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The Effects of Processing on the Anti-Nutritional Properties of ‘Oze’ (Bosqueia angolensis) Seeds

Nwosu, J. N.

Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri

P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

ifytina19972003@yahoo.com

Abstract: ‘Oze’ (Bosqueia angolensis) is found in the tropical rain forest and grows in thick humid forest of undisturbed land. It belongs to the family Moracea. Wholesome ‘oze’ (Bosqueia angolensis) seeds were given different treatments, which included blanching, cooking, roasting and malting. The samples obtained from these treatments were analyzed for anti-nutritional properties. The ‘oze’ seeds had up to eleven anti-nutrients with alkaloids (2730 mg/100 g) and Total phenols (2500 mg/100 g) predominating. Except for Total phenols and Trypsin inhibitors (37.3 TIU/100 g) all the other anti-nutrients were found more in the hulls than the edible cotyledons. Also all anti-nutrients except phytates and oxalates were eliminated by malting. [Journal of American Science. 2011;7(1):1-6]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

Key words: anti-nutritional factors, malting, blanching

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Screening of Leguminous Plants for VAM Association and Their Role in Restoration of Degraded Lands

Kiran Bargali

Department of Botany, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand 263002, India

                                                                     Email: kiranbargali@yahoo,co.in                                                                                                                                                                                                 

Abstract: In present study, 50 leguminous plant species were assessed for association of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi. For this, fine roots of these plants were carefully dug out, washed and stained using root clearing methods and observed under microscope. Out of 50 species screened, 5 showed no VAM association, 2 species showed very low level of colonization (> 20%), 17 species showed 20 to 49 % colonization, 24 species showed 50 to 69 % colonization and only 2 species showed very high level of colonization i.e. <70%. Most of the plant showed hyphae with vesicle/arbuscles. However in five species viz. Bahunia retusa, Crotolaria albida, Desmodium elegans, D. heterocarpon and Vicia rigidula only hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi is present. Thus, the legumes with high to very level of VAM colonization can be use in restoration of degraded lands. [Journal of American Science. 2011;7(1):7-11]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

Keywords: Legumes, roots, vesicles, arbuscles, colonization

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Model for Calculating the Concentration of Dissolved Iron Relative to the Final Solution pH and Temperature during Oxalic Acid Leaching of Iron Oxide Ore.

Chukwuka I. Nwoye¹ and Ihuoma E. Mbuka²

¹Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University P.M.B 5025 Awka,

Nigeria

²Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 1526

Owerri, Nigeria.

chikeyn@yahoo.com

Abstract: Model for calculating the concentration of dissolved iron (relative to the final solution pH and temperature) during leaching of iron oxide ore in oxalic acid solution has been derived. The model;

                                                                     %Fe = 1.1849(γ/T)³

was found to calculate the concentration of dissolved iron being dependent on the values of the final leaching solution pH and temperature measured during the leaching process. It was observed that the validity of the model is rooted in the expression (%Fe/N)^1/3 = γ/T where both sides of the expression are approximately equal to 0.2. The maximum deviation of the model-predicted concentration of dissolved iron from the corresponding experimental values was found to be less than 18% which is quite within the acceptable range of deviation limit of experimental results. Concentrations of dissolved iron per unit rise in the solution temperature as obtained from experiment and derived model were evaluated as 0.0011 and 0.0015 %/⁰C respectively, indicating proximate agreement. [Journal of American Science. 2011;7(1):12-18]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

Keywords: Model, Dissolved Iron, Solution pH and Temperature, Oxalic Acid, Iron Oxide Ore

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Cytogenetic effect of Insecticide Telliton and Fungicide Dithane M-45 on Meiotic Cells and Seed Storage Proteins of Vicia faba.

^*Atef A. A. Haiba; Nagwa R. Abd El-Hamid; Elham A. A. Abd El-Hady and Abd El-Rahman M.F. Al-Ansary

Department of Genetics and Cytology, Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. ^{*Atefhaiba@yahoo.com}

Abstract: The genotoxic effects of insecticide Telliton and fungicide Dithane M-45 were examined on meiotic cell divisions and changes in the M2 seed storage protein banding pattern of Vicia faba plants. The percentage of abnormal pollen mother cells, (PMCs) increased as the concentration of both pesticides increased. All concentrations and treatment periods of both pesticides, induced a number of chromosomal aberrations in PMCs as stickiness, bridges, laggards, disturbed, micronuclei and multinucleate. A marked change was observed in the M2 V. faba seed storage protein banding pattern. These changes included alterations in band intensity, relative mobilities, disappearance of some bands and appearance of new other ones. These results showed that Telliton has more mutagenic effects than Dithane M-45. [Journal of American Science. 2011;7(1):19-25]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

Key words: Vicia faba, chromosomal abnormalities, insecticide, fungicide and SDS -PAGE protein

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Studies on the uptake of heavy metals by selected plant species growing on coal mine spoils in sub-tropical regions of India

Bandita Deo¹, Gayatri Nahak², and R.K.Sahu²

1. Regional Plant Resource Center, Nayapalli, Bhubaneswar, Orissa,India

2. Department of Botany, B.J.B (A) College, Bhubaneswar-751014, Orissa, India

sahurajani@yahoo.co.in

Abstract: The accumulation of heavy metals in naturally occurring plants of herbs, shrubs and trees grown on

South Bolanda coal mine overburdens in subtropical region of India were illustrated.. The inter-elemental relationships of different parts of five plant species including herbs, shrubs and trees with the coal mine wastes were studied. From the tree species maximum positive correlation was observed for Cu in stem and leaf of Trema orientalis. The stem and leaf of Haldina cordifolia, Diospyrous melanoxylon and Ixora arborea showed positive correlation for Cr, Fe and Cu respectively.  Among the shrubs in Phyllanthus reticulatus, Cr in stem showed a positive correlation with Cr in leaf. Here among five species of annual herbs, the correlation coefficient for inter elemental variable of whole plant and coal mine spoil for chromium was marked in Catharanthus roseus. From the above investigation it was concluded that stabilization of coal mine spoils  could be achieved successfully by the plantation of suitable plant species available in native area. [Journal of American Science. 2011;7(1):26-34]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

Key words: Coalmine spoils, Heavy metal, Inter-elemental relationship, Overburden Positive correlation

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Credit and money market of the bank of the central Africa States (BEAC)

Ndjedanem Demtade Nadingar¹, Chen Shuwang yang ¹

China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)

388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, P.R. China Postcode: 430074. alafi2004@yahoo.fr

Abstract: In a context of world economic crisis, our article on the credit and money market aim to emphasize the influence of the bank of the States of Africa on the saving in each one of its members in general and on Chad in particular through the service of credit and money market. [Journal of American Science. 2011;7(1):35-39]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

Key words:  BEAC, Credit, Money Market, Interbank market, obligatory reserves

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Women’s Empowerment for Rural Development

Fatemeh Allahdadi

Dept. of Organizational and Industrial Psychology,

Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch

faaref@yahoo.com

Abstract: The main objective of this study provides a strategy for women’s empowerment for rural development. Empowerment can enable women to participate, as equal citizens, in the economic, political and social sustainable development of the rural communities. The findings outlined in this paper suggest that, designed and implemented in ways that meet rural women’s diverse needs, community participation processes that can be important to facilitating social, technological, political and psychological empowerment in terms of rural development. The findings of this investigation can assist rural developers in the implementation of community development strategies based on women’s empowerment.

[Fatemeh Allahdadi. Women’s Empowerment for Rural Development. Journal of American Science 2010;7(1):40-42]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: women’s empowerment, rural development, local development

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Inhibitory effects of two indigenous plant extracts (Zingiber officinale and Ocimum gratissimum) on post harvest yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) rot, in vitro.       

Ijato James Yeni

Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, University of Ado Ekiti, P.M.B 5363, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

E-mail: jamesyeni@yahoo.com; GSM: 08067335124

Abstract: Cold water and ethanol extracts of two fungicidal plants (Zingiber officinale and Ocimum gratissimum) were screened for their in vitro effects on rot fungi of yam using 60 and 80% aqueous extract and 20 and 30% ethanol extract of each concentration. The two concentrations of aqueous and ethanol extracts were found to have inhibitory effects on all the rot fungi isolated from yam, 80% aqueous extract of Zingiber officinale inhibited  Fusarium  oxysporum to 66.70%, 80%  aqueous extract of Ocimum. gratissimum inhibited Botrydioploidia theobromae to 60.00% also73.33% inhibition of Aspergillus flavus was recorded using 30% ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale, the same concentration of Ocimum gratissimum inhibited Aspergillus niger to 70.00%. Both aqueous and ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale and Ocimum gratissimum had potential inhibitory effect on all the rot fungi.

[Ijato James Yeni. Inhibitory effects of two indigenous plant extracts (Zingiber officinale and Ocimum gratissimum) on post harvest yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) rot, in vitro. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):43‐47]. (ISSN: 1545‐1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key word – In vitro, Zingiber officinale, Ocimum gratissimum, rot fungi, yam

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Testicular maturation and reproductive cycle in mudskipper, Periophthalmus papilio (Bloch and Schneider 1801) from Lagos lagoon, Nigeria

LAWSON, Emmanuel O.

 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Ojo.

P.O. Box 001, LASU Post Office Box, Lagos, Nigeria

ollulawson@yahoo.com

Abstract: A study was carried out on mudskipper, Periophthalmus papilio from Lagos lagoon, Nigeria to determine its testicular maturation and reproductive cycle. P. papilio is a commercial valued fish in Nigeria as food for man and baits in capture fisheries, making its population in Lagos lagoon to be threatened. Therefore, conservation of its fishery from overfishing and exploitation is urgently required. A total of 796 male individuals were captured with non return valve traps between July 2004 and July 2006 from mangrove swamps of Lagos lagoon. They measured between 37 and 180 (104.83±25.57) mm TL and weighed 1.5 – 60.9 (18.60±10.65) g BW respectively. The testes were morphologically examined by naked eye and processed by standard histological techniques. ICES, BITS and IBTS scales and Bucholtz manuals were employed in the classifications of its maturity and gonadal stages. Seven reproductive stages were encountered in the study viz. immature, immature and developing, ripening, ripe, ripe running, spent and recovering-spent. The reproductive cycle included pre-spawning, spawning and post-spawning phases. The testicular maturation and reproductive cycle in mudskipper, P. papilio though with modifications were similar to what obtained in other teleosts. The GSI values ranged between 0.01 and 0.48 (0.132±0.165) i.e. less than 0.48% of the body weight was converted to development of testes. GSI values were at different peaks in July (0.23±0.016) and September (0.30±0.13%) 2004; May (0.198±0.004) and October (0.097±0.009%) 2005; and January (0.865±0.12), April (0.122±0.009) and July (0.145±0.016%) 2006 indicating the species as a multiple and synchronous spawner in Lagos lagoon. The study therefore provides the basic life history information on P. papilio through an objective approach in the assignment of maturity stage, using histological technique and macroscopic evaluations of the testes.

[LAWSON, Emmanuel O. Testicular maturation and reproductive cycle in mudskipper, Periophthalmus papilio (Bloch and Schneider 1801) from Lagos lagoon, Nigeria. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):48-59]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Key words: Gonadosomatic index, spawning, spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoon, mudflat

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Application of an Artificial Neural Network Model to Rivers Water Quality Indexes Prediction – A Case Study

Hossein Banejad ¹, Ehsan Olyaie ¹

 ^1. Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University of Hamedan, Iran

Hossein_banejad@yahoo.com

Abstract: Taxonomic Recent trends in the management of water supply have increased the need for modeling techniques that can provide reliable, efficient, and accurate representation of the nonlinear dynamics of water quality within water distribution systems. Since artificial neural networks have been widely applied to the nonlinear transfer function approximation, in this study we present an empirical multi layer perceptron neural network to estimate water quality indexes (BOD, Do) in Morad Big River in the western part of Iran. In this paper, the information and data including 10 monthly parameters of water quality in the Hamedan Morad Big River in duration of one year and six stations were used for modeling biological oxygen demanded (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) as indices affecting water quality. To validate the performance of the trained ANN, it was applied to an unseen data set from a station in the region. Performance of the model was evaluated by statistical criteria includes correlation coefficient (r), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). In the optimum structure of neural network correlation coefficient for BOD and DO are 0.986 and 0.969, also root mean square error are 8.42 and 0.84 respectively. The results show the identified ANN’s great potential to simulate water quality variables.

[Hossein Banejad, Ehsan Olyaie. Application of an Artificial Neural Network Model to Rivers Water Quality Indexes Prediction – A Case Study. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):60-65]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Artificial Neural Networks; Predicting; Water Quality Index; BOD; DO

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Favorable Content of Sustainable Agriculture Extension Programs In Khouzestan Province of Iran

Ahmad Reza Ommani

 Department of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University Shoushtar Branch

ommani75451@yahoo.com

Abstract: The purpose of research was identify favorable content of sustainable agriculture extension programs in Khouzestan province of Iran. A sample of 79 respondents was selected through simple random sampling technique. A survey study was applied as a methodology of research work. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that addressed to evaluate agricultural extension experts’ responses regarding the necessity of attention on each extension system content to accomplish sustainable agriculture in Khouzestan province of Iran. For determining the validity of questionnaire, the face and content validity was used. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure reliability of the instrument, which was 0.80 and showed the instrument reliability. Descriptive findings revealed that “Food security”, “Integrated management”, “Biological control practices”, “Quality of crops” and “Conservation practices” were the first contents for extension system toward sustainability, respectively. According to factor analysis, the contents of extension system for supporting of sustainable agriculture were categorized into three main components, which have been named Natural conservation, Human health and Economic contents. The obtained results from the factor analysis revealed that the three mentioned factors explained 75.231% of the variation of extension content for supporting of sustainable agriculture in agriculture.

[Ahmad Reza Ommani. Favorable Content of Sustainable Agriculture Extension Programs In Khouzestan Province of Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):66-70]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Content of extension; Agricultural Sustainability

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[Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):71-79]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 9

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GC/MS Determination of Bioactive Components of Murraya koenigii

¹Hema R., ²S. Kumaravel and ³K. Alagusundaram

 ¹Senior Research Fellow, Department of Food Quality and Testing, IICPT

²Scientist, Department of Food Quality and Testing, IICPT

³Director, Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology (IICPT), Thanjavur, TamilNadu, India

e-mail: hema.scientist@gmail.com

Abstract: In this study, the bioactive components of Murraya koenigii leaves have been evaluated using GC/MS. The chemical compositions of the ethanol extract of Murraya koenigii were investigated using Perkin-Elmer Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. GC/MS analysis of ethanol extract of Murraya koenigii revealed the existence of 1-Methyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (69.00%), Ethyl à-d-glucopyranoside (13.36%), Isolongifolene, 4,5-dehydro- (3.68%), ç-HIMACHALENE (2.88%), 1,2-Ethanediol, monoacetate (2.79%) 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester (2.55%). The results of this study offer a platform of using Murraya koenigii as herbal alternative for the current synthetic antimicrobial agents.

[Hema R., S. Kumaravel and K. Alagusundaram. GC/MS Determination of Bioactive Components of Murraya koenigii. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):80-83]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Key words: Murraya koenigii, GC/MS, Bioactive components

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Stainless steel implantation-induced changes in surface characteristics, corrosion resistance and hemato-biochemical parameters of male rat

Sahar A.Fadl-allah^{1, 3 *}, Q. Mohsen¹ and Nahla S. El-Shenawy^{2, 4}

¹Materials and Corrosion Lab (MCL), Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, K.S.A

²Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, K.S.A

³Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

⁴Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

saharfadalla@hotmail.com

Abstract: In this study the physiological solution effect on corrosion resistance and surface characteristics of stainless steel has been studied in vitro by electrochemical measurements and microstructure characterization of the surface. All studies were carried out using phosphate buffer saline (PBS) as a simulated physiological solution. Potentiodynamic polarization results indicated a considerable shift of pitting potential of the specimen in the noble direction after14 days of immersion in PBS. As evidenced by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the effect of long immersion of stainless steel in physiological solution on the passive film stability was proved. The surface structure and composition before and after immersion in PBS were then characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with electron diffraction X-ray analysis (EDX) techniques. The electrochemical measurements and fitting parameters showed that the passive film formed on stainless steel decreased the corrosion currents densities (I_corr) and the constant phase elements (CPE), as simultaneously increased the values of polarization or charge transfer resistance (R_ct) of stainless steel in simulated physiological solution. The physiological and histological effects of pitting corrosion of stainless steel metal were studied after 14 days of post-implantation in the tibiae of Sprague-Dawley male rats. The stainless steel implantation caused a slightly increased in blood haemoglobin, total erythrocytes count and packed cell volume, and significantly decreased total leukocyte count. All the hepatic enzymes activities of a separate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly decreased. The activity of glutathione S-transferase and the level of lipid peroxidation were significantly increased while hepatic glutathione was significantly decreased. The toxicity of stainless steel in implanted rat could be related to the biodegradation of the alloy and releasing of Fe, Mn, Ni and Cr in the rat tissue as indicated by the in vitro study. The bone regeneration was observed at the surface near the stainless steels implants after two weeks of implantation.

[Sahar A.Fadl-allah, Q. Mohsen and Nahla S. El-Shenawy. Stainless steel implantation-induced changes in surface characteristics, corrosion resistance and hemato-biochemical parameters of male rat. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):84-91]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Impedance spectra; Pitting corrosion; Scanning electron microscope (SEM); Electron diffraction X-ray (EDX) analysis; Lipid peroxidation; Glutathione; Toxicity; Bone repair

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A Review of the Problems Faced by AIOU Regional Centers in Pakistan

Tariq Mehmood ¹                               Zahoor ur Rehman                               Tariq Jamil

Preston University             Al-Khawarizmi Institute of Computer Science    Sultan Qaboos University

Islamabad, Pakistan            University of Engineering & Technology           Oman.

tariq_619219@yahoo.com          Lahore, Pakistan.                                            tjamil@squ.edu.om

        xahoor@uet.edu.pk

Abstract: The objective of the study was to investigate the problems faced by the regional centers of Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) Pakistan. For the purpose of collection of data, a questionnaire was developed and the data collected through the questionnaire were tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted. Major findings of the study reveal that the major problems faced by AIOU regional centers staff are the limited frequency of capacity building workshops, shortage of transport facility, and the absence of purpose-built infrastructures for the regional centers. Overcoming these deficiencies at the regional centers will result in better working environment at these centers and hence yield to overall better performance.

[Tariq Mehmood, Zahoor ur Rehman, Tariq Jamil. A Review of the Problems Faced by AIOU Regional Centers in Pakistan. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):92-99]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Allama Iqbal Open University, distance education, regional centers, problems

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Comparison between Outer Membrane Protein Profile of Fluoroquinolones Sensitive and Resistant P. aeruginosa Isolated from Egyptian Patients

Eman Shams-Eldin ^*1, Salah Abdalla ², Alaa El-Dein Mahmoud Shawki ³ and Abeer Galal-Eldin ⁴

 Ministry of Health, Egypt ¹, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt²,  Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt ³, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt ⁴

^*eshamseldin@yahoo.com  

Abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen that infects immunocompromised hosts and is characterized by its natural resistance to a variety of antimicrobial agents. The purpose of this study was the assessment of the fluoroquinolones resistance level among P. aeruginosa clinical isolates, furthermore to compare between the outer membrane protein profile of fluoroquinolones susceptible and resistant isolates of P. aeruginosa using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) technique. Sixty five (43%) were identified as P. aeruginosa by conventional culture techniques. MIC of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and levofloxacin against pseudomonal isolates were determined by twofold agar dilution technique. Only about 39%, 40% and 42% of these isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and norfloxacin, respectively.  Profile of outer membrane protein fraction of the fluoroquinolones resistant isolates showed an additional band with an approximate molecular weight of 50-54 kDa. In conclusion, overproduction of outer membrane protein of approximate molecular weight 50-54 kDa in P. aeruginosa was associated with fluoroquinolones resistance.

[Eman Shams-Eldin, Salah Abdalla, Alaa El-Dein Mahmoud Shawki and Abeer Galal-Eldin. Comparison between Outer Membrane Protein Profile of Fluoroquinolones Sensitive and Resistant P. aeruginosa Isolated from Egyptian Patients. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):100-104]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa- fluoroquinolones- outer membrane protein- SDSــPAGE

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In-vivo and in-vitro Prediction of the Efficiency of Nano-Synthesized Material in Removal of Lead Nitrate Toxicity

Eman I. Abdel-Gawad^*1 and Sameh A. Awwad²

 ¹Radioisotopes Department, Atomic Energy Authority, ²Egyptian Army Forces, Egypt

dr.eman_57@hotmail.com^*

Abstract: Due to large grain sizes, the biological properties of the conventional hydroxyapatite (HAp) is limited to a great extent. Progresses in nanotechnological approaches now allow the fabrication of nano-HAp. In this study, firstly, the characters of nano-hydroxyapatite gel was described and the interaction performance of the formed gel with lead nitrate Pb(NO₃)₂ in vitro was identified. Then, the biological efficiency of nano-HAp gel against Pb(NO₃)₂ toxicity in vivo was introduced. A polymeric matrix route was selected to synthesis nano- composite hydroxyapatite gel. The formed gel characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM. Various volumes of the produced nano-HAp gel (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 μl) was adding to 4 ml of ECS solution. The clear supernatant was separated and analyzed by ICP-MS. The results showed a successful removal   of lead ions by formed gel. A single dose of intravenous nano-hydroxyapatite at a level of 150 and 300 mg/kg b.w. was injected to male rats following intraperitoneal 93mg/kg b.w. (LD₅₀) of lead nitrate Pb(NO₃)₂. The results revealed that nano- HAp composite had the ability to alleviate lead nitrate toxicity, to a great extent, in serum antioxidant status, liver and kidney function as well as corticosterone and calcium levels but phosphorus value was not affected among the all treated groups. However, most successful results were attributed to the treatment with high dose of formed nano-HAp particularly after 48 h more than the treatment with low dose. Histopathological observations confirmed the biochemical results, since nano-HAp into rats evident the recovery of lead nitrate cytotoxicity in liver and kidney cells.

[Eman I. Abdel-Gawad^*1 and Sameh A. Awwad. In-vivo and in-vitro Prediction of the Efficiency of Nano-Synthesized Material in Removal of Lead Nitrate Toxicity. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):105-119]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Nano-HAp, lead nitrate, antioxidant status, liver enzymes, kidney functions , corticosterone

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Silver nitrate staining improves visual analysis of daily otolith increments

 Trika L. Gerard¹ (corresponding Author), and Estrella Malca²

 ¹NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL 33149, USA, 305-361-4493, 305-365-4103 (Fax). Trika.Gerard@noaa.gov

²Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA, 305-361-4295, 305-361-4103 (Fax). Emalca@rsmas.miami.edu

Abstract: Sagittal otoliths in juvenile to sub-adult (62mm-150mm standard length) gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) were analyzed using a modified staining method.  Daily growth increments from transversely sectioned otoliths were stained using silver nitrate and fixed using sodium thiosulfate. Stained otoliths showed a noticeable improvement in the resolution of daily increments compared to those not stained. This procedure lends to the enhanced visualization of daily rings and has the potential to be a timely, yet efficient, technique for age and growth analysis of calcium carbonate structures.

[Trika L. Gerard, Estrella Malca. Silver nitrate staining improves visual analysis of daily otolith increments.  Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):120-124]. http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: silver nitrate, staining, otolith, daily increment, von Kossa

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Arsenic Toxicity in the Irrigation Water-Soil-Plant System: A Significant Environmental Problem

Hossein Banejad ¹, Ehsan Olyaie ¹

¹ Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

Hossein_banejad@yahoo.com

Abstract: Environmental pollution is a major global concern. When sources of water pollution are enumerated, agriculture is, with increasing frequency, listed as a major contributor. One of the major factors determining uptake and toxicity to plants is the form of arsenic (As). Naturally occurring arsenic in groundwater of sedimentary aquifer has emerged as a global problem, and issue of major environmental concern. It is released and contaminated in agricultural soil by natural weathering, industrial production and mining. However, the same water resources are used extensively for irrigation purposes throughout the region. The two most important forms, As (V) and As (III), are taken up by completely different mechanisms. Uptake, accumulation and toxicity vary within and between plant species. In general, more As in the soil leads to higher concentrations in plants, but this depends on many factors. It is recommended to initiate an integrated program to quantify the scale of the problem in combination with the development of a water-soil-plant quality monitoring system for land degradation in agro-ecosystems. This should not only include As, but a range of physical, chemical (nutrients and contaminants) and biological parameters. Further, management options to prevent and mitigate As contamination need to be explored.

[Hossein Banejad, Ehsan Olyaie. Arsenic Toxicity in the Irrigation Water-Plant Environment: A Significant Environmental Problem. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):125-131]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Arsenic, Toxicity, Irrigation, Water-Soil-Plant System, Environment

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Improvement of Oxidation Stability of Mineral Oil using Jojoba Oil

Elham A. Eissa^*, Renee I. Abdallah and Afaf R. Taman

Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt

el_awadi@yahoo.com

Abstract:  The production of insulating mineral oil from naphthenic fraction (b.r. 300-420^oC) was carried out by furfural solvent extraction. The refined oil and its binary mixtures with jojoba oil at different concentrations 20, 50, and 80 vol % have been employed as synthetic insulating oil in a wide variety of electrical equipment. The physico-chemical properties of the refined oil as well as the electrical properties of the mixtures were determined. The oxidation stability of original oil, refined mineral oil and its binary mixtures with jojoba oil with different concentrations was studied. The stability of oxidation by adding different concentrations of 2,6,-di-tertiarybutyl phenol inhibitor to binary mixture containing 20 vol % jojoba oil was studied. It is found that the maximum stability is obtained by adding 2 wt % of inhibitor.

[Elham A. Eissa, Renee I. Abdallah and Afaf R. Taman. Improvement of Oxidation Stability of Mineral Oil using Jojoba Oil. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):132-137]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

 Key Words: Mineral oils, Oxidation stability, Jojoba oil, Inhibitor, Electrical properties

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Mapping water quality of Burullus Lagoon using remote sensing and geographic information system

Mohamed E. Hereher; Mahmoud I. Salem and Dina H. Darwish

Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science at Damietta, Mansoura

University, Egypt. dina_200777@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study aims to utilize remote sensing and a geographic information system (GIS) for mapping surface conditions of the Burullus Lagoon, Egypt as a proxy to water pollution. Spatial distribution of suspended matter, nitrogen, phosphorous, chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, salinity, depth, lead, copper, cadmium, clay, and sediment organic carbon has been applied. A Landsat image from the Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) sensor acquired in June 2006 was processed based on a band by band as well as band rationing. Cartographic maps were generated depending on the correlation between the measured parameters and the radiance values of the ETM+ image. Parameters not correlated with the satellite image data have been processed through spatial analysis and interpolation technique using GIS. Results showed that the eastern and southern sections of the lagoon, which receive drainage wastewater, are more polluted than the northern and western sections of the lagoon. The study confirms that remote sensing coupled with GIS could afford an integrated scheme for mapping water quality.

[Mohamed E. Hereher; Mahmoud I. Salem and Dina H. Darwish. Mapping water quality of Burullus Lagoon using remote sensing and geographic information system. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):138-143]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

Keywords: Mapping; water quality; Burullus Lagoon; geographic information system

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Path Analysis of Direct and Indirect Effect of Statistical literacy on Applying Proper Statistical Test (Case Study of agricultural extension and education graduated students)

Sahar Dehyouri ¹, Iraj Malek Mohammadi ², Seyed Mahmood Hosseini ² , Seyed Mehdi Mirdamadi¹

 1.        Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Science and Research  branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, dehyouri.s@gmail.com

2.        Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Karaj campus, Tehran University, Karaj, Iran

Abstract: Research methods, statistical analysis and domination on subject are essential for a rich dissertation and thesis to be developed. The main goal of this study was to obtain the perception of the agricultural extension and education graduated students about their statistical literacy, reasoning and thinking according to standard tests and to trace thematic evolution (content analysis) of dissertations and thesis done by the same graduated students according to sequential statistics analysis approach (SSAA). To this end, the study analyzed 315 thesis and dissertation to understand, how and to what extent, proper and mix statistical methods are applied to achieve realistic outcomes. In the other hand, 115 questionnaires were fulfilled, containing statistical standard tests about statistical literacy, reasoning, thinking, attitude, content knowledge and principal component of statistics learning. According to the path analysis results, the statistical attitude (total effect=0.80) had the most effect (direct and indirect effect) on applying statistical methods.

[Sahar Dehyouri, Iraj Malek Mohammadi, Seyed Mahmood Hosseini, Seyed Mehdi Mirdamadi. Path Analysis of Direct and Indirect Effect of Statistical literacy on Applying Proper Statistical Test (Case Study of agricultural extension and education graduated students). Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):144-153]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

 Keywords: statistical literacy, statistical reasoning, statistical thinking, sequential statistical analysis approach

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Study of the nutritional value of Persian Gulf squid (Sepia Arabica)

Forough papan, Ashraf Jazayeri, Hussein Motamedi, Soghra mahmoudi asl

Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, IRAN

Corresponding Arthur: jazayeriashraf@yahoo.com

Abstract: Cephalopodan are a group of mollusks that have substantial geographical distribution. Squid have largest fisheries value between Cephalopoda In the world. In the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea are also squid. Due to good taste and friendly meat market, exports this species has three million dollars Currency returns in year1386. Fish meat there are the unique characteristics, including high protein content, unsaturated fatty acids (EPA, DHA), vitamins and minerals thus Fish consumption in the diet is essential. Marine biologists have extracted the new combination of some aquatic that has significant effects in prevent and treat certain illnesses. Information about the Persian Gulf is very limited in this study the nutritional value of squid was investigated. Results showed that this species, with17 percent protein and 8.9 percent fat, having high nutritional value. To protect these stocks should pay more attention to it.

[Forough papan, Ashraf Jazayeri, Hussein Motamedi, Soghra mahmoudi asl. Study of the nutritional value of Persian Gulf squid (Sepia Arabica). Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):154-157]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

Keywords: squid, Persian Gulf, nutritional value, sepia Arabica

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Effect of Some Chemical Compounds on Sedimentation Rate of Different Yeast Strains

 Laila M. Abdelaty, Wedad E. Eweda, E. M. Ramadan and A. J. Al-Waraquiy.

Department of Agric. Microbiology, Fac. Agri Ain Shams University , Shubra El-Khima,Cairo , Egypt.

rfr2000@live.com

Abstract: Heavy metal pollution represents an increasing problem in industrialized as well as developing countries. Yeast cells are capable to accumulate these pollutant from different environments. In this investigation, eight baker’s yeast strains were collected from different Egyptian markets. The source of these yeast strains were Misr Yeast, Alinson, Vahine professional, Fermipan, Hollandia Saf–instant, H.u.G  and Pakamaya. These strains were grown on basal medium or in molasses medium to determine their efficiency in the bioaccumulation of some metals. The sedimentation measurement was carried out at different salt solutions and different times intervals. The results clearly indicated that SnCl2 followed in descending order by Pb (CH3CooH)2 and AgNO3 were the most effective compounds in increasing the rate of sedimentation of all the tested yeast strains. In contrast; the lowest Figures were recorded with KH2PO4 ,FeCl3 , NiSO4,Co(NO3)2,CaSO4,MgSO4 , Zn SO4, Al2(So)4 and Co CL 2. Other minerals showed a moderate sedimentation capability. It can be stated that yeast cells have a considerable capability to uptake Zinc and iron from the growing medium whereas, manganese showed moderate capability. The lowest values were observed in2the case of copper and lead. Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be used as a bioremediation agent for removing heavy metals from the surrounding environment due to its high uptake capacity, taking in consideration that it must be economically competitive with existing technologies.

[Laila M. Abdelaty, Wedad E. Eweda, E. M. Ramadan and A. J. Al-Waraquiy. Effect of Some Chemical Compounds on Sedimentation Rate of Different Yeast Strains. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):158-162]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

 Keywords: Effect; Chemical Compound; Sedimentation Rate; Yeast Strain

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Evaluate Area for Very Large Integrated Digital Systems Based on Bandwidth Variation

Afshin Shaabany ¹, Fatemeh Jamshidi ¹

 ¹ Islamic Azad University, Fars Science and Research Branch, Shiraz, Iran

afshinshy@yahoo.com, Fjamshidi59@yahoo. com

Abstract: In this paper, Network on Chip is used as an alternate approach for very large integrated digital systems (System on chip) that is based on bus communications and IP interconnections. This approach has solved some problems like scalability that buses encounter them. One of the basic steps in this approach is correct simulation of NoC implementation; moreover, simulation design operability and perform ability require its synthesizability. Designing and implementation of NoC communication are presented in this work. Finally, bandwidth variation effect on area requirements is evaluated, and area requirements changing due to these alternations will be discussed and explained.

[Afshin Shaabany, Fatemeh Jamshidi. Evaluate Area for Very Large Integrated Digital Systems Based on Bandwidth Variation. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):163-169]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

Keywords: Network on Chip, IP interconnection, bandwidth variation effect, scalability, perform ability

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Changing of Self-Care Behavior by Practicing 12-Step Program among Codependents in Iran

Zahra Ajri ¹, Shatar Sabran* ¹

 ^1. Department of Community Development, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

z.ajri@yahoo.com; * shatar@putra.upm.edu.my

Abstract: Promoting positive sense of self and taking care of self among people are important factors in order to achieve health promotion in every community.  As self-forgetting is special character among codependents, so this study aims to find differences of self-care behavior by comparing families of addicts/alcoholics who practice the "12-step program" and who do not. In other words, this study investigates whether "12-step program" can empower families of addicts/alcoholic to change their self-care style or not. Theory of empowerment is the key theory to conduct this study. The findings of this study indicate that “12-step program” is effectiveness program to enable codependents to having positive self-image. In other words, independent samples t-test reveals that codependents who practice the "12-step program" take care of themselves more than another group who did not practice this program.

[Zahra Ajri, Shatar Sabran. Changing of Self-Care Behavior by Practicing 12-Step Program among Codependents in Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):170-173]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

 Keywords: 12-Step program; Addiction; Al-Anon & Nar-Anon; Codependency; Families of Addict; Self-care

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Role of Atherina Species in Transmitting some Bacterial Diseases to Human

Mohamed E. M. Mohamed, Maysa A.I. Awadallah^*, Magda A. Amin, and Rasha M. M. Abou-Elez

Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

maysavet@hotmmail.com^*

Abstract: A total of 530 samples (300 from fresh water marine Atherina), 130 samples from water used for  preparation of Atherina fish for selling, and 100 hand swabs from their handlers) were collected from randomly selected markets from 3-localities in Sharkia governorate, Egypt. All samples were examined for the presence of Staphylococcus species and Enterobacteriaceae. Moreover, the effectiveness of freezing, salting, and commercial vinegar (5% acetic acid) treatment on the survivability of Staphylococcus spp. and Enterobacteriaceae in Atherina fish was also evaluated. Results revealed S. aureus were detected in 65.7% of the surface swabs and 35.7% of muscle samples of fresh water Atherina fish. The prevalence of S. aureus in the surface swabs and muscle samples of marine Atherina fish were 62.2% and 25.6%, respectively. Enterobacteriaceae isolated from surface swabs of Atherina fish were; E. coli (5.33%), Kl. Oxytoca (7%), Kl. pneumoniae (5.7%) Ent. cloacae (5%), P. vulgaris (9%), P. mirabilis (6.3%), Sh. sonnei (1.7%), Cit. freundii (5%), Cit. koseri (6%), Pantoea agglomerans (38.3%), Hafnia alvei (1.7%), M. morganii (2.3%), and unidentified spp. (8.7%). The percentages of isolation of the previous species from muscle samples of Atherina fish were 0.7, 2.3, 1.3, 1.7, 5, 3.7, 0.7, 1.7, 2.7, 24.7, 1.3, 1.3, and 3.7, respectively. The prevalence of S. aureus was 53.1% in water samples used for preparation of fish for selling. Enterobacteriaceae isolated from water samples were E. coli (6.15%), P. mirabilis (7.7%), P. vulgaris (11.5%), Ent. Cloacae (7.7%), Cit. freundii (6.15%), Cit. koseri (6.9%), Kl. pneumoniae (7.7%), Kl. oxytoca (9.2%), Pantoea agglomerans (30.7%), Hafnia alvei (2.3%), M. morganii (3.1%), Sh. sonnei (1.5%), and unidentified species (3.8%).  S. aureus was isolated from 73 hand swabs. Enterobacteriaceae isolated from hand swabs were E. coli (5%), P. vulgaris (8%), P. mirabilis (5%), Kl. Pneumonia (6%), Kl. Oxytoca (7%), Ent. Cloacae (6%), Cit. freundii (4%), Cit. koseri (5%), Pantoea agglomerans (36%) and unidentified species (18%). Ten representative biochemically identified E. coli isolates (4 from Atherina fish, 3 from water used for preparation of fish for selling, and 3 from hand swabs of fish handlers) were identified as O₁₂₈ (2-strains), O₁₁₄ (strain), and O₁₃₆ (strain) from Atherina fish, O₂₆ (strain), O₁₁₁ (strain) and untyped strain from hand swabs of fish handlers. However, all isolates from water samples were O₁₂₈. The survivability experiment revealed that all muscle samples were negative for all bacteria species growth from the 1^st week of freezing. After 1^st week from freezing, all Enterobacteriaceae were continued to isolate (1:4 each) from the surface swabs of the 4 examined samples. On the other hand, S. aureus was continued to isolate at a rate of 4:4 . All Enterobacteriaceae except P. mirabilis (each with 1:4), S. aureus (4:4), Coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp. (1:4) were continued to isolate after the 2^nd week from freezing. The isolated species after the 3^rd week of freezing were Kl. oxytoca, Pantoea agglomerans, and un-identified species (1:4 each), and S. aureus (4:4). Pantoea agglomerans, un-identified species and S. aureus were continued to isolate after 4^th week. The un-identified species (1:4) and S. aureus (4:4) were continued to isolate until the week 13 from freezing. Kl. oxytoca, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis (1:4, each) were isolated from surface swabs of fresh water Atherina fish salted in NaCl solution (25%). Moreover, Pantoea agglomerans and S. aureus were isolated with ratios of (2:4) and (4:4) of the same samples, respectively. On the other hand, the bacterial spp isolated from the muscle samples of fish salted at NaCl 25% were Kl. oxytoca, Pantoea agglomerans (1:4, each). All samples salted in 50% and 75% NaCl solution were negative for the presence of Enterobacteriaceae from the 1^st week and for the whole period of the experiment. E. coli was continued to isolate until the 6^th hours of treatment but stop to grow after 7 hours from vinegar treatment. S. aureus was negative in all treated samples from the 1^st hour of treatment.

[Mohamed E. M. Mohamed, Maysa A.I. Awadallah, Magda A. Amin, and Rasha M. M. Abou-Elez. Role of Atherina Species in Transmitting some Bacterial Diseases to Human. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):174-185]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org

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Quality of Life of School Age Thalassemic Children at Zagazig City

Amal M El Dakhakhny^*1, Mervat A Hesham², Samah E Mohamed³, Fawzia N Mohammad⁴

 Pediatric Nursing Dewpt., Faculty of Nursing¹, Faculty of Medicine², Pediatric Nursing Dept.³, Pediatric Nursing Dept^{. 4}- Zagazig University ,  Zagazig , Egypt

dr_amal2001@yahoo.com^*

Abstract: Background: The assessment of quality of life in children, especially in those with chronic illness such as Thalassaemia, is particularly important. It differs from other forms of medical assessment in that it focuses on the individuals’ own views of their well-being and other aspects of life, giving a more holistic view of well-being. The aim of the present study was to: assess the quality of life of school-age children with Thalassemia at Zagazig City. Subjects And Methods: A descriptive study was conducted on a sample of 100 school-age thalassemic children at out-patient Hematology clinic at Zagazig University Hospitals in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Two tools were used to collect the necessary data. The first was a structured interview questionnaire sheet including socio-demographic data of children and their parents as well as medical history. The second tool was a standardized tool (the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory ^TM Version 4.0). Results: The results of the present study revealed that the quality of life of school-age children with Thalassemia Major was affected. There was a significant association between the total quality of life and compliance with blood transfusion in both child and parent report. In addition, there was a significant association between the total quality of life and regular iron chelation therapy. Concluosion: Thalassaemia has a negative impact on perceived physical, emotional, social and school functioning in thalassaemia patients. Recommendations: Suitable programs aiming to increase children's adherence to the treatment regimen should be provided to increase psychosocial support.

[Amal M El Dakhakhny, Mervat A Hesham, Samah E Mohamed, Fawzia N Mohammad. Quality of Life of School Age Thalassemic Children at Zagazig City. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):186-197]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

 Key words: Quality of life, thalassemia major, school-age

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Probiotic Bacteria Potentially Inhibit Fumonisin B₁ Production in Vitro and in Vivo

Soheir  Ahmed Al-Masri¹, Soha.M.S.El- Safty², Somaia A. Nada†³ and Hassan A. Amra⁴

 ¹Collage  of  Food  Scines & Agriculture, King  Saud University, Riyadh , Saudi Arabia , ²Nutrition & food sciences, Home Economics Dept, Faculty of Education ,Suez Canal University, Ismailia. ³Pharmacology Dept. and ⁴Food Toxicology and Contaminant Dept. National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

somaianada@yahoo.com

Abstract: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of probiotic bacteria: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LC705) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S.cerevisiae) to inhibit Fusarium moniliform (F. moniliform) growth in vitro and to eliminate fumonisin B₁ from body of mature rat in vivo. S.cerevisiae, LGG and LC 705 potentially inhibited F. moniliform growth and fumonisin B1 production in YES liquid media. The biologically active microorganisms (S.cerevisiae, LGG & LC705) had no toxic effects in rats when orally administered single doses of S.cerevisiae (10¹¹ CFU ml^-1) and LGG & LC705 (10⁹ CFU ml^-1). Moreover, daily treatments for 15 days with the three microorganisms in saline concomitant with FB1 in corn oil (5 mg/ml FB1), produced by F. moniliform, exhibited significant reduction in serum ALT, AST, GGT, creatinine, and BUN compared with the positive control group (F. moniliform). Blood glutathione (GSH) level significantly increased (P< 0.05) in groups treated with single-treatment of S.cerevisiae, LGG & LC705 or with fumonisin B₁ containing media. However, fumonisin B₁ - treatment severely depleted GSH level than other treatments. The best results found in S.cerevisiae > LGG > LC705 -YES media containing fumonisin B₁. The tested microorganisms are safely to use as food additives or preservative due to their antioxidant activity. Our study needs further continuation in this respect.

[Soheir Ahmed Al-Masri, Soha.M.S.El- Safty, Somaia A. Nada and Hassan A. Amra. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Probiotic Bacteria Potentially Inhibit Fumonisin B₁ Production in Vitro and in Vivo. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):198-205]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

 Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Probiotic bacteria, Fumonisin B1, Fusarium moniliform, rat, ALT, AST, GGT, creatinine, BUN and GSH

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Correlation between Caregivers' Burnout and Elderly Psychological Abuse

Fatma Mahmoud Mohammed Elemary^*1 , Hanan Aboelgamelen Ebrahim Essa² and Hanaa Hamdi Aly³

 ¹Psychiatric& Mental Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University. Cairo, Egypt

²Community Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Tanta University. Tanta, Egypt

³Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt

ya7ya_13@yahoo.com*

Abstract: Psychological abuse of elders is a growing but hidden problem and is often under reported. Aim: this study aims to investigate the correlation between caregivers' burnout and elderly psychological abuse. Design: A descriptive correlational research design was utilized to conduct this study. Sample :It included 150 older person residing Dar El-Deiafaa, Dar El-Salam and Dar El-Zahraa for disabled and elderly people and 50 of caregivers (nurses& elderly sitters) ,who are working in these settings. Tools of data collection: include,1) socio-demographic data sheet concerned with caregivers' personal characteristics,2) Burnout Inventory developed by Maslach (1981),it was modified and translated into Arabic by the researchers and 3) Elder Abuse Screening Instrument developed by Fulmer et al (2004), that was modified and translated into Arabic by the researchers. Results: the study results revealed that, 34% of the studied caregivers their ages ranged from 35 to 40 years, 62% were male,52% their education at secondary stage & only 8% had university degree. Majority of them 64% worked as elderly sitter and 36% were nurses. 62% were unsatisfied with their paid, and 38% were satisfied with their paid. 58% had experience less than 5 years in their working with the elders, but 6% only had experience more than 10 years. Conclusion: There are strong positive associations between levels of caregivers' burnout and levels of elders' psychological abuse. Recommendations: I t is recommended that media coverage of abuse in elders homes has made the public knowledgeable about-and outraged against-abusive treatment in those settings, providing education, appropriate training and counseling  for the caregivers to find solutions for their problems and the problems  of the elderly and about the risk factors for abuse.

[Fatma Mahmoud Mohammed Elemary, Hanan Aboelgamelen Ebrahim Essa and Hanaa Hamdi Aly. Correlation between Caregivers' Burnout and Elderly Psychological Abuse. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):206-214]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org

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Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of new cephalosporins modified at C-7 and C-4

H. M. Hassan*; S. A. Shedid; M. F. Badie and R. M. Eisawy

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

hassanomar61@gmail.com

Abstract: The synthesis and antimicrobial activity of a series of cefaclor derivatives bearing phthalyl or tosylaminoacyl or dipeptidyl moieties attached to the α-amino group of the 7-phenylglycinamido acyl unit, or amino acid residues and their corresponding methyl esters linked to the carbonyl group on C-4 are described. Some compounds of this series were found to possess high activity against pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria.

[H. M. Hassan; S. A. Shedid; M. F. Badie and R. M. Eisawy. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of new cephalosporins modified at C-7 and C-4. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):215-221]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

Keywords: Cefaclor, amino acids, antimicrobial activity

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Interactive Compromise Stability of Multi-objective Nonlinear Programming problems

Kassem, M.^(1)*, El-Benna, A.⁽¹⁾, and El-Badry, N.⁽²⁾

⁽¹⁾ Mathematics department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University

(²⁾ Mathematics department, Faculty of Science, Damietta Branch, Mansoura University

Abstract: This paper presents a solution method for multi-objective nonlinear programming (MONLP) problems and stability of this solution. The method, offers a practical solution to MONLP problems by deriving the compromise weights and combining judgment with an automatic optimization technique in fuzzy decision making. This is achieved by using the method and algorithm of compromise programming and the method of compromise weights, and we obtain the stability for the solution in each step of the algorithm. A numerical example illustrates various aspects of the results developed in this paper. A maple procedure for this algorithm is introduced.  

[Kassem, M., El-Benna, A., and El-Badry, N., Interactive Compromise Stability of Multi-objective Nonlinear Programming problems. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):222-229]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

 Keywords: MONLP; Stability; Interactive decision making; Compromise weights; Membership functions.

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Management of Recurrent Pterygia

Ahmed A Zaki , Sherif Emerah , Mohamed Ramzy, Hany M Labib,

                              Cornea and ocular surface unit, Research institute of ophthalmology, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract: PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the postoperative outcomes of different  surgical techniques with adjunctive therapy for the management of recurrent pterygia. MATERIALS and METHODS:  Twenty eyes of twenty patients (7 females and 13 males, mean age 42.3 +/- 9.6 years) operated on for recurrent pterygia at the Research Institute of Ophthalmology, were recruited in this study. Patients were randomized into two groups: In group1, ten eyes of ten patients were done with conjunctival autograft and in group 2, ten eyes of ten patients were done with limbal conjunctival autografting. All eyes received intraoperative mitomycin C 0.01% for 3 minutes applied to the bare sclera at the time of the operation.  The site of application of mitomycin C was thoroughly irrigated with balanced salt solution. All eyes were followed up every month for 12 months. RESULTS: After a mean postoperative follow up of 12 months, only one eye had a recurrence after 4 months in the limbal conjunctival autogrft  group and there were two eye with recurrence after 2 and 4 month in the conjunctival autografting group (p = 0.027). No severe side effects appeared during the follow up period.  CONCLUSION: This study confirms the efficacy of adjunctive therapy in improving the success rate after recurrent pterygium surgical excision. There was no difference between the two surgical procedures in the two groups, we also found no serious complications from using a low concentration (0.01%) of mitomycine C which was effective also in prevention of recurrences.

[Ahmed A Zaki , Sherif Emerah , Mohamed Ramzy, Hany M Labib. Management of Recurrent Pterygia. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):230-234]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

 Keywords: Management; Recurrent; Pterygia

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Prevalence, Risk Assessment and Impacts of Eye Diseases among School Children in Cairo, Egypt

Essam A. El-Moselhy^*1; Hosam S. Abo-Seif²; Eman S. Abd Allah³ and Ahmed A. Ghandor¹

 Department of Community Medicine¹; Department of Ophthalmology² Faculty of Medicine

Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

 Department of Community Health Nursing³, Faculty of Nursing,  Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.

 Abstract: Introduction: Eye diseases represent an important public health problem in childhood. Objectives: The aim of this study was to define the prevalence of different types of eye diseases, to assess risk of these diseases, and to determine the disease impacts on scholastic achievement of school students in Cairo, Egypt. Research design: A cross-section, analytical study design was chosen to perform this study. Research setting: The study was conducted in Al-Marg region, east district of Cairo. Four, randomly selected, schools were the field of the present study in this region. These schools were two primary schools (one public and one private) and two preparatory schools (one public and one private). Subjects and methods: The total number of students was 2160. All the students were examined clinically; for each case with eye disease a control case was chosen. The cases and controls were interviewed. Results: The study showed that 28.2% of the students have eye diseases. The most common eye diseases were trachoma (9.3%), errors of refraction (7.1%) and allergic conjunctivitis (6.3%). All eye diseases were more common in public schools. The most important significant socioeconomic and health care behavioral risk factors for eye diseases were the low level of parental occupation (OR=4.79), no early consultation for eye diseases (OR=3.13) and never received eye examination (OR= 2.68). Also, the most important significant personal characteristic risk factors were previous eye diseases (OR=3.35), positive consanguinity of the parents (OR=2.67), sibling(s) with eye diseases (OR=2.19), last birth order child (OR=1.90) and male sex (OR=1.56). Further, age and/or sex were significant risk factors for specific eye diseases; trachoma, errors of refraction, allergic conjunctivitis and muco-purulent conjunctivitis. Also, 37.7% of the students with eye diseases had significant school absenteeism 3-4 days/month (P=0.01) and 21.8% of them had significant results of the first term exam <50.0% (P=0.00). Conclusions: Eye diseases are prevalent among school students, especially in public schools in Cairo, Egypt. Many of the risk factors of eye diseases can be manipulated. So, these diseases and its negative impacts can be prevented. Recommendation: Improving students' and environment's hygiene, health education, regular eye screening and treatment of students as regard eye diseases in Egypt are an important essentiality. Also, eye health component of school health services should be integrated in school health program, and this should be integrated in medical and nursing curriculums. Lastly, further studies on large numbers of students in different rural and urban areas in Egypt are recommended.

[Essam A. El-Moselhy; Hosam S. Abo-Seif; Eman S. Abd Allah and Ahmed A. Ghandor. Prevalence, Risk Assessment and Impacts of Eye Diseases among School Children in Cairo, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):235-246]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

 Key words: Eye Diseases, School Children, Impacts

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The Effect of Tacit Knowledge Characteristics on Tacit Knowledge Transfer: An Empirical Study within Egyptian Industry

Mamdouh Refaiy

 Associate Professor in Business Administration

Business Administration Department, Faculty of Commerce, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

Mamdouh_Refaiy_17858@Hotmail.com

Abstract: The purpose of this research paper is to examine the effect of tacit knowledge characteristics TKC on success factors to tacit knowledge transfer SFTKT from external sources such as suppliers, buyers, universities, and competitors to the recipient of knowledge. This research paper was based on questionnaire survey of Egyptian Industry Sector (75 companies) to investigate the range of attitude and their ability to transfer both organisational and technological knowledge. The questionnaire was carried out by two ways; online, and the great majority via interviews questionnaire. In addition to, the empirical evidence collected from the survey confirms that the urgent need to continuous tacit knowledge transfer process in order to achieve a competitive advantage and sustainability. Additional, results suggest a strong positive effect of tacit knowledge characteristics on success factors to tacit knowledge transfer. As well as, empirical study involved the study of the tacit knowledge and classifying it into organisational and technological knowledge depends largely upon functional perspective. This was due to the user diversity.

[Mamdouh Refaiy. The Effect of Tacit Knowledge Characteristics on Tacit Knowledge Transfer: An Empirical Study within Egyptian Industry. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):247-263]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

 Key words: tacit knowledge, tacit characteristics, organisational knowledge, technological knowledge, transfer factors, transfer barriers, Egyptian Industries Union

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Evaluation of an experimental zinc phosphate cement powder

Safwat EM¹, Saniour SH², Zaki DY ¹ ,El-Batran MM³, Mousa IM²

¹Restorative and Dental Material Research Department, National Research Centre. Cairo, Egypt

²Biomaterials Department. Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine. Cairo University.

³Basic Dental Science Department. National Research Centre. Cairo, Egypt.

Corresponding author: Engie_safwat@hotmail.com

 Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the properties of an experimentally prepared zinc phosphate cement powder. The working time, setting time, film thickness, compressive strength and solubility were tested for the experimental cement powder and compared with one of the commercially available zinc phosphate cement. Testing was done according to the ANSI/ADA specification No. (8) for zinc phosphate cement and No. (96) for dental water-based cements. Results revealed that the experimental cement produced working time, setting time, film thickness and solubility comparable with that specified by the ADA specification No. (8) and (96), and with that of the commercial cement, however the compressive strength (42.09 MPa) was significantly lower than that specified by the ADA No.(96) (70 MPa) but was not significantly different than that of the commercial cement (49.6 MPa).

[Safwat EM, Saniour SH, Zaki DY, El-Batran MM, Mousa IM. Evaluation of an experimental zinc phosphate cement powder. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):264-268]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

 Key words: zinc phosphate cement, ANSI/ADA specification No.(8) and No.(96), working time, setting time, film thickness, compressive strength, solubility, disintegration

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Assessment of Egyptian buffaloes crossing with Pakistani and Italian buffaloes for some production traits

Fooda, T. A.; Elbeltagi , A. R.; Laila R. Hassan and SetEl-habaeib S. Awad

 Animal Production Research Institute-Buffalo Breeding Research Department- Dooki- Giza – Egypt

Tarek_Fooda@yahoo.com; Ahmed_elbeltagi@yahoo.com; lailarashad@hotmail.com; dr_habaeb@yahoo.com

Abstract: Egyptian buffaloes are considered one of the most important dual purpose farm animals that represent 44% of dairy animals in Egypt.  In 1980, the Animal Production Research Institute (APRI) imported 93 Pakistani semen straws for crossbreeding to improve milk productivities. In 2003, Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) allowed the commercial importation of Italian buffalo semen, which spread in large scale buffalo farms. The study aims to evaluate the Egyptian buffalo crosses with both Pakistani and Italian buffaloes for some productive traits to assess the crossing trials.  For the first trial of the study, 180 records (85 pure Egyptian buffaloes (E), 22 record ½Egyptian (E)½ Pakistani (Pa) buffaloes and 52 record ¾E ¼Pa buffaloes and 21 record 7/8E 1/8Pa) through the period from 1980 to 1998 were used for the evaluation of Egyptian (E) Pakistani (PA) crossbred. Data for the second trial, concerned with the evaluation of the Egyptian (E) Italian (I) crosses, was collected from two private farms. A total 138 records; 64 record from Ganat Elreda farm (32 record E and 32 record ½E ½I) and 74 records from "United Group farm" (26 record E and 48 record ½E ½I buffaloes) was utilized. Utilized record covers the period from 2005 to 2009.  Average for total milk yield was nearly the same for Egyptian and its cross with Pakistani buffaloes.  In trial 1, Milk yield generally tended to increase with the advancement of parities till the ≥7 parity.  Egyptian buffaloes showed the highest values for all growth traits measures.  In trial 2, significant difference in milk productivity between the Egyptian and its Italian crossbred, which was significantly higher (P £ 0.001) in farm 2 than it is in farm 1 (P £ 0.01), was observed. The same trend in difference was detected for the parity effect.  Italian crosses showed higher least square means (LSM) estimates for total milk yield (TMY) than the Egyptian buffaloes, which also increase with the advancement of the parity, in the two farms.  LSM data reveal increase of 27 and 15% in 1/2E1/2I crossbred milk production than the Egyptian in farm 1 and farm 2, respectively.  Difference between the highest and lowest breeding value (BV) in the Egyptian population is larger than it is in the crossbred population.  More studies are recommended for the assessment of productive, reproductive and genetic diversity of crossbred populations before the enhancement of crossbreeding activities on national level.

[Fooda, T. A.; Elbeltagi, A. R.; Laila R. Hassan and SetEl-habaeib S. Awad. Assessment of Egyptian buffaloes crossing with Pakistani and Italian buffaloes for some production traits. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):269-276]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

 Keywords: Egyptian, Pakistani and Italian buffaloes, crossing, production traits, breeding value

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Effect of Early versus Late removal of Urinary Catheter on Urinary Outcome after Hysterectomy

Nahed F., Khedr.

 Maternity and Gynecology Nursing, Faculty of Nursing,- Mansoura University

Abstract:  Aim of the study: this study aims to explore the effect of early versus late removal of urinary catheter on urinary outcome after hysterectomy. Setting:  This study was conducted in the gynecology department of Mansoura University Hospital. Study Design: quasi experimental design. Sample Type:-purposive sample.  The study comprised of 100 gynecologic women, they were chosen according to the following criteria:-Complained from symptoms of uterine prolapse, undergoing hysterectomy, their age ranged from 40 ->60 years old and free from any other gynecological problems.  They were categorized into two groups: 1) early group, had early removal of urinary catheter 12 – 24 hours after surgery. 2) late group had late removal of urinary catheter after surgery by 48 – 72 hr,s. Results:  Urinary symptoms " retention of urine, frequency, burning micturation  and UTI were significantly higher in late urinary catheter elimination group as compared to early removal group . Conclusion: Short duration of postoperative catheterization “12-24" hour's is preferred than long duration in which it lead to less urinary problems. Also age of women, degree and duration of uterine prolapse don't play a major role in development of post catheter removal urinary symptoms. Pre existing of postoperative UTI had a main role in the development of these symptoms. Thus it was recommended that ideal time of removal of urinary catheter is from 12-24 hour hysterectomy. 

[Nahed F., Khedr. Effect of Early versus Late removal of Urinary Catheter on Urinary Outcome after Hysterectomy. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):277-281]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

 Key Words: Urinary Catheter, Urinary Outcome, hysterectomy,  pyelonephritis, Postoperative

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Effect of protein feeding system on the quality of milk and its resultant Domiati Cheese

EL-Sheikh, M.M.; S.A.H. Abo EL-Nor; Nadia M. Shahein and N.S. Abd Rabou

 Dairy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

ns_abdrabou@hotmail.com

Abstract:  The use of Sunflower meal (SFM) and Leucaena leaves (LL) as a source of 30% of protein requirements in the feeding system of dairy buffaloes and its effect on the yield and composition of milk as well as its resultant Domiati cheese was investigated. The yield of fresh cheese was determined and cheese was pickled in salted whey for 4 months. Samples were taken from milk and also from cheese monthly during storage and were analyzed for moisture, fat, lactose, acidity, amino acids and nitrogen fractions. Formol & Schilovich ripening indices and total volatile fatty acids contents of cheese were estimated as well as their organoleptic properties.Using of SFM and LL increased total solids, fat and total protein of milk. However, the mean values of ash content of milk were lower for SFM and LL treatments. LL milk of LL was the highest in the essential amino acids.Satisfactory of fresh cheese yield (32.12%) for LL treatment, which was higher than control (30.25%) and SFM treatment (30.12%).No significant differences were found among all treatments for the gross composition. Domiati cheese made with LL milk showed the highest total nitrogen and the lowest acidity at the end of ripening period SN/TN % was higher with LL during ripening than SMF and control, while TVFA was higher with control than LL and SFM treatments. Ripening indices FRI & SRI shows that the LL ranged the higher values, followed by that made with SFM and control treatments.  The total evaluation scores of fresh cheese were almost the same for all treatments. However, Domiati cheese from LL higher scores than control and SFM at the end of storage period. It can be concluded that sunflower meal and Leucaena leaves can be use as a source of 30% of protein requirements in the feeding system of dairy buffaloes and the milk yielded from this buffaloes can be successfully used in the manufacture of more quality of Domiati cheese.

[EL-Sheikh, M.M.; S.A.H. Abo EL-Nor; Nadia M. Shahein and N.S. Abd Rabou. Effect of protein feeding system on the quality of milk and its resultant Domiati Cheese. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):282-290]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

Key Words: Domiati cheese system, Sunflower meal ,Leucaena leaves

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Application of Alpha mapping (α-mapping) of SP well-log Image, to obtain lithology and Correlate to evaluate the Reserves of Shan4 Depression of Shahejie formation China

Taiwo Olusoji Lawrence

Department Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering China Universityof Geosciences 430074 P.R China

taiwosoji@gmail.com

Abstract: Deducing geological parameters using SP curves is a very tedious, expensive, and error prone process such as obtaining formation water resistivity and the measurement of small negligible voltage potentials, mud filtrate resistivity and shale volume. This is due to the fact that there are many complex dependent variables surrounding data acquisition using Statistical method of data collection in an SP log image, these variables includes: borehole invasion, shale content, Bed resistivity and the ratio of salt water mud(R_mf) and fresh water mud (R_w). We have used Alpha (α) mapping method of SP-Log considering the shale content of the formation and the maximum possible deflection of Sp that a thick shale free porous and permeable formation can have at a given ratio of R_mf and R_w to obtain the lithology of Shan4 depression as well as limit error to the bearest minimum at a low cost of acquiring the petrophysical parameters. Based on the Structure map Shan4 depression in shahejie formation is composed of a complex depositional system of a prograded elongated delta, beach and bar formed under lower current energy of a shore-shallow lake. Hydrocarbon trap is created by an anticline pool separated by numerous oil layered complex faults, Oil and seeps in the depression are found in Tertiary sandstone reservoirs as well as underlying basement located at an approximate depth of 2020m below sea level (-2020m), including the Jurassic sandstone reservoirs and the carboniferous –Permian and Ordovician weathered zone.

[Taiwo Olusoji Lawrence. Application of Alpha mapping (α-mapping) of SP well-log Image, to obtain lithology and Correlate to evaluate the Reserves of Shan4 Depression of Shahejie formation China. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):291-299]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: SP well-log; Shahejie formation; lithology; correlate

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Simple Novel Spectrophotometric and Spectrofluorimetric Methods for Determination of Some Anti-hypertensive Drugs

 M. Farouk¹, O. Abd EL-Aziz^`1*, A. Hemdan^b, M. Shehata²

 ¹Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Union, Cairo, Egypt.

²Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6^th October, Egypt.

dr_omarghonim@hotmail.com*

Abstract: Accurate, precise and selective spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods were developed and subsequently validated for determination of Torasemide (I), Irbesartan (II) and Olmesartan medoxomil (III), where (I) could be determined in presence of its acidic-degradate as stability indicating method, utilizing derivative ratio spectrophotometry, also in human plasma it could be determined by spectrofluorimetric method, (II) could be determined in a binary mixture with Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) by simultaneous determination, utilizing ratio subtraction and spectrofluorimetric techniques, while (III) could be determined in presence of its alkaline-degradate as stability indicating method, utilizing derivative ratio and pH-induced difference spectrophotometric technique, also in a binary mixture with Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), it could be determined by simultaneous determination, using ratio subtraction and spectrofluorimetric methods. All the proposed novel methods were validated according to International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guide lines and successfully applied to determine the mentioned studied drugs in pure form, in laboratory prepared mixtures and in pharmaceutical preparations. The obtained results were statistically compared to the reference methods of analysis [for I, II and III, respectively] and no significant difference were found.

[M. Farouk, O. Abd EL-Aziz, A. Hemdan, M. Shehata. Simple Novel Spectrophotometric and Spectrofluorimetric Methods for Determination of Some Anti-hypertensive Drugs. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):300-]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

 Keywords: Torasemide, Irbesartan, Olmesartan medoxomil, Derivative Ratio, Ratio subtraction, Difference Spectrophotometry, Spectrofluorimetry, Stability Indicating and Simultaneous Determination Methods

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Repair Welding Restoration of the Screw Conveyor for Resin Extruder

M. Amin^*1, S. M. Khafagy² and B. Zaghlool¹

 ¹ CMRDI, Cairo, Egypt,  ² TIMS Cairo, Egypt

morsy_abokhala@yahoo.com*

Abstract: A screw conveyor was exposed to an extensive wear at the top and the side surfaces of the teeth. The microstructure of the base metal is martensitic structure. Welding procedure specification (WPS) and Process Qualification Record (PQR) were carefully performed using a scraped part from the screw conveyor. The preheating temperature of 300 to 400 °C was applied and the SMAW process was selected as selected as a welding process. Three types of electrodes were selected which mainly wear and corrosion resistance type. Using chromium Carbide electrodes resulted in a significant appearance of cracks at the weld surface that extended to the heat affected zone. However, Using martensitic electrodes resulted in a crack free weld metal with a significant improve of the wear resistance of the base metal. The effect of applying cushion layer between the base metal and hardfacing layer were studied using two kinds of covered electrodes. The hair cracks that observed using the hardfacing electrodes were greatly reduced using these cushion layers. The results were discussed on the basis of microstructure and the wear resistance of the base metal and the hardfacing layers. 

[M. Amin, S. M. Khafagy and B. Zaghlool. Repair Welding Restoration of the Screw Conveyor for Resin Extruder. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):313-320]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

 Keywords: Welding; Restoration; Screw; Conveyor; Resin; Extruder

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Assessment of Farmers Knowledge Regarding Innovation Management in Farming Cooperatives in Shoushtar Township, Iran

Ahmad Reza Ommani

Assistant Professor Islamic Azad University Shoushtar Branch, Iran

ommani75451@yahoo.com

Abstract: The purpose of research is assessment of farmer's knowledge regarding innovation management in farming cooperatives in Shoushtar township of Khouzestan province, Iran. The method of research was correlative descriptive and causal relation. A random sample of Shoushtar township farmers of Khouzestan province, (n=105) were selected for participation in the study. According to results knowledge of farmers regarding management of innovation was moderate. Also regression showed that accessing to communication channel, level of education, income, crop yield, size of farm, social participation, level of participation in extension classes may well explain for 53% (R²=0.534) changes in knowledge of farmers regarding management of innovation.  

[Ahmad Reza Ommani. Assessment of Farmers Knowledge Regarding Innovation Management in Farming Cooperatives in Shoushtar Township, Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):321-324]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Innovation Management, Farmers, Shoushtar

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Calculate effects of synergism and antagonism of nutrient elements:  nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodium in maize

Tayeb Saki Nejad

Assistant Professor Department of Agronomy Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch

Corresponding Arthur: saki1971@iauahvaz.ac.ir ^*

 Tayebsaki1350@yahoo.com

Abstract: Research projects in three consecutive years in 1999-2000 &2000-2001 and 2001-2002 years. Research Station - Research Azad University of Ahvaz were performed every three years in corn research using factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design with base 4 replications and two water stress factor with four levels as the first factor (I₀ : Full irrigation point of FC, control, without water stress, I₁: 75% of the amount of irrigation treatments I₀, mild stress, I₂: 50% of the amount of irrigation treatments I₀, severe stress,  I₃: 25% of the amount of irrigation treatment I₀, very severe stress and point of PWP) , period of growth with three levels as the second factor (V₁: vegetative period (until the emergence of the first deployment of plant double ring) V₂: reproductive period, V₃: the grain filling period in 3 years (1999-2000 &2000-2001 and 2001-2002) (Research Station, Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz 3 km south of Ahvaz city was designed and executed. Fertilizer amounts given in the first and second year experiment (1999-2000 &2000-2001) the same (N₁₈₀ P₇₀ K₀) was the third year of experiment (2001-2002) 20 percent of the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers (N₂₁₆ P₈₄) and the amount of 50 kg ha potassium fertilizer (K₂ O) to determine whether increased nutrient concentrations in the environment of plant roots in the same levels of water stress, changes in the process of accumulation of these elements in plant leaves, or not? Test results gathering process cluster to compare nutrient nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodium in Different levels of water stress showed that the process of absorption and accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus, two elements as well as potassium and sodium exclusively with each other at 1% level were similar. And because this was similar to that imposed different levels of water stress accumulation amount of both nitrogen and phosphorus element in the plant decreased, but the same amount of respect, two elements of K⁺ Plant showed an increasing trend Regression analysis of variance in nutrient interaction at different levels of water stress, nutrient interaction with nitrogen phosphorus level of 5%, sodium potassium, nitrogen and potassium at 1% level significant effects on the interaction of elements and showed sodium diet with phosphorus, potassium and sodium phosphate with nitrogen did not provide significant effects. P interaction with N elements with correlation coefficient, linear regression fit showed that with increasing accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus accumulation also increased with exercise and stress levels decrease Nitrogen accumulation was. Phosphorus accumulation process also presented a significant decrease. fit linear regression interaction of sodium with potassium correlation coefficient showed that whatever amount was increased accumulation of potassium, sodium accumulation process of adjustment and provide significant levels Severe water stress that was greater accumulation of K, the process of absorption and accumulation of sodium than the control treatments (water stress) and mild stress (treatments) can be reduced. Increasing the nitrogen element, additive effect on the accumulation process with correlation coefficient K said that the effects on the control treatment (no water stress) was more evident at different levels of water stress by reducing nitrogen absorption, accumulation of ions to a very moderate state control part of his indicate that if the absorption of nitrogen in different treatments of water stress was not reduced, ion accumulation in the treatments than values obtained was estimated.

[Tayeb Saki Nejad. Calculate effects of synergism and antagonism of nutrient elements:  nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodium in maize. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):325-333]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org.

Key words: synergism & antagonism, nutrient elements, maize

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Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in Breast milk in Hong Kong-Review

Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi¹, Qi Shihua¹, Ishwar Chandra Yadav²

 ^1.State key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388, Lumo road, Wuhan 430074, China.

^2.Center of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-225001, Uttarpradesh, India

nldevi.cug@gmail.com

Abstract: Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) contaminant in human breast milk research is an environmental indicator. Because, diet is a major factor that influences breast milk levels of persistent organic pollutants, with patterns in fish consumption playing a particularly significant role. In this paper review available data on levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) in breast milk of Hong Kong. After reviewing all available data demonstrated that organochlorine pesticides consumption in Hong Kong is decreasing according to time trend.

[Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi, Qi Shihua, Ishwar Chandra Yadav. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in Breast milk in Hong Kong-Review. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):334-340]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Key Words: Organochlorine pesticides; Human milk; Hong Kong

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Customer Complaints Management: Concepts and Applications

Mohammad Taleghani

 Department of Management, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran

Taleghani@iaurasht.ac.ir

Abstract - In this paper, Customer Complaints Management (CCM) and its associated key challenges were studied as essentials for achieving customer retention and loyalty. Some models illustrating the process of CCM were also demonstrated and discussed. A complaint intensity framework is presented, in which the joint distribution of complaint intensity and outcome satisfaction scores are conceptualized in four resulting quadrants with each quadrant suggesting a different CCM strategy. In empowering CCM, suggestions are proposed and Return on Complaint Management (ROCM) is described as a performance indicator for complaint management profitability. Major findings indicate that effective complaints management requires a cultural change in organization's atmosphere, as well as a systematic approach; different levels should be considered in complaints management; employees participating in teams play an important role in succeeding the complaints handling processes; and CCM empowerment should include strategy, processes, and analysis.

[Customer Complaints Management: Concepts and Applications. Customer Complaints Management: Concepts and Applications. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):341-347]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Customer, Satisfaction, Complaints, Management, Handling, Empowerment

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Characterization of ZnS Quantum dot (q-dot) by Ultraviolet Visible (UV-VIS) Absorption Spectrum Studies & Comparison with CuO Nanocrystal

Mamun Mohanty¹,  Aurobinda Acharya², Bairagicharan Panda³, Selvaraju Balamurgan⁴, Subhendu Pattnaik⁵, Gourisankar Roy^6*

 ¹124/126, Satyanagar, Bhubaneswar

²Tata Consultancy Services, Kalingapark, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India

³Dept of Physics, R.I.H.S Bhograi, Balasore

⁴Alpha College of Engineering, Thirumazhhaisai, Chennai

⁵Pathani Samanta planetarium,Bhubaneswar,Orissa (India)

⁶Govt. (Auto) College, Bhawanipatna, Orissa, India

subhendu_patnaik@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT: Ultrasize  ZnS quantum dots have been synthesized with (3-Mercatopropyl) trimethoxysilane as the capping agent by the all-aqueous procedure. The size of quantum dot by this method is in the range 4 nm to 10 nm. These quantum dots have been characterized by UV-Visible absorption spectrum. The absorption spectrum of synthesized quantum dots indicate a blue shift with decrease of size of quantum dot. Further UV-Visible absorption spectrum of quantum dot has been compared with that CuO nanocrystal.

[Mamun Mohanty,  Aurobinda Acharya, Bairagicharan Panda, Selvaraju Balamurgan, Subhendu Pattnaik, Gourisankar Roy. Characterization of ZnS Quantum dot (q-dot) by Ultraviolet Visible (UV-VIS) Absorption Spectrum Studies & Comparison with CuO Nanocrystal. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):348-351]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Quantum dots, UV-Visible spectrum, Blue shift

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Therapeutic and Protective Effects of Biphenyl Dimethyl Dicarboxylate (DDB) and Silymarin in Human Infected with HCV and in Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatitis in Rats

Wassfy¹ A. A., Ellaithy² H. M., Hamza² Y. E., Arbid³ M. S., Osman⁴ A.H., and  Kandil^*5  S. M.

 ¹ Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt,

² Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt,

³ Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt,

⁴ Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt,

 ⁵New Kassr El Aini Teaching Hospital. Cairo, Egypt.

^*sohakandil@hotmail.com

Abstract: This investigation aimed to evaluate the therapeutic activity of pure and commercial products of Biphenyl Dimethyl Dicarboxylate (DDB) and Silymarin in humans suffering from HCV and therapeutic and protective effects of Carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) induced liver damage in rats. Humans were divided into two groups: Group I: Normal controls (N=20), and group II: Patients suffering from chronic HCV infection; which were subdivided into two subgroups: A, ten patients received Silymarin 140 mg twice daily for one month and B, twenty patients received DDB 10 pilules (15 mg) twice daily for one month. Samples from control and treated groups were collected and obtained serum was analyzed for Aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), Alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP or Alk.ph.), Gamma Glutamic transaminase (GGT) and Serum bilirubin (total and direct). In addition, the effect of DDB or Silymarin administration on the mentioned biochemical parameters was measured. Other experiment was conducted in which rats were divided into nine groups, each group comprising of six rats. All rats except the control group were subjected to administration of Silymarin or DDB in pure and commercial products, before and after treatment with CCL4. All serum samples of rats were subjected to liver function tests including: (AST), (ALT), (ALP.) and serum bilirubin as well as kidney functions tests including: blood urea and serum creatinine. Histopathological examination of liver tissues was also performed. The results revealed that DDB improved liver functions in patients suffering from HCV infection, while Silymarin showed insignificant alteration for the same parameters. The raw and commercial products of Silymarin or DDB were significantly improved liver, kidney functions and the histopathological changes after induction of CCL4 toxic hepatitis in rats. Administration of DDB (commercial) for one month to patients suffering from chronic viral hepatitis resulted in a rapid decrease in serum transaminases, especially ALT. Treatment of rats by pure and commercial DDB for 7 days showed improvement in acute hepatocellular necrosis or hepatitis-associated hepatocellular damage caused by carbon tetrachloride. Administration of commercial Silymarin for one month was largely ineffective in patients suffering from viral hepatitis. The results of 7 days treatment by pure and commercial products of Silymarin in rats showed protection of liver tissue. Silymarin has an antioxidant effect. In rats Silymarin increased the level of total protein which indicates hepatoprotective activity as results of accelerate of regeneration process and production of liver cells. Obtained histopathological study confirmed the results of biochemical studies. It is concluded that a superiority and efficacy of DDB over Silymarin in normalizing the liver enzymes and serum bilirubin (total and direct) levels were achieved after treatment of humans suffering from HCV.

[Wassfy A. A., Ellaithy H. M., Hamza Y. E., Arbid M. S., Osman A.H., and Kandil S. M. Therapeutic and Protective Effects of Biphenyl Dimethyl Dicarboxylate (DDB) and Silymarin in Human Infected with HCV and in Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatitis in Rats. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):352-364]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: DDB, Silymarin, humans, HCV, Rats, CCL4, hepatotoxicity

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Design and Manufacturing of Parabolic Trough Solar Collector System for a Developing Country Pakistan

Nusrat Kamal Raja ¹, M. Shahid Khalil ², Syed Athar Masood ³, Muhammad Shaheen⁴

 ^1,2 Dept of Mechanical Engineering, UET Taxila, Pakistan

³ Dept of Engineering Management, NUST College of E & ME, Rawalpindi Pakistan

⁴ Dept of Computer Science & Engg, UET Lahore, Pakistan

¹  kamalraja62@yahoo.com, ² shahid.khalil@uettaxila.edu.pk, ³ atharmasood2000@hotmail.com, ⁴ shaheen@uet.edu.pk

Abstract: Pakistan’s thirst for electric power has been constantly rising over the years because of population growth, increase in industrial activity and failure of other resources for producing enough energy to meet its growing energy demand, particularly in the remote areas where energy is most needed. Pakistan is basically an energy deficient society and now going towards extreme energy crisis. Moreover, with current demand growth at 8 % annually, Pakistan will have to add 4000 MW to its existing capacity by the year 2018. Pakistan is rich in renewable energy resources; particularly solar energy has a special relevance in Pakistan due to high availability of Sun radiations at an average rate of 4.5-6 kwh / m² / day. The purpose of this research is to reduce the cost of conventional power plant by focusing on simplifying the design of collector structure to achieve a high reflecting quality and tracking precision, using available cost effective components, minimizing field construction requirements, and by utilizing the advantages of design engineering and equipment specifications as per environmental impact at feasible locations in most remote and energy starved areas of Pakistan.  Most of the area of Pakistan lies  in sunny belt of the earth with the sun shine of 6 – 8.5 hours daily having the greatest amount of radiant energy  more than 90% of solar radiation, which comes as direct radiation because of the limited cloud coverage and clear sunny weather is experienced 250 to 300 days a year. Different concentrating technologies have been developed or are currently under development for various applications. The Parabolic Trough Solar Collectors system will undoubtedly provide within next decade a significant contribution to efficient, economical, sustainable renewable and clean energy supply to developing countries with positive effect on environmental activities. The collector materials will be used considering conversion efficiency, abundance of the material, low cost structures, ease of application, expected lifetime, and the availability of space at the collection site. Available sites in Pakistan desert can theoretically cover the whole electricity demand of the country. A small configuration system like 25KW can lead to 100MW by scale up as sub unit of larger power plants. This will be the first step to fulfill the energy demand of Pakistan, which has become essential for our economic revival.

[Nusrat Kamal Raja, M. Shahid Khalil, Syed Athar Masood, Muhammad Shaheen. Design and Manufacturing of Parabolic Trough Solar Collector System for a Developing Country Pakistan. Nusrat Kamal Raja, M. Shahid Khalil, S. Athar Masood, M. Shaheen. Design and Manufacturing of Parabolic Trough Solar Collector System for a Developing Country Pakistan. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):365-372]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Species richness; beta-diversity; taxonomic diversity; forest

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Influence Of Choline Chloride On Quality And Storability Of Peach Fruits Cv. Earligrande.

 Wahdan, M. T. * and Faten, H. M.  Ismaeil **   

*Hort. Dep. Fac. of Agric. Suez Chanel Univ. Wahdan2020@yahoo.com

 ^** Agric. Botany.  Dep. Fac. of Agric. Benha Univ. fatenismaeil@yahoo.com

 ABSTRACT: The effects of preharvest foliar application of Choline Chloride (CC) on fruit quality of "EarliGrande" peaches at harvest and during cold storage at 1ºC temperature was investigated. CC was sprayed at concentrations of 0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/L at 30 days preharvest time (DPH). Fruit weight was increased by 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/L CC. At the same concentrations SSC/TA ratio was increased while, fruit acidity was decreased. Sugar, phenol and vitamin C content tended to increase by CC at harvest time. The combination of CC treatments at 1000 and 500 or 1000 mg/L and cold storage at 1ºC resulted in a reduction of weight loss (%) in two seasons, respectively. CC in combination with storage resulted in higher fruit firmness, SSC, SSC/acidity and total sugar and a reduction in fruit acidity in both seasons.

[Wahdan, M. T. and Faten, H. M.  Ismaeil. Influence Of Choline Chloride On Quality And Storability Of Peach Fruits Cv. Earligrande. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):373-381]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: peaches, EarliGrande, Choline Chloride, fruit quality, storability

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The Preparation of Paddy Map by Digital Numbers of IRS images and GIS

Mohammadi Torkashvand A.

 Department of Horticulture, Agriculture Faculty, Islamic Azad University-Rasht Branch, Rasht, Iran

Torkashvand@iaurasht.ac.ir, m.torkashvand54@yahoo.com

Abstract: Preparing updated map of paddy is an important map in the management and region agricultural planning. In this research, surveying of paddy investigated using IRS Satellite images in the Roudbar region, Guilan, Iran. The mean and standard deviation of training and auxiliary pixels of paddy was calculated. Upper and lower limits of DN-olive orchards were distinguished by the adding standard deviation to mean or diminishing of that. After rounding the upper/lower limits of paddy spectrum reflexes, 22-25, 40-98 and 24-136 of spectrum reflexes limits had been considered for bands 1, 2 and 3 with paddy class. In each band, Paddy limits introduced to software and slicing method used to prepare paddy map. Final map of paddy obtained from crossing of these three maps. The paddy map has been crossed by training point map to calculate the accuracy of method.  The results indicate that in classification of images with spectrum reflex statistics, more than 73% of training points had again paddy class in the paddy fields classified map.

[Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand, The Preparation of Paddy Map by Digital Numbers of IRS images and GIS.  Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):382-385]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Species richness; beta-diversity; taxonomic diversity; forest

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Study of Some Chemical Pollutant Residues in Catfish at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt

Salah El- Dien, W.M. and Hend, A. Mahmoud*

 Animal Health Research Institute, Dept. of Food Hygiene, Zagazig Provincial Lab., Egypt

*Pesticide Residue Dept., Central Pesticide Lab., Agricultural Research Center, Egypt.

ABSTRACT: Thirty samples of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were collected from the markets in Sharkia Governorate for detection and determination of 13 organochlorine pesticides (αBHC, βBHC, γBHC, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide,  aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, γ chlordane, γ endosulfan, pp DDE, pp DDD and pp DDT), 5 organophosphorus pesticides (diazinon, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos methyl, profenophos and disyston) and 11 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners (PCB28, PCB44, PCB70, PCB101, PCB105, PCB138, PCB152, PCB153, PCB180, PCB192, and PCB194). All the tested organochlorine pesticides were detected with the frequency ranged between 30% for αBHC and 76.66% for aldrin + dieldrin. Their mean concentrations varied from 1.9 ppb for aldrin to 122.2 ppb for γBHC. Meanwhile all the tested PCBs were detected except PCB105 with the frequency lies between 10% for PCB28 and 53.3% for PCB152, while; the mean concentrations varied from 3.0 to 89.16 ppb for PCB194 and PCB152 respectively. All the estimated organochlorine pesticides and PCBs were below the permissible limits in all the examined samples. Meanwhile, the tested organiphosphorus compounds were not detected in all the examined samples. The relatively high frequency and levels of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs may be explained by the nature of catfish habits and feeding as exhibited in this study.     

[Salah El- Dien, W.M. and Hend, A. Mahmoud. Study of Some Chemical Pollutant Residues in Catfish at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):386-393]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Chemical Pollutant; Residue; Catfish; Sharkia; Governorate; Egypt

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Surface Morphology of the Tongue of the Hoopoe (Upupa Epops)

 Neveen E.R. El-Bakary

 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Damietta Branch,  Mansoura University,  New Damietta,  Egypt.  elbakaryneveen@yahoo.com

Abstract: The tongue of birds fills the oral cavity and has a beak- like shape. The hoopoe’s beak is long, slender and slightly down curved, however, the hoopoe’s tongue is reduced in the buccal cavity.  Several studies have shown morphological differences among the tongue of bird species. The aims of this study was to examine the dorsal lingual surface of hoopoe’s tongue  using scanning electron microscopy   and to compare the present results  with those reported in other avian species. The Hoopoe’s tongue occupy 2/3 length of the beak. The morphological features observed in the lingual surface are follows; the epithelium of the apex is thickly keratinized, large conical papillae are located at the border between lingual apex and body, small conical papillae are located between lingual body and root and numerous lingual glands are located in the anterior part of the lingual body and in the clefts of the lingual root. The observations of the three dimensional structure of the subepithetial   connective tissue revealed the presence of a system of laminae or smaller   interconnected ridges, depending on the area of the tongue. We have indicated the possibility that the differences in the structures of the avian tongue related to the differences in the feeding habits.

[Neveen E.R. El-Bakary. Surface Morphology of the Tongue of the Hoopoe (Upupa Epops). Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):394-399]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: tongue, birds, hoopoe, scanning electron microscopy

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Chronic Asthmatic Chest Troubles and Their Effects on Cognitive Functions, Psychosocial Behaviour and Academic Achievment among Children in Egypt

Samuel S*, Safwat  M*, Morcos  W**, Salem  S**, El-Adly  T*and Mohammed  A.

 *Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University

**Department of childhealth, National Research center

samarmsalem@hotmail.co.uk

Abstract: Chronic illness is clearly an important factor affecting psychosocial state of children and adolescents. This case-control study is an effort to clarify the effect of chronic asthmatic chest troubles as a chronic illness on the cognition and psychological aspects of such chronically ill children. This was a case control study conducted at the Chest Clinic of the Abou El-Reesh Children's Hospital, Cairo University. It included 23 children suffering from chronic asthmatic chest troubles (13 boys and 10 girls) with an age range of 6-15 years and a mean age of 9.6±2.67(± SD). Twenty three age and sex matched healthy children and living under the same socioeconomic conditions were taken as controls. The Arabic Version of the Revised Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R) and Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSCL) were used to assess the cognitive and psychosocial adjustment among children while the mid-year scores for Mathematics and Arabic language were used to evaluate the academic performance.Our results indicated that chronic asthmatic disease has a negative effect on cognitive abilities, psychosocial behavior and academic achievement of such children.

[Samuel S, Safwat  M, Morcos  W, Salem  S, El-Adly  T and Mohammed  A. Chronic Asthmatic Chest Troubles and Their Effects on Cognitive Functions, Psychosocial Behaviour and Academic Achievment among Children in Egypt. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):400-406]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Children-chronic, asthma-congitive, function-psychosocial, behavior-academic, achievement

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Insulin-mimetic activity of vanadium and zinc in diabetic experimental rats

*Nabila, M. Rashwan and **Farida Abdullah Al-Firdous  

^*Home Economics Dept, Faculty of Education, Suez University, Ismaelia Egypt.

**Department of Nutrition and Food Science , Home Economic , Collage ,Princess Nora Bent abdul – rahman -University, Riyadh, Saud Arabia

Abstract: Forty-two adult male albino rats Sprague –Dawley strain were classified into normal control group and five diabetic rat groups which were control (+ve), drug, zinc , vanadium and zinc with vanadium. The diabetic control (+ve) group showed a significant increase in the values of glucose ,glucosalated hemoglobin ,serum alanine and aspartate amino transferase (ALT & AST), alkaline phosphatase (Alk-phos) enzymes, creatinine , urea ,cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), LDL-c, VLDL-c level , cholesterol/ HDL-c ,liver cholesterol, liver total lipid and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) but  a significant decrease in  final weight, weight gain, FER, insulin, hemoglobin (HB) , packed cell volume ,HDL-c ,liver glycogen, liver glutathione peroxidase (GPX)compared to normal control group. The diabetic rat groups which treated with drug, zinc, vanadium and zinc with vanadium showed a significant decrease in the values of serum glucose , glucosalated hemoglobin, ALT ,AST ,urea, serum cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), LDL-c, VLDL-c level , cholesterol/ HDL-c ,liver cholesterol, liver total lipid and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) but a significant increase in the values of final weight, weight gain percent , FER ,insulin ,packed cell volume (PCV) ,HDL-c ,liver glycogen and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) compared to control (+ve) group.

[Nabila, M. Rashwan and Farida Abdullah Al-Firdous. Insulin-mimetic activity of vanadium and zinc in diabetic experimental rats. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):407-416]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: vanadium, zinc, diabetes & rat

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Economic crisis in Guilan textile industry

Seyed Ali Mirebrahimi ,Hamidreza Alipour

 Department of  management,economic,collage of management,Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran, drbehdad_66@yahoo.com

Abstract: Today, industrial development is account as one of means and area for the economic development and improvement of the countries which some of the industrial courses that exist in any country due to relative advantages are account of high priority in industrial development area. texile industry, is account as the most important and oldest industry of the country and Guilan province. It can play a role as the main base of industry and mine sector if there is the required support from producers . But still it is not taken place a remarkable activities as developmental region planning in Guilan and it could not find a scientific and professional figure. So, the main goal of this article is identifying the variables and tensor factors in the Guilan texile industry and turning ways from current situation to modern developmental situation . This research had been attempted to study how turning out of the created crisis aiming to identify the crisis in texile industry and also allocating the optimal resources. The results indicated that the most important and significant problem of texile industry in Guilan is weak in management area .

[Seyed Ali Mirebrahimi and Hamidreza Alipour. Economic crisis in Guilan textile industry. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):417-421]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 keywords : crisis, economy, texile industry, private sector, technology

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Effects of Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist on Vascular Calcification and Bone Disorder in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat

Shadia A.E. Barakat ¹, Nermine K.M. Saleh ¹*, Sahar S. Thabet ¹, Hanan A. Saleh ² and Abd El-Hamid A. Mohamed ¹

 Physiology¹ and Histology ²Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

^٭ nermine_saleh@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Vascular calcification and bone disorders are increasingly recognized problems in patients with diabetes due to calcium dyshomeostasis is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Diabetic osteoporosis seems to be dependent on qualitative and quantitative alterations of the bone, as well as microangiopathic complications of diabetes mellitus. Aim: We investigated calcium dyshomeostasis, and bone histological and metabolic abnormalities in Streptozotocin-induced Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in rats. The possible role of the aldosterone receptor antagonist, spironolactone, in reversing these effects was assessed. Materials and Methods: Adult Female Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control group, Streptozotocin-induced diabetic group (STZ-D), and Aldosterone-receptor antagonist-supplemented diabetic group (ARA-STZ). Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, 40 mg/Kg BW. Spironolactone (aldosterone receptor antagonist) was given by oral gavage in a daily dose of 15 mg/kg BW for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, serum levels of calcium, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase were evaluated. Histological examination of the tibia was performed, together with analysis of renal vascular calcification and Immunohistochemistry for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in renal tissue specimens. Results: STZ-D rats showed normophosphatemia and significant hypercalcemia with significantly increased serum alkaline phosphatase compared to control group. Bone loss was also observed. Histological examination of the small renal blood vessels showed calcification in the walls, as well as, reduction in iNOS immunostaining.  These metabolic and histological abnormalities in STZ-D rats were remarkably corrected by the administration of spironolactone. Conclusion: The current results underscore the important role of aldosterone in promoting vascular calcification and osteoporosis in diabetic rats and the potential role of aldosterone receptor antagonist, spironolactone, in correcting these clinical problems in diabetic rats.

[Shadia A.E. Barakat, Nermine K.M. Saleh, Sahar S. Thabet, Hanan A. Saleh and Abd El-Hamid A. Mohamed. Effects of Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist on Vascular Calcification and Bone Disorder in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):422-430]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Key words: Ca²⁺ homeostasis, osteoporosis, vascular calcification, DM, Aldosterone.

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The effects of peer education on health behaviors in girls with dysmenorrhea

Zahra Abedian¹, Maryam Kabirian², Seyed Reza Mazlom³, Behroz Mahram⁴, Mehrdad Jalalian^5,6

 ^1. Faculty Member, Department of Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

^2. MSc. Student in Midwifery, Department of Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

^3. Faculty Member, Department of Medical & Surgical Nursing, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

^4. Faculty Member, Mashhad Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran

^4. Department of Community Health, faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selandor D.E., Malaysia

^4. Research Center of Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization, Khorasan Razavi Blood Center, Mashhad, Iran

kabirianm1@mums.ac.ir

Abstract: This study was conducted to compare the effect of peer-led VS health-provider-led self-care education on dysmenorrheic girls’ knowledge, attitude, and menstrual symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea at dormitories of Ferdowsi University in Mashhad, Iran. In this randomized clinical trial, 165 girls between ages 19-25 who had experienced menstrual cramps three or more times during the last six months were randomly assigned to three groups (peer-led self-care education, health-provider-led self-care education, and control). A Menstrual Knowledge Questionnaire (MKQ), Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire (MAQ), and Menstrual Information Form were the main instruments in this study. Data were collected in the baseline menstrual period and one and two menstrual periods after intervention. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis were used to analyze data by SPSS software. Menstrual Knowledge in the peer-led self-care education group increased 2.1 times and 2.5 times in the health-provider-led self-care education groups. Negative concepts of menstrual attitude decreased in the peer-led self-care education group (56.6 vs. 40.2, p=0.009) more than the health-provider-led self-care education group (56.9 vs. 48.3, p=0.035). There was no significant difference in the measure of decrease in pain score between interventional groups at both the first (p=0.988) and second (p=0.965) menstrual periods after intervention. These findings provide preliminary evidence that peer education can be effective health promotion in primary dysmenorrheic girls.

[Zahra Abedian, Maryam Kabirian, Seyed Reza Mazlom, Behroz Mahram, Mehrdad Jalalian. The effects of peer education on health behaviors in girls with dysmenorrheal. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):431-438]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: peer education; health behaviors; primary dysmenorrhea

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Purification, Characterization and Antitumor Activity of L-asparaginase from Chicken liver

EL-Sayed , M. El-Sayed¹ , Sanaa T. El-Sayed^*2, Wafaa, G. Shousha¹, Abeer, N. Shehata²  and Shimaa, S.Hanafy²

¹Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt

² Biochemistry Department, National Research Center, DoKKi, Giza, Egypt.

santsayed@yahoo.com^*

Abstract: Abstract: The L-asparaginase (E.C.3.5.1.1) produced by chicken liver was isolated and characterized. Different purification steps (including ammonium sulphate fractionation followed by separation on Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration) were applied to crude filtrate to obtain a pure enzyme preparation. The enzyme was purified 128.5 ± 0.5 fold and showed a final specific activity of 158.11 ± 5.0 U/mg with a 17.1 ± 8.6 % yield. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the purified enzyme revealed it was one peptide chain with M_r of 33 kDa while by gel filtration appears to be 36 kDa. The enzyme was very specific for L-asparagine and doesn’t hydrolyze L-glutamine. A Lineweaver-Burk analysis showed a K_m value of 1.66 mM toward L-asparagine as substrate and V_max of 34.47 U. The enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 9.5 when incubated at 60^◦C for 20 min. The amino acids composition of the purified enzyme was also determined. Antitumor activity was investigated. The enzyme inhibited the growth of the two human cell lines including hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep-G2) and colon carcinoma (Hct-116) with IC₅₀ value of 8.38µg/ml and 4.67µg/ml, respectively. While IC₅₀ was greater than 10µg/ well for MCF7 (breast carcinoma) cell line.

[EL-Sayed, M. El-Sayed, Sanaa T. El-Sayed, Wafaa, G. Shousha, Abeer, N. Shehata and Shimaa, S.Hanafy. Purification, Characterization and Antitumor Activity of L-asparaginase from Chicken liver. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):439-449]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Chicken liver- gel filtration-purification-amino acid composition- human cancer cell line- antitumor activity

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Nursing Intervention Program for Early Detection and Prevention of Breast Cancer among Working Women

Nahla Ahmed Abd El-Aziz^*1, Fathia Ahmed Mersal¹ and Nadia Mohamed Taha²

 ¹ Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Cairo. Egypt

²Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing Zagazig University, Zagazig. Egypt

nahla_eassawy@yahoo.com ^*

Abstract: Aim: of the study was to assess the impact of a nursing intervention program leading to health decisions for breast cancer screening among working women with the hypothesis that the intervention will improve women knowledge, modify their attitude, and empower them to take informed health decisions for breast cancer screening. Design: This quasi-experimental design Setting: was conducted in 2 pharmaceutical companies, 2 food processing industries, and a textile factory Sample: a convenience sample 520 women working previous settings, Tools: used for data collection included a self-administered assessment questionnaire assessing knowledge, a health beliefs assessment rating scale, an attitude rating scale, a breast self-examination observation checklist, and a mammography card. A nursing intervention program was designed by the researchers based on the results obtained from the study tools and findings of similar research. Results: The mean age of studied women was 43.2 years, and 56.7% of them had secondary education. Only 5.4% of the women had satisfactory knowledge at the pretest. After program implementation, statistically significant improvements were revealed in women's knowledge about breast cancer and early detection methods, as well as in their related health beliefs and attitudes .Also,73.3% and 72.9% women successfully perform BSE at the post and follow-up phases (p>0.001). The practice of mammogram increased from 4.2% at the pre-intervention to 17.7% at the follow-up (p< 0.001). The highest practices were among women working in pharmaceutical companies, those with age 45 of older, and those with positive family history of breast cancer. Conclusion: Working women had deficient knowledge, and negative perceptions related to breast cancer and its early detection; their practice of breast self-examination and mammography was very low. The intervention program had a positive effect on women's knowledge, practice health beliefs and attitude. Recommendations:  Continuous workplace educational health programs are recommended. With supportive health insurance. Further research studies with broader range of occupational setting are suggested. 

[Nahla Ahmed Abd El-Aziz, Fathia Ahmed Mersal and Nadia Mohamed Taha. Nursing Intervention Program for Early Detection and Prevention of Breast Cancer among Working Women. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):450-459]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

 Keywords: Nursing; Intervention; Breast Cancer; Women

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In Vitro Maturation of Camel Oocytes As Affected By Different Media during Breeding and Non-Breeding Seasons

 A.E.B. Zeidan¹, M.A. El-Harairy², Sh.A. Gabr³, M.A. Tag El-Dien¹, S. A. Abd El-Rahman⁴ and A.M. Amer¹

 ¹Animal Production Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

²Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt.

³Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt.

⁴Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Mostansiriya University, Iraq.

Abstract: A total number of 220 clinically healthy she-camel was used in this study. The age of these camels varied from 5 to 10 years and their weights were approximately 500-600 kg. Two experiments were carried out. The first experiment aimed to define the effect of different seasons of the year on follicular fluid components and ovarian activity either in the right or left ovary. The second experiment designed to define the effects of various maturation media (TCM 199, Ham's F-10, Basal and Hank's) on the in vitro maturation of camel oocytes during breeding and non-breeding seasons. In the first experiment, the obtained results showed that ovary weight and number of corpora lutea were significantly (P < 0.05) higher during spring, winter and autumn seasons, than summer season. Numbers of the normal follicles were significantly (P < 0.05) higher during spring, while the atretic follicls were significantly (P < 0.05) higher during summer season than other seasons. Oocytes recovery, compact oocytes complexes (COC's) and partially denuded cumuls oocytes (PDCO) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher during autumn, while expanded cumulus oocytes (ECO) and denuded cumulus oocytes (DCO) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher during spring and winter seasons than other seasons of the year. The highest (P < 0.05) activities of follicular fluid aspartate – aminotransaminase (AST), alanine – aminotransaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) enzymes were recorded during summer and the lowest (P < 0.05) activity was recorded during spring season. The highest (P < 0.05) values of follicular fluid potassium and calcium were recorded during winter and the lowest (P < 0.05) values were recorded during summer season. Testosterone concentration was significantly (P<0.05) higher, however cholesterol concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) lower during summer season, meanwhile oestradiol-17β concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) higher during winter season than other seasons of the year. Ovary weight, number of the corpora lutea (CL) and number of the normal follicles in the left were significantly (P< 0.05) higher than the right ovary, while the number of the atretic follicles in the right was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the left ovary. Oocyte recovery and oocyte status (COC's, PDCO, ECO and DCO) in the left ovary were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the right one. In respect to ovary side, AST, ALT, ALP, ACP, sodium and testosterone concentration of follicular fluid in the left ovary were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the right one. Cholesterol, potassium, calcium, inorganic phosphorus and oestradiol-17β concentrations in the left were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the right ovary. In the second experiment, results revealed significantly (P<0.05) higher cumulus expansion, meiosis metaphase I (MI) and metaphase II (MII) than the non-breeding season . When the type of culture media there was no differences in cumulus expansion except with basal medium which produce the lowest incidence in both breeding and non-breeding season. In breeding season, TCM-199 medium showed the highest rate (P<0.05) of MII oocytes, while in non-breeding season, TCM-199 and Ham's F-10 media showed the highest rates (P<0.05) of MII oocytes.

[A.E.B. Zeidan, M.A. El-Harairy, Sh.A. Gabr, M.A. Tag El-Dien, S. A. Abd El-Rahman  and A.M. Amer. In Vitro Maturation of Camel Oocytes As Affected By Different Media during Breeding and Non-Breeding Seasons. Journal of American Science 2011;7(1):460-472]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.