfaction of the patients during the treatment about CF orthodontics technique performed with piezosurgery versus non- surgical standard orthodontics technique. Eight patients with minor to moderate mandibular crowding with normal skeletal class I pattern were treated with corticotomy-facilitated (CF) orthodontic technique. Patients were randomly divided to two groups; group I (corticotomy group) in which Alveolar Corticotomies (ACS) were performed using PES and group II (non surgical group) in which non- surgical standard orthodontics technique was done. The desired tooth movement for mandibular de-crowding was achieved in (74.5±7.7) days in corticotomy group (group I) and (141.7±21.3) in non -surgical group (group II). Compared to conventional orthodontic approaches, the average duration of mandibular de-crowding treatment was reduced by about 50 % in group I. The total treatment time was estimated from the beginning of active orthodontic treatment till the completion of de-crowding of the lower mandibular teeth. In conclusion, this study showed that the CF increases orthodontic tooth movement with accepted degrees of pain and discomfort. Orthodontic microsurgery is associated with minimal morbidity. CF orthodontics reduces the duration of treatment compared to the non- surgical standard orthodontic techniques. Surgical control for PES was easier than conventional surgical burs for selective alveolar corticotomies. The force necessary to produce a cut was much less compared to surgical burs. Increased temperature during bone cutting with PES was avoided which reduces the risk of bone damage as a result of overheating.

[Islam T. Abbas* and Gamal M. Moutamed. Acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement by alveolar corticotomy using piezosurgery. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):13-19]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 3

Key words: Orthodontic tooth movements, alveolar corticotomies, piezoelectric surgery.

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Color Stability Of Different Restoratives After Exposure To Coloring Agents

YOUSEF M. and ABO EL NAGA A.

Associate Professor of Operative Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia

Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate color stability of three different restoratives and efficacy of sonic-brushing in preventing color changes of these restoratives when subjected to coloring agent. Methods: 70 discs (5mm diameter x 2mm thick) made of each tested restorative [Ketak N100 (KN), 3M/ESPE, Beautifil II (BII), Shofu and Filtek Supreme Ultra (FS), 3M/ESPE]. Ten specimens were used as control while other 60 specimens were subdivided into six subgroups (n=10); First, second and third subgroups immersed in cola, coffee and tea respectively for 10 min. 3-times daily. Fourth, fifth and sixth subgroups immersed in cola, coffee and tea respectively for 10 min. 3-times daily and brushed with sonic-brush for 1min. after each exposure. Specimens were immersed in artificial saliva between staining and brushing challenges. After a month, all specimens tested for quantitative color changes using Quanta-Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope. Data statistically analyzed using Three-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test (P≤0.05). Results: The mean color change of non-brush-cycled subgroups (124.1pixel) showed statistically significantly higher values than brush-cycled subgroups (118pixel). BII showed the highest mean color change values (126.4pixel), whereas, no significant difference found between FS (117.4pixel) and KN (120.7pixel). Conclusions: The tested nanoionomer and nanocomposite performed similarly under the test conditions. Brushing specimens after staining improved the color changes of the tested materials.

[YOUSEF M., ABO EL NAGA A. Color Stability Of Different Restoratives After Exposure To Coloring Agents. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):20-26]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 4

Key words: nanoionomer, restorative dentistry

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Nanoleakage Of Giomer Resin Bonded With Either Total- Or Self-Etch Adhesives

Abo El Naga A.

                   Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdul Aziz University.

Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the effect of lateral-load and thermal cycling on the nanoleakage along tooth/restoration interface of giomer resin restorations bonded with two different adhesives. Methods: A giomer self-etch adhesive system (FLBond II, Shofu) and a total-etch adhesive system (Prime & Bond NT, DENTSPLY) were used with Beautifil II (nano-hybrid resin-based giomer material, Shofu). Wedge-shaped cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of eighty extracted human premolars. Cavities were then divided randomly into two groups according to the used adhesive. Each group was further divided into four subgroups (n=10): A; control, B; subjected to lateral-load cycling (90N at 45 degrees for 5000 cycles), C; subjected to thermo-cycling (5-55°C for 500 cycles) and D; subjected to both lateral-load and thermo-cycling (90N at 45 degrees for 5000 cycles/5-55°C for 500 cycles). Nanoleakage was then tested using Quanta Environmental SEM and EDAX. Data were statistically-analyzed using Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post-hoc tests. Results: The adhesive type and the combination of lateral-load and thermal cycling had a statistically significant effect on the nanoleakage (P≤0.05). Meanwhile, no significant differences observed between A, B and C subgroups for both tested adhesive systems. Conclusions: The type of the adhesive system affected the seal ability of the giomer restorations. Combining both lateral load and thermal cycling, in an attempt to simulate oral conditions, had a dramatic effect on nanoleakage.

[Abo El Naga A. Nanoleakage Of Giomer Resin Bonded With Either Total- Or Self-Etch Adhesives. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):27-34]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 5

Keywords: Nanoleakage, Adhesive

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Health and Lifestyle Assessment among Medical Students of El Kasr El Aini, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University

Shaimaa B. Abdelaziz and Arwa M. El-Shafei

Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University.

shaimaabaher@yahoo.com

Abstract: Medical students represent a significant community investment and promoting their health preserves this investment. The study aim is to assess health status and detect life style risky behaviors among Egyptians’ medical students in order to contribute to the development of health promotion programs designed specifically for them. A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students at Faculty of medicine, Cairo University, from February to May, 2011. The study sample was stratified according to undergraduate grades of education a random sample of 440 students was chosen. Data was collected via a self-administered anonymous questionnaire consisted of students’ demographic characteristics and three main domains used to assess health of the study participants. The index of adiposity used in the study was the body mass index (BMI). A scoring mechanism was built for every question and a mean of the total scores was calculated for each domain. The computer package SPSS version 16 was used for statistical analysis. The results indicated that, out of the 440 university students studied, 151 (34.3%) were males and 289 (65.7%) were females. The mean age of males was (19.8+1.25) years, while that of females was (19.2+1.17) years. Mean BMI for male was 25.5 kg/m2, compared with 23.8 kg/m2 for female students. Students in the fifth year were more likely to be obese than students in other years of graduation (13.3% vs 11.7%). Male were almost likely to be more obese than female students (59.5% vs 40.5%). The majority believed their activity levels were insufficient (78.6%) and (62.9%) had poor sleep behavior. Fifth year students were significantly less likely to eat meals regularly (p 0.03). Consumption of fatty food > 5 times/week was significantly associated with being over weight and obese, as compared to those who consumed fatty food less than 5 times per week (p 0.007). Frequencies revealed that anxiety and depression was significantly higher among 1^st year students as compared to the 3^rd and 5^th years (p 0.05). Most of them (68.9%) suffered from poor time management affecting their academic performance. Examination and academic related stresses constituted the highest percentage (91.8%) among the causes of stress. The over all total score of the three health domains was significantly higher among fifth year students (p<0.01). Health risk behaviors score (life style and dietary habits) and the mental social well-being mean score did not show any statistical significant difference between medical students in the three years of education. This study identified significant health promotion opportunities for these students that can be carried out during medical school in order to establish a healthier physician population. It is recommended to develop health and nutritional education, behavioral modifications and intervention studies for better health promotion of medical students.

[Shaimaa B. Abdelaziz and Arwa M. El-Shafei Health and Lifestyle Assessment among Medical Students of El Kasr El Aini, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2): 35-45]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 6

Keywords: College students-Health-related risk behaviors-Life style

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Use of GIS for Studying the Spatial Distribution of Pollutants around Safaniya Power Plant (KSA)

F. A. Al-Seroury

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science for Girls, King Abdul- Aziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. falseroury@gmail.com

Abstract: This study aims to use the Geographic Information System (GIS) for studying the spatial distribution of pollutants emitted from Safaniya Power Plant, KSA. To fulfill this objective the concentrations of Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, Methane and Ethane were calculated at different distances from the Power Plant stack using the widespread Gaussian Plume Model (GPM). A digital data base of the plant was established using Arc-GIS 9.2 software. The concentration of pollutants and climatic data were attached to the database. The spatial analyst was used to map the spatial distribution of the pollutants around the stack. The areas affected by the high concentrations of pollutants were defined and the changes of pollutants concentration were discussed in detail. The results indicate that the areas affected by the high concentration are located to the distance of 10 – 750 meter from the stack. The impact of pollutants can be found at the distance of 1450 meter where it includes land surfaces and the water bodies of Arabian Gulf.

[F. A. Al-Seroury Use of GIS for Studying the Spatial Distribution of Pollutants around Safaniya Power Plant (KSA). Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2): 46-49]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 7

Keywords: Pollutants, GIS, spatial analyses, Safaniya Power Plant, KSA.

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Managing Energy Technologies by Exploring Criteria for Technology Portfolio Selection – A Case in Petroleum Industry

Sayyed Farhang Fassihi Langroudi, Mir Mahdi Sayyed Esfahani, Hamid Davoudpour

Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424, Hafez Ave, Tehran, Iran. farhang@aut.ac.ir

Abstract: Technology is a key element in the process of service and product development in energy sector. Therefore it is considered as an infrastructure for achieving organizational objectives and for supporting strategies. Selecting a technology portfolio which is a set of interdependent technologies to invest on can support a prompt and cost efficient achievement to objectives of energy plans. Such a selection in turn requires a set of reliable criteria to enable a portfolio management process which can guarantee a maximum return on investment having the minimum risk. In this paper after reviewing previous researches on criteria for technology portfolio selection and introducing a comprehensive list of such criteria, a new model based on a factor structure is introduced. The model is based on a set of criteria extracted from views of experts in some energy sector (i.e. Iranian petroleum industry) and classified into two groups namely values and risks. The validity of the proposed model is tested by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Results of the analysis of the data gathered by questionnaires show that the proposed criteria can serve as a reliable tool to assist technological investment decision makers particularly in petroleum industry.

[S. Farhang Fassihi Langroudi, Mir Mahdi Sayyed Esfahani, Hamid Davoudpour. Managing Energy Technologies by Exploring Criteria for Technology Portfolio Selection – A Case in Petroleum Industry. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):50-57]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 8

Keywords: technology portfolio; technology management; technology acquisition; research and development; petroleum industry

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Three Dimensional Assessment of Midface Asymmetry in Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Marwa AW El-Kassaby¹, Eman HD El-Abbassy², Dina H El-Ghoul² and Noha E Sabet²

¹Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery department, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain-Shams University, Egypt

²Orthodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain-Shams University, Egypt

marwaelkassaby@gmail.com

Abstract: Patients with unilateral clefts (UCLP) at the mixed dentition stage exhibit remarkable facial asymmetries that affect orthodontic and surgical decisions as well as treatment outcomes.  Exact delineation of the extent and location of this asymmetry is critical for successful management. Cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) offers detailed three dimensional (3D) assessment of the maxillofacial skeleton. However, a comprehensive 3D analysis of patients at the orthodontic age prior to alveolar cleft grafting has not been described using CBCT. The purpose of this prospective study was to analyze midface asymmetry in 3D planes of postero-anterior (PA) and axial views in patients with complete UCLP in mixed dentition stage, prior to orthodontic preparation for alveolar cleft grafting using CBCT. CBCT scans of 20 non-syndromic children (13 boys, 7 girls; mean age, 9.8 years +1.5 years) with repaired complete UCLP were collected. Specific landmarks applicable for PA and submentovertex radiography, as well as to conventional CT were selected to conduct 3D analysis of the midface. Numerous vertical, horizontal, transverse and sagittal measurements were made on PA and axial views respectively. Images were digitized on screen by the same investigator; points were set with respect to constructed reference lines. Obtained values were mainly compared using Paired t-test. Errors of the method and intra-observer reliability were measured. Obtained results revealed that there was significant intra-observer agreement denoting high reliability of measurements. In PA view; there were significant differences between nasal cavity, maxillary dento-alveolar vertical and horizontal measurements and molar point vertical measurments. In axial views; there were significant differences between pyriforme, maxilloalveolare and maxillary sinus total length sagittal measurements as well as difference in means of malare, pyriforme, maxilloalveolare and nasal chamber width transverse measurements. The ANS and nasal tip were shifted to the non-cleft side in 80% and 70% of cases respectively; the nasal septum was shifted towards the cleft side in 75% of cases.  Within the limitations of this study it can be concluded that CBCT is an excellent method for 3D assessment of midfacial structures. Most asymmetries and deformities in the eight to 12-year-old patients with repaired complete UCLP were in the nasal chamber, maxillary dento-alveolar complex, maxillary sinus and malar prominence regions. Those results are of clinical importance to the maxillofacial surgeon and the orthodontist to develop a customized treatment plan for each patient in order to achieve successful outcomes.

[Marwa AW El-Kassaby, Eman HD El-Abbassy, Dina H El-Ghoul and Noha E Sabet Three Dimensional Assessment of Midface Asymmetry in Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):58-68]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 9

Keywords: Unilateral cleft lip and palate, asymmetry, midface, cone beam computerized tomography, three dimensional, treatment planning

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Fuzzy image retrieval systems using intuitionistic fuzzy sets

Mohammad Masoud Javidi, Monireh Azimihemat

Department of Computer Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.

 javidi@mail.uk.ac.ir

Abstract: Intuitionistic fuzzy sets are a generalization of fuzzy sets. These sets have a greater ability for displaying uncertainty and are therefore more suitable for representing the content of color images. In this paper we first present methods for converting fuzzy sets into intuitionistic fuzzy sets. We then show how intuitionistic fuzzy sets may be used to improve precision and recall of fuzzy image retrieval systems. For a verification of the method we test it on a database containing 1000 images.

[Mohammad Masoud Javidi, Monireh Azimihemat. Fuzzy image retrieval systems using intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):67-72]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 10

Keywords: Content-based retrieval; color image database; fuzzy number; intuitionistic fuzzy set

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Knowledge, Attitude and Lifestyle Changes among Chronic Hepatitis C Patients in Alexandria, Egypt: A Fear-Appeal Intervention

Sherine Gaber Hassan ¹, Engy Mohamed El-Ghitany ^2,* and Wafaa El-Sheikh³

¹ Dept. of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Egypt

² Dept. of Tropical Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Egypt

³ Dept. of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt

ingy.elghitany@gmail.com

Abstract: Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a public health threat particularly in Egypt. The current knowledge, attitude and behavior especially of chronically infected patients would determine the areas of defect to be targeted. Counseling and education about epidemiological and medical aspects of the disease would probably improve knowledge and attitude. To control infection, efforts should be spent to enhance perception and encourage healthy and safe behavior. Objectives: To assess HCV-related knowledge, attitude, risk behavior and changes of lifestyle in a sample of Egyptian chronic HCV patients and to evaluate the effect of a  health education intervention program on these factors. Study Design: A randomized pre-post test was used in the study. Methods: Knowledge and attitude of 148 chronic HCV patients were assessed using specific scoring system set by the authors through a self-administered questionnaire. This questionnaire included questions about risky behaviors adopted by the patient before diagnosis and the changes encountered thereafter.  Health education session was held using a fear-appeal method and posttest was done 6 months later to 46 subjects who continued the study. Results: participants showed poor knowledge and negative attitude. The most frequent potential risk factors were; repeated dentist visits (71.6%), hospitalization (66.9%), and using common sharp objects (48.6%). Diet control was the most prominent change following diagnosis. Counseling improved knowledge dramatically but had no effect on attitude and had improved behaviors although most of them did not reach a statistically significant degree. Conclusions: Chronic HCV patients have low standard body of knowledge and negative attitude about their disease. Corrections of malpractices following diagnosis were documented, but also unnecessary restrictions were adopted. Although health education evidently improved knowledge, the satisfactory changes in attitude and behaviors need to be further studied using more intense, frequent or various health education techniques.

[Sherine Gaber Hassan, Engy Mohamed El-Ghitany and Wafaa El-Sheikh Knowledge, Attitude and Lifestyle Changes among Chronic Hepatitis C Patients in Alexandria, Egypt: A Fear-Appeal Intervention. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2): 73-79]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 11

Keywords: Hepatitis C, Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior, Health education, Fear-appeal

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A Phase II Study of Concurrent Preoperative Chemotheray and Radiotherapy on Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

Mohammed A.Mikkawy¹; SamirS.Eid¹, Hesham M.Hamza^*2; Ashraf Farrag¹ and Marwa I. Khalaf¹

¹Clinical Oncology Department, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt

²Surgical Oncology Department Cancer Institute, South Egypt

Abstract:  Background: Colo-rectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the Western world; rectal cancer comprises about one-third of these cases. The increasing life expectancy in this population adds to the importance of evaluating long-term results of curative treatment. Purpose: Fluorouracil-based preoperative chemoradiation is the current standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer. Preoperative chemo-radiotherapy can lead to pathologic complete response. This study was designed to determine clinical response rate in locally advanced rectal cancer treated with preoperative regimen followed by surgical resection. Also it studies the effect of this regimen on the possibility of performing colo-anal pull-through as a new technique of sphincter preserving surgery and on increasing the resectability rates in those patients. Secondary Objectives: To determine the toxicity of this preoperative regimen. Methods: Clinicopathological data from 2008 to 2011 of a prospectively maintained 33 patients of locally advanced rectal cancer database were examined. Inclusion criteria were patients with previously untreated either inoperable or locally advanced rectal cancer not suitable for primary sphincter sparing surgery, investigated by sigmoidoscopy and /or colonscopy. These patients received preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy by using Oral flouropyramidines(Capecitabine^®) .  Results: Thirty-three patients were identified (54.5% male, median age, 40 y (range, 17–80 y)). Data regarding preoperative chemoradiotherapy were available for 33 patients (100%). The dose of radiotherapy was 5040 cGy/28ttt, and Capecitabine^® chemotherapy scheduale is 850mg/m² daily concurrent with radiotherapy. Linear accelerator Conventional radiotherapy was used. Trans-anal abdominally assisted Colo-anal pull-through was performed in 27 patients (81.82%), and those underwent abdomino-perineal resection are 6 patients (18.18%). About the toxicity in this study, for the chemotherapy used 5 patients (15.15%) develop deep venous thrombosis, 7 patients (21.2%) develop hand and foot syndrome. For the radiotherapy used, 19 patients (57.5%) develop wet desquamation. The median overall survival 9.5 months, the morbidity consisted mainly of postoperative sequalae (21.21%), regressive mass (12.12%) and residual mass (6.06%). Also about CEA were (164.5±156.68, 118±72.32 and 105.88±59.14) before, after and follow up treatment respectively with significant difference. Response By using Capecitabine^® was 18(54.5%) patients out of 33 achieved Complete response which meant that they were completely down staged and 8 patients (24.2%)achieved partial response. Conclusion: Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy by using Capecitabine^® improves  Down staging and median survival in locally advanced rectal cancers. It is safe, effective, convenient and well tolerated as it is via oral route of administration. Pre-operative chemo-radiotherapy allowed sphincter preservation in 67% of patients requiring an APR without increase in the incidence of local recurrence.

[Mohammed A. Mikkawy; Samir S. Eid, Hesham M. Hamza; Ashraf  Farrag  and Marwa I. Khalaf A Phase II Study of Concurrent Preoperative Chemotheray and Radiotherapy on Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2): 80-86]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 12

Key Words: Rectal neoplasms, Combined modality therapy, Capecitabine, Locally advanced rectal cancer, Sphincter-sparing surgery.

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Synthesis of some new (E)-2-arylidine-4-oxo-4-arylaminobutanoic acids and (E)-3-arylidine-1-arylpyrrolidine-2,5-diones of possible medicinal applications and biological activities

Boshra Awad^*, Shadia Abdallah, Halima Hefny, Mervat Abdou, Fatehya Abdelmonem, and Noura Abdelmonem

Chemistry Department, University College of Women for Arts, Science, and Education, Ain Shams University, Asma Fahmy Street, Heliopolis-11341, Cairo, EGYPT. boshra_awad@yahoo.com

Abstract: Synthesis of compounds 3-32 of possible medicinal and biological activities have been carried out by reaction of (E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)dihydrofuran-2,5-dione (1) and (E)-3-(benzo[d] [1,3] dioxol-5-ylmethylene)dihydrofuran-2,5-dione (2) with aromatic amines (a-h) using microwave and conventional thermal heating to study the structural effect of reactants and techniques used. The microwave irradiation of compound 1 gave (E)-2-(3,4-dimethoxybenzylidine)-4-oxo-4-arylaminobutanoic acids 3-5 and (E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)-1-arylpyrrolidine-2,5-diones 11-17. Also  compound 2 gave (E)-2-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethylene)-4-oxo-4-arylaminobutanoic acids 18-23, and (E)-3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethylene)-1-arylpyrrolidine-2,5-diones 26-32. In all reactions, microwave irradiation technique, showed enhancement in yields, selectivity, cleaner reactions with reduction in reaction time, and easier working up than in the conventional thermal heating technique.  On the other hand, reaction of compounds 1 or 2 with amines a-h using the conventional thermal heating technique yielded only the corresponding (E)-2-arylidine-4-oxo-4-arylaminobutanoic acid derivatives 3-10, or 18-25, respectively. The structural formulas of the products obtained were assigned by their spectral data. Some prepared compounds were found to have cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities.

[Boshra Awad, Shadia Abdallah, Halima Hefny, Mervat Abdou, Fatehya Abdelmonem, and Noura Abdelmonem Synthesis of some new (E)-2-arylidine-4-oxo-4-arylaminobutanoic acids and (E)-3-arylidine-1-arylpyrrolidine-2,5-diones of possible medicinal applications and biological activities. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):87-95]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 13

Key Words: Cytotoxic, antimicrobial, microwave irradiation, butanoic acids, pyrrolidine-2,5-diones

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A genetic algorithm for truck scheduling in cross docking systems

Hamid Davoudpour, Pedram Hooshangi-Tabrizi, and Pooya Hoseinpour^*

Department of Industrial Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

p.hoseinpour@aut.ac.ir

Abstract: Cross docking is a kind of warehousing systems in which products are unloaded from inbound trucks and loaded into outbound ones. In order to minimize total operation time of the system, this research finds the best scheduling of both inbound and outbound trucks by considering a temporary storage, and also variable product moving time from inbound to outbound which has been ignored in the previous proposed models. This problem is in the class of NP-hard problems. Therefore, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is developed to handle the complexity. To evaluate the efficiency of the results a lower bound is developed for the problem.

[Hamid Davoudpour, Pedram Hooshangi-Tabrizi, and Pooya Hoseinpour. A genetic algorithm for truck scheduling in cross docking systems. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):96-99]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 14

Keywords: Cross docking; Truck scheduling; Genetic Algorithm (GA).

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The Effective of Cognitive Behavioral Counseling on Degree of Women with Sexual DYSFUNCTIO

Peimaneh Nemati

The Ph.D student of National AcademyScience University ,Yerevan,Armenia. p.nemati99@yahoo.com

Abstract: The prevalence of female sexual dysfunction is high. According to published epidemiological studies, approximately 40% of adult women have at least one sexual dysfunction , it is complex and affected by physical, psychological and social factors. There are different methods for treatment .Cognitive behavioral counseling is as a psychological therapy;   in cognitive therapy, counselors consider the cognitive processing of information, more important than physiologic factors; negative thought about sexual activities will worsen and prolong the symptoms. Therefore discovering those negative self-inductions will help to successfully analyze the sexual disorders. The goal of the present research is to study the effect of cognitive-behavioral counseling on the level of women sexual dysfunction. Method and Materials: Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) during 8 individual weekly sessions and 4 group therapy weekly sessions used for subjects group and it focused on cognitive restructuring, modification of cognitive distortions and training of behavioral techniques. Golombok-Rust sexual satisfaction questionnaire was used as the pre-test and post- test for subject group , and Chi-Square test together with T-test were used to analyze the data. Data analysis showed that the cognitive behavior therapy has significantly effect on reduction of sexual dysfunction. The mean scores of sexual dysfunction in post-test of subject group was significantly lower than mean scores in pre-test  Conclusion: Cognitive counseling as a therapeutic method can have a significant role in improvement of women suffering from sexual dysfunction.

[Peimaneh Nemati. The Effective of Cognitive Behavioral Counseling on Degree of Women  with Sexual DYSFUNCTIO. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):100-104].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 15

Keyword: Sexual  Dysfunction, Cognitive Behavior Counseling, Women

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The Effect of CO₂ Emission on Tourism in Iran; an Ecotourism Approach in Zagros Area

Masoumeh Momeni

Researcher, Tehran, Iran. m.momeni89@yahoo.com

Abstract: Sustainable tourism has been a key concept for tourism researchers and tourist industry alike since the early 1990s. The aim of this paper is considering the impact of CO₂ emissions on International tourism in Iran at 1960-2009 period.  Estimation results indicate that CO₂ emission has a negative effect on international tourism in Iran.  Also, Dummy variable for political instability has a negative effect on international tourism in Iran at 1980-2009 period.  Also, in this paper, the Zagros Area has considered as an ecotourism location in Iran.

[Masoumeh Momeni. The Effect of CO₂ Emission on Tourism in Iran; an Ecotourism Approach in Zagros Area. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):105-108]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 16

Keywords: CO₂ Emission, Tourism, Ecotourism, Zagros Area, Iran

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The Role of Action Research in On-the-job Teacher Training Programs

Masumeh Alinejad

Assistant of Nassibe College, Tehran,Iran

Alinejad15@yahoo.com

Abstract: Increased research in teacher thinking, together with, increased attention to theories proposed on teacher actions during last two decades have led to the proposed "thoughtful agent" as a new idea in teacher training.  An outcome of this idea has been the use of such other phrases like "action research", "thoughtful teaching", "think about action", and "teacher as researcher".  These changes have resulted into research approaches taking a dominating rule in teacher training all over the world. Action research has been successfully applied in research activities and curriculum planning in teacher education.  Action research has been progressively instrumental in introducing higher quality and improved effectiveness in teacher training activities because of its special properties and advantages. Teacher training programs can be designed with the emphasis on action research in preparatory and on-the-job training programs to encourage thoughtful actions among teachers. 

[Masumeh Alinejad. The Role of Action Research inOn-the-job Teacher Training Programs Journal of American Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):109-111].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 17

Keywords: Action reasech,TeacherTraining,Toughtful teaching,Emphasis,Instrumental.

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Nathaniel Hawthorne and the Quest for the Moral Right Path

Mohsen  Mahmoud Rowshanzamir

Islamic Azad University- Mashhad Branch, English Department

Roshanzamir_mohsen@yahoo.com

Abstract:  American literature is much in debt to Nathaniel Hawthorne who helped American literature flourish a great deal. Through his works, he presented his specific narration style, which contained the new genre of romance and tales, through which he tried to make the world familiar with his personal line of thought and belief. What he did was the presentation of his social and individualistic concerns in the form of themes he fulfilled. One of the themes which were of prime importance for him was morality as a basis on which social and individualistic foundations of the society would stand. His presentation of moral matters was specific and considerable. He presented morality of his characters as a result of the decisions they made at the critical decision points. As a puritan descendant, Hawthorne wanted to illustrate his experiences and thoughts through letting his characters play normally and choose at the moral critical decision points. At the end of his stories, the reader comes to a moral, which is a result of his characters’ struggles as they chose in difficult moral dilemmas and through bearing the consequence of their actions. This article tries to examine one of the most important themes, Hawthorne had in his mind: the hardship of decision making regarding the right path to morality and the consequences of moral decision making.

[Mohsen  Mahmoud Rowshanzamir. Nathaniel Hawthorne and the Quest for the Moral Right Path. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):112-115].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 18

Key Words: morality, alienation, dilemma, novel, tale, faith, sin

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Gut Morphology of Developing Malaysian River Catfish Mystus Nemurus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Larvae

Ghada Ahmed El Hag¹, Mohd Salleh Kamarudin², Che Roos Saad² and Siti Khalijah Daud³

¹Department of Fisheries Science, Faculty of Agricultura Technology and Fisheries Science, University of Alneelain, Khartoum, Sudan.P.O.Box:12702.

²Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Aquaculture, University Putra Malaysia,

³Faculty of Sciences Universitiy Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor D. E., Malaysia

ghahmed@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study was conducted to monitor ontogenetic changes in the gut morphology of Malaysian river catfish, Mystus nemurus during larval development. Fish larvae were reared in three 1 ton fiberglass tanks. During the study, the larvae were fed on Artemia nauplii at 5 organisms ml feeding^-1 from the start of exogenous feeding (4 DAH). The morphological development of the gut in M. nemurus larvae was observed using a profile projector and a light microscope for a 21 days period. At hatching and during the yolk absorption period, the gut was a simple, straight, undifferentiated tube throughout its length. By 4-5 DAH, the gut differentiated to the esophagus, stomach, and intestine which coincided to the commencement of exogenous feeding. Strong (GL = 0.3179TL-0.1412,  R² = 0.9284) relationship was found between gut length (GL) and total length (TL) of fish.

[Ghada Ahmed El Hag, Mohd Salleh Kamarudin, Che Roos Saad and Siti Khalijah Daud. Gut Morphology of Developing Malaysian River Catfish Mystus Nemurus (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Larvae. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2): 116-121]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 19

Key words: Malaysian river catfish; larvae; gut morphology; Mystus nemurus

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Isolation of Bovine Herpesvirus-2 (Bhv-2) from a Case of Pseudo-Lumpy Skin Disease in Egypt

Iman, M. Bastawecy

Dept. of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

Abstract: A bovine herpes viru-2 (BHV-2) was recently isolated for the first time from a cow with generalized BHV-2 infection which is called pseudo-lumpy skin disease. The isolated virus was identified with negative staining electron microscope (EM), Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis for the   PCR product. Further serological investigations are recommended to differentiate carriers from susceptible cattle because the latency of herpesvirus infections is consistently characterized by a positive serologic status. Nucleotidesequence data must be submitted to GenBank to certain the strain isolated and described in the current study.

 [Iman, M. Bastawecy Isolation of Bovine Herpesvirus-2 (Bhv-2) from a Case of Pseudo-Lumpy Skin Disease in Egypt] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):122-127]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 20

Key words: BHV-2; isolation; EM; PCR; sequence analysis.

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Field Evaluation of Different Pesticides against Cotton Bollworms and Sucking Insects and Their Side Effects

Nour El-Hoda A. Zidan^*1; Jehan B. El-Naggar²; Safwat A. Aref² and Madeha E. El-Dewy²

¹Pesticides Dept., Fac. of Agric., Kafrelsheikh Univ., Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt

² Plant protections Research Institute, Agric. Research Center, Doki, Giza, Egypt

^*nourelhoda_az@yahoo.com

Abstract: Field experiments were conducted during 2010 and 2011 cotton growing seasons at Sakha Agricultural Research Station Farm to evaluate the efficacy of five insecticides, i.e., two synthetic pyrethroids (µ-cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin), two organophosphorus (profenophos, chlropyrifos) and one carbamate (methomyl),  against both pink bollworm (PBW), pectinophora gossypiella (saund) and spiny bollworm (SPW), Earias insulana (Boisd) and their effects against sucking insects; cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Golv), whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and Jassid, Empoasca spp. and their associated natural enemies,(chrysopa sp., Paederus alfierii, Orius spp, Scymnus spp. and True spider). Biochemical studies on bollworms larvae were conducted as well. The obtained results indicated that the tested synthetic pyrethroids were the most efficient compounds during the two seasons. The treatments could be arranged descendingly according to the average of the two seasons as follows; µ-cypermethrin (81.45%), lambda-cyhalothrin (71.91%), methomyl (68.33%), profenophos (66.75%) and chlorpyrifos (62.58%) against PBW; and were µ-cypermethrin (83.00%), lambda-cyhalothrin (81.61%), methomyl (81.15%), profenophos (78.87%) and chlorpyrifs (70.05%) against SPW. Regarding sucking insects, µ-cypermethrin was efficient against aphid followed by profenophos, lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos and methomyl  meanwhile in case of whitefly (mature and immature stages) and Jassid all the tested insecticides induced a weak to moderate effect. In addition, µ-cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and profenophos were more toxic against predators than chlorpyrifos and methomyl which induced a moderate effect. As for biochemical assays in PBW larvae, data indicated that both chlorpyrifos and profenophos-treated strains, expressed higher levels of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity than the reference (Lab-susceptible) strain. As respects SPW larvae, data showed that chlorpyrifos-treated strains expressed higher levels of AChE activity than the reference (Lab- strain). Data also revealed that, relatively higher activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) has been observed in chlorpyrifos and profenophos- treated strains, over that of the lab-strain of PBW larvae. The same trend of data was obtained for SPW larvae.

[Nour El-Hoda A. Zidan; Jehan B. El-Naggar; Safwat A. Aref and Madeha E. El-Dewy. Field Evaluation of Different Pesticides against Cotton Bollworms and Sucking Insects and Their Side Effects.  Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2): 128-136].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 21

Keywords: pesticides – cotton bollworms – sucking insects – predators – AChE – GST

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Protective Effects of L-Carnitine on Cisplatin Induced Toxicity In rat Parotid Salivary Glands

^1,2Rabab Mubarak and ¹Zoba H. Ali

¹Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

²Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Nahda University, Beni Sueif, Egypt

rababmubarak2010@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Cisplatin is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic drugs. However, it has severe side effects that limit its use. Acetyl L- Carnitine is a well known neuroprotective agent. It also has antioxidative as well as powerful antiapoptotic properties on various cell types.  Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of acetyl L-Carnitine on Cisplatin induced cytotoxicity on rat parotid salivary glands. Methods: Thirty male albino rats (250-300 grams) were divided equally into three groups. Group I (control group) was administrated saline. Group II (Cisplatin group) received cisplatin injection. Group III (Cisplatin & L- Carnitine group) was administrated L- Carnitine prior to cisplatin injection.  Rats were sacrificed after 3 days of cisplatin/ saline administration. The parotid salivary glands were dissected out and prepared for histological and immunohistochemical examinations. Results: Light microscopic examination of cisplatin group revealed enlargement and deformity of the secretory portions with numerous intracellular vacuoles. Secretory cells revealed deeply stained atrophied nuclei. The excretory ducts appeared dilated with degenerated epithelial lining. Widening of the connective tissue septa with chronic inflammatory cells infiltration was also detected. Some secretory cells and intralobular ducts were completely degenerated leaving large vacuoles. While L- Carnitine treated group revealed well defined serous acini having distinct outline and lined by pyramidal cells with rounded basophilic nuclei. Well formed striated ducts were also detected. There were numerous dilated blood vessels engorged with red blood cells. Immunohistochemical examination of Bax protein expression of cisplatin group showed significant increase in Bax positive immunoreactivity indicating apoptotic changes while L- Carnitine treated group revealed expression of Bax protein that statistically having no significant difference with control group. Conclusion: Administration of acetyle L- Carnitine produced a protective effect against cytotoxic and apoptotic changes induced by cisplatin treatment in rat parotid salivary glands.

[Rabab Mubarak and Zoba H. Ali. Protective Effects of L-Carnitine on Cisplatin Induced Toxicity In rat Parotid Salivary Glands.  Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):137-144].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 22

Keywords: L-Carnitine; Cisplatin; salivary glands; histological changes; apoptosis. 

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The role of the texture and floor in the architecture desirable for the blinds (with an environmental perception approach)

Mohammad Amin Khojasteh Ghamari ¹, Asghar Panahzadeh ²

¹Department of Architecture, Payam Noor University, Tabriz

²Department of Art, Payam Noor University, Tabriz

arch_khojasteh@yahoo.com

Abstract: Human being and the surrounding environment are agents, dependant on each other. On the one hand human being as a living thing is threatened by agents and different diseases from the early minutes of birth until death and sometimes this causes disabilities. Blindness is one of these defects which results in the low level of eyesight or a complete blindness. Eyesight is the fundamental sense in environment perception. Thus, regarding the weakness or lack of this sense in a blind person, utilizing and reinforcing other senses by using suitable tools can help human being perceive the surrounding environment.  In this research paper first we will describe blindness and the perception types of the blinds of the environment and then will describe the role of floor as one of the useful elements of building a space around the blinds. And then we will emphasize on the importance of this issue as one of the elements of spatial perception of the blinds by expressing the related rules and standards.  

[Mohammad Amin Khojasteh Ghamari, Asghar Panahzadeh. The role of the texture and floor in the architecture desirable for the blinds (with an environmental perception approach). Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):145-151]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 23

Keywords: Environment; blind; perception; texture; floor.

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Nursing Workload and the Cost of Nursing Care at Mansoura Emergency Hospital

Wessam A. Elsayed¹, Wafaa F. Sleem¹ and Neamat M. Elsayed²

¹Nursing Administration Department, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Egypt

²Nursing Administration Department, Faculty of Nursing, Damanhour University, Egypt

 Wessam pasiony@yahoo.com , dr_wafaasleem@yahoo.com, neamat_mohmed@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Nursing workload and cost of nursing care are considered two important concepts of management. The art of decreasing nursing workload and the cost of nursing care requires creative ways to make nurses use their time effectively and provide effective nursing care with less cost. Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the nursing workload and the cost of nursing care at Mansoura Emergency Hospital. Design: Cross-sectional analytical design was conducted at all general surgical and all general orthopedic units at Mansoura Emergency Hospital. Methods: The data was collected from 46 nurses working at the studied units and 143 patients already hospitalized at the studied units during the time of the study. Three types of tools were used for data collection include: Patient Assessment Sheet, Nursing Activity Observation Study Sheet, and Personal Monetary Sheet. Results: indicates that there is a highly significant positive correlation between nursing workload and cost of nursing care. That means the highly the workload is the highly the cost of nursing care. 

[Wessam A. Elsayed, Wafaa F. Sleem and Neamat M. Elsayed Nursing Workload and the Cost of Nursing Care at Mansoura Emergency Hospital] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):152-159]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 24

Key words: Nursing workload - cost of nursing care.

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Significance of Serum and Ascitic Fluid Bacterial DNA in Culture Negative Non-Neutrocytic Ascites

Mohamed A Rady¹, Nashwa Sheble¹, Mona M Hassouna², Mona A El Shafie³,

and Ghada R El Hendawy⁴, Doa Zkaria ⁵

Departments of Hepatology¹ & Clinical Pathology²,  National Liver Institute-Menoufyia University, Clinical Pathology³ and  Microbiology⁴- Menoufiya Faculty of Medicine and Internal Medicine⁵ - Al Azhar Faculty of Medicine for Girls. aklrady@yahoo.com  

Abstract: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a severe complication of liver disease. A significant proportion of patients have culture-negative ascites, despite having similar signs, symptoms and mortality to those with SBP. A high index of suspicion should exist for SBP in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Bacterial translocation (BT) from intestinal wall to blood and other extra-intestinal sites is considered the key step in the pathogenesis of SBP in liver cirrhosis. This study aimed to identify bacterial DNA and its significance as a marker of bacterial translocation in patients with advanced cirrhosis and culture-negative non-neutrocytic ascites (CNNA). Sixty three patients with cirrhosis and CNNA were included in the study. The corresponding bacterial DNA (BactDNA) was identified in blood and ascitic fluid (AF) samples using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The BactDNA was detected in AF and/or blood samples in 39.6% of patients (25/63). It was found in blood sample of 48% of patients (12/25), AF sample in 6/25 patients (24%), and in simultaneously both blood and AF samples in  7/25 patients (28%). Escherichia coli  is the main bacterial species detected in 72% of samples, Klebsiella pneumoniae was detected in 16% , Staphylococcus aureus in 8% and diphteroid in 4% of BactDNA positive cases. No, significant differences were detected between both BactDNA positive and negative groups as regard serum or AF biochemical parameters, except for creatinine. Also, the clinical data were not statistically different between groups, except for previous episodes of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy and band ligation. After 12 months of follow up, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), gastrointestinal bleeding and death were more frequent in BactDNA positive group. In conclusion: the detected  BactDNA in our patients with CNNA might be an alternative diagnostic tool for early diagnosis and prompt treatment of AF infection to ameliorate the serious complications and poor prognosis of such patients.

[Mohamed A Rady, Nashwa Sheble, Mona M Hassouna, Mona A El Shafie and Ghada Hendawy, Doa Zkaria. Significance of Serum and Ascitic Fluid Bacterial DNA in Culture Negative Non-Neutrocytic Ascites] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2): 160-167]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 25

Keywords: Liver cirrhosis,spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP),culture negative non-neutrocytic     ascites(CNNA),serum and ascitic fluid bact DNA in SBP

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Uncovering the Pyramids-Giza Plateau in a Search for Archaeological Relics-

By Utilizing Ground Penetrating Radar

Abbas M. Abbas ¹, Fathy  Shaaban ^1&2,  El-said A. El-Sayed ¹ and Tarek Abdel Hafez ¹

^1.National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, 11421 Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.

^2.Physics dept., Faulty  of science, King Khaled Univ., Saudi Arabia.

Shaaban_F@hotmail.com

Abstract: The Pyramids-Giza plateau still has a universe of unrevealed secrets. The eons passed since the building of the Pyramids, makes this area unique. These huge structures reflect the passion and the discipline of the old Egyptians. The size and effort involved, makes one question: Is that all? Is there still more hidden and unrevealed?  The answers to these questions can be easily achieved using scientific approaches. One of the most powerful techniques available nowadays is the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) geophysical technique. GPR is a fast, cheap and non-destructive inspecting technology. The strength of this technique is its capability to delineate clearly any anomalous feature (wall, pipe, cave etc) within the subsurface soil. So, the implementation of this technique for archaeological inspection is significant and timely.  In the present work, the GPR technique has been applied to selected areas over the Pyramids plateau. As most of the previous work done in this area was so shallow, the present work has been planned  using a multi-frequency antenna with a chosen frequency of 16 MHz and 100 MHz. This frequencies allows for greater depth penetration and therefore, the possibility of locating any possible deeper targets. The following interpretations of the collected GPR profiles show  some interesting features which are probably a location for  archaeological relics in three  areas: close to the southern side of the first Pyramid (Khufu), around the causeway of the second Pyramid (Khafre) and  the location of the sun boat  south of the third pyramid . Some other features of less mass have been delineated close to the eastern side of the second Pyramid and close to the entrance door to the northern side of the Sphinx.

[Abbas M. Abbas, Fathy  Shaaban,  El-said A. El-Sayed and Tarek Abdel Hafez. Uncovering the Pyramids-Giza Plateau in a Search for Archaeological Relics By Utilizing Ground Penetrating Radar. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):168 -174].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 26

Key words:  Pyramids, Archaeological prospection, GPR

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Study of the Effect of Irradiation on Structural and Electrical Properties of (Bi2Te3) Thin Films

Fatmah Salem Bahabri and Shoroog Wasel Al-raddadi

Physics Department, Science Faculty for Girls, King AbdulAziz University- KSA

f_s_bahabri@hotmail.com

Abstract:  The object of this paper was devoted to study the crystal structure of Bismuth Telluride thin films. The X-ray diffraction patterns of powder Bi₂Te₃ showed polycrystalline structure of Hexagonal phase with lattice constants of: a = 4.45 Å  ,  c = 30.47 Å. The X-ray diffraction patterns on Bi₂Te₃ thin films shows that the crystal structure of Hexagonal system and they have prefer orientation (015) and (006). The annealing effect shows an increase in the degree of crystallinity.  The effect of gamma irradiation on  Bi₂Te₃ thin film was studied at doses of 50,200,500 kGy. The X-ray diffraction patterns of Bi₂Te₃ thin films shows that the degree of crystallization increases as the doses increase. The electrical transport  properties such as electrical resistivity ρ was studied for films of different thickness as deposited and annealed samples.

[Fatmah Salem Bahabri and Shoroog Wasel Al-raddadi Study of the Effect of Irradiation on Structural and Electrical Properties of (Bi2Te3) Thin Films] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):175-179]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 27

Keywords: Bismuth Telluride, irradiation, gamma rays, electrical transport properties, energy gap

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Histological and Ultrastructural Changes in Gills of Tilapia Fish from Wadi Hanifah Stream, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

¹’² Jehan M.Sorour and ³Dalal Al Harbey
 

¹ Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science for Girls, Umm Al-Qura University, Mekkah, KSA

² Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Moharam Bey, Alexandria 2151, Egypt

³ Princess Nora Bint Abdul Rahman University, Riyadh, KSA

jehansorour@hotmail.com

Abstract: Tilapia fish Oreochromis sp. were collected from polluted and unpolluted areas of   Wadi Hanifah stream in Riyadh to study the histopathological and ultrastructural effects of pollution on fish gills. Light microscopic observations showed several pathological changes of fish gills collected from polluted area including disorganization of the secondary lamellae structure as well as cellular hyperplasia. The tips of the secondary lamellae exhibited abnormal malformations and partial fusion of some of them. Epithelial lifting of the respiratory lamellae accompanied by edema and lamellar aneurism were also observed. On the other hand, electron microscopic observations revealed accurate alterations in the polluted fish gills. Distinct degeneration, necrosis of pillar cells and damage of the capillary walls of the secondary gill lamellae have been noted. There was also congestion of blood spaces by erythrocytes with presence of different leucocytes and the pavement cells appeared irregular with a considerable loss of microridges. The Chloride cells appeared with dilated vesicles and damaged mitochondria while the mucous cells were completely filled with electron – dense vacuoles. The present study indicates that histopathological and ultrastructural alterations are good biomarkers for field assessment in areas that are subject to a multiplicity of environmental variations.

[Jehan M.Sorour and Dalal Al Harbey Histological and Ultrastructural Changes in Gills of Tilapia Fish from Wadi Hanifah Stream, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):180-186]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 28

Keywords: Environmental pollution, Tilapia fish, gills, histopathology, ultrastructure

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The Comparison of Critical Thinking, Hard effort, Advancement  Motive and Creativity of  Male and Female Students of Islamic Azad University  Andimeshk Unit

Alireza Heidari ¹, Habib Hadian fard ², Samira SeyedAsiaban³, Amin Zamiri⁴, Sara Saeedi⁵

1-       Instructor of psychology, Assistant professor, Department of psychology,Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran

2- InstAssistant professor, Department of psychology, shiraz university, Iran

3- M.A in Psychology, Ahwaz Branch,Islamic Azad university, Iran

Corresponding Author: Samira.seyedasiaban@gmail.com

4- M.A in clinical Psychology shiraz university, Iran

5- M.A in Psychology, Ahwaz Branch, Islamic Azad university,Iran

Abstract: Purpose of present research was the comparison of critical thinking, hardiness, advancement motivation and creativity in male and female students of Islamic Azad University Andimeshk Unit. Mass of under study sample was 354 individuals (188 girls & 166 boys student of university) that were selected classically & rondomically. For collecting data, four questionnaire were of thinking skills test of California (B form) (cctst), hardiness questionnaire, Advancement Motive questionnaire of Hermanz  and Abbedy creativity questionnaire was used. This research was from kind fox pos facto and multivariable variance analysis (MANOVA) was used for statistical analysis of data. Results of this research analysis  showed that there was a significant difference between critical thinking ski, hardiness in the level of (p<0.01) and creativity in the level of (p<0.05) in male and female students, but there wasn't a significant difference by viewpoint of advancement motive at the level of(P<0/05) between  male and female students.

[Alireza Heidari, Habib Hadian fard, Samira SeyedAsiaban, Amin Zamiri, Sara Saeedi. The Comparison of Critical Thinking, Hard effort, Advancement  Motive and Creativity of  Male and Female Students of Islamic Azad University  Andimeshk Unit. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):187-193]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 29

Key terms: Critical Thinking, hard effort, advancement Motive and Creativity

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Relation of some demographic factors with marital commitment, sexual satisfaction and life satisfaction in women.

Ail Reza Hedari¹, Parviz Asskary², Maryam Azarkish³

1-       Instructor of psychology, Assistant professor, Department of psychology, Ahwaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran

2-       Instructor of psychology, Assistant professor, Department of psychology, Ahwaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran

3-       M.A in Psychology, Ahwaz Branch, Islamic Azad university, Iran

Corresponding Author: My.m.azarkish@gmail.com

Abstract: Purpose of present research was investigating the relation of some population-cognition and marital commitment with sexual satisfaction and life satisfaction in DEZFUL city married women. Under investigation sample contained 300 women that were selected based on clustering random sampling procedure. Tools of research are marital commitment questionnaire (DCI), sexual satisfaction questionnaire and life satisfaction questionnaire (SWIS). For satisfaction analysis stage-regression procedure was used. Results showed that number of children and age of testable has relation with marital commitment and there is a negative relation between age and time-length of marriage of testable and sexual satisfaction and there is a positive relation between level of education and life satisfaction.

[Ail Reza Hedari¹, Parviz Asskary², Maryam Azarkish. Relation of some demographic factors with marital commitment, sexual satisfaction and life satisfaction in women. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):194-199]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 30

Key words: factors of population cognition, sexual satisfaction and life satisfaction.

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The Influence of Cooperative Learning on Academic Performance

¹Davod Eslamian, ²Kobra Aref & ³Khadijeh Aref

 Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran

davodeslamian@yahoo.com; kobra.aref@yahoo.com; banafsheharef@gmail.com

Abstract: Cooperative learning may be an important component for academic success. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of cooperative learning on academic performance of students in a secondary school in social studies class. Two hypotheses were tested in this study. The data supports both of the hypotheses. The findings revealed that cooperative learning strategy is more effective than other learning strategy. According to the findings, posttest scores were significantly higher than pretest scores and lower achieving students found cooperative learning to be more beneficial than higher achieving students. Based on the findings, cooperative learning strategy should be introduced in our secondary schools in Iran.

[Davod Eslamian, Kobra Aref & Khadijeh Aref. The Influence of Cooperative Learning on Academic Performance. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):200-203]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 31

Keywords: cooperative learning, academic performance, collaboration

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Gap Analysis of Human Resource Situation with EFQM Requirements in Iranian Automotive Industries (Case Study: SAIPA Co.)

Davood Barzegari Valikandi, Mohammad Zare

Logistic department, Saipa Company, Tehran, Iran.

davood_barzegari@yahoo.com, banadkoki@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: Iranian Agents have to compete with strong competitors to present in global market and even to survive in domestic markets; so only the organizations can keep their lives who meet the needs and expectations of their customers and shareholders by developing the human resources. The main objective of this research is to find the strengths and weaknesses of human resources in Iranian auto industries and to assess the existing gap in the situation of the human resources by Organizational Excellence Model. Using such models, the organizations can evaluate their success in implementing their improving programs in different times on one hand, and compare their own performance with other –and best- organizations on the other hand. This study is an applied research in terms of its objectives and it is a descriptive-analytical one in terms of its data gathering. The findings show that the most highlighted weaknesses are customer results, and employees and human resource leadership.

[Davood Barzegari Valikandi, Mohammad Zare. Gap Analysis of Human Resource Situation with EFQM Requirements in Iranian Automotive Industries (Case Study: SAIPA Co.). Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):204-208]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 32

Key Words: Excellence Model, Human Resource, Strengths, Improvement-Needed points

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Conflict Resolution Strategies Used By Nursing Educators: Students’ Perspective

¹Ghada M. Hamouda, ²Eman El-Sayed Taha, ¹Ebtsam Aly Abou Hashish

¹ Nursing Administration Department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt

²Nursing Education Department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt

ebtsam_ss@hotmail.com     eman_said303@yahoo.com

Abstract: Aim: This study aims to determine conflict resolution strategies used by nursing educators from students’ perspective. The study conducted in Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University. 50% of nursing students (n = 435) enrolled in the four academic years of the faculty was selected randomly. Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory–II (ROCI–II) questionnaire used in this study to determine conflict management styles educators use to handle conflict with students. Results: Nursing students perceived that avoiding style of conflict resolution was the highest style used by their nursing educators. While, integrating style was the lowest one.The findings highlighted the importance of providing Appropriate training programs for conflict management and resolution frequently to nursing educators in order to teach them how to deal with student’ conflict more effectively.

[Ghada M. Hamouda, Eman El-Sayed Taha, Ebtsam Aly Abou Hashish. Conflict Resolution Strategies Used By Nursing Educators: Students’ Perspective] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):209-216].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 33

Keywords:  Conflict,   conflict resolution strategies, nursing students, nurse educators

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Emotional Intelligence among Physicians and Nurses in Intensive Care Units in Yrevan’s Hospitals

Nooryan Kh.^a Gasparian Kh^b., Sharif F.^c, Zoladl M.^d

^aPh.D Student, Medical Psychology department, Yerevan State Medical University and faculty member at Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

^bMedical Psychology department, Yerevan State Medical University

^c Professor and faculty member at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences /Email: fsharif@sums.ac.ir

^d Assistant Professor and faculty member at Yasuj University of Medical Sciences/Email: zoladl@yahoo.com

^a Corresponding AUTHOR:  KHEIROLLAH Nooryan e-mail: noorian20@yahoo.com

Abstract: Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions. Some researchers suggest that emotional intelligence can be learned and strengthened, while other claim it is an inborn characteristic. Emotional intelligence, an essential factor responsible for determining success in life and psychological well-being, seems to play an important role in shaping the interaction between individuals and their work environment. It is also necessary physicians and nurses learn how to view and understand peoples, behavior, attitudes, interpersonal skills and potential.  Individuals who have these characteristics are said to be "emotionally intelligent. To determine specificity of surviving emotional intelligence physicians and nurses who working in intensive care units wards in Yerevan Hospitals. A cross-sectional study and inferential study design was implemented, with 106 registered physicians and nurses in Hospitals Yerevan, who were widely distributed throughout, The study was performing in 2010. At the time of the study 106 nurses and physicians are working in 10 intensive care unit hospitals in Yerevan 4 hospitals were select to participate in this research. The total number of nurses and physicians the permission of study 76 nurses and 30 physicians were aim to recruit into the study. A sample of 106 participants physicians and nurses 11 (10.3%) men and 94 (49.7%)women, the mean age of the participants was 38.75 years and the employment period was 8.2years (SD = 7.34).  Mean scores emotional intelligence in men 38.75 (SD=9.50) and in women 39.70 (SD=10.04) representing various human service professions (physicians, nurses) was eligible for the study. The mean age of the participants was 38.75 years and the employment period was 8.2years (SD = 7.34). Finding showed that mean scores emotional intelligence in all of participants in physicians and nurses approximately the same, but mean scores E.I in nurses were higher that they were comparison with physicians. In conclusion this study showed that Emotional intelligence, an essential factor responsible for determining success in life and psychological wellbeing, seems to play an important role in shaping the interaction between individuals and their work environment.

[Nooryan Kh. Gasparian Kh., Sharif F., Zoladl M. Emotional Intelligence among Physicians and Nurses in Intensive Care Units in Yrevan’s Hospitals. Life Science Journal, 2012; 8(2):217-220] (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 34

Key Words: emotional intelligence, physician, nurses, intensive care unites

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Nutrient Intakes Affecting the Nutritional Status of preschool Children by Nationality Compared with RDA in Jeddah KSA

Thanaa. A. El-kholy^*; Naglaa, H. M. Hassanen, Rasha. M Hassan and Sahar Anter

Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. ^*telkholy@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Background: Dietary pattern established in early childhood significantly influence the probability of having less tendency towards junk food which certainly result in malnutrition whether under/overweight or obesity. Nutrient intakes were compared with Recommended Dietary Allowances RDA (1989) and percent RDAs were computed.  Objective: The main objective of the current study to report nutrient intake among preschool- aged children in some kindergartens in kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in Jeddah and compare as percent of RDA. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on preschool children male (n= 66), female (n=55). Anthropometric data were taken using standard methods, from 121 children Saudi (77.7%) and the remaining was non-Saudi (22.3%). Aged 24 - 72 months with the aid of a questionnaire from Kindergarten children's and preschool child mothers by direct contact or by telephone. Logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the influence of various parameters. Seven 24-hour dietary recalls assessed nutrient intakes, which were compared to the Recommended Dietary Allowances of National Academy of Science's. Results: The mean ages in months of the studied preschool children were 52.2 ± 11.20 months. Diet quality has been shown to be better among children that do meet current recommendations. The average intake of energy was lower than RDA by 35% for preschool children. Energy from carbohydrates was below the recommended values (53.5% of energy was observed vs. 55 % of energy is recommended).  Low intake of calcium (85.6%), iron (72.45%) and potassium (57.45%) as percent of the RDA among children of all age groups observed in this study. Mean intake of vitamins; thiamin, niacin and vitamin D (0.48 ± 0.196, 4.99 ± 2.6503 and 3.92 ± 2.33) for Saudi and, (0.38 ± 0.16, 3.768 ± 2.11 and 2.88 ± 2.41) for non Saudi children respectively. It found that the difference between the two groups was significant at p <0.05. Data was analyzed by SPSS statistical package version 10. Conclusion: These results indicated to the need for improvement in dietary habits among Jeddah children in order to produce a healthful diet and to prevent diet-related diseases in our future adult population. Community and/or school based nutrition education programs are needed to increase children and parents’ awareness of the health risks arising from food intakes deviating importantly from the recommendations. It should be further investigated in more detail how this preschool age group dietary pattern, influences their nutrient intakes in order to check whether the current recommended dietary allowances  represent the most optimal dietary intake for this group of preschool-aged children. At last, research should assess the health risks associated with these unhealthy eating habits of young children, deviating importantly from the age specific recommendations.

[Thanaa. A. El-kholy; Naglaa, H. M. Hassanen, Rasha. M Hassan and Sahar Anter. Nutrient Intakes Affecting the Nutritional Status of preschool Children by Nationality Compared with RDA in Jeddah KSA. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):221-230]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 35

Key words: Nutritional status - Nutrient intakes - Children - Macronutrients, Vitamins – Minerals - The Recommended Dietary Allowances.

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A Study of Nutritional Status of Saudi Pregnant Women Comparing with Non Saudi in King Abdul Aziz University Hospital in Jeddah

Thaana A. El -kholy, Dina Qahwaji, and Sahar A. Antar

Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Science King Abdulaziz University,

Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. telkholy@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Pregnant women have been widely recognized as a vulnerable group from health point of view. They need more food than a normal person for the proper nourishment of the growing fetus. The field of nutrition of the pregnant women, especially in general hospitals, has been sadly. Methods: Against this backdrop, our study was carried out among 104 pregnant women Saudi and non- Saudi (86, 18, respectively) with second and third trimester attends to Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic at (KAUH). The goal of this study was to investigate the nutrient intake of pregnant woman and find factors affecting pregnancy outcomes such as weight gain, gestational age and prevalence of anemia as a compare between Saudi and non - Saudi pregnant women. A pre-tested structured interview schedule was used for the collection of general information. Twenty four hours recall method of diet was applied for the collection of dietary information. Hemoglobin and Hematocrit levels collected from a doctor’s report for observing the anemic condition. Results: It was found that the energy intake was significantly different between Saudi and non-Saudi pregnant women at (p< 0.05). Also for protein, fat, and carbohydrate were significant difference between the two groups at (p<0.05). Regard to the differentiation of vitamin A, niacin and folat intake was highly significant at (p<0.001) between the two groups. However, the difference in vitamin D, riboflavin intake was highly significant at (p<0.01) while for vitamin C and thiamin intake were significant at (p< 0.05) between Saudi and non-Saudi Pregnant women. Pregnant women in their second and third trimester (Saudi and non-Saudi pregnant women) had a low dietary intake for most nutrients especially for nutrient crucial during pregnancy such as iron, folate, calcium, selenium, magnesium, and niacin; the difference between Saudi pregnant and non-Saudi pregnant women were highly significant. It was observed that mean daily dietary intake of iron and folic acid for the anemic pregnant were significantly lower than those of non anemic pregnant women. Also we observed that as trimester increase, the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels increases perhaps because a substantial proportion of pregnant women consumed iron and folic acid tablets or syrups regularly. Conclusion: This study highlights the need to develop programs to improve the dietary intake of non Saudi pregnant women which living in Kingdom Saudi Arabia. It is concluded from the findings of this study that pregnant women need to increase their intake of food rich in iron, folate, niacin, protein and energy. The results suggest that pregnant women need guidance in selecting nutrient dense food. The upraise for nutrition awareness programs among pregnant women is recommended. More emphasis should be given to the cheap, local, commonly consumed food that are nutrient rich so that these women are assisted in making the best use of their economic resources to improve their diet.

[Thaana A. El -kholy, Dina Qahwaji, and Sahar A. AntarA Study of Nutritional Status of Saudi Pregnant Women Comparing with Non Saudi in King Abdul Aziz University Hospital in Jeddah. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):231-240]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 36

 Key words:  Second trimester –Third trimester- Dietary intakes–energy intake - nutritional anemia - Hemoglobin – Hematocrit.

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Heat Transfer Characteristics in a Heat Exchanger for Turbulent Pulsating Water Flow with Different Amplitudes

A. E. Zohir

Mechanical Eng. Dept., Tabbin Institute for Metallurgical Studies, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract: The effect of pulsation on the heat transfer rates, for turbulent water stream with upstream pulsation of different amplitudes, in a double-pipe heat exchanger for both parallel and counter flows, with cold water on the shell side, was investigated. Pulsation frequencies, with using a reciprocating device, ranged up to 260 cycles per minute (up to 4.3 Hz) and 5 different displacement amplitudes were used, (Stroke length of the reciprocating piston was varied from 60 to 185 mm), at different Reynolds numbers 3855-11570. The experimental results indicate that the heat exchanger with a reciprocating piston inserting upstream the flow provides a considerable improvement of the heat transfer rate. The heat transfer coefficient was found to increase with pulsation, with the highest enhancement observed in the transition flow regime. The convective heat transfer coefficient for the turbulent flow was found to increase with pulsation for all pulsation frequencies and amplitudes with the highest enhancement of about 10 times. The maximum enhancement in Nusselt number for the parallel flow was about 8 times while it was about 10 times for the counter one. The improvement in Nusselt number was peaked with the amplitude for both parallel and counter flows.

 [A. E. Zohir, Heat Transfer Characteristics in a Heat Exchanger for Turbulent Pulsating Water Flow with Different Amplitudes. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):241-250]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org..

Keywords: pulsated flow; turbulent pipe flow; heat exchanger

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The Effect of Hatha, Pranayama, and Raja yoga on the Feeling of Fatigue of Women Suffering from Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Nooryan kh¹, Najafi sh^2*, Mohebi Nobandegani Z.³

¹ Department of Psychology and Mental health Nursing, Yasuj university of Medical Sciences

noorian20@yahoo.com, ² Department of Medical & Surgical Nursing, Yasuj university of Medical Sciences. shahlaiss@yahoo.com

,³ Department of Medical & Surgical Nursing, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Mohebbi04@yahoo.com

*Correspond Authors: Shahla Najafi Dolat Abad.

Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most significant diseases that change people's lives and causes many side effects for the patients. Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms reported in those who are suffering from MS. This study aims to investigate the effect of Hatha, Pranayama, and Raja yoga techniques on the feeling of fatigue in women suffering from MS. This research is a clinical trialed study, conducted on 60 MS patients in Kohgilooyeh and Boyrahmad province in 2009. The method for collecting data was a questionnaire including the demographical information of the patients as well as the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Patients were randomly divided into two control and study groups, each having 30 members. The fatigue of both groups was assessed before intermediation. The study group was treated with eight 1-1.5-hour sessions per month, for three months while no intermediation was done on the control group. The patients' fatigue was assessed again 12 weeks after beginning yoga techniques and one month after finishing with the techniques. Patients' fatigue was assessing again and compared with one another. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics tests, paired t-test, independent t-test, and variance analysis with repeated measurement. The average age of the samples was 31.6 ± 8 and the range of age was between 18 and 45. Among the people in the samples, 42 people (70%) were married and 18 people (30%) were single. 44 people (73.3%) had high school education, 16people (26.6%) had university education. The majority of them (63.3%) were housewives. Concerning the effect of yoga techniques on the feeling of fatigue in the patients, the results gained from statistical tests indicated that there was not a significant difference in the amount of fatigue in the control group and the study group before the intervention, while this difference became significant after the intervention (p<0.05).Doing yoga techniques decreases the amount of fatigue in the patients suffering from MS who took part in this study. Therefore, due to their low cost, accessibility, and rapid learning of these techniques, teaching and recommending them to MS infected patients could be effective in regard to improving their situation.

[Nooryan kh, Najafi sh, Mohebi Nobandegani Z. The Effect of Hatha, Pranayama, and Raja yoga on the Feeling of Fatigue of Women Suffering from Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):251-254]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 38

Keywords: Yoga, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), fatigue, quality of life

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The effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Behaviors of Juvenile Delinquents Resident in Correctional Institutions in Alexandria

Faten Fikry¹ ; Manal A. S. Oueda¹; Mervat W. Abo Nazel²; Amina Ahmed¹ and  Rasha Abed El.Hakim¹

                      ¹ Department of Community Health Nursing ,Faculty of Nursing ,University of Alexandria

²Department of  Mental Health, Department of Mental Health, High Institute of Public Health

Abstract: Juvenile delinquency is a social problem that has grown immensely in scope and depth in the past decade on both national and community level. Innovative interventions need to be implemented to help in reduce juvenile delinquency as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) which used to treat behavioral problems or to assist in enhancing existing thinking skills. Therefore the aim of this research was to  identify the effect of CBT on juvenile delinquents' behaviors resident in correctional institutions in Alexandria. The present study was carried out in 2 correctional institutions in Alexandria on 40 juvenile delinquents (20 boys, 20 girls). The data were collected using a structured interview schedule and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) which was used as pre and post test . The results of the present study showed that CBT was very effective in reducing mental and behavioral problems of juvenile delinquents residents in correctional institutions in Alexandria. It was recommended to shift the approach to juvenile offenders from legalistic to preventive and rehabilitative interventions.

 [Faten Fikry; Manal A. S. Oueda; Mervat W. Abo Nazel; Amina Ahmed and  Rasha Abed El.Hakim The effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Behaviors of Juvenile Delinquents Resident in Correctional Institutions in Alexandria. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):255-264].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 39

Keyword:  Cognitive, Behavioral, Therapy, Juvenile Delinquents, Correctional Institutions

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Impact of a Guideline Application on the Prevention of Occupational Overuse Syndrome for Computer Users

Zakia Toama, Amina Ahmed Mohamed and Naglaa Kamel Abdullah Hussein

Community Health Nursing, Department Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

Abstract: Following ergonomic principles helps in reduce work stress and eliminate many potential injuries and disorders. Hence, the aim of the present study is to assess the impact of guideline application on the prevention of Occupational Overuse Syndrome (OOS) for computer users .Quasi experimental study design was adopted to carry out this study. The study was carried out in commercial computer offices in Alexandria; using a convenient sampling method 300 of computer users who are using computer continuously for 6 hours and more per day were selected. Three tools were developed by the researcher for data collection. The findings of the present study reveled hat, 33.7% of the sample had correct knowledge about safe computing practices before guideline this was significantly improved to 85.4% after guideline distribution .  Only 8.7% of computer users were practicing exercises before guideline significantly increased to 73.7% after guideline distribution.  And8% of computer users’ practices was scored as good practices before guideline distribution. Their practices were significantly improved to 36.1% after guideline distribution. The study concluded that the applying of the ergonomic principles guideline led to significant improvement in the computer users  practices regarding safe computing as, the guideline had a positive effect on their knowledge, practices,  workstation adjustment, and healthstatus .The study recommended that the health awareness 'of the community should be raised through '  mass media campaigns regarding the risk factors, signs and symptoms, and ergonomic principles for prevention of occupational overuse syndrome among computer users.

[Zakia Toama, Amina Ahmed Mohamed and Naglaa Kamel Abdullah Hussein Impact of a Guideline Application on the Prevention of Occupational Overuse Syndrome for Computer Users.  Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2): 265-282].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 40

Key words: Guideline, Prevention, Occupational Overuse Syndrome, Computer Users

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Improving Health Education Skills for Nurses Working in MCH Centers in Egypt to Enhance Women Awareness Regarding Family Planning

Fathia A. Mersal⁽¹⁾and Lamiaa Ismail Keshk  ⁽²⁾

1Department of Community Health Nursing Faculty of Nursing, Ain-Shams University

2Department of f Nursing Administration  Faculty of Nursing, Helwan University

keshk_lamiaa@yahoo.com

Abstract: Both availability and quality of family planning services are believed to have contributed to increasing contraceptive use and declining fertility rates in developing countries. Family planning is an integral component of family welfare. It saved the lives of women and children. Women education about family planning is essential to good health. Nurses play a key role in the promotion of women’s reproductive health. Aim :The aim of this study was to improve Health Education Skills for Nurses working in MCH centers to enhance women awareness regarding family planning.Subject and methods A quasi experimental study was used, and conducted in 6 MCH centers in North of Cairo zone. Purposive sample of 29 nurses (total number of nurses 106) and 192 married women were taken. A self-administered questionnaire for nurses were used to assess socio-demographic data and nurse's knowledge related to health education and observational checklist to assess nurses' performance. For women; an interviewing questionnaire was used to assess socio-demographic data and knowledge about family planning. Data were collected at pre-post program. Results :The results showed that at post test, an improvement in nurses' knowledge and nurses' performance regarding health education. Also it illustrated that an improvement in women' knowledge about family planning post intervention with a highly significant difference post intervention program related to women and nurses. Conclusions :Health education program was successful improving health education skills for nurses and family planning knowledge for women.

[Fathia A. Mersal and Lamiaa Ismail Keshk. Improving Health Education Skills for Nurses Working in MCH Centers in Egypt to Enhance Women Awareness Regarding Family Planning. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):283 -290].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.41

Keywords: Health Education, Nurses, Skills, awareness, family planning

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Effect Of Some Yeast And Minerals On The Productive And Reproductive Performance In Ruminants

Mousa, Kh. M.¹; El-Malky*, O. M.¹; Komonna, O.F.¹ and Rashwan,S. E.²

1-Effect of Live Dried Yeast Supplementation on Digestion Coefficients, Some Rumen Fermentation, Blood Constituents and Some Reproductive and Productive Parameters in Rahmani Sheep

¹Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza,  Egypt

²Anim.. Prod. Dept.. Fac. Of  Agric., Ain-Shams Univ., Cairo, Egypt.

dromam@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study was performed to evaluate the influence of dietary supplementation of live dried yeast (Yea-Sacc 1026) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on digestion coefficients, some rumen fermentation, blood constituents and some productive and reproductive parameters in Rahmani sheep. Twenty one Rahmani ewes 2-4 years of age, 47.45±1.75 Kg  average  body weight  and  2-3 parities were selected randomly and divided into three  similar  groups according to their body weight  (7 ewes in each ) with a completely randomized design .The experiment was conducted 60 days  before  lambing  and 60  days  after lambing (suckling period ). Experimental  groups as follows:1-The control group fed the basal ration without any supplementation., 2- The 1^st treated group fed on control ration supplemented with 5g/h/d live dried yeast  (Yea-Sacc 1026) and 3- The 2^nd treated group fed on control ration supplemented with 7.5g/h/d  live dry yeast (Yea-Sacc 1026). The basal ration composed of concentrate feed mixture: roughage ( berseem 2 ^nd cut + rice straw) (60:40%). Digestibility trial was carried out using nine male yearling Rahmani lambs with average weight 31.60 ± 0.72 kg and aged 14 months. Obtained results revealed that the digestibility of  DM, CP and CF was higher with 5 and 7.5g/h/d live dried yeast supplemented groups than control group (P<0.05). Dried yeast supplementation improved nutritive value as total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible crude protein (DCP). Ruminal pH was higher for all groups before morning feeding then decreased at 3hrs-post feeding. Ruminal ammonia-N was lower in DY-supplemented groups than control group (P<0.05). Total VFA followed an opposite pattern (P<0.05). Total VFA had inversely relationship with ruminal pH. Concentrations of blood plasma albumin, glucose, cholesterol and AST and ALT activities were significantly different (P<0.05) during late pregnancy among the three groups. During suckling period blood plasma total protein, glucose, urea and AST concentrations were higher (P<0.05) in supplemented groups than control one. Live dried yeast supplementation had no effect on reproductive parameters. In addition 4% fat corrected milk yield, total solids(%), protein (%),avg. fat yield, avg. protein yield and avg. lactose yield were significantly higher (P<0.05) in  live DY-supplemented groups than control one. Lambs weaning weight and daily gain were higher in live DY-supplemented groups than control group (P<0.05).  In conclusion, supplementation of  live dried yeast ( Yea - Sacc 1026) to diets of  sheep at levels (5 or  7.5 g/h/d) had positive and beneficial effects on enhance digestion and nutritive values, rumen fermentation, blood constituents consequently enhance milk yield  and composition as well as daily weight gain for lambs.

[Mousa, Kh. M.¹; El-Malky*, O. M.¹; Komonna, O.F.¹ and Rashwan,S. E.²   Effect of Live Dried Yeast Supplementation on Digestion Coefficients, Some Rumen Fermentation, Blood Constituents and Some Reproductive and Productive Parameters in Rahmani Sheep. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):291 -303].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 42

Keywords: Dried yeast, Rahmani sheep, digestibility, rumen fermentation .blood constituents and milk composition.

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Simulation of Self-propulsive Phenomenon, Using Lattice Boltzmann Method

M. Beigzadeh-Abbassi

Mechanical Engineering Department, Sirjan University of Technology, Sirjan, Iran

m.r.beigzadeh@gmail.com

Abstract: Many human inventions are inspired by nature, such as fish swimming, bird/insect flight, etc. A basic consideration for the design of swimming machines is the design of propulsors. A creative design of propulsors can be inspired by fish locomotion. The term locomotion means that thrust is generated by undulation of fish body. Thus, there is no need to have an external propulsor. In this study, sub-carangiform motion, which is a well known locomotion and which is practiced by most fish, is simulated numerically using Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). To simulate the geometry of fishlike body, the profile of a flexible NACA 0012 airfoil was used. Note, we deal here with an incompressible unsteady flow. Also, the results show that lattice Boltzmann method, accompany with modified boundary conditions for curved solid boundaries, can accurately simulate the variation of drag coefficient with time. The velocity profiles and vortex structures are shown to be close to other reliable numerical results. The results show vortex pairs in the wake of the oscillating flexible airfoil, which are very similar to Von-Kármán vortices. Also, the results show that lattice Boltzmann method, accompany with modified boundary conditions for curved solid boundaries, can accurately simulate the variation of drag coefficient with time.

 [M. Beigzadeh-Abbassi. Simulation of Self-propulsive Phenomenon, Using Lattice Boltzmann Method. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):304-309]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

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Keywords: Lattice Boltzmann method; Curved Boundary Condition; Bounce-back Boundary Condition; Unsteady Flow

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Indirect Boundary Element Method for Calculation of Compressible Flow past a Joukowski Aerofoil with Constant Element Approach

Muhammad Mushtaq^*  &  Nawazish Ali Shah

Department of Mathematics, University of Engineering & Technology Lahore – 54890, Pakistan

Corresponding Author, e-mail:  mushtaqmalik2004@yahoo.co.uk

Abstract: In this paper, an indirect boundary element method is applied to calculate the compressible flow past a Joukowski aerofoil. The velocity distribution for the flow over the surface of the Joukowski aerofoil has been calculated using constant boundary element approach. To check the accuracy of the method, the computed flow velocity is compared with the exact velocity. It is found that the computed results are in good agreement with the analytical results.

[Muhammad Mushtaq  &  Nawazish Ali Shah. Indirect Boundary Element Method for Calculation of Compressible Flow past a Joukowski Aerofoil with Constant Element Approach. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):310-317]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 44

Keywords: Indirect boundary element method, Compressible flow, Velocity distribution, Joukowski aerofoil, Constant element.

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Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as biofertilizer: Effect on growth of Lycopersicum esculentus

Ibiene AA¹, Agogbua JU², Okonko IO¹ and Nwachi GN¹

¹Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, PMB 5323 Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

ibieneaa@yahoo.com; iheanyi.okonko@uniport.edu.ng

²Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, PMB 5323 Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria; josyokoro@yahoo.com

Abstract: Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are bacteria that colonize plant roots and encourage plant growth by a wide variety of mechanisms such as phosphate solubilization, phytohormone production, antifungal activity, etc. In this present study, effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Lycoperscium esculentus was examined. Azotobacter species, Nitrobacter species, and Nitrosomonas species were isolated and identified using standard methods. In-vitro screening of these PGPR was carried out to test their ability to produce phytohormones (siderophore, phosphate solubilization and indole acetic acid). Seed germination and seedling growth test were also conducted to evaluate the effect of PGPR on the germination of tomato seeds. The growth parameters (plant height, stem width, root length and the internode length of the plant) were monitored at 5 DAP (days after planting) interval from the day of sprouting. The findings of the study showed that the ability to solubilize phosphate was exhibited by Nitrobacter species and Nitrosomonas species while Azotobacter species produce indole acetic acid (IAA) and siderphore. It also showed that the consortium of the three isolates gave the best performance in terms of growth parameters (plant height = 15.8 cm, stem width = 1.0 cm, root length = 10.0 cm and the internode length = 3.8 cm )  than the control (plant height = 11.0 cm, stem width = 0.5 cm, root length =  6.1 cm and the internode length = 2.5 cm ) . Thus, the use of combined biofertilizers is advocated for excellent growth performance of plants.

[Ibiene AA, Agogbua JU, Okonko IO and Nwachi GN. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as biofertilizer: Effect on growth of Lycopersicum esculentus. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):318-324]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 45

Keywords: Azotobacter species, Nitrobacter species, Nitrosomonas species, siderophore, phosphate solubilization, indole acetic acid, DAP, PGPR

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The Moderating Role of Gender on the Relationship between Family Environment and Emotional Intelligence

Fataneh Naghavi¹, Ma’rof Redzuan²

¹School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

²Department of Social and Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra, Malaysia.

 ¹E-mail: ahlo_1359@yahoo.com, ²E-mail: Marof@putra.upm.edu.my

     Abstract: Although a bulk of literature indicates that family environment influence emotional intelligence, the gender of early adolescents as one of the important determinants which buffers this effect received little empirical attention. The current study investigated the moderating role of gender on the relationships between family environment and emotional intelligence among 234 early adolescents (female and male) in grades 2 and 3 of guidance schools of Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using the Emotional Quotient Inventory Youth Version (Bar- on EQ-i; YV, 2000) and the Moos & Moos Family Environment Scale. Results revealed that family environment fostered emotional intelligence in their early adolescents. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated that gender moderated the relationship between family environment and emotional intelligence. Specifically, male respondents had tended to indicate more emotional intelligence than female respondents at higher levels of family environment. These findings underscore the need for continued focus on the role of parenting style when assessing the links between family environment and early adolescent’s emotional intelligence.

 [Fataneh Naghavi, Ma’rof Redzuan. The Moderating Role of Gender on the Relationship between Family Environment and Emotional Intelligence. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):325-330 ].(ISSN:1545-1003) http://www.americanscience.org. 46 

      Key Words: Early Adolescent, Family environment, Emotional intelligence, Emotional Quotient Inventory Youth Version, Gender, Gender moderated, Moderating factor

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Vibration analysis for fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings

Ebrahim Ebrahimi

Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad

University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran. e.ebrahimi57@gmail.com

Abstract: Bearing failure is often attributed to be one of the major causes of breakdown in industrial rotating machines that operate at high and low speeds. In this work we have used some of the modern techniques of vibration analysis included today in some commercial vibration analyzers. For the experimental study, good shape ball bearings and localized defect in the outer race ball bearings, were tested under different levels of fault severity and various load and speed conditions. Normal spectral analysis, demodulation, PeakVue and real zoom analysis were the techniques used for the analysis.

[Ebrahim Ebrahimi . Vibration analysis for fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings. .Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):331-336]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 47

Key Words: Condition Monitoring - Low Speed Machinery - Rolling Element Bearings  - Vibration Measurements

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The Impact of Organizational Justice on Knowledge Sharing Intention

Samad Ranjbar Ardakani

Department of Management, Gachsaran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran, Iran

Maghjour11@gmail.com

Abstract:The current study investigated the relationship between organizational justice and intention to share knowledge in Fars Petrochemical Company (FPC), Iran. Using stratified random sampling method, a sample of 242 employees selected for further analysis. The analysis of the data showed that the perception of organizational justice has a positive impact on intention to share knowledge. The results also indicated that dimensions of organizational justice (distributive justice, informational justice, interpersonal justice and procedural justice) have significant and positive impacts on intention to share knowledge.

[Samad Ranjbar Ardakani. The Impact of Organizational Justice on Knowledge Sharing Intention. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):337-340]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.48

Keywords: Organizational justice, Knowledge, Knowledge Sharing, Climate

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Removal of Acid Dye (AR37) by Adsorption onto Potatoes and Egg Husk: A Comparative Study

Nora M. Hilal^*1, I.A. Ahmed ² and E.E.Badr¹

¹ Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

² Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

aliata1966@yahoo.com

Abstract: Adsorption of Acid Red 37 from aqueous solution on potatoes (POH) and egg (EGH) husk have been studied comparatively. The adsorption process is affected by various parameters such, solution pH (2.01- 9.02), initial concentration of dye (10, 15, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/l), adsorbent dose (0.2 - 1 g/l) and contact time. As initial pH of dye solution increased, the percentage of the removal increased, reached a maximum pH = 5.3±0.5 and the final solution pH after adsorption decreases. Inhibition of the dye sorption onto raw POH and EGH at low acidic and high basic pH ranges may be attributed to the increase of hydroxyl and hydrogen ions leading to formation of aqua complexes that retards the dye sorption. Therefore, it is suggested that the optimum pH for the removal of AR37 is 5.3±0.5. Adsorption isotherms of the studied dye on adsorbent were determined and compared with the Langmiur, Fruendlich and Temkin modles. The adsorption capacity (Q_m) obtained from the Langmiur isotherm plot was 23.53 and 20.85 mg /g for POH and EGH respectively at initial pH= 5.3±0.5, initial concentration of dye 50 mg/l and adsorbent dose 1g/l. Adsorption kinetics were verified by pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models. Results indicated that, two selected adsorbents could be employed as low cost adsorbent for removal of AR37 from aqueous solution. The removal of dye solution by potatoes husk (POH) is found to be more efficiency than egg husk powder (EGH).      

[Nora M. Hilal, I.A. Ahmed  and E.E.Badr Removal of Acid Dye (AR37) by Adsorption onto Potatoes and Egg Husk: A Comparative Study. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):341-348].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.49

Keywords: Acid dye, low cost adsorbent, Potatoes husk, Egg husk powder, Adsorption isotherms, kinetics.

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The effect of degree of saturation and consolidation pressure on monotonic behavior of reinforced earth seawalls

Farzad Daliri ¹, Ali Karami Khaniki ²

^1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada

^2. Department of Coastal Protection, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Center, Tehran, Iran

fdaliri@connect.carleton.ca

Abstract: Reinforced earth structures are usually in contact with water, especially if these structures are designed as waterfront structures such as a riverbank protection structure, an earth dam or a marine wall. In these cases, the effects of saturation must be considered in the design and analysis stages. For reinforced earth seawalls, which are located in a tidal environment and subjected to the dynamic loading of sea waves, the effects of saturation are of particular concern. From the early 1960’s when reinforced earth was introduced by Henri Vidal, much research has been carried out with the aim of estimating the improvement in shear strength of reinforced earth compared to that of unreinforced soil. In these investigations the researchers tried to determine the ultimate shear strength of reinforced earth. This paper aims to examine the behavior of a saturated reinforced sand element (e.g. a reinforced sample in triaxial test) in an undrained fully saturated condition. In addition an analytical approach to The results of this study will be used later to describe the behavior of a fully saturated reinforced earth seawall under the effect of rapid impact loading due to sea wave or ship impact. Initially, triaxial tests were performed on dry and fully saturated reinforced and unreinforced beach sand. The results of saturated reinforced and unreinforced samples were compared with those of dry samples. In this comparison, different features such as the stress-strain relationship, failure mode and strength parameters  and c were considered.

[Farzad Daliri, Ali Karami Khaniki. The effect of degree of saturation and consolidation pressure on monotonic behavior of reinforced earth seawalls. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):349-356]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 50

Keywords: Earth seawalls, Reinforced soil, Triaxial test

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51

Reading Body Posture:The Action Mechanism to Achieve Lively Urban Public Spaces The Lived Experience on Alexandria Corniche

Doaa Kamal El-din Kamel Hassan

Architecture Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University. dooohatem@yahoo.com

Abstract:Urban open spaces help to improve air and water quality, improve public health, afford recreation and respite, in addition to enhancing cities’ economy and vitality. In urban open spaces, planning and designing of physical facilities that include sitting, food, retailing and toilets have a great impact on the workability and appeal of such spaces. Refuge symbols, or more clearly benches and other sitting and resting elements, are the most vital aspects that encourage people to use urban open spaces. The issue of how to design and locate refuge symbols is inherent in focusing on people, understanding their posture and positioning. Therefore, this paper aims at interpreting body posture and positioning in relation to demographic variety; consequently, it suggests quality criteria for sitting elements in order to create lively urban spaces.

[Reading Body Posture: The Action Mechanism to Achieve Lively Urban Public Spaces the Lived Experience on Alexandria Corniche] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):357-365]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.51

Key Words: Urban Public Spaces- Social Interaction- Body Posture- Preferences in Open Spaces- Prospect and

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52

Women' perspectives regarding the quality of postpartum nursing care in Ain Shams Maternity Hospital–Cairo, Egypt

Hoda Abed El-Azim Mohamed^1,4, Nahed El Ngger ^2,4 and Sahar Mansour Lamadah^3,4

¹Obstetric and Gynecological Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, El Minia University, El Minia, Egypt

²Pediatric Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

³Obstetric and Gynecological Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

⁴ Nursing Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Umm Al Qura University

hodaazim@yahoo.com; dr.saharlamadah@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Health services provided to mothers during post partum period constitute an essential component of the package of maternal and child health services in any population. A woman's body undergoes several changes after delivery. This includes: the shrinking of the uterus, shedding of the uterine lining, closing of the cervix, returning of the vagina to it normal size, etc. Mothers are also prone to psychological changes during the postpartum period. The newborn baby also undergoes changes in general appearance, reflexes and weight. For most mothers (particularly first time mothers), these changes can be a source of considerable concern and may contribute to a number of adverse health conditions. For these reasons, postpartum care services are of utmost importance in preventing adverse health outcomes for mothers and their newborn babies. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify women's perspectives regarding the quality of postpartum nursing care in Ain Shams Maternity Hospital – Cairo, Egypt. Subjects and Methods: The study was conducted at the post partum ward at Ain Shams Maternity Hospital – Cairo, Egypt. A simple random sample of one hundred and four postpartum women and their neonates were recruited for this study according to the inclusion criteria. An Interviewing Assessment Sheet was designed by the researcher to collect data. Results: On asking the mothers about their opinions regarding the quality of received postpartum nursing care, more than three quarters of the mothers (87.5%, 82.7%) and (83.7%) were not satisfied as they received very brief information, they did not participate in decision about care of their baby & themselves, and lack of advices respectively, in addition, (73.1%) of them didn't prepared for discharge. Also more than two thirds of the mothers (69.2%) said that there were no opportunities to ask questions while (63.5%) mentioned that the nurse didn't listen to their complains. Conclusion: The study concluded that special attention should be focused on quality post partum health examinations and advices related to both mothers and their neonates. Post partum women still required and needed guidance, more support and assistance with baby care and her personal care.

[Hoda Abed El-Azim Mohamed, Nahed El Ngger and Sahar Mansour Lamadah Women' perspectives regarding the quality of postpartum nursing care in Ain Shams Maternity Hospital–Cairo, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):366 -377]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 52

Key Words: Women' perspectives; quality of post partum nursing care.

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Pre-retirement Education Program for Faculty of Nursing Employees in El-Minia University

Soheir Bader El-din¹, Gehan R. Mohamed² and Manal H. Abo El Maged³

¹Community Health, Cairo University, ²Geriatric Nursing, El-Minia University ³Psychiatric Nursing, El-Minia University, Egypt. Gehan.Hefnawy@yahoo.com

Abstract: Today, there is rising interest in retirement preparation programs that integrate personal, lifestyle and financial factors. A new model of retirement readiness takes a total balanced approach for planning that covers networking & engagement, overall health and wealth. The retirement well-being basic dimensions are Bio-Medical, Geo-financial, and Psychosocial dimension. This study aimed to assess, plan, & implement a pre-retirement education program, and evaluate its impact on employees' knowledge, skills and coping mechanisms for healthy, happy and financial confidence retirement.  Methodology: It is a quasi experimental study design, the studied sample included all permanent employees (n= 55) of Faculty of Nursing in El-Minia University. A pilot study was done on 10 employees. The remaining (n= 45) were categories randomly into six groups. The study-strategy included pre-test, and one month follow-up post-test. This study was conducted  around one and half year and the data were collected through; (1) an interviewing  questionnaire sheet which covered, Socio-demographic characteristics, employees' health, and financial readiness for retirement.(2) "Retirement Readiness Test for Cops" scale. (3) An observational Check list for practices of Psycho-physical health promotion.  Result: results denoted that the socio-demographic characteristics of employees, more than half (57.8%) were between 35 to less than 50 years old, and (60%) from them were male. Also, more than half (55.6%) graduated from secondary school and (77.8%) works as administrators while the rest of them (22.2%) are workers.  More than one third (37.8%) doing periodic examinations and laboratory investigations after the program. There are significant differences between pre-test and follow-up test, in doing regular exercise and in saving money on a regular basis (P ≤ 0.05). There are highly significant differences in performance of psycho-physical health promotion procedures (P = 0.00), except in Kegel exercise (P ˃ 0.05). There are significant differences in employees' cops for satisfactory retirement in between pretest and follow-up test (P ≤ 0.05).  There are significant differences also, in relation between employee's age and their cops for satisfactory retirement (P ≤ 0.05) in follow-up post test, while there aren't significant differences in relation between cops and employee's level of education (P ˃ 0.05). Conclusion: All employees have poor knowledge, and skills for health, happy and financial confidence retirement before the program, while significance improvement was detected after the program. Also the employee's actions were slightly improved, so they need additional pre-retirement education and counseling/guidance, the study suggests the increasing nursing role in health education programs.         

[Soheir Bader El-din, Gehan R. Mohamed and Manal H. Abo El Maged. Pre-retirement Education Program for Faculty of Nursing Employees in El-Minia University. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):378-385]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 53

Key words: Retirement Planning-Readiness-Health promotion-Financial confidence.

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Collection and Examination of Significant Clue-  Blood from the Crime Scene

¹Sahib Singh Chandna, ²Parveen Chandna, ³Surjeet Kumar, ⁴Ravi Soni and ⁵Neha Passi

^1,3,5Forensic Science Laboratory (Serology division), Madhuban, Karnal-132001, Haryana (India)

²MBBS Intern, Government Hospital, Karnal-132001, Haryana (India)

⁴Research fellow, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana (India)

Abstract: Studies have been conducted on collection of blood samples from the crime scene. It has been critically observed that collection of blood stained soil has not been found to be very much useful but soaking blood in cotton wool swab /cotton  thread  and cotton gauze pieces have given better result during serological analysis of these blood stained exhibits, if these samples were found to be air dried before packing. Removing of semi clotted blood from the crime scene has been found to be hazardous associated with non significant non relevant result of serological nature. Scratching of dried blood from the crime scene has also been found to be far- far  better  with regards to determination of blood origin was concerned but better output was achieved  by soaking the blood into cotton wool swabs moistened with normal physiological saline duly drying them at room temperature and their proper packing in porous containers. Sanguivorous arthropods breakdown the blood for digestion and edaphic factor with mortal remains of these creatures yield non-reliability of result during analysis.

[Sahib Singh Chandna, Parveen Chandna, Surjeet Kumar, Ravi Soni and Neha Passi. Collection and Examination of Significant Clue- Blood from the Crime Scene. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):386-391]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.54

Keywords: Hemoglobin, Gauze piece, Cotton wool swab, Mitochondria, Chlorophyll, Microscope, Viscosity, Luminal.

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Comparison of Freshwater and Wastewater Medium for Microalgae Growth and Oil Production

Zlatan Zuka, Brian McConnell, Ihab Farag

Chemical Engineering Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824-3591, USA. ihab.farag@unh.edu

Abstract: Biodiesel, a renewable energy source, has the potential to satisfy our energy needs. It is made from the transesterification of oils and alcohol. Oils from soybean and rapeseed food-crops are common feedstock used to produce biodiesel in the US and Europe, respectively. Microalgae oil is an alternative non-food feedstock for biodiesel. Algae can generate 15 times more oil per acre than other plants which reduces the land footprint. Algae can potentially grow in nutrient-containing wastewater effluents. This is important because of the growing worldwide scarcity of fresh water. This research aimed to evaluate the viability of algae growth in wastewater. The main objective is to compare microalgae growth and oil production in fresh water versus municipal wastewater and the use of less expensive urea to supply nitrogen nutrient instead of KNO3. Experiments included bench-top to pilot size photobioreactors, various water and nitrogen sources for algae growth, and various oil extraction techniques, and solvents. The results showed that urea is a cost effective source of nitrogen for algae growth and that wastewater is a viable option for growing lipid-rich microalgae with an average algae production rate in wastewater is 0.08 g/liter-day and an average lipids yield is 1.07 g /100 g of dry algae grown in wastewater.

[Zlatan Zuka, Brian McConnell, Ihab Farag. Comparison of Freshwater and Wastewater Medium for Microalgae Growth and Oil Production. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):392-398]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 55

Keywords: Biodiesel; Microalgae; Wastewater; Nitrogen nutrient; Lipid yield

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The Effect of Cognitive Reconstruction Training on Sexual Problems of couples

Mahshid Sasanpour ¹, Gayane Shahverdyan ²

^1. Department of Psychology, PhD student Psychology Yerevan State University, Armenia Email: m_sasan49@yahoo.com mobile: 00374 (55861631)

^2. Head of department of Social Psychology in Yerevan State University, Armenia

Abstract: Incorrect beliefs and inaccurate actions as stressor factor can affection entire marital relationship. Insufficient or incorrect information, adverse thoughts and beliefs about sexual matters and anxiety are some of popular sexual problem .Remedy of these problems can help couples to reach ideal intercourse. The aim of research is to determine the effect of cognitive – behavioral training on sexual problems of couples in Isfahan.In this research experimental methods with preparing pretest and posttest with control group were used. The samples of this research were 40 couples (80 men and women) that were selected randomly from the research community and were classified in two groups of test and control. Evaluation tool of Questionnaire was sexual problems and Cognitive Reconstruction training. Before starting training both groups answered the questionnaire of sexual problems and then experimental group was trained for 10 sessions, each session 2 hours, and at the end of this term, again the questionnaire was completed by both groups. And by using T-test and analysis of data variance, were analyzed. Data showed that Cognitive Reconstruction trainings can reduce sexual problems of couples. And doing these trainings has helped raising quality of marital life of experimental group. Concerning the improvement of behavior and correct attitude to sexual affairs, there is necessity of public training in this respect. Having correct information and necessary trainings help continuance and satisfaction of marital life.

[Mahshid Sasanpour, Gayane Shahverdyan. The Effect of Cognitive Reconstruction Training on Sexual Problems of couples. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):399-403]. (ISSN: 1545-1003, http://www.americanscience.org/journals). 56

Key words: Sexual problems – Sexual Satisfaction- Cognitive Reconstruction – couples

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Surveying the influence of teaching active patterns (innovative and memorizing) on students studying progress, KohkiloyevaBoyerahmad province, 2010

Yousef  Rasoli, Seyed Ali Moosavinoor, Hassan Bigonah

Corresponding author: University of Izadpanah, Yasoj, Iran

E-mail: scientificgroup@mail.ru

Abstract: purpose of this research is, surveying the influence of teaching active patterns (innovative and memorizing) on students studying progress. Research method was experimental and was done by pre-test and post-test pattern with control group .by using cluster random sampling method, three classes were  selected among different regions as samples. Control and experiment are divided according to simple random method, after four month holding classes by using memorizing and innovative methods for experimental groups  analyzing data with T-test, results shows that there was significance difference between pre-test and post-test in two groups. It means that memorizing method and innovative method are effective in students studying progress .with using T-test, Control group it was identified that there wasn’t any statistical significance difference between pre-test and post-test group. But between control group and experiment groups, there was statistical significance difference. It means that active memorizing and innovative methods were more influential in studying progress rather than traditional method.

[Yousef  Rasoli. Surveying the influence of teaching active patterns (innovative and memorizing) on students studying progress, KohkiloyevaBoyerahmad province, 2010. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):404-412]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 57

Keywords: teaching active patterns, innovation, and memorizing, studying progress.

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Study of the “Unculi” of Pseudocheneis sulcatus (McClelland) (Sisoridae) fish of Kumaun Himalaya.

S.C. Joshi ¹, Ila Bisht ² and S.K. Agarwal ²

¹ Department of Zoology, Surjmal Agarwal Private Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Kumaun University, Nainital, India.

²Department of Zoology, S.S.J. Campus, Almora Kumaun University, Nainital – 263 601, India.

Joshi.drsuresh301@gmail.com sureshjoshi2007@yahoo.com

Abstract: Different type of unculi  in the  general body epidermis, snout epidermis,  lip epidermis, adhesive apparatus epidermis and paired fin epidermis of Pseudocheneis sulcatus (McClelland) (Sisoridae) have been characterized by using scanning electron microscopy techniques in an attempt to understand their functional significance in relation to friction. The epidermis is differentiated into rough and smooth P. sulcatus. The rough epidermis consists of the epithelial cells. The smooth epidermis in addition to these cells type also possesses mucous cells. The surface of rough epidermis and smooth epidermis of P. sulcatus are keratinized in nature, in the rough epidermis, the epithelial cell surfaces are modifying into epidermal growth the unculi. The present investigation shows that, P. sulcatus GBE, snout and lips are non-papilliated with uncular surface and the adhesive apparatus and fin epidermis are papilliated.

[S.C. Joshi, Ila Bisht and S.K. Agarwal. Study of the “Unculi” of Pseudocheneis sulcatus (McClelland) (Sisoridae) fish of Kumaun Himalaya. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):413-418]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 58

Key word:  Epidermal unculi, Kumaun Himalaya, Hill-stream fish, P. sulcatus and SEM.

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Reengineering the hospitals and Staff Working Conditions Emphasizing Nurses

Samad Ranjbar Ardakani

Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, IRAN. Journali2012@gmail.com

Abstract: The world health care sector, as the industrialized organizations, has undergone dramatic restructuring and downsizing during the past decades, which incurred serious changes of conditions in which nurses deliver healthcare. As human resources management strategies seemed to have had a positive effect on the similar problems beard by other industries, it appears that the public healthcare sector as failed to endeavor in the same way and is still struggling to design and implement effective schemes. This issue is becoming more and more urgent. Indeed, as governments focus on improving quality and cost effectiveness of patient care, the public healthcare sector has fallen into a vicious circle caused by: "overall workforce shortage, increasingly high and complex workloads, difficult working conditions, a feeling of continuous change and a feeling that the profession is less valued."(Review

Body 1999; NHS, 1999, DoH, 1998b; 1999).  This paper will resume the major impacts restructuring brought out on nurses working conditions, and thus on quality of care. We will then look at the solutions to take up in order to maintain and improve quality of service.

[Samad Ranjbar Ardakani, Reengineering the hospitals and Staff Working Conditions Emphasizing Nurses. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):419-422]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 59

Keywords: reengineering, restructuring, health care, hospital, nurses

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Adoption and Economics of New Rice for Africa (NERICA) Among Rice Farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria.

V.E.T. Ojehomon¹, M. O. Adewumi², O.A. Omotesho², K. Ayinde³, A. Diagne⁴

^1.National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, Niger State, Nigeria.

^2.University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.

^3.Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B.4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.

^4. Africa Rice Centre, 01 BP 21031, Cotonu, Benin Republic.

bayoayinde@yahoo.com / kayinde@lautech.edu.ng

Abstract : Using cross sectional data collected from randomly selected three hundred and fifteen (315) rice farmers from twenty one (21) locations in Ekiti State of Nigeria, this study examined the exposure, potential population adoption rate, determinants of adoption and the returns to farmers' labour and management in Economics of New Rice for Africa (NERICA) production. The data were analyzed using descriptive tools, average treatment effect estimation model and farm budget technique. Education, family size, contact with extension agents and residence in a Participatory Varietal Selection (PVS) hosting village activities were found to be significant variables that determined farmers’ exposure to NERICA. The observed sample adoption rate was 40% while the average treatment effect was 71%. Residence in a PVS hosting village was the significant factor determining adoption of NERICA in the study area. NERICA attracted a higher average return per hectare than other varieties. The study suggests that stake holders in Nigeria agriculture need to scale up the activities of PVS as a means of disseminating NERICA to other parts of the country using extension agents. The findings of this study may be applicable to other similar states and countries.

[V.E.T. Ojehomon,  M. O. Adewumi, O.A. Omotesho,  K. Ayinde, A. Diagne. Adoption and Economics of New Rice for Africa (NERICA) Among Rice Farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):423-429]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).  http://www.americanscience.org. 60

Keywords: NERICA; Average Treatment Effect (ATE); exposure; adoption.

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61

Conflict in Afghanistan: Ethnicity and  Religion

Hadi Goudarzi

 Ethnic Studies Report, Vol. XVII, No. 1, January 1999

Abstract: This article surveys the current situation in Afghanistan against the developments of the last decade after the winding down of the Cold War.  The Afghan people have paid a heavy price for their successful resistance to the strategic aims in the region of the former Soviet Union.   The Afghan civil war has not merely grown more complex in time, but has also accumulated all the elements of a deadly mix—ethnicity, sectarianism, religious extremism and external intervention.  Afghanistan has also lost all its vital institutions, the structure of the state and the historical consensus that the country once had.  The rise and success of the Taliban which is dealt with in great detail here has added to the complexity of the Afghan civil war.  While the regional powers such as Iran, Pakistan and some of the Central Asian states share some of the responsibility for the destruction of the Afghan state, the major powers particularly the western countries have not fulfilled their part of the responsibility to the people of Afghanistan in the wake of the end of the Cold War.

[Hadi Goudarzi :Conflict in Afghanistan: Ethnicity and  Religion. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):430-437]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 61

Keywords: Conflict in Afghanistan: Ethnicity and  Religion

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Effect of Pushover Load Pattern on Seismic Responses of

 RC Frame Buildings

Mohammed H. Serror¹, Nayer A. El-Esnawy², and Rania F. Abo-Dagher³

¹ Assistant Professor, Dept. of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt

² Professor, Dept. of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt

³ M.Sc. Graduate, Dept. of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt

mhassanien@cosmos-eng.com

Abstract: Recently, attention has been paid to the performance-based seismic design that requires designing the building for several expected performance levels. This is achievable through a design procedure based on the inelastic responses. In order to estimate the inelastic seismic responses of a building, the pushover analysis is used, for its simplicity compared with the nonlinear time-history analysis. In pushover analysis, however, the first step is to select a particular lateral load pattern, which affects the resulting capacity curve that may over- or under-estimate building seismic capacity. Therefore, the selection of a reasonable lateral load pattern is particularly important in pushover analysis. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of lateral load patterns on the seismic performance of low-to-mid-rise Reinforced Concrete (RC) frame buildings. The RC frame buildings, which consist of 6, 9, and 12 stories, are designed according to Egyptian codes ECP-201 and ECP-203. The lateral load patterns for pushover analysis are selected as uniform, inverted triangle, first mode, IBC (k=2), and weighted-load vector patterns. Pushover analysis has been performed according to FEMA-356 guidelines. The effect of the selected lateral load patterns on the seismic responses of the RC frame buildings is illustrated. In particular, the top drift of the building, the base shear, and the peak inter-story drift are analyzed.

[Mohammed H. Serror, Nayer A. El-Esnawy, and Rania F. Abo-Dagher Effect of Pushover Load Pattern on Seismic Responses of

 RC Frame Buildings] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):438-447]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.62

Keywords: pushover analysis; lateral load pattern; inelastic seismic responses; performance-based design

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Comparative Studies of Rumen pH, Total Protozoa Count, Generic and Species Composition of Ciliates in Camel, Buffalo, Cattle, Sheep and Goat in Egypt

Baraka, T. A

Dept. Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.

drtaherbaraka@yahoo.com

Abstract: Rumen liquor samples were collected from 180 domestic ruminants (30 camels, 35 buffaloes, 48 cattle, 32 sheep and 35 goats) belonging to private farms in Egypt and examined for determination of rumen pH, total protozoa count (TPC), generic and species composition, identification, description and measurement of rumen ciliates dimensions. Rumen pH of camels, buffaloes, cattle, sheep and goats were 6.84±0.08, 6.65±0.34, 6.82±0.12, 6.06±0.05 and 6.25±0.07, respectively; while total protozoa count (×10⁴/ml) were 14.18±17.9, 16.02±3.41, 11.35±2.53, 28.13±4.13 and 13.38±2.26, respectively. The exclusive diverse species of protozoa were 4 in camels, 7 in buffaloes, 10 in cattle, 1in sheep and 1 in goats. The common species presented in all ruminants were Dasytricha ruminatum, Entodinium caudatum f. caudatum, Ent. exiguum, Epidinium caudatum and Epid. Bicaudatum. In camels, buffaloes, cattle, sheep and goats the number of recognized genera was 9, 9, 12, 6 and 7; while the number of species was 25, 22, 38, 14 and 19 respectively. Fifty four recognized ciliates were morphologically described; their dimensions were measured and illustrated in figures. Each breed of ruminants has its own unique ciliates and others which are common; and in each breed the individual animal has its ciliates population type which varies according to the generic and species composition. Obtained results should be considered in diagnostic panel for evaluation of rumen function, detection of rumen ciliates population types; and rumen juice transplantation therapeutic process for digestive disorders in ruminants in Egypt.

Baraka, T. A Comparative Studies of Rumen pH, Total Protozoa Count, Generic and Species Composition of Ciliates in Camel, Buffalo, Cattle, Sheep and Goat in Egypt] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2): 448-462].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.63

Key words: Ruminants, rumen pH, TPC, ciliates.

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Evaluation of Rapid Molecular Identification of Clinically Important Candida Spp Isolated From Immuno-Compromised Patients Using RF-PCR

Ayman A. Allam¹ and Ihab M. Salem²

Microbiology and Immunology and Internal Medicine Departments, Faculty of medicine, Zagazig University. egyayman66@yahoo.com

Abstract: Candida species have become an important cause of nosocomial infection espicially in immunocompromised patients. Current phenotypic identification methods are time consuming so molecular methods were used for rapid identification of candida spp. The aim of this study was to evaluate restriction fragment polymerase chain reaction as a rapid and accurate method for identification of Candida spp isolated from immunocompromised patients. 170 different specimens collected from 120 immuno-compromised patients were subjected to standard fungal methods to isolate Candida spp. All candida isolates were subjected to API AUX to confirm phenotypic identification. DNA was extracted from all candida isolates and subjected to amplification using the ITS1 and ITS4 primer pairs. All amplicons were subjected to digestion directly and individually by the restriction enzyme MspI. The restriction products were checked using agarose gel electrophoresis. 52 (30.6%) out of 170 specimen were positive for Candida spp. The highest percentage of Candida spp were isolated from oral swabs (60%), followed by peritoneal dialysate (34%), urine (24%), sputum (23%) and the lowest percentage was from pus (10%). by the use of API 20 C AUX, the highest percentage of Candida spp isolated was C albicans {23 isolates (44.2%)}, followed by C tropicalis {13(25%)}, then C glabrata {6 (11.5%)}. One (1.9%) of each of C krusei, C stellatoidae, and C kefyr was isolated. C albicans was the most frequently Candidda spp isolated from every specimen type. The intergenic spacer region was successfully amplified from all Candida isolates tested giving amplification product 510-871 bp. In all Candida isolates, Identification by RF PCR shows 86.5% agreement with API.  Identification by RF PCR shows 100 % agreement with API identification in case of C trobicalis, C glabrata, C krusei and C guilliermondi. In case of C albicans, 96% (22 out of 23) agreement of RF PCR is shown in comparison to API. RF-PCR fails to identify isolates of C kefyr, C lusitaniae and C parapslosis to species level. This study concluded that Candida albicans still the most important Candida spp affecting immunocompromised patients and Non candida albicans spp are emerging important pathogens. It also concludes that PCR RFLP using the restriction enzyme MpsI is a good rapid identification method that identifies the most important Candida spp isolated from immunocompromised patients and recommends further studies to develop new methods using different restriction enzymes to increase the range of identified candida spp.

 [Ayman A. Allam and Ihab M. Salem. Evaluation of Rapid Molecular Identification of Clinically Important Candida Spp Isolated From Immuno-Compromised Patients Using RF-PCR. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2): 463-468].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org 64

Key words: Candida spp, RF-PCR, Immuno-compromised patients, Molecular identification, Phenotypic identification)

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Natamycin Antibiotic  Produced  By Streptomyces sp.: Fermentation, Purification And Biological Activities

Houssam M. Atta ¹, Sh. M. Selim. ² and Mona S. Zayed³

^*1. Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. The present address: Biotechnology Department. Faculty of Science and Education- Al-Khurmah, Taif University; KSA.

^2. Unit of Biofertilizers, Dept. of. Microbiology, Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ. The present address: Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science and Education- Al-Khurmah, Taif University; KSA. ^3. Unit of Biofertilizers, Dept. of. Microbiology., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.

houssamatta@yahoo.com and houssamatta@hotmail.com; Tel: 00966506917966

Abstract: This work was carried out for the biosynthesis of antifungal substance that demonstrated inhibitory effects against pathogenic fungi from Streptomyces sp. It is active in vitro against some fungal pathogenic viz: S. cerevisiae ATCC 9763; Candida albicans,  IMRU 3669; Asp. flavus, , IMI 111023 ; Aspergillus niger IMI 31276; Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 16424; Aspergillus flavus IMI 111023; Fusarium oxysporum; Rhizoctonia solani;   Alternaria alternata; Botrytis fabae and Penicillium chrysogenium. The active metabolite was extracted using n-Butanol (1:1, v/v) at pH 7.0. The separation of the active ingredient of the antifungal agent and its purification was performed using both thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography (CC) techniques. The physico-chemical characteristics of the purified antibiotic viz. color, melting point, solubility, elemental analysis (C, H, N, O & S) and spectroscopic characteristics (UV absorbance and IR, Mass & NMR spectra) have been investigated. This analysis indicates a suggested empirical formula of C₃₃H₄₇NO₁₃. The minimum inhibition concentrations "MICs" of the purified antifungal agent were also determined. The purified antifungal agent was suggestive of being belonging to Natamycin "polyene" antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.

[Houssam M. Atta; Sh. M. Selim and Mona S. Zayed. Natamycin Antibiotic  Produced  By Streptomyces sp.: Fermentation, Purification And Biological Activities. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):469-475]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.65

Keywords: Antifungal polyene; Streptomyces sp.; Fermentation and Biological Activities

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Impact of a Designed Nursing Rehabilitation Program on incidence of complication and length of hospital stay After Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction El-Manial University Hospital

Samah Saad Salem¹, Shadia Sharaf¹ , Manal M. Mostafa¹ and Mohammed Abd- Elhaliem Kaddah²

¹Medical- Surgical Nursing Dep.-Faculty of Nursing, Cairo University, Egypt

²Orthopedic surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

Samahss75@hotmail.com

Abstract: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a serious injury often resulting in hospital admission for ACL reconstruction. Rehabilitation is a major factor in the success of such surgery. Rehabilitation nurses are challenged to rehabilitate individuals who have undergone anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction to ensure optimal outcomes. Therefore,  the aim of this study is to design nursing rehabilitation program for patients undergoing ACL reconstruction, to implement the designed program, and to evaluate the impact of the program on incidence of complication and length of hospital stay. To fulfill this aim the following research hypotheses were formulated: H1) - Patients undergoing ACL reconstruction who will be exposed to a designed rehabilitation program will have fewer complications than those who will receive routine nursing care only. H2) - Patients undergoing ACL reconstruction who will be exposed to a designed rehabilitation program will have less hospital stay than patients who will receive the routine nursing care only.  Quasi-experimental design was utilized in this study. A convenience sample of 60 adult male and female patients was randomly divided into two equal and matched groups (control & study). two tools were utilized for data collections; 1) Socio-demographic and biomedical data sheet, 2) Complications monitoring sheet.  The study results revealed significant fewer complication throughout the study periods among the study group as compared with the control group subjects( p= 0.004)  as well shorter length of stay with the following p values(0.01). In conclusion nursing rehabilitation program seemed to have a positive impact on decreasing the number and severity of complication as well as the length of hospital stay for  ACL reconstruction patients. Therefore, replication of this study on a larger probability sample would be of great beneficence to patients and health professionals.

[Samah Saad Salem, Shadia Sharaf , Manal M. Mostafa and Mohammed Abd- Elhaliem Kaddah. Impact of a Designed Nursing Rehabilitation Program on incidence of complication and length of hospital stay After Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction El-Manial University Hospital. Journal of American Science 2012;8(2):476-488]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 66

Keywords: Anterior Cruciate Ligament, rehabilitation program, Patient outcomes.

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Rotavirus and adenovirus in human and animals in Southwest of Saudi Arabia

Abuelyazeed A. Elsheik¹, Walid A. Azab², Abdulrahman M Al-Qurashi³ and Shimaa M.G. Mansour⁴

¹Department of Applied Medical Sciences, Community College, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia. Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.

²Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, Haus 18, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.

³Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia

⁴Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

eaa000@yahoo.com

Abstract: Enteric viruses are important agents threaten both human and animal health. These viruses are usually transmitted via the fecal-oral route and are shed in extremely high numbers in the feces of infected individuals. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of rotavirus and adenovirus infections among humans and animals in Najran region (a province located at the southwest of Saudi Arabia) and to identify the source of infection. A total of 92 and 88 stool samples were collected from children and lambs suffering from diarrhea, respectively.  All stool samples were tested with two antigen detection techniques; (ELISA) and RIDA QUICK Rotavirus/Adenovirus Combi for detection of rotavirus and adenovirus. The positive results were further confirmed by PCR. To identify the source of infection, five potable water samples were tested for both viruses by PCR technique. In children, the results showed that 8 samples were positive for rotavirus (8.69%), while 3 samples were positive for adenovirus (3.26%). In lambs, there were 4 positive samples for rotavirus (4.54%) while the adenovirus could not be detected in any of the samples. The viruses could not be detected in any water sample. This is the first study that shows the presence of enteric viruses in humans and animals in Najran and further investigations are needed to identify the source of infection.

[Abuelyazeed A. Elsheik, Walid A. Azab, Abdulrahman M Al-Qurashi and Shimaa M.G. Mansour Rotavirus and adenovirus in human and animals in Southwest of Saudi Arabia.  Journal of American Science 2012; 8(2):489-493]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 67

Key words: Rotavirus, Adenovirus, ELISA, Saudi Arabia

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Enhancingthe Efficiency of Primary Sedimentation in Wastewater Treatment Plants with the Application of MoringaOliefera Seeds and Quicklime

Ashmawy, M.A¹, Moussa , M.S.¹ , Ghoneim , A.K.¹, and Tammam, A.²

¹Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering – Mataria, Helwan University, Cairo; ²National Water Research Center; mashmawy95@yahoo.com