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Evaluation of mandibular bone segments changes with early versus delayed functional loading after symphyseal fracture fixation using resorpable bone plates.

Atef Abd El Hameed Fouda

Oral & Maxillofacial Dept.-Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

Corresponding Author E-mail:  atef_fouda@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Improper fixation during fracture healing leads to malocclusion. Mandibular bone segments and subsequently occlusal changes that may result after mandibular trauma treatment interfere with establishment of stable occlusion in so-called adapted centric posture. The aim of the present study was to evaluate these changes during and after symphyseal fracture treatment with early versus delayed functional loading. Methods: Twenty four fully-dentate adult male patients with mandibular symphyseal fracture were divided into two equal groups. In the first group two poly lactic acid plates were used for fracture fixation, while the other group treated the same as first group and MMF were performed for one week postoperatively. To evaluate bone segments displacement the patients were subjected to antero-posterior cephalogram for measurement of inter-gonial distance. Results:  significant bony segments displacement reported in group I patients. Conclusion: MMF recommended to be applied for one week after use of poly lactic acid (PLA) plates in symphyseal fractures fixation.

[Atef Abd El Hameed Fouda. Evaluation of mandibular bone segments changes with early versus delayed functional loading after symphyseal fracture fixation using resorpable bone plates. Journal of American Science 2011;8(1):1-6]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 1

Keywords :symphyseal fracture, malocclusion, resorpable plates, mandibular fracture

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Visibility Enhancement of Digital Dental X-Ray for RCT Application Using Bayesian Classifier and Two Times Wavelet Image Fusion

Bardia Yousefi ¹, Hina Hakim ², Nasiha Motahir ³, Paria Yousefi¹, Mohammad Mehdi Hosseini⁴

^1.  Department of Electrical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, IRAN
^2.  Khyber College of Dentistry, University of Peshawar, PAKISTAN

^3.  Peshawar Dental Colleges and Hospital, PAKISTAN

^4. Department of electronic and computer engineering, Islamic Azad University,
Shahrood branch, Shahrood, Po box 36155/163 IRAN hosseini_mm@iau-shahrood.ac.ir

bardia.yousefi@ieee.org

Abstract: This paper presents the developing of digital dental X-ray by using the wavelet image fusion and Bayesian classifier. One of the bases of such systems are generating better concepts of location of teeth and canals in dentistry applications such as Root Canal Treatment (RCT), and Boneless which are  common in dental treatments. Beside, many scientific and clinical decisions need to be made on these grounds. The aim of this paper will be summarized by improving the visibility of teeth, bone and canals in digital dental X-ray. For this purpose, the Laplacian transform will be applied to the image, and then structure element along with morphological operation will be used. Afterward, the obtained image will be fused by using wavelet transform with input image and the next step will be Bayesian classifier classifies teeth and canals from achieved image. Finally, the outcome image will be fused second time to original image by wavelet image fusion technique. The proposed approach applied to the 30 dental radiographs from 30 dental patients. Experiments of this novel technique indicate promising results which demonstrate efficiency of the proposed method for improvement algorithm of the X-ray images.

[Bardia Yousefi, Hina Hakim, Nasiha Motahir, Paria Yousefi, Mohammad Mehdi Hosseini. Visibility Enhancement of Digital Dental X-Ray for RCT Application Using Bayesian Classifier and Wavelet Image Fusion. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):7-13]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords:  Dentistry; image processing; Laplacian; Structure Element (SE); Morphological Operation; Bayesian Classifier; Wavelet Image Fusion

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Comparative Study Between Different Techniques For Coverage Of Submerged Immediate Dental ImplantS

Khaled A. Elhayes

Associate Professor Oral& Maxillofacial Surgery, OMFS Department, Faculty of Oral & Dental Medicine, Cairo University. pdkae@yahoo.com

Abstract: Introduction: The submerged immediate implant procedure was more effective than the non-submerged procedure in improving implant anchorage (osseointegration) in the early phase after implant placement. Aim: Evaluation of the best technique for Immediate Dental Implant coverage to fulfill the submerged concept for proper osseointegration. Material and Methods: This study involved 61 implants in 44 Patients aged 26-43 years old; 34 males and 10 females, all of them underwent immediate submerged dental implantation of different implant systems.18 implants were covered with labial or buccal advancement flap (BAF) in 14 patients.15 implants were covered by sub-epithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) in 15 patients.14 implants were covered by titanium membrane (TM) in 7 patients.14 implants were covered by poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene (PTFE)  membrane in 7 patients. All Patients were followed up clinically for undisturbed continuous coverage of submerged implants at time intervals of 1W, 2W, 4W, 2M and 3M post-surgically. Results: It was found that the PTFE membrane showed the highest percentage of undisturbed healing of supra-implant soft tissue coverage (92.9%) followed by labial or buccal advancement flap (83.3%), then the sub-epithelial C.T graft (73.3%) and lastly came the titanium membrane that was (57.1%). Conclusions: The PTFE membrane was the best used due to: It’s a non-reactive material, not affected by oral fluids or thermal changes. So, it can remain exposed to the oral cavity, no need for primary wound closure. It can be stretched and molded in two directions due to its plastic elasticity and tear-proof, it doesn’t obliterate the vestibules, It is a traumatic procedure and the membrane removal is easy and uncomplicated.

[Khaled A. Elhayes. Comparative Study Between Different Techniques For Coverage Of Submerged Immediate Dental Implants. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):14-22]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: implant procedure; Dental; poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene (PTFE); titanium membrane

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Early outcome predictors of post cardiac arrest patients

Abouelela Amr¹, Imam Mohamed ²

¹Alexandria University, critical care medicine department, Alexandria, Egypt

²Alexandria university, physical medicine, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation  department, Alexandria, Egypt

amrela313@yahoo.com; imam_mohamed@hotmail.com

Abstract: When pulse and blood pressure return after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the brain may have already been critically injured. When severe, a post resuscitation anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy leaves patients comatose. Awakening generally takes place within 3 days after CPR, and neurological impairment is expected if a patient fails to do so.  These patients are often left in a severely cognitively disabled and fully dependent state; some remain in a minimally conscious or vegetative state, and very few awaken neurologically. The aim of this research is to evaluate the efficacy of some clinical, radiological, electrophysiological and laboratory tests as early predictors of the outcome in post arrest patients. This study was carried out on 54 patients- in critical care department of Alexandria university main hospital in Egypt- who survived after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation  for at least 12 hours after the event. All patients were subjected to the routine ICU care with emphasis on neurological examination and investigations in the form of CT brain, SomatoSensory Evoked Potential and serial serum creatinine measurement. Outcome evaluation was done using Glasgow- Pittsburgh Cerebral Performance Categories (GP-CPC). Patients were categorized into two groups: group 1 (favourable outcome) including GP-CPC1and 2; group 2 (unfavourable outcome) included GP-CPC 3,4 and 5. Regarding the neurological assessment of patients (table3), it was found that 4 out of 24 patients (16.7%) developed myoclonus in group I versus 7 patients out of 30 (23%) in group II with no significant difference between the 2 groups. The (SEP) results were significantly better in group I compared to group II (p= 0.0001*). Significant higher creatinine level was recorded in day 2 in group II being 1.6±1.1 versus 1.31± 0.78 in group I (P =0.045*). No significant statistical difference was found between the 2 groups regarding the CT results. As a conclusion from this study, the duration of cardiac arrest, the SSEP and the changes in serum creatinine are the parameters which carry the highest ability to differentiate between patients with good prognosis from those with bad prognosis. No gold standard single test can be used to predict the prognosis in post cardiac arrest patients.

[Abouelela Amr, Imam Mohamed. Early outcome predictors of post cardiac arrest patients. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):23-28]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: SSEP, post-arrest, Outcome predictors , GP-CPC

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Assessments of the effects of ZrO₂ nanopowders on porosimetry and mechanical properties of concrete

Mohammad Mehdi Kaykha¹ and Farzad Soleymani^*,2

1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.

2. Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Payame Noor University, P.O. 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.

^* E-mail: farzad.soleymani52@yahoo.com

Abstract: Flexural of concrete containing ZrO₂ nanoparticles which were cured in saturated limewater have been optimized. ZrO₂ nanoparticles with partial replacement of Portland cement by 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 weight percent have been used as nano-fillers. The specimens were cured in water and saturated limewater for 7, 28 and 90 days after casting and then their strength was evaluated by flexural strength test. The results showed that replacement of Portland cement with ZrO₂ nanoparticles up to 1.0 weight percent for the specimens cured in water and 2.0% for the specimens cured in saturated limewater produces concrete with the best strength. It has been obtained that curing the specimens in saturated limewater for 28 days and then in water until 90 days, produces more strengthened concrete than those cured only in saturated limewater for 90 days. Excess Ca(OH)₂ crystals which forms after 28 days, when the specimens cured in limewater, reduces the effect of strengthening gels which form until the 90 days hence reduces the mechanical properties of the specimens. On the other hand, curing the specimens in water after 28 days produces more strengthening gel results in a concrete with higher strength. The pore structure of different mixtures was studied. The addition of nanoparticles improves the pore structure of concretes, the refined extent of pore structure increase with decreasing nanoparticles’ content. The pore structure of concretes which were cured in saturated limewater is better than that of concretes cured in water.  

[Mohammad Mehdi Kaykha and Farzad Soleymani. Assessments of the effects of ZrO₂ nanopowders on porosimetry and mechanical properties of concrete.  Journal of American Science 2011;8(1):29-35]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

Key words: ZrO₂ nanoparticles; flexural strength; optimized properties; pore structure; concrete.

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Echocardiography During Weaning From Mechanical Ventilation

Dr. Atta Ehab¹ , Abouelela Amr², Hamdy Ahmed ³

¹Alexandria university, chest diseases  department, Alexandria, Egypt

²Alexandria university, critical care medicine department, Alexandria, Egypt

³Gamal Abdelnaser Hospital, critical care medicine department, Alexandria, Egypt

amrela313@yahoo.com; mohamedehabatta@yahoo.com; ahmed_elsaka888@yahoo.com

Abstract: Weaning patients from the ventilator remains a crucial issue. The incidence of weaning failure, which is defined as a failed spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) or the need for a re-intubation in the 48 hours following extubation, reached 31%. Weaning failure remains a clinically relevant challenge because it may result in significant morbidity (prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation, re-intubation) and may influence mortality. Even if its actual incidence is unknown, cardiac dysfunction is a leading cause of weaning failure. Although echocardiography allows the noninvasive assessment of cardiac function and LV filling pressures, its clinical value in the setting of ventilator weaning has yet to be determined. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the ability of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) to detect the effects of spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) on central hemodynamics and to identify indices predictive of cardiac-related weaning failure. This study was conducted on 40 patients on mechanical ventilation admitted to The Critical Care Department of Alexandria Main University Hospital and to intensive care unit in Gamal Abdel Naser Hospital in Alexandria-Egypt.  Trans thoracic echocardiography (TTE) was under taken just before and at the end of a 30-min SBT in patients fulfilling weaning criteria. Values of TTE parameters were compared between baseline (before weaning) and SBT (after weaning) in all patients. Clinical and ECHO parameters were compared  between patients who succeed the weaning trial and those who failed.  Ejection fraction (EF) was 50.2±4.25 before weaning and decreased to 41.1±4.88 after weaning in the failure group (p=0.01).  The deceleration time of the E wave of the mitral flow (DTE) decreased significantly from 178.1± 10.5 before weaning to 160.4±10.2 after weaning in the failure group (p=0.042). We concluded from this study that EF and DTE could be used as  predictive indices of cardiac-related weaning failure while right ventricular end diastolic area / left ventricular end diastolic area(RVEDA/LVEDA) and the pulmonary flow acceleration time did not show any predictive value. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of the echocardiography as a screening strategy on the weaning process and patient outcome.

[Atta Ehab, Abouelela Amr, Hamdy Ahmed. Echocardiography During Weaning From Mechanical Ventilation. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):36-43]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Weaning, Echocardiography, Cardiac dysfunction, SBT, Cardio-respiratory changes.

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Delirium in Critical Care Medicine Department in Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University incidence and relation with sepsis

Hassan A Abukhabar¹, Amr Abdallah², Ahmed Eltoukhy³

¹Alexandria University, critical care medicine department, Alexandria, Egypt

²Alexandria university, critical care medicine department, Alexandria, Egypt

³Alexandria university, critical care medicine department, Alexandria, Egypt

habukhaber@yahoo.com ; amrabdalla1971icu@gmail.com, toukhy1810@yahoo.com

Abstract: The intensivist should think of delirium, or acute central nervous system dysfunction, as the brain's form of "organ dysfunction." Delirium is extremely common in intensive care unit (ICU) patients due to factors such as co morbidity, critical illness, and iatrogenesis. The delirium is extremely hazardous in older persons and is associated with prolonged ICU stay. Lack of experience about delirium& instruments which should used to diagnose it, makes its diagnosis in ICU difficult. Sepsis associated delirium is not simply an unpleasant confusion or obtundation of the patient with sepsis, but a relevant and often severe organ dysfunction that is reflected by increase in mortality. Furthermore impaired cognitive function after critical illness, particularly in patient suffering from delirium, is increasingly being recognized. Our aim was to estimate the incidence of delirium in critical care units in Alexandria University Hospital, and to find out if there was any association between delirium and sepsis. The study was conducted on 385 adult conscious patients. All selected patients have been screened for delirium by (CAM-ICU score) daily until patients died, discharged, become unfit for score, or become positive for delirium. In selected patients, their different diagnoses was recorded, and laboratory and clinical sepsis profile was taken to found the association between sepsis and delirium. The following results were obtained: Incidence of delirium in critical care units in Alexandria university hospital is 18.4%.The age of patients with delirium was significantly higher  with delirium. Duration of stay in ICU in delirious patients is higher than non delirious patients.56% of pneumonia patients developed delirium in their stay in ICU. There was a significant association between sepsis and delirium in ICU, as presence of sepsis in delirious patients was higher with delirium. Incidence of delirium in intubated or mechanically ventilated patients was significantly higher. Sepsis was found to be an important risk factor for developing of delirium in ICU. Confusion assessment method in ICU (CAM-ICU) was found to be an easy,    quick, and effective tool to diagnose delirium in adult and conscious ICU patients. Respiratory tract infections is a common cause of sepsis associated delirium.

[Hassan A Abukhabar, Amr Abdallah, Ahmed Eltoukhy. Delirium in Critical Care Medicine Department in Faculty of Medicine Alexandria University incidence and relation with sepsis. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):44-53]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: delirium, CAM/ICU, sepsis.

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A Review of Teachers’ Professional Development Initiatives and Associated Issues and Challenges in Higher Education Institutes of Pakistan

Hassan Danial Aslam ^1,2, Tasawar Javad ³, Mohammad Hossein Mardani Nokandeh ⁴, Hamzeh Sharifi ⁵, Mehrdad Jalalian ⁶, Muhammad Arfan Lodhi ⁷

^1. Lecturer, Faculty of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

^2. Senior Research Consultant, Human Resource Management Academic Research Society

^3. Lecturer, Faculty of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

^4. Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran

^5. Academic member of Babol Medical Sciences University, Babol, Iran

^7. PhD Scholar & Visiting Lecturer, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

^6. Editor-in-Chief, Electronic Physician Journal, Mashhad, Iran

hassan.danial@iub.edu.pk

Abstract: Professional development of teachers is a necessary part of any country’s improvements of the educational system. Collaborative and interactive teaching can be compared with a tree where traditional, orthodox ideas are abandoned (like old leaves falling down) while innovative and provocative concepts are acknowledged, accepted, and implemented in the classroom. Teachers’ professional competency and personal development are the most important parts of the educational continuum. Accordingly, most universities in developed countries have established their own professional development wings to enhance the pedagogical and interactive skills of their faculty. The present study is descriptive in nature and attempts to provide a theoretical background of the importance of professional development, and the need for professional development for university teachers in Pakistan. Moreover, it has found a strong connection between enhancing the quality of education with the professional growth and development of teachers through various ways and means.

[Hassan Danial Aslam, Tasawar Javad, Mohammad Hossein Mardani Nokandeh, Hamzeh Sharifi, Mehrdad Jalalian, Muhammad Arfan Lodh. A Review of Teachers’ Professional Development Initiatives in Higher Education Institutes of Pakistan. Journal of American Science 2012;8(1):54-60]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Professional Development; Higher Education; Quality of Education

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Antimutagenic Potential of Cynara scolymus, Cupressus sempervirens and  Eugenia jambolana Against Paracetamol-Induced  liver cytotoxicity.

Souria M. Donya¹ and Nancy H. Ibrahim²

1-Genetics and Cytology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Center, Tahrir St., Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt

2-Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

Corresponding author. Souria M. Donya

e-mail: DrSouria-Moustafa@ hotmail.com.

Abstract:Drug-induced liver injury is a potential complication of virtually every prescribed hot medication. Paracetamol (APAP) is one of the most commonly used drugs worldwide for its analgesic and antipyretic effect. Although it is considered to be safe and effective in the therapeutic range, the overdose following accidental ingestion or suicidal attempt causes a toxic response leading to the centrilobular necrosis in liver. Consequently, the present study was designed to evaluate antihepatotoxic and antimutagenic activities of hydroethanolic extract of Cynara scolymus L., Cupressus sempervirens L., and Eugenia jambolana Lam in experimental rat model of paracetamol-induced liver toxicity in rats, comparing with silymarin as reference agent. The results revealed that the pre-treatment with either hydroethanolic extract (250 mg/kg/day, p.o) or silymarin (50 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 4 weeks has good safety profile in normal rats and exhibited a marked hepatoprotection against single toxic dose of paracetamol (4 g.kg^-1b.wt, p.o.) as proved from marked decline in the DNA fragmentations and inhibition in the percentage of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells. These protection was decreased as silymarin ≥ E. jambolana > C. sempervirens > C. scolymus. In conclusion: E. jambolana may be applied as potential sources of natural antioxidant with hepatoprotective effect. Further investigations are needed to isolation and characterisation of the active principles responsible for hepatoprotective activity.

[Souria M. Donya; Nancy H. Ibrahim. Antimutagenic Potential of Cynara scolymus, Cupressus sempervirens and  Eugenia jambolana Against Paracetamol-Induced  liver cytotoxicity. Journal of American Science 2011;8(1):61-67]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key Words: antioxidant; antihepatotoxic; antimutagenic; Cynara scolymus L.; Cupressus sempervirens L.; Eugenia jambolana Lam; DNA fragmentation; chromosomal aberration.

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Warning to the Status of Critically Endangered Great Bustard Otis tarda in Iran

¹Rahim Abdulkarimi and ²Naser Ahmadi Sani

1-Islamic Azad University, Boukan Branch, Boukan, Iran; 2-Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran. Rahim.abdulkarimi@yahoo.com

Abstract: Great Bustard is the critically endangered species that classified in IUCN red list and in the current decade faced to several threat as losing of the natural refuge and habitat destruction by human interference in Iran. Updating data about population status and induced threat on the Great Bustard is necessary to design a action plan and conservation measure. Therefore this study was conducted to investigate the status of Great Bustard population, with attention to the Mokryan region, NW Iran in January to December 2011. Based on final reports the Great Bustard habitats were destroyed in some parts of country except of Mokryan, in south of West Azerbaijan province. The sites around Boukan are the main refuge in Mokryan, where Great Bustard breeds in its dry land and survive the wintering time there. The results of this study indicated that optimal habitats in NW(Mokryan) approached to desolation and their Great Bustard population linearly has decreased than past years, whereas the largest number was only 33 individual birds which observed in winter. The induced change by human as destruction of grasslands and convert to cultivation of land, transformed dry to water land, establishment of industrialism, increasing in human density and those side effects are the main reasons to this tragedy. Regarding to this results, only 35-45 individual birds has been estimated in throughout of country. Thereafter the urgent plan to reserve of this species must be performed by DoE or responsible organs.  

[Rahim Abdulkarimi and Naser Ahmadi Sani., Warning to the Status of Critically Endangered Great Bustard Otis tarda in Iran. Journal of American Science 2012;8(1):68-72]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Great Bustard Otis tarda, population status, Mokryan region, Northwestern Iran

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The Effect of By-pass Protein on Quantity and Quality Traits of Mohair in Iranian Angora (Markhoz) Goat

¹Farzad  Abdollahzadeh, ² Rahman  Ebne Abbasi, ¹Rahim  Abdulkarimi

1-Islamic Azad University, Boukan Branch, Boukan, Iran

2-Department of Animal Science, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center,

Kurdistan Province, Sanandaj, Iran

Farzad.Abdolahzadeh@gmail.com 

Abstract: The effect of dietary varying levels of By-pass protein on fiber production and nutrients digestibility of Markhoz kid goats was studied. Sixteen castrate male Angora goats (about 6 months of age; 20±1.5 kg of initial BW), were assigned randomly to four isocaloric (9/8 MJ/ kg of DM intake) and isonitrogenous (11/9 % Cp of DM) diets differing in their fishmeal (Fm) content in a completely randomized design. The experimental diets were supplemented by 0 Fm (or control), 50 (LFm), 75 (MFm) and 100 g/day (HFm) of Fm as a dietary By-pass protein resource. The inclusion of Fm in Angora goats' diet was associated with a higher greasy and clean fiber, fiber diameter, staple length, medullated and kemp fibers and lower true fiber than control diet. The higher supply of dietary Fm resulted in higher (P < 0.05) nutrients (DM, OM, CP and NDF) digestibilities but, no differences were observed among Fm levels. DM intake was highest for goats fed HFm and lowest for those fed control diet, however, differences among treatments were non-significant. Overall results indicated that, enrichment of Angora diets relatively high in concentrate with Fm as a source of By-pass protein improved nutrient digestibility and fleece characteristic of Angora goats. Additionally, the use of By-pass protein resource such as Fm is required for maximum fiber production and 50 g/d of Fm is recommended to feed on such diets.

 [Farzad  Abdollahzadeh, Rahman  Ebne Abbasi and Rahim  Abdulkarimi., The Effect of By-pass Protein on Quantity and Quality Traits of Mohair in Iranian Angora (Markhoz) Goat. Journal of American Science 2012;8(1):73-76]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Angora goat, Markhoz goat, By-pass protein, fiber characteristic

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Determinants of non-farm income diversification among rural households in Nigeria

Olugbire, O.O¹., Falusi, A.O² and Adeoti, A.I²., Oyekale, A.S.²

¹ Department of Forest Economics and Extension, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Jericho, Ibadan, Nigeria

² Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

adekola_toyin@yahoo.com

Abstract: Integrated rural development approach to poverty reduction has been reported to have limited success in Nigeria. This is because farming is considered as main source of income for rural households, despite their involvement in other non-farm income generating activities. Focusing on income derivable from farming alone may be partially responsible for the ineffective poverty reduction strategies in Nigeria. In this paper, we investigate the composition and determinants of non-farm income of rural households in Nigeria. The 2004 National Living Standard Survey (NLSS) data collected by the Nigeria’s National Bureau of Statistics was used for the analysis. The results from the study show that the share of farm, non-farm wage- and self-employment incomes in total household incomes were 24.3%, 43.0% and 23.7% respectively. Econometric analysis show that, households whose heads are male and had formal education, increased the likelihood of households’ participation in non-farm wage-employment activities, while access to credit and having larger farm size decreased it. Access to credit; community participation; larger family size and possession of capital assets increased the likelihood of participation in non-farm self-employment activities, while having larger farm size, being a non-indigene decreased it.

[Olugbire, O.O., Falusi, A.O. and Adeoti, A.I., Oyekale, A.S. Determinants of non-farm income diversification among rural households in Nigeria.  Journal of American Science 2012;8(1):77-82]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Non-farm income, wage-employment income, self-employment income, diversification, rural Nigeria.

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High biomass Chenopodium album L. is a suitable weed for remediation Cd-contaminated soilsGeeta

Mahbubeh Mazhari^A and Bahare bahramian^B

^A Department of Soil Science, Agriculture and Natural Resources Faculty, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran

^BDepartment of weed Science, Agriculture and Natural Resources Faculty, mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, mashhad, Iran

scientificgroup@hotmail.com

Abstract: Phyextraction is an in situ and cost-effective potential strategy for cleanup contaminated soils. The objective of this study was to find out if halophyte chenopodium album L. can be used for phytoextraction of cadmium from contaminated soils. Consequently, an extensive experiment was carried out to evaluate the phytoextraction ability of one high biomass halophyte. The soils used in the experiment were contaminated with 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 100 mg Cd kg−1 soil, in the form of cadmium chloride. Our results indicated that no injury symptoms in chenopodium album L. were observed even on 100 mg kg−1 soil Cd The Cd50 value (Cd at which the yield is reduced by 50%) for Chenopocium album L. evaluate 117 mg  Cd kg−1 soils. The Cd transportation from soil to plant was increased by increasing soil cadmium content. At Cd concentration of 100 mg kg−1 which is 100 times more than EPA approved maximum level, only 40 percent reduction observed in wet shoots. Although the average Cd accumulation in shoots was not notably high (40.8 mg kg1 at 100 mg Cd kg-1 soil); its high biomass production resulted to overall high Cd removal (193.8 g ha-1 at 100 mg Cd kg-1 soil). The results were justifying this plant as a potential candidate for Cd phytextraction from the contaminated soil..

[Phyextraction, chenopodium album L, contaminated soils. High biomass Chenopodium album L. is a suitable weed for remediation Cd-contaminated soils. Journal of American Science 2012;8(1):83-87]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Phyextraction; chenopodium album L; contaminated soils

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Nucleated red blood cells and eosinopenia as a high risk mortality marker in patients of the intensive care units

Amal Sabry¹, Amr Abd Allah², Lamiaa Salama³

¹Alexandria University, anesthesia and surgical intensive care department, Alexandria, Egypt

²Alexandria University, critical care medicine department, Alexandria, Egypt

³Alexandria University, critical care medicine department, Alexandria, Egypt

amalsabry_m@yahoo.com; amrabdalla1971icu@gmail.com; drbungooo@yahoo.com

Abstract: Finding a reliable marker for mortality and morbidity in the intensive care will always remain a challenge in our daily ICU practice. Intensivists are always concerned with the appropriate time to stop treatment and when to relocate patients to ward. This mandates further research to find a reliable marker for morbidity and mortality that can guide the course of treatment in ICU. Among all, NRBCs and eosinopenia were the most interesting. Also, eosinopenia showed a strong correlation with infection, which is considered a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in ICU. Thus, in our study, we were interested in investigating the impact of these two available cheap parameters on mortality among intensive care patients. The current study was conducted on 230 patients admitted to ICU over a six month period. Patients below the age of 18, trauma patients and surgical patients were excluded from this study. On the day of admission, informed consents were obtained and APACHE II and SAPS II scores were calculated for all patients. NRBCs and eosinophils were measured using the automated blood analyzer Sysmex XE 2100 and results were confirmed with a peripheral blood smear. Mortality was monitored during the ICU stay period. Our results revealed that 27.39% of ICU patients were NRBC-positive, and nearly 31% of them showed NRBCs in their blood on the day of admission. The total mortality of NRBC-positive patients was 50.8%. When compared to the total mortality of the NRBC-negative patients (8.4%), we realize the high prognostic power of the mechanized NRBCs detection in blood as regards mortality, revealing sensitivity of 69.6% and specificity of 83.2%, thus, increasing the mortality risk by eleven folds. the length of ICU stay of the NRBC-positive patients (12.86 days), which was nearly double that of the NRBC-negative patients (5.42 days). NRBCs appeared around seven days before mortality, thus, could be considered an early marker. Patients with NRBC–positive blood profile or worsening eosinopenia should raise the suspicion for a deteriorating pathology and should not be relocated to ward or discharged to home, even if apparently healthy, unless fully investigated.

[Amal Sabry, Amr Abd Allah, Lamiaa Salama. Nucleated red blood cells and eosinopenia as a high risk mortality marker in patients of the intensive care units. Journal Journal of American Science 2012;8(1):88-95]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: NRBCs, eosinopenia, APACHE II, SAPS II

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Effect of  human resource management systems on  organizational performance emphasizing mediate effect of intellectual capital in employees of  Electric power Distribution company of Shiraz in I.R.IRAN

Dr. Alireza Mooghali

Department of  Public Administration, Faculty of Economics and Social Science, Payame  Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697 Tehran , IRAN. Tel:+989171117287 , mooghali@yahoo.com

Abstract: Although modern information-based technologies affect increasingly on the various aspects of human life, it is believed that human resource is the main capital of each organization, especially knowledge-based ones. This survey is mainly aimed to investigate the relationship between human resource management systems and organizational performance emphasizing the mediate effect of intellectual capital in employees of Electric Distribution Company of Shiraz. This is a descriptive correlation survey in which 173 person of 314 employees of  Electric Distribution  Company of Shiraz were randomly selected. Data was collected by use of Likrets multiple – choice questionnaire. In order to analyze data, descriptive and deductive methods were used. According to the results, all of hypotheses were accepted. Therefore, there is a direct relationship between the all aspects of human resource management system and the elements of intellectual capital. Moreover, there is a direct relationship between the elements of intellectual capital and organizational performance.

[Alireza Mooghali. Effect of  human resource management systems on organizational performance emphasizing mediate effect of intellectual capital in employees of  Electric power Distribution company of Shiraz in I.R. IRAN. Journal Journal of American Science 2012;8(1):96-101]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: human resource management system, intellectual capital, organizational performance, path analysis

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Synergistic anti-tumour effect of propolis against Ehrlich carcinoma

Mohamed O. T. Badr^*, Nariman M.M Edrees, Amany A.M Abdallah, Mohamed A. Hashem , Nasr A.M.N. El-Deen , Ahmed N F. Neamat-Allah and Hager T.H Ismail

Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 1 Alzeraa Street Postal Code 44511, Zagazig City, Sharkia Province, Egypt. ^*drosamabadr@yahoo.com

Abstract: Two hundred and fifty female Swiss Albino mice were used to study synergistic anti-tumour activity of propolis to enhance methotrexate activity on mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC). They equal divided into 5 groups: 1^st kept as negative control, 2^nd was implanted intraperitoneally with 2.5×10⁶ EAC and kept as positive control and, 3^rd implanted intraperitoneally with 2.5×10⁶ EAC and treated with propolis by dose (50 mg/kg body weight), were given by gastric intubations 2 hours prior to the intraperitoneal injection of EAC,4^th implanted intraperitoneally with 2.5×10⁶ EAC and treated with methotrexate by dose (0.4 mg/kg body weight) and 5^th implanted with the same count of the EAC cells and treated with combination of propolis and methotrexate(50 mg/kg body weight and 0.4 mg/kg body weight,respectively) for eleven successive days . Increasing mean survival time (MST), increasing life span (ILS %) and treated vs. positive control (T/C %) in the all treated groups with increased of the body weight, volume of ascitic fluid, total number of EAC cells, viable % cells and decreased of dead% cells in second group while in groups 3,4 and 5 which treated by trials of propolis ,methotrexate and combination of the two compounds  respectively ,revealed decreasing in body weight, volume of the ascitic fluid, total number of EAC cells  and the percentage of life cells. Histopathology revealed that least degree of malignancy was in combination group where malignant happens.

[Mohamed OT. Badr; Nariman MM Edrees; Amany AM Abdallah; Mohamed A Hashem; Nasr AMN. El-Deen; Ahmed NF. Neamat-Allah and Hager TH Ismail. Synergistic anti-tumour effect of propolis against Ehrlich carcinoma]. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):102-109]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Protective, EAC,Biochemical, Egypt, Propolis, Methotrexate, Trexan

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­Pulmonary Function Changes in Allergic Rhinitis With or Without Bronchial Asthma

Nevine El-Helaly­­¹, Samia M. Samy², Tarek S. Ibrahim^*2, William M. Morcos², Hassan M. ElHoshy³ and Dina A. Mohamed²

¹Pediatric­­­­­­­, ³ E.N.T. Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University and ²Child Health Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt. tareksalah2000@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Allergic rhinitis is considered as a risk factor for asthma. It may aggravate the underlying asthma and worsen the pulmonary function. Asthma and allergic rhinitis frequently co-exist in the same patient and are thought to share common­ predisposing genetic factors which interact with the environmental influences. Objective: The aim of this study was to measure and compare pulmonary function tests in patients with allergic rhinitis alone, allergic rhinitis associated with bronchial asthma and bronchial asthma alone before and after treatment. Patients and Methods: This study included 60 children aged 6-12 years and were classified into 3 groups; group I: allergic rhinitis without asthma, group II: asthma without rhinitis and group III: allergic rhinitis with asthma (all asthmatic patients were in stable state). All patients were not given any anti-inflammatory medications three months prior to our study. Serum IgE level and pulmonary function tests (FVC, FEV, FEF_25-75 and PEF) were done for all patient. Our patients were given treatment in the form of antihistaminics and intranasal steroids for allergic rhinitis, inhaled corticosteroids for asthma and both treatment were given for asthmatic patients with allergic rhinitis. After 3 months, pulmonary functions were repeated to assess the effect of treatment. Results: Our results revealed high significant rise of serum IgE level in all groups with the highest values in group III (255.23 + 38.79). The comparison between the studied groups in each parameter of the pulmonary function showed a significant increase after treatment in all groups with lowest values in group III. Conclusion: A substantial proportion of children with allergic rhinitis have impaired pulmonary functions, mainly reduced FEF_25-75 values which were significantly improved with treatment by intranasal corticosteroids. Patients with both asthma and rhinitis show an increase in asthma severity and have the worst pulmonary functions with great improvement by proper treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma.

[Sahar Yassien Effect of Web-Based Brain Training Program on Cognitive and Academic Functions of Student Nurses with Sickle Cell Disease]. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):110-114]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Allergic rhinitis – Bronchial asthma – Pulmonary functions

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Effect of Web-Based Brain Training Program on Cognitive and Academic Functions of Student Nurses with Sickle Cell Disease

Sahar Yassien

Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract: Cognitive impairments associated with SCD are among the most devastating, and least studied complications. The use of web based brain training program as a remedial intervention was supposed to improve their cognitive and academic functions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of web-based brain training program on cognitive and academic functions of student nurses with sickle cell disease. A quasi experimental double control design was utilized in this study. Two matched groups; experimental and control groups were recruited conveniently, thirty students for each. Their mean age was (19.8±0.9years QUOTE  ), and (19.7±1.1years)  QUOTE  respectively. The experimental group students utilized the brain training program while the control did not. Academic and cognitive evaluation was applied for the two groups.   The results revealed a non-significant difference between the two groups before program implementation, but revealed a highly statistical significant difference between the two groups regarding their cognitive functions after program implementation. There was a significant change in cognitive function within the experimental group after the program implementation. Concerning academic functions there was a non significant difference between the two groups and non significant change within the experimental group. In conclusion: a web-based brain training program was effective in improving cognitive functions, and provide some evidence of transfer of this improvement into the SCD student academic life.

[Sahar Yassien. Effect of Web-Based Brain Training Program on Cognitive and Academic Functions of Student Nurses with Sickle Cell Disease] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):115-126]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Sickle cell disease – Cognitive impairment – Neuroplasticity – Brain training

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The Difference between Right Side and Semi Recumbent Positions after Feeding on Gastric Residual Volume among Infants

Hewida Ahmed Hussein

Pediatric Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Cairo University

hewida.Ahmed@yahoo.com 

Abstract: Gastric residual volume (GRV) is considered as an objective parameter for gastric emptying and tolerance of feeding. The effect of infant's position after feeding on gastric residual has been mostly conducted in infants. The aim of this study was to assess the difference between right side and semi recumbent positions after feeding on gastric residual volume among infants.  A quasi experimental design was utilized. The current study was conducted in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) at New Pediatric Specialized Hospital, Cairo University. A sample of 35 infants included in the study one day after being admitted to PICU and fulfilling the inclusion criteria, and two tools utilized to collect the required data: socio-demographic data sheet and GRV record sheet. The main results revealed that more than seventy percent of the infants were male, the mean age of infants was 6.5 ± 2.2 months and regarding to grade of respiratory distress more than half of infants with grade II. No significant difference was detected between infants positioned at right side and semi recumbent regarding amount of GRV after feeding. The current study recommended that nurses can place infants in semi recumbent position or right side after feeding. Replication of the study in bigger sample with different diseases.

[Hewida Ahmed Hussein. The Difference between Right Side and Semi Recumbent Positions after Feeding on Gastric Residual Volume among Infants] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):127-132]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: GRV; gastric empty; infants; right side; semi recumbent position; PICU

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Fault diagnosis of Spur gear using vibration analysis

Ebrahim Ebrahimi

Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran. e.ebrahimi57@gmail.com

Abstract: Fault detection in gear train system is important in order to transmitting power effectively. Vibration signals extracted from rotating parts of machineries carries lot many information within them about the condition of the operating machine. Further processing of these raw vibration signatures measured at a convenient location of the machine unravels the condition of the component or assembly under study. In this paper we study the faults that occur in the spur gear and compare fault signs of them in the time and frequency domain signals.

[Ebrahim Ebrahimi. Fault diagnosis of Spur gear using vibration analysis. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):133-138]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: fault diagnosis ; spur gear ; vibration analysis

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Transmission of Postcolonialism through Translation, Discourse Analysis of "Heart of Darkness" and Two of its Persian Translations at Micro and Macro Levels

Dr. Mansour Fahim¹, Mandana Eftekhar Paziraie ²

^1. Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Faculty of Foreign Languages, Department of English Language, Tehran, Iran

²Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Faculty of Foreign Languages, Department of English Language, Tehran, Iran ^.scientificgroup@hotmail.com

Abstract: This article mainly focused on transmission of post colonialism throughout translation, with particular emphasis on literary translation. For this purpose, the researcher employed the discourse analysis (DA) model in both micro and macro levels proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1976), and Hatch (1992), respectively to delve into probable differences of endophoric references, conjunctions, and reiterations on one hand, and characters on the other, in the two Persian translations of "Heart of Darkness." Moreover, the researcher examined footnotes and translator's judgments to see how the two translators faced with the issue of post colonialism in their translations. To carry out this qualitative, quantitative, descriptive corpus-based research, two translations of the English novel done by two different Persian translators were examined. The results clearly showed that the frequency use of characters at macro level, and endophoric references, conjunctions, and reiterations as grammatical and lexical cohesive devices at micro level have visibly affected the translation products and manifest signs of different manipulations within the micro level could be observed. Besides, the results showed that the frequency use of footnotes and prefaces affected the issue of postcolonialism.

 [Dr. Mansour Fahim, Mandana Eftekhar Paziraie . Transmission of Postcolonialism through Translation, Discourse Analysis of "Heart of Darkness" and Two of its Persian Translations at Micro and Macro Levels. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):139-146]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: translation, post colonialism, discourse analysis at micro and macro levels, cohesive devices

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Effects of light curing and remineralization on micro hardness of  nano esthetic restorative materials

Sahar A. M. Abd El Halim

Assistant Professor, Department of operative dentistry, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia

Corresponding Author: s_saeed03@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of remineralization and light exposure on microhardness of Nano-composite Filtek^TM Z 350 XT, Nano glass ionomer Ketac N100 and Micro-hybrid composite Filtek Z250. Materials and Methods: 96 samples were prepared in disc shaped stainless steel molds with uniform size of (6mm) diameter and (2 mm) thickness. Samples were divided according to materials used into three groups and then each group was subdivided into subgroup according to light of curing. A single operator prepared the samples. Each subgroup was divided into two groups(eight in each) according to used remineralizing agent (GC MI Paste Plus) or not. Two curing units were used to polymerize the samples halogen Cromalux 7050 [Mega-PHYSIK GmbH & Co KG, Megadenta, Germany] and LED [Bluephase C5, IvoclarVivadent] for 40Sec. Samples were stored in a dark container in distilled water for 24hr and then one group had Vickers microhardness test and put the other one in the remineralizing agent for 7 days before microhardness test. Statistical analysis for all data were analyzed by two way analysis of ANOVA and Tukey’s tests. Results: In all the tested materials, LED curing, whether used alone or in combination with remineralizing mouse, resulted in greater microhardness, at both the top and bottom surfaces, compared to halogen light curing alone or in combination with remineralizing mouse. Glass ionomer N100, whether cured by LED or halogen light- showed the lowest microhradness compared to Z250 and Z350 Conclusions:  LED curing were significantly influenced the microhardness values for all tested materials. Glass ionomer showed the lowest micro-hardness compared to Z250 and Z350.

[Sahar A. M. Abd El Halim. Effects of light curing and remineralization on micro hardness of  nano esthetic restorative materials. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):147-151]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: light cure- remineralization- microhardness - nano-composite

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The Application of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) in the Classification of Egyptian Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) Cultivars

Mohamed M. Sakr¹, Wael M. Hassan*², Isam M. Abu Zeid³, Abdel-Rahman E. Hassan³, Abd-Elghany E. Baz³

¹Faculty of Science, North Jeddah Branch, King Abulaziz University, ²Department of Environmental Science , Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, El-Beida, Libya, ³Faculty of Education, King Abulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.⁴Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. ^*hakros@gmail.com

Abstract: This study aims to classify date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) cultivars using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Eight date palm genotypes; Amhat, Barhy, Bint Aisha, Zaghloul, Hayany, Amry, Kuboshy and Samany cultivars and one male genotype were analysed.  Twenty random primers were used to screen the genotypes but five produced reproducible bands. The five primers yielded 179 bands (with an average of 36 bands per primer), including eleven polymorphic bands. The primer OPK4 in particular, produced a large number of strongly amplified and individual fragments (47 fragments), whereas, primer OPK1 produced the lowest number (21 fragments). Primer OPK1 gave the highest percentage of polymorphism (9.52), while OPK4 gave the lowest percentage of polymorphism (4.25). Two primers OPK4 and OPK5 produced amplification products that were monomorphic across all the female cultivars. Three primers OPK1, OPK3 and OPK7 revealed low polymorphisms (6.14%). Analysis of all the bands recorded showed 93.36% similarity (11 polymorphic fragments out of a total of 179). The results showed distinct variation in the profiles within the female cultivars and male genotype especially with primers OPK1, OPK3 and OPK. RAPD-PCR showed that the male genotype is different from the female cultivars and that there is a high degree of similarity among the female cultivars of the date palm.

[Mohamed M, Sakr, Wael M. Hassan, Isam M. Abu Zeid, Abdel-Rahman, E. Hassan, and Abd-Elghany E. Baz  The Application of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) in the Classification of Egyptian Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) Cultivars] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):152-159]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 23

Keywords: RAPD - Egyptian Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) cultivars identification.

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An appropriate pattern to solving a parallel machine scheduling by a combination of meta-heuristic and data mining

Mohamadreza Kaviani ^1,2, Majid Aminnayeri ^1*, Seyed Nima Rafienejad ¹, Fariborz Jolai ³

¹ Department of Industrial Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

kaviani.mr@aut.ac.ir, ^* mjnayeri@aut.ac.ir, sn.rafienezhad@aut.ac.ir

² Department of Industrial Engineering, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran branch, Tehran, Iran

³ Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

fjolai@ut.ac.ir

Abstract: Scheduling problems’ applications in nowadays competitive world and the rate of their result’s usage in industrial area demonstrate the importance of this problem. In this article, an identical parallel machine by the objective function of total weighted tardiness is considered. As the NP-hard nature of these problems, meta-heuristic algorithms are commonly applied to solve them. These kinds of algorithms are able to reach the near optimal solution in an acceptable time, but do not explain how a solution developed. It is tried, by Attribute-Oriented Induction and Clustering technique, to reveal proper patterns relied under these problems characteristics and with that justify the final solution found by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Moreover, these rules could applied to similar problems and provide solutions that are generally better than simple dispatching rules.

[Mohamadreza Kaviani, Majid Aminnayeri, Seyed Nima Rafienejad, Fariborz Jolai. An appropriate pattern to solving a parallel machine scheduling by a combination of meta-heuristic and data mining. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):160-167]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 24

Keywords: Parallel Machine Scheduling, Particle Swarm Optimization, Data Mining, Clustering, Validity Index

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English Language Teaching through the Translation Method at Secondary level Education in Bangladesh

Nitish Kumar Mondal

English Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh

 nitish.english@yahoo.com

Abstract: Teaching English to non-natives is always regarded as a difficult task, to which teaching English to Bangladeshi students especially secondary level learners’ accountants are no exception. Although English is largely used in Bangladeshi educational systems from primary to advance level, Bangladeshi students have to face difficulties in the world of English. After passing primary education (five years) it is observed that Bangladeshi students can not learn English well. As their field of English knowledge is not well-organized, they have to work hard to improve their English-language skills. Thus, the present paper aims to find out the merits and demerits of the translation method and the suitability of this method in context of Bangladesh for learning English at secondary level education.

[Nitish Kumar Mondal. English Language Teaching through the Translation Method at Secondary level Education in Bangladesh. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):168-173]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 25

Keywords: English language; Translation; Secondary; Education; Merits; Demerits

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Estimation of Seasonal Variation of Air Pollutants, No₂, So₂, Pm₁₀ and Land Surface Temperature (Lst) of Nile Delta Region

M. I. El- Gammal¹, R. A. Youssef^*2, R. R. Ali² and Amany, G. Madkour¹

¹Environmental Science Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta Branch, Mansoura University, Egypt

² Soils and Water use Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

^*refatay1@yahoo.com  

Abstract: Climate change can be driven by change in the atmospheric concentrations of a number of radiatively active gases and aerosols, human activities have affected concentrations, distributions and life cycles of these gases. Therefore, the objective of this study to estimate the impact of air pollutants (e. g. NO₂, SO₂, and PM₁₀) on Land Surface Temperature (LST) at the Nile Delta region. In the present study, twenty sites located at the southeast of Nile Delta were selected. A total of twenty eight Landsat ETM+ images bands 6, of path (176) and row (39), acquired during the years from 2000 to 2009; are employed in the current study. The images were processed in ENVI 4.7 software to estimate the mean of LST for the warm and cold seasons over the study sites. The available analytical data of air pollutants (e. g. SO₂, NO₂, and PM₁₀) have been collected from the monthly reports of Environmental Information and Monitoring Program published during 2006 year. The correlation between the LST and pollutants was worked out using SPSS software. The results indicate that the correlation between NO₂, PM₁₀ and LST is positive. Whereas, the results of SO₂ show that the correlation is negative.

[M. I. El- Gammal, R. A. Youssef, R. R. Ali and Amany, G. Madkour. Estimation of Seasonal Variation of Air Pollutants, No₂, So₂, Pm₁₀ and Land Surface Temperature (Lst) of Nile Delta Region]. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):174-182]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Climate change; Land Surface Temperature (LST); Pollutants, NO₂, SO₂, and PM₁₀, Nile Delta.

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Ameliorative potential of Myristica fragrans ‏extract as hypoglycemic agent on oxidative stress produced by diabetes mellitus in mice

Ayman A. Farghaly ¹*,  Zeinab M. Hassan² and Souria M. Donya³

^{1, 3} Dept. Genetics and Cytology, National Research Center, Dokki Tahrir Street, 12622 Giza Egypt.

²Dept. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, National Research Center, Dokki   Tahrir Street, 12622 Giza Egypt.

* Corresponding author: Ayman A. Farghaly

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common disease affecting several million individuals worldwide. An increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and insufficient antioxidant activity is known in DM. Damage has been reported to occur on all components of biological systems (e.g., DNA, RNA, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, low-molecular-mass species, antioxidants) due to the high reactivity of many oxidants. Antioxidant compounds in the human foods or supplementary diets can be used to counteract several diseases. The treatment of DM with complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) such as dietary supplements and plant-based medicines is increasingly practiced. The myristica fragrans seeds usually used as spice and commonly known as nutmeg have anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidibetic and hepatoprotective activities. The present study was designed to evaluate the antigenotoxic effects of aqueous extract of M. fragrans on DNA damage induced by DM using micronucleus assay (MN) in liver cells and chromosomal aberrations in spermatocyte cells in mice. MN frequency and chromosomal aberrations was significantly increased in diabetic mice compared with the normal mice (p < 0.05). Oral administration of aqueous extract of M. fragrans (0.1ml/mouse) for 5, 10 and 15 days groups treatment in diabetic mice were significantly decreased MN frequency and chromosomal aberrations in a time dependent manner. According to our knowledge this is the first report on the antigenotoxic capacity of M. fragrans against DNA damage induced by DM in vivo.

[Ayman A. Farghaly,  Zeinab M. Hassan and Souria M. Donya. Ameliorative potential of Myristica fragrans ‏extract as hypoglycemic agent on oxidative stress produced by diabetes mellitus in mice. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):183-189]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 27

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Myristica fragrans water extract, Antigenotoxicity.

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Protective Effect of Cinnamomum Camphora Leaves Extract against Atrazine Induced Genotoxicity and Biochemical Effect on Mice

Asmaa S. Salman. ¹*, Ayman A. Farghaly¹, Souria M. Donya¹, Fawzia Shata²

1-   Dept. of Genetics and Cytology, National Research Center, Dokki Tahrir Street, 12622 Giza, Egypt.

      2-   Dept. Anim. Reprod. & A. I., National Research Center, Dokki, Tahrir Street, 12622 Giza, Egypt.

* Corresponding author: Asmaa S. Salman

E. mail: Farghaly_5@yahoo.com

Abstract: Atrazine (AT) is one of the most commonly used herbicides to control grasses and weeds. The widespread contamination and persistence of AT residues in the environment has resulted in human exposure. The present study was undertaken to investigate protective effect of Cinnamomum Camphora Leaves Extract (CLE) against AT-induced genotoxicity and biochemical changes in mice. Mice were given a 2% Cinnamomum Camphora hot water extract as their sole source of drinking water for 2, 4 and 6 weeks. After consumption of CLE animals were orally treated with AT at a total dose of 420 mg/kg body weight on 3 consecutive days. Our results showed that administration of CLE significantly reduced the percentage of DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations induced by AT. Also, it regulates glutathione and lipid peroxidase enzymes. These findings clearly demonstrated the protective effect of CLE in attenuating AT-induced genotoxicity and biochemical changes.

[Asmaa S. Salman, Ayman A. Farghaly, Souria M. Donya, Fawzia Shata. Protective Effect of Cinnamomum Camphora Leaves Extract against Atrazine Induced Genotoxicity and Biochemical Effect on Mice. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):190-196]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 28

Keywords: Cinnamomum Camphora, Atrazine, Genotoxicity, DNA fragmentation, Micronucleus, Glutathione

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Improvement of Self-Organized Public Key Management for MANET

Marjan Kuchaki Rafsanjani ¹, Bahador Shojaiemehr ²

^1. Department of Computer Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran

^2. Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran

kuchaki@mail.uk.ac.ir

Abstract: This paper studies key management, a fundamental problem in securing Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) and presents a description of a self-organized public key management scheme and a comparison among number of certificate-based authentication schemes for mobile ad hoc networks. In this paper we improve self-organized public key management by combine features of self-organized schemes.

[Marjan Kuchaki Rafsanjani , Bahador Shojaiemehr. Improvement of Self-Organized Public Key Management for MANET. Journal of American Science 2012;8(1):197-202]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 29

Keywords: Authentication; Cryptography; Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET); Certificate chain; Public key management

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Urban spirit and heritage conservation problems: case study Isfahan city in Iran

Ali Assari, Erfan Assari

Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

Email: ali_assari1358@yahoo.com

Abstract: at the case of protecting heritage, urban spirit assessment and its value should be considered. In the case of historic cities, this assessment is more complex, because these areas are dynamic and evolving over time. This paper has shown existing problem that most of them have focused mainly on the physical characteristics of urban conservation and heritage protection in the context of urban development in Isfahan city. Such as Climate and environment, Historic cities structure, Formation of urban spaces and other factors. It describes the evolution of a conservation program for the historic centre of Isfahan city and provides an overview of urban conservation diagram and practices in numeric format. Finally, conclusions are drawn about the link between conservation and urban spirit.

[Ali Assari, Erfan Assari. Urban spirit and heritage conservation problems: case study Isfahan city in Iran. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):203-209]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 30

Key words: urban spirit, heritage conservation, heritage protection, urban development

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Investigating Related Factors To Women Addiction Of Tehran According To Agnew‘s strain theory

Habib Ahmadi1,  Masoumeh Parsa nejad2, Leila Nickpoor Ghanvati 3, Reza Zare 4

1 . Professor of Sociology in Shiraz University, Department of Sociology, Shiraz University, Tell: +989171114184, Email: hahmadi@rose.shirazu.ac.ir

2 . Master expert in women study. IRAN

3 . Department of social science Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697 Tehran, IRAN,  E-mail: leilanikpoorghanavati@yahoo.com

4 . Department of Public Administration, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697 Tehran, IRAN,  E-mail: rezazare77@gmail.com

Abstract: This study has been done as testing power of Agnew‘s strain theory in specifying women addiction. Agnew’s idea is that the sources of strain do not have social class nature. And each person disregards to his social class base, if faces to strain, negative feelings may be created by him therefore committed social deviance like addiction to narcotics. As to answer to the question of “ why all people under strain do not commit social deviance, he has pointed to interfering factors such as religiosity and self-esteem which can reduce negative feelings and decrease social deviance like addiction. This project has been done by survey method. 180 of addictive women in quitting turned to centers of self-reagent of Tehran (Khorshid House, Martyr family, Martyr Mellat Doost) have been investigated. Research conclusion shows that addictive women faced to different kinds of psychological  and social stains. By investigating interfering variables distinguished that self-esteem and religiosity done as decreasing factors of strain and consequently decreasing addiction.

[Habib Ahmadi,  Masoumeh Parsa nejad, Leila Nickpoor Ghanvati, Reza Zare. Investigating Related Factors To Women Addiction Of Tehran According To Agnew‘s strain theory. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):210-215]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key word: Agnew’s General Strain Theory; Addiction; Self-esteem; Religiosity

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Biomechanical Studies on Femoral Fracture Repair Fixed By Different Fixation Methods in Dogs

Inas, N.EL-Husseiny¹; Mostafa, M.B.¹; El Habak, A.M²and Harb, H.F³

¹Department of Veterinary Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University

² Department of Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering. Cairo University

³Governmental Veterinary Hospital, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt

drinasnabil@gmail.com

Abstract: This work was carried out to study the influence of mechanical tension and bending fracture forces on 21 repaired femora in dogs after fixation with intramedullary pins, bone plates and screws and transkeletal fixation. Biomechanical evaluation proved that, in case of intramedullary pinning technique, there was no significant (P<0.05) difference in mechanical tension and bending force values compared with the normal values. During maximum mechanical tension, the site of the fracture lines were at the supra-condylar region and the shape was transverse and during bending forces, the fracture occurred at the mid-diaphysis with oblique fracture line. Repaired femora fixed with bone plates and screws showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the mean values of tension and bending mechanical forces compared with the normal values. The shape and site of the fracture patterns were observed at the sites of the screw holes either in the proximal or distal segments and the fracture lines were transverse. Repaired femora fixed with external transkeletal fixation showed no significant (P<0.05) changes in the tension force values compared with the normal values, while, there was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the mean bending force values compared with the normal values. The shape and the sites of the fracture lines for both mechanical tension and bending forces were observed at the sites of the pin holes either at the  proximal or distal bone segments and the shape of the fracture lines was transverse. In conclusion, the present study indicated that, the maximum mechanical fracture forces of the repaired femora were significantly influenced by the used fixation device. Treatment with intramedullary pinning had a better or minimal mechanical effect on the repaired femora, meanwhile, with the other two techniques, bone plates and screws as well as external skeletal fixation, the mechanical strength of the repaired femora decreased significantly. However, fixation with external skeletal acrylic fixation was better than fixation using bone plates and screws regarding the mechanical bone strength.

[Inas, N.EL-Husseiny; Mostafa, M.B.; El Habak, A.M and Harb, H.F Biomechanical Studies on Femoral Fracture Repair Fixed By Different Fixation Methods in Dogs] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):216-222]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 32

Keywords: bone,biomechanics, bone fixation,fractures,biomechnical forces

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Comparison of the Performances of Biodiesel, Diesel, and Their Compound in Air Standard Diesel-Atkinson Cycle

Mojtaba Beigzadeh Abbassi¹, Mohamad Hashemi Gahruei² and Saeed Vahidi³

¹ Department of mechanical Engineering, Sirjan University of Technology, Sirjan, Iran

² Young Researchers Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran

³ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran

mojtaba_beigzadehabbassi@yahoo.de

Abstract: Biodiesel is a fuel which due to its environmental friendly and renewability properties has established a proper place among researchers.  There have been several researches on this fuel.  But it has not been observed in a certain research on biodiesel to demonstrate, by using numerical simulators, the behavior of this fuel in an engine which performs a specific cycle.  In this research it is considered to review the irreversible Diesel-Atkinson cycle of biodiesel fuel and its compounds by means of thermodynamics laws and finite time thermodynamics when the biodiesel fuel is applied as the operative fluid inside the cycle.  The results from numerical simulation showed that applying biodiesel fuel and its compounds in this cycle proved to have similar or in some cases even better results from the traditional diesel fuel.

[Mojtaba Beigzadeh Abbassi, Mohamad Hashemi Gahruei and Saeed Vahidi. Comparison of the Performances of Biodiesel, Diesel, and Their Compound in Air Standard Diesel-Atkinson Cycle. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):223-229]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 33

Key words: Diesel-Atkinson, Finite-time thermodynamics, Biodiesel, Fuel

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Sequence analysis of the glycoprotein envelope gene of duck enteritis virus

Susan, S. El-Mahdy;  Soliman, Y.A.  Nermeen Mahmoud And Saher, M. Saber

Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary biologics, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt.

prof.s.elmahdy@gmail.com

Abstract : Duck enteritis virus ul35 gene was amplified from two strains and the nucleotide sequence alignment  was done . Many substitutions were seen between the two sequences which resulted in minimum changes in the amino acids denoting the silent mutations. Several deletion mutations also seen in both sequences. The deduced amino acid sequence showed that the conservative domain belongs to the fusion _gly_k protein superfamily which is essential in the viral attachment and assembly. Dot blot analysis of each gene against itself showed no inverted repeats but analysis of the genes against each other revealed the presence of difference at the 3’ end. Antigenicity profile of each protein using Kolaskar and Tongaonkar revealed some difference at amino acid position 80 – 110 which more antigenic profile of the UL35 antigen of the local strain.  In conclusion the production of a DNA vaccine against this protein from the local strain would persumply potentiate the immune system to prevent the virus from attachment and /or release?

[Susan, S. El-Mahdy;  Soliman, Y.A.  Nermeen, Mahmoud And Saher, M. Saber. Sequence analysis of the glycoprotein envelope gene of duck enteritis virus. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):230-239]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 34

Keyword: Duck enteritis virus, ul35 gene, VP26 antigen

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Biofuel From Algae

Nnorom Achara

 MDPGA, Ministry of Defence, Wethersfield Braintree, United Kingdom

nnoromeluwa@btinternet.com

Abstract: The species of algae suitable for lipids production are the microphyites or phytoplankton. One of the key reasons why microalgae are considered for lipids production is the rapid growth rate. Some algal strains are capable of doubling their mass several times in the day. There are certain factors that are beneficial for healthy growth of algae and these include the right nutrients, light and temperature range. There are two main methods in algaculture and these are the open and the closed systems. The prevalent closed system in use is the photobioreactor. Open pond cultivation is limited to strains that are resistant to contamination by other micro organisms. When matured, the algae are harvested by the use of either microscreens, centrifugation, flocculation or froth flotation. Oil extraction is accomplished either by mechanical press or the use of chemical solvents.

[Nnorom Achara. Biofuel From Algae. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):240-244]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 35

Key Words: lipids, microalgae, microphytes, biofuel, nutrients, photobioreactor, raceway.

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Exploring main factors affecting on impulse buying behaviors

Hamid Reza Hadjali,Meysam Salimi

 Islamic Azad University, Science and Research, Branch, Tehran, Iran.

hamidreza.hadjali@gmail.com ,Miladsa1985@yahoo.com

Abstract: The increasing growth in consumption and possibility of credit purchases around the world has provided an  excellent  opportunity to  buy  spontaneously (impulsively),  however,  there  was  little information  about  the impulsive purchase in the eastern and transitional societies and some which are in transition. In this paper, we will review the extensive literature of an impulse buying and examine this phenomenon, together with the factors affecting it. In this regard, the model of factors affecting the impulse buying behavior by the literature of the developed subject and questionnaire and structural equations model and also PLS software ,has been measured. The results suggest that when customers go to purchase, the level of self-esteem, irritability (impulsivity), the product type and promotional tools have a significant impact on the impulse buying behavior, and the impact of gender, Shopping environment, and seller tips and guidance , individualism and the price were not approved.

[Hamid Reza Hadjali, Meysam Salimi. Exploring main factors affecting on impulse buying behaviors, Journal of American Science 2012;8(1):245-251]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Impulse buying, Consumer behavior, Consumer psychology, Marketing, Sales management, Transitional economy.

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The relation between simple obesity, Asthma and the serum level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) In Egyptian Children

Ahmed El-Shazly¹, Ahmed Ezzat¹, Safya Jlal¹, Rania Ibrahim¹, Anas Abdel Rahman²

Departments of ¹Pediatric and ²Clinical Pathology, Benha University Hospital

om_said39@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objectives: obesity is considered a risk factor for asthma, in spite of the mechanism of connection between the two conditions isn't clear. In this study we investigated the relationship between asthma, simple obesity and serum level of interleukin 6 (IL6). Patients and Methods: 51 Egyptian child, attending chest and allergy out patient Pediatric Clinics Benha University hospital aged from 3 to 15 years old. From June 2010 to June 2011. the studied group divided into 34 asthmatics (cases) and 17 healthy non asthmatic (control). Asthmatic and control subjects were divided into 2 main sub groups: obese and non obese. We did for all subjects: complete history taking, anthropometric measures (weight, height, calculation of BMI, Mid arm circumference), complete blood picture (CBC) including eosinophilic%, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) as one of pulmonary function test, measurement of serum interleukin 6 (IL.6). Results: IL.6 serum level was in asthmatic patients in general more than its level in controls. In obese asthmatics the IL.6 level was higher than non obese asthmatics and the same between obese and non obese controls. Increase IL-6 level was related to increase BMI percentiles.  Increase IL-6 level and BMI percentiles related to increase the severity of asthma. PEFR is lower in asthmatics than the controls. PEFR is more lower with the severity of asthma. Conclusion: there is a relationship between IL.6 serum level and simple obesity and asthma. We found that obesity may precipitate asthma and so weight reduction of obese asthmatic patients may be helpful in the treatment of asthma.

[Ahmed El-Shazly, Ahmed Ezzat, Safya Jlal, Rania Ibrahim, Anas Abdel Rahman The relation between simple obesity, Asthma and the serum level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) In Egyptian Children] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):252-257]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 37

Key words: asthma, obesity, IL.6.

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Anxiety level and Difficult Patients in Prosthodontic Clinic

Amal A. El Sawy

Department of Prosthodontic, Faculty of Dentistry, Minia University

amalsawy@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: In recent years, psychological factors such as anxiety have increased. The psychological status of an individual is an effective stimulus for unexpected behavior. Purpose: Evaluate the anxiety level for normal and difficult patients in prosthodontic clinic, and the relationship between anxiety level and the difficult patient. Determine the factors can increase the occurrence of difficult patients in the clinic. Material and method: One hundred patients, 65 male and 35 female, in the age range 30-65 years were randomly selected for the study. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to measure the anxiety level of the selected sample. The difficult patients were identified and classified according to Graves’s classification. Result: anxiety was influenced by the patients’ age, behavior and social problems. Patients aged less than 50 had higher anxiety levels than patients aged 50 years or over. The anxiety score for patients with abnormal behavior was higher than for patients with normal behavior. The social problems were a factor which increased the anxiety scores. The anxiety scores for difficult patients were higher than for normal patients, but this difference was statistically insignificant. The patients’ behavior and social problems were the main factors for creating the difficult patient (P-values < 0.05 were considered significant). Conclusion: The adult patients (age group less than 50 years) had higher anxiety levels than the old patients. The anxiety scores for difficult patients were higher than for normal patients. The patients’ behavior and social problems were the main factors for creating the difficult patient.

[Amal A. El Sawy Anxiety level and Difficult Patients in Prosthodontic Clinic] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):258-263]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 38

Key words: State-Trait -Anxiety Inventory- Graves’s classification- Anxiety score- Patients’ age -Patient behavior- Social problem

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The Use of Technology by University Adolescent Students and Its Relation to Attention, Sleep, and Academic Achievement

Amal Ahmed Khalil Morsy¹ and Nagat Salah Shalaby²

¹Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University

²Obstetric and gynecology Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University

Abstract: Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the relations between adolescents' self-reports of technology usage and their sleep patterns, attention difficulties, and academic achievement. Background. Many adolescents use the internet, cell phones, television, computer and video games on a daily basis. Therefore, an important question how is technology affecting adolescents sleep pattern, attention difficulties and their academic performance. Methods. The study was carried out in all seven faculties in Port Said city using a cross-sectional analytic design. A convenience sample of 683 students was recruited from the first and second grades of each faculty. Data were collected using two tools devised specifically for the study. Results.  84.5% of adolescents reported having computers at home and 50.1% in their bedrooms. There was a statistically significant relation between sleep insufficiency and nocturnal use of technology, particularly the use of SMS (p<0.001). Higher attention scores were found among those with frequent use of educational internet (p=0.040), and with rare sleep on TV (p=0.003). GPA scores were higher among those with rare use of educational internet (p=0.025), and those making calls after 10 pm (p=0.019). The highest attention score was among those feeling getting enough sleep (p<0.001), and the attention score had a decreasing trend with the decrease in scholastic achievement (p<0.001).  Conclusion. The findings point to the importance of giving more emphasis to research in the area of technology use among adolescents and its consequences. However, the findings should be interpreted cautiously given the possible bias associated with self-reporting.

[Amal Ahmed Khalil Morsy and Nagat Salah Shalaby. The Use of Technology by University Adolescent Students and Its Relation to Attention, Sleep, and Academic Achievement. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):264-270]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.   39

Key words: Academic performance, Adolescents, Attention difficulties, Sleep pattern, Technology use

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Mouth Development of Malaysian River Catfish, Mystus nemurus (C&V) Larvae

A. E. Ghada¹, M. S. Kamarudin², C. R. Saad² and S. K. Daud³

¹Department of Fisheries Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Fisheries Science, University of Alneelain, Khartoum, Sudan

² Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Aquaculture, University Putra Malaysia,

³ Faculty of Sciences Universitiy Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor D. E., Malaysia

ghahmed@yahoo.com

Abstract: Ontogenetic morphological development for the mouth of Malaysian river cat fish Mystus nemerus larvae from hatching to 21 days post-hatch (dph) was studied to facilitate and determine suitable food and food particle size for the growing larvae. The eggs began to hatch 2 days after fertilization (daf) and most of the larve hatched within 2-4 daf. The larval mouth opened at the end of the 1 dph and the commencement of external feeding began on 4 dph following the jaw movement. The barbels appeared on the upper jaw and lower jaw on 3 dph.Tow small barbels appeared around the olfactory pits by 5 dph. Free neuomasts were observed below the lower jaw on 7 dph and around the olfactory pits, eyes,and upper jaw operculum by 9 dph. Linear relationships between mouth size (at 45˚and 90˚ opening) and total length of fish were established.

[A. E. Ghada, M. S. Kamarudin, C. R. Saad and S. K. Daud. Mouth Development of Malaysian River Catfish, Mystus nemurus (C&V) Larvae] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):271-276]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 40

Key words: Malaysian river catfish; larvae; mouth development; Mystus nemerus

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Arthrocentesis with Injection of Tramadol and Cox-2 Inhibitor for the Management of Internal Derangements of the Tempromandibular Joint (A Comparative Study)

Tamer A. Hamed

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery – Faculty of Dentistry – Suez Canal University

tamer_bari@hotmail.com

Abstract: Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to compare arthrocentesis using COX-2 inhibitor versus tramadol in management of internal derangements of the tempromandibular joint. Patients and Methods: Twenty four joints with anterior disc displacement with and without reduction were included in this study, they were randomly divided into two groups. Group (I) were arthocentesis was performed on twelve joints followed by intraarticular injection of COX-2 inhibitor and Group (II) where the other twelve joints were treated by arthrocentesis followed by intraarticular injection of tramadol solution. The pain was assisted by a visual analogue scale (VAS) preoperatively, three days, one month and six months post operative, the maximum mouth opening (MMO) and lateral excursion were also recorded preoperatively and at the same previously mentioned periods. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in mean VAS as well as a significant increase in both the maximum mouth opening and the lateral excursion through all periods in Groups I and II, however, Group II showed a significant improvement in VSA, maximum mouth opening and lateral excursion over those of group I. Conclusion: Intraarticular injection of tramadol is effective in management of clinical symptoms associated with internal derangements of the tempromandibular joint.

[Tamer A. Hamed. Arthrocentesis with Injection of Tramadol and Cox-2 Inhibitor for the Management of Internal Derangements of the Tempromandibular Joint (A Comparative Study)] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):277-283]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 41

Keywords: Arthrocentesis Tramadol, Cox-2 inhibitor

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Thermal-diffusion and diffusion-thermo effects on MHD three-dimensional axisymmetric flow with Hall andion-slip currents

T. Hayat¹ and F. A. Hendi ²

¹Department of Mathematics, Quaid-I-AzamUniversity, Islamabad, Pakistan

²Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SaudiArabia

pensy_t@yahoo.com

Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of thermal-diffusion and diffusion-thermo on MHD three-dimensional axisymmetric flow of a viscous fluid between  radially  stretching sheets  in the  presence  of Hall and  ion-slip currents,  viscous dissipation, Joule heating  and first order chemical reaction. Governing partial differential equations are obtained through four laws of conservation, Maxwell’s equations and generalized Ohm’s law. Obtained partial differential equations are made dimensionless by using similarity transformation. The re- sulting problems are solved byhomotopy analysis method (HAM).  Convergence of analytic solutions is ensured.  Effects of emerging parameters on dimensionless velocities, temperature and concentration fields are seen through plots.   Behavior of different physical parameters on skin friction coefficients, Nusselt number and Sherwood number is analyzed.

[T. Hayat and F. A. Hendi. Thermal-diffusion and diffusion-thermo effects on MHD three-dimensional axisymmetric flow with Hall andion-slip currents] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):284-294]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 42

Key words: Soret and Dufour effects, skin friction coefficient, Nusseltnumber  andSher-wood numbers

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Improvement of Voltage Stability in Interconnected Power Systems Using a Neural Network

Mohamed I. El-Sayed , El-Said Othman and Amir S. El-Khouly

Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.

D_eng2009@yahoo.com;          mohamedakar@hotmail.com

Abstract: This paper provided a method for improvement of voltage stability in interconnected power systems using a neural network, this is because the present power systems is a complex network consisting of several sub-networks such as generation, transmission and distribution. Use of new technologies and the growth in Interconnections are continuously increasing the complexity of the system. These highly complex modern power systems operate in severely stressed conditions due to economical and environmental considerations rendering them vulnerable to frequent failures. Therefore, ensuring the stability of these systems has become one of the major concerns for the power engineers, especially the voltage stability. In this paper deals with critical buses to calculate the stability margins and the outputs of this technique are used to train and test the neural network. The trained NN architecture is capable of reducing the error values to acceptable value of about 5%. This method is applied on an IEEE-14 bus system.

[Mohamed I. El-Sayed, El-Said Othman, and Amir S. El-Khouly. Improvement of Voltage Stability in Interconnected Power Systems Using a Neural Network] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):295-301]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 43

Keywords: Voltage Stability, Voltage Collapse, Neural Network, Case Study

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Construct validity of Malcolm Baldrige TQM Questionnaire based on Bohrnstedt Model in Payame Noor University

¹Mohammad Reza Sarmadi, ²Mohammad Hassan Seif, ³Saeed Talebi

¹Associate Professor, Payame Noor University, Iran (Islamic Republic of)

^{2, 3} Lecturer, Payame Noor University, Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Maghjour11@gmail.com,  sarmadi@pnu.ac.ir, Mhseif@pnu.ac.ir, Saeedtalebi@pnu.ac.ir

Abstract: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the construct validity of the TQM in Payame Noor University.  The method of the study was measuring construct validity of Malcolm Baldrige Questionnaire using Bornstat methodology. A sample of 326 faculty members of Payame Noor university were selected using  Morgan and Krejcie ‘s table by stratified categorical sampling method. The results of item’s factor analysis shows that the TQM is a 7 dimensional construct with the following dimensions:  Leadership, the use of technology, planning, human resources, education, the results of institute performance, and costumer centricity. To assess the relationships between latent variables with the theoretical structure of Baldrige’s TQM, at the first, using factor analysis the above 7 dimensions were confirmed. Then for assessing the fit of the model, Jorskag and soriom statistics and indexes were used. From 60 items of the questionnaire, 9 items were deleted due to their low levels of factor loadings and 51items confirmed.

[Mohammad Reza Sarmadi, Mohammad Hassan Seif, Saeed TalebiConstruct validity of Malcolm Baldrige TQM Questionnaire based on Bohrnstedt Model in Payame Noor University. Journal of American Science 2012;8(1):302-304]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.  44

Keywords:  Baldrige, Construct Validity, Payame Noor University, Total Quality Management

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Cyanoacrylate versus Vasoactive Therapy in Control of Post-Banding Ulcer Bleeding

Mohamed Akl Rady¹, Ashraf El-jaky¹, Hisham Samy Abdel-Fatah²

Departments of Hepatology ¹, National Liver Institute, Menoufiya University, Menoufiya, Egypt  

Internal Medicine Department ², Misr University for Science and Technology, Cairo, Egypt. aklrady@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Bleeding related to post-banding ulcer is a rare, but severe complication. Aim of the work: We aimed to compare cyanoacrylate injection with octreotide vasoactive drug in controlling of postbanding ulcer bleeding. Patients&methods: This study was performed on fifty patients, with liver cirrhosis either bilharzial, post viral or mixed based on histopatholgy done at initial work up diagnosis before bleeding. Patients were presenting with upper GI bleeding caused by post-banding ulcer diagnosed by upper gastrointestinal endoscoy. Patients were subjected to history taking, thorough clinical examination, laboratory, radiological investigations, Child Pugh classification to assess the severity of liver disease and endoscopic intervention in the form of banding ligation for varices or cyanoacrylate injection for post-banding ulcer bleeding. After resuscitative measures, 25 patients were treated with 0.5 ml cyanoacrylate diluted with 0.5 ml lipiodol injected in the esophageal varix just below bleeding post-banding ulcer (group 1), 25 patients were treated with octreotide 50 microgram IV bolus and then 50 microgram IV infusion hourly for 48 hours (group 2). Results: The bleeding control was 88% in the group1 compared with 56% in the group 2 (P<0.05). The recorded complications: pyrexia, bacteremia, dysphagia were found more in cyanoacrylate (group 1) (P<0.05), nausea and diahrrea were more in octreotide (group 2) but not statistically significant (>0.05). All patients with uncontrolled bleeding in both groups were managed with TIPS. Conclusion: Endoscopic management with cyanoacrylate injection for bleeding post-banding variceal ulcers is more effective, but associated with more complications. Further studies on larger scale of patients is recommended to compare cyanoacrylate injection with other modalities of treatment of postbanding ulcer bleeding to determine the optimum  way to stop bleeding with least complications.

[Mohamed Akl Rady, Ashraf El-jaky, Hisham Samy Abdel-Fatah. Cyanoacrylate versus Vasoactive Therapy in Control of Post-Banding Ulcer Bleeding] Journal of American Science 2012;8(1):305-312]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 45

Key words: oesophageal varices, portal hypertension,variceal bleeding, endoscopic variceal ligation, postbanding ulcer bleeding, cyanoacrylate and vasoactive drugs.

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GA-Based Fuzzy State Feedback Controller applied to a Nonlinear Power System

Alireza Alfi¹, *S.Ehsan Razavi², Amir Hassannia¹

                ¹Shahrood University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Robotic Engineering, Shahrood 36199-95    ²Department of Electrical Engineering, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

*Email: e_razavi_control@yahoo.com

Abstract: In this paper, a pole placement problem in a nonlinear system is investigated. Changing the operating point of nonlinear system is effective on its linear model and leads to difficult performance of state feedback that is designed only for one operating point. In this paper, an optimal fuzzy state feedback controller is provided for a special nonlinear power system which aims to improve the performance of state feedback. In the core of this controller, to overcome the key drawback of fuzzy logic controller, i.e., the lack of systematic methods to define fuzzy rules and fuzzy membership functions, the fuzzy state feedback controller are optimised by GA. Simulation results illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed optimal fuzzy state feedback controller.

[Alireza Alfi, S.Ehsan Razavi, Amir Hassannia. GA-Based Fuzzy State Feedback Controller applied to a Nonlinear Power System. Journal of American Science 2012;8(1):313-320]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 46

Keywords: State Feedback, Pole Placement, Fuzzy Control, Genetic Algorithm, Nonlinear Power System

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Effect of personality characteristics on organizational commitment and job performance

Sayed Aliakbar Ahmadi ¹, Somayyeh Zarei Baba Arabi ², Reza Zare ³, Ali Reza Fathizadeh⁴

^1. Department of Public Administration, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, IRAN

^2. Department of Educational Science, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, IRAN

^3. Department of Public Administration, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, IRAN,

E-mail: rezazare77@gmail.com

^4. Department of Public Administration, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697, Tehran, IRAN

Abstract: This survey is mainly aimed to explore the relationship between personality characteristics and the employees' organizational commitment and job performance. In order to do so, the employees of Fars Agricultural Organization were selected as the population. The questionnaires used in this survey included some multiple-choice questions related to the personality characteristics, organizational commitment and job performance. The questionnaires were randomly distributed among the employees. Results show that there is a direct relationship between personality characteristics, such as being conscientious, and the organizational commitment and job performance. Moreover, there is a direct relationship between being agreeableness and organizational commitment of the employees, but there is no direct relationship between being agreeableness and job performance. As expected, there is a negative relationship between characteristics such as being neurosis and organizational commitment. According to the results, there is a positive relationship between extroversion and organizational commitment. On the other hand, there is no direct relationship between extroversion and job performance. Moreover, there is a direct relationship between organizational commitment and job performance.

[Sayed Aliakbar Ahmadi, Somayyeh Zarei Baba Arabi, Reza Zare, Ali Reza Fathizadeh. Effect of personality characteristics on organizational commitment and job performance. Journal of American Science 2012;8(1):321-326]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 47

Key words: Personality Characteristics; Conscientiousness; Agreeableness; Neuroticism; Organizational Commitment; Job Performance

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Nocturnal Enuresis among School Children in Menoufia Governorate: a Hidden Problem

Mohammad Al-Kot¹ and Mohsen Deeb²

¹Family Medicine Department, Menoufia University Hospital, Shebien Elkoum, Egypt.

²Pediatric Department , Menoufia University Hospital, Shebien Elkoum, Egypt.

Mohammed_Elkott@yahoo.com

Abstract: Background: Nocturnal enuresis is a hidden problem that is crucial to be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible, as it can result in many psychological consequences and poor scholastic achievements. Objectives: The main objective was health promotion of school children with better scholastic achievements. However the specific objectives were to: determine the prevalence and risk factors of enuresis nocturna (EN) among school children in Menoufia governorate, and to examine its associations with behavioral and emotional problems. Subjects and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional comparative study that conducted during the academic year 2009/2010 on 723 students aged 6-18 years in Menoufia governorate. A brief questionnaire was distributed to screen the primary enuretic children (No.83) who invited and their mothers, together with a matched control group (No.144) after their consent to fill a well designed questionnaire and Child Behavior Chick List (CBCL). Teacher Report Form (TRF) will be also filled by their teachers. Results: Prevalence of primary EN was 11.5 %, however secondary type was 2.3%. Bivariate logistic regression analysis showed that primary EN was significantly associated with positive family history (Odds ratio 2.76), history of urinary tract infection (Odds ratio 3.10) and an increased risk of internalizing , externalizing ,total behavioral problems and academic problems (Odds ratio were 3.05, 3.63 , 4.47and 2.37 respectively ).Out of enuretics, 57.8% of them and 61.4% of their parents were concerned about the impact of enuresis. Only 15.7% of the parents preferred medical treatment modalities, others preferred awaking the child for voiding, water restriction, diapering, alarm and bladder exercises in decreasing order. Conclusions: The family physician is in a prime position to screen, early detect and treat enuresis nocturna among school children as soon as possible to prevent its consequences as low self-esteem, psychological and behavioral problems and low school success.

[Mohammad Al-Kot and Mohsen Deeb; Nocturnal Enuresis among School Children in Menoufia Governorate: a Hidden Problem; Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):327-334]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 48

Keywords: Enuresis nocturna, risk factors, internalizing ; externalizing psycho-behavioral problems

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Protective Effect of Vitamin C against Carbofuran-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Albino Mice

Wael M. Al-Amoudi

Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Abstract: The effect of the carbamate insecticide "carbofuran" on testes of male albino mice and the possible protective role of vitamin C against the insecticide toxicity was assessed. Treating mice with carbofuran for 8 weeks induced a significant decrease in the diameters and germinal epithelial heights of the seminiferous tubules. The histological evidence showed inhibition of spermatogenesis. There was also a decline in sperm count. Histochemical results revealed that animals given carbofuran had decreased contents of carbohydrates and total proteins in the testicular tissue. Treating mice with carbofuran and vitamin C showed an improvement in the testicular damage. The seminiferous tubules appeared normal and the different stages of spermatogenic cells showed an advanced degree of activation.

[Wael M. Al-Amoudi. Protective Effect of Vitamin C against Carbofuran-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Albino Mice] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):335-341]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 49

Key words: Carbofuran- mice- testis- vitamin C

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Histomorphometric Analysis of the Postnatal Development and Growth of Rat Submandibular Glands in Offsprings of Diabetic Mothers

¹Zoba H. Ali and ^1&2Rabab Mubarak

¹Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

²Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Nahda University, Beni suef, Egypt

rawya_h2a@yahoo.com;      rababmubarak2010@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Disturbances of the in utero environment may program for disease in later life. Exposure to a diabetic environment in utero is associated with a high risk of obesity and glucose intolerance. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine whether diabetes during pregnancy can adversely affect the development and growth of submandibular salivary gland in the offspring. Material and Methods Sixteen adult female rats were divided into two equal groups. Diabetes was induced in one group by alloxan and the other group was control. Both groups become pregnant by mating with four adult male rats. Submandibular salivary glands of 2 & 6 weeks old male offsprings from the two groups were examined by light microscope and morphometric analysis. Results:The submandibular glands of the offsprings of diabetic mothers revealed remarkable changes in serous acini and duct system throughout the experimental periods compared to the offspring of the control group. There was a significant increase in the total surface area of acini and ducts of the rat submandibular gland during the two and six weeks of postnatal life in comparison to the corresponding values of the control group. Conclusion: Maternal hyperglycemia revealed histomorphological changes in submandibular glands during postnatal period and hence maternal diabetes can be considered a very important risk factor to the development and growth of submandibular glands.

[Zoba H. Ali and Rabab Mubarak. Histomorphometric Analysis of the Postnatal Development and Growth of Rat Submandibular Glands in Offsprings of Diabetic Mothers] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):342-349]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 50

Keywords: maternal diabetes; development; histomorphometric changes; submandibular glands.

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Appraisal of Degradation Resistance at OptiBond All.In.One /Affected Dentin Interface

Moanes M. Abdelhameed¹, Mohamed A. Ezzat², Randa M. Hafez ³, Amal Sakr ⁴ and Heba A. Shalaby H⁵

¹Faculty of Oral and Dental Surgery Misr University for Science and Technology, Cairo, Egypt, And Dean of Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine Nahda University, Bani Sweif ,Egypt.

²Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

³Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

⁴Department of Operative Dentistry Faculty of Oral and Dental Surgery Misr University for Science and Technology, Egypt

^5* Department of Dental Biomaterials, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine Nahda University Bani Sweif, Egypt

dr_moanes@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study was aimed to assess degradation resistance of glycerol phosphate dimethacrylate GPDM based adhesive system (OptiBond All. In.One) with normal and affected dentin substrates at different storage period. Method: A forty orthodontically extracted caries-free human permanent third molars were used in this study. Buccal surfaces of teeth were ground to expose dentin at the maximum convexity using a grinding wheel under water coolant. Dentin depth was standardized using depth grooves and periodontal probe.  The prepared teeth were divided into two groups (20 for each); group I: the prepared teeth were stored in distilled water while group II: the prepared specimens were subjected to pH-cycling (Demineralization and Remineralization cycling) to produce artificially affected dentin. The selected adhesive system was applied to the dentin surface according to the manufacturer's instructions followed by a light cured composite resin restoration. All specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for different storage periods; one day, one, three and six months. The specimens were subjected to µ-shear bond test. The degraded dentin adhesive interface was chemically analyzed using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). Data was calculated and statistically analyzed. Result: At one day the µ-shear bond strength to normal dentin with adhesive was found to be significantly higher than to that of affected dentin. Over the storage period µ-shear bond strength of normal dentin revealed a significant reduction while it was non-significant with affected dentin. On the other hand, affected dentin revealed significant improvement of degree of hybridization after six months rather than that of normal dentin. Conclusions: 1.The degradation resistance and the adhesive performance is a material and time defendant. 2. Using contemporary self -etch phosphorous containing adhesive improved the quality of the affected dentin and its degree of hybridization.

[Moanes M. Abdelhameed, Mohamed A. Ezzat, Randa M. Hafez, Amal Sakr and Heba A. Shalaby H. Appraisal of Degradation Resistance at OptiBond All.In.One /Affected Dentin Interface] Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):350-359]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 51

Key words: degradation resistance, affected dentin, self etching adhesives

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Cytotoxic and Apoptotic effects of Chronic Amitriptyline Administration on Rat Parotid Salivary Glands

Rabab Mubarak^1&2

¹Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

²Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Nahda University, Beni sueif, Egypt

rababmubarak2010@hotmail.com

Abstract: Background: Depression is a chronic disorder that requires long-term treatment. Amitriptyline is one of the more commonly used tricyclic antidepressant drugs. Chronic administration of tricyclic antidepressants has been associated with numerous complains as tremors, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, blurred vision, urinary retention and dry mouth. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the histological changes (cytotoxic and apoptotic) resulted from chronic amitriptyline administration for 9 weeks on rat parotid salivary glands. Methods: Twenty male albino rats (190 ±10 g) were divided equally into group I (control) and group II (Amitriptyline). The rats of group II received a daily single oral dose of amitriptyline (Tryptizol^®) equivalent to the therapeutic dose (10mg/kg b.wt.) using an oro-pharyngeal metallic tube for 9 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, all rats were sacrificed. The parotid salivary glands were dissected out and prepared for histological and Fas immunohistochemical examinations. Results: Light microscopic examination of amitriptyline treated group revealed disfigurement, coalescence and shredding of the secretory portions. Some of the serous acini were completely missed leaving large vacuoles.  The striated as well as excretory ducts appeared dilated with retained secretion. Widening of the connective tissue septa with numerous vacuolization was also detected. Immunohistochemical examination of experimental group showed increased Fas positive immunoreactivity indicating apoptotic changes. Conclusion: chronic administration of amitriptyline produced cytotoxication and apoptosis of parotid salivary glands.

[Rabab Mubarak Cytotoxic and Apoptotic effects of Chronic Amitriptyline Administration on Rat Parotid Salivary Glands. Journal of American Science 2012;8(1):360-365]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 52

Keywords:  Amitriptyline; parotid salivary glands; histological changes; apoptosis. 

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The Effect of Loss of P27 and Cdk2 on Cell Cycle Progression in Response to Ultraviolet Irradiation in Mouse Embryo Fibroblasts

Eiman Aleem

Department of Zoology, Division of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Moharram Bey 21511, Alexandria, Egypt.

eiman.aleem@gmail.com

Abstract: It has been previously reported that ultraviolet (UV) radiation results in cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, which may or may not be p53-dependent. Other proteins involved in DNA damage pathways induced by UV radiation include AKT and ERK. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of loss of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) and p27 on cell cycle progression in response to UV irradiation. To achieve this goal genetically modified mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking Cdk2 or p27 were exposed to UV and the following parameters were investigated (1) the cell cycle kinetics of unsynchronized MEFs, (2) the cell cycle progression after first synchronization by serum starvation then UV treatment, and (3) the protein expression and activity after UV irradiation of unsynchronized MEFs. It was found that p27 and Cdk2 were required for apoptosis induced by UV. Increased expression, phosphorylation and activation of AKT in the p27-/- and cdk2-/- MEFs in comparison to wild type (WT) MEFs were observed. Similarly, the inhibitory tyrosine 15 phosphorylation of Cdk1 was increased in the p27-/- and cdk2-/- MEFs in comparison to wild type (WT) MEFs. The overall data from the present study provide clues towards understanding the role of p27 and Cdk2 in cellular response to UV radiation.

[Eiman Aleem The Effect of Loss of P27 and Cdk2 on Cell Cycle Progression in Response to Ultraviolet Irradiation in Mouse Embryo Fibroblasts. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1): 373-382].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 54

Keywords: cyclin-dependent kinase 2, p27^KIP1, UVC, cell cycle, Checkpoint kinase 1, AKT, Cdc25C

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Optimization of quality parameters affecting changes in concentration of iron and manganese in water treatment plant

Reza Pirtaj Hamedany^1* , Mohammad Manshouri¹, Hossein Banejad², Hossein Sedghi¹

^1. Department of Water Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

^2. Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

jateripazer@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of raw water treatment is supplying without any harmful chemical and pathogen agents, which can transfer via water. Each of raw water sources has its own contamination pattern. Therefore, water treatment should relate to desire standard of product. The existence of iron and manganese in water can cause considerable problem. Iron and manganese cause laundry and pipe become rusted, formation of sediment in water distribution system, dechlorination of water, interference in water treatment process such as disinfection, change the taste of water and also increase the growth of bacteria. In this study the temporal changes of concentration of iron and manganese during water treatment process in Ekbatan dam water treatment plant, has survived.  By using Multiple Stepwise Regression, the relation between the concentration of iron and manganese in water treatment plant output and manageable water quality parameters that can have effect on the concentration of iron and manganese have been calculated. Sum of iron and manganese concentration in output of water treatment plant as objective function, minimized by using Genetic Algorithm (GA) method. Results show that temporal changes of iron and manganese during treatment process, with 95% probability are significant. The effective processes in decreasing the concentration of iron are axilator and gravity rapid sand filter. While only gravity rapid sand filter have had significant effect on decreasing of manganese. The effective parameters on concentration of iron and manganese concentration changes in output were changes of Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Turbidity (NTU) in input of treatment plant. However, changes of pH in below the filter and turbidity in input had effect on changes in concentration of manganese in output of treatment plant. Optimization by GA shows that if EC and turbidity in input and pH in below the filter were 333 , 117 NTU, and 6.8 respectively, Sum of concentration of iron and manganese in output will be minimized. So, with suitable technical operation in special step in water treatment plant, occur of impermissible iron and manganese concentration in output, can be avoided. 

[Reza Pirtaj Hamedany , Mohammad Manshouri¹, Hossein Banejad, Hossein Sedghi. Optimization of quality parameters affecting changes in concentration of iron and manganese in water treatment plant. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1): 383-391].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org 55

Keywords: Water treatment plant, Iron and Manganese, Multiple Stepwise Regression, Genetic Algorithm

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A Stepwise Guide for Easy, Rapid and Accurate Oral Impression Taking for Newborn Cleft Lip/Palate Infants

Noha I. Abdel-Rahman*, Islam T. Abbas ** and Marwa AW. El-Kassaby ***

* Assistant Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

** Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

*** Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.Corresponding authors: noha.i.abdelrahman@gmail.com, itarek@msn.com

Abstract: In developing countries, awareness for proper management of newborn cleft lip/palate (CL/P) is not widely spread. Many CL/P infants arrive to clinic few weeks or sometimes months after birth and may need naso-alveolar moulding (NAM) therapy. NAM is an important treatment modality that should be initiated as early as possible after birth. Intraoral impressions are required for the fabrication of NAM devices. Therefore, rapid un-stressful cost effective intervention is crucial. Aim: To present an efficient and cost-effective method of impression taking to CLP infants. Material and methods: Cost of each impression of the three materials used, rubber base, alginate and impression compound was calculated in USD. Effectiveness was evaluated on the basis of the total number of impressions needed, by each type of material all through treatment and the number of dental models produced by each impression material. Statistical analysis: One-Way ANOVA and the One-Way ANOVA Post Hoc Tests were used to calculate difference between study groups and significance between study groups’ means. Results: Rubber base showed the least cost-effectiveness ratio (6.2), compared to alginate (23.41) and impression compound (23.36). Although all three materials produced similar number of dental models, yet the use of rubber base required the least number of impressions thus saving time and total cost. Conclusion: Intraoral impressions taken for CLP infants could be less stressful, rapid, accurate and cost effective using the described procedure and material.

[Noha I. Abdel-Rahman*, Islam T. Abbas ** and Marwa AW. El-Kassaby. A Stepwise Guide for Easy, Rapid and Accurate Oral Impression Taking for Newborn Cleft Lip/Palate Infants. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1): 392-397]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 56

Key words: Oral impression technique, Cleft lip and palate, naso-alveolar moulding therapy.

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Evaluation of the Mineralized Tissue in the Pulp of Retained Human Deciduous Teeth (Histological and Immunohistochemical Study)

Zoba H. Ali

¹Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

rawya_h2a@yahoo.com

Abstract: Retention of primary teeth beyond their expected exfoliation date in human is encountered relatively frequently. Little information is known about the apposition of mineralized tissue in the resorped dentine surface of the retained deciduous teeth. Objective: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate and investigate the histological structure of the mineralized tissue deposited on previous resorped coronal and radicular dentine surface in human retained deciduous teeth. Study design: Sixteen sound upper maxillary deciduous canines and second molars extracted for orthodontic reason used in this work, eight teeth were demineralized, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Some demineralized sections from each tooth were photographed and morphometric analysis was measured. Moreover other sections were stained with the primary antibody osteonectin for immunohistochemical examination. Ground sections of eight teeth were prepared and all sections were viewed in a light microscope.  Results:. Dentin resorption of the retained deciduous teeth was often followed by deposition of various amounts of cementum-like repair tissue. The cells responsible for the formation of cementum-like tissue are believed to be undifferentiated ectomesenchymal cells of the vital pulp. Mineralized tissue with a varied morphology and thickness was observed. Mineralization seemed to start in the incisal region or at the pulp horns of canines and molars and the central part of the pulp appeared the last part to be obliterated. The whole pulp chamber was sometimes completely obliterated by the calcified tissue especially in case of retained canine. Cementum-like tissue was composed of multiple alternating and irregular light and dark bands. Immunohistochemical examination revealed positive osteonectin immunoreactivity in the deposited hard tissue that indicate this hard tissue is cementum-like tissue. Conclusions: In the pulp chambers and in the root canals of retained deciduous teeth resorption had often occurred, indicating that signals giving rise to odontoclasts were present in the pulp tissue. Cementum-like tissue can be deposited within these resorped areas. Also a longer retention time generated more cementum-like tissue deposition in the pulp of the retained deciduous teeth.

[Zoba H. AliEvaluation of the Mineralized Tissue in the Pulp of Retained Human Deciduous Teeth (Histological and Immunohistochemical Study). Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):398-407]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 57

Keywords: Retained deciduous teeth; Cementum-like tissue; Osteonectin; Light microscope.

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Fuzzy Logic Support System for Predicting Building Damage Due to the Association of Three Parameters of Pipeline Failure

Dina A. Emarah¹; Manar, M. Hussein^1*; Hamdy M. Mousa² and Adel Y. Akl¹

¹Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University

²Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computer and Information, Menofia University

manar.m.hussein@gmail.com

Abstract: In this study, a fuzzy logic decision support tool (FLDST) was constructed for three parameters of sewer pipeline failure to get the total influence of these parameters on building damage. The effect of the shape and number of membership functions was investigated. The well-known computer program “ANSYS+ CivilFEM” is used to investigate the influence of pipeline settlement, settlement location, building location with respect to pipeline, soil stiffness and burial depth on the building damage category. The results were implemented in a fuzzy based assessment system for reinforced concrete building structures to evaluate the damage category of buildings due to the association of three parameters of pipeline failure. A criterion to define membership functions, their shape and their number, for each parameter as well as the rule base covering the whole range of all parameters was described. Several examples were run by MATLAB and were validated by ANSYS to evaluate the FLDST in predicting the damage category of building.  The category of damage based on FLDST was consistent with that obtained from ANSYS calculations with great efficiency and time saving.

 [Dina A. Emarah; Manar, M. Hussein; Hamdy M. Mousa and Adel Y. Akl Fuzzy Logic Support System for Predicting Building Damage Due to the Association of Three Parameters of Pipeline Failure]. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):408-417]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 58

Keywords: Fuzzy logic support system; damage category; pipeline failure; settlement; membership functions and fuzzy assessment system

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Toxicological and Biochemical Studies on Development of Resistance in Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) During Selection with Bacillus thuringiensis MVPII

Abd El-Aziz, S. Hanan¹; El-Gohary, E.E.²; Mansy, M.S³. Desuky, W.M.¹ and Hamed, M.S.²

¹Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

²Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, Egypt

³Microbiology & Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar Univ., Cairo, Egypt

ggohary@hotmail.com

Abstract: The present investigation studied the toxicity of five bacterial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) (MVPII, Dipel -2X, Ecotech-Bio and Dipel Es) and B. thuringiensis var. aizawai (Bta) (Xentari) to the cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis. The LC50s for such formulations were measured as 0.08, 0.11, 0.22, 0.27 and 0.00045 %, respectively. The larvae were selected for resistance to MVPII for twelve generations and the resistance increased to12.5 folds higher than the susceptible parent strain. No correlation (cross resistance) between MVPII-resistant strain and the other Bt formulations was indicated. The levels of resistance fell in the range of vigour tolerance to be 1.82, 1.3, 1.67 and 3.78 fold for Dipel-2X, Echotech-Bio, Dipel Es and Xentari, respectively. The possibility of using protein as biochemical parameters to detect the development of resistance was also studied. The effect of different bacterial formulations was studied at 2^nd, 4^th, 6^th and 9^th day post treatment of 4^th larval instar. Most of bacterial formulations were reduced the total protein contents particularly Dipel–2X showed none increasing in protein for any different days post treatment comparing with untreated control. The 9th day post treatment showed not only highly significant increase in total protein contents for the rest four treatments (MVPII, Ecotech-Bio, Dipel Es and Xentari) but also with MVPII treatment on different generations during selection. The electrophoretic analysis of proteins by SDS-PAGE was carried out for untreated normal strain and different days post treatment with LC₅₀ of MVPII during selection. Twenty four bands were separated and their molecular weight ranged between 5.9 and 187.96 KDa. The number of separated bands varied among different generations according to the tested strain. The appearance of new protein might be due to increasing of protein synthesis while the disappearance of other could be attributed to their breakdown as a result of Bt infection or the resistance.

[Abd El-Aziz, S. Hanan; El-Gohary, E.E.; Mansy, M.S. Desuky, W.M. and Hamed, M.S.Toxicological and biochemical studies on development of resistance in Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) during selection with Bacillus thuringiensis MVPII]. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):418-426]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 59

Key Words: Spodoptera littoralis – total protein – SDS-PAGE – Bacillus thuringiensis

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Experimental Study for the Behaviour of Footings on Reinforced Sand Beds Overlying Soft Clay Zone

Nagy A. El Mahallawy and Ahmad S. Rashed

Department of Soil Mechanics and Foundations, El Shorouk Academy.

cedc_eng@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of the work was to study the efficiency of using reinforcement layers in order to enhance the bearing capacity of soils that are characterized by the existence of localized soft clay zone. Small-scale model experiments using tank were conducted with beds created from well graded sand prepared with different dry densities. Soft clay was embedded at predetermined locations within the sand beds so as to represent localized soft clay zone. Various arrangements of soil reinforcement were tested and compared against comparable tests but without reinforcement. Tests were carried out in order to study the effect of the width and depth of the soft clay zone, the depth of reinforcing layers, the length, number and of reinforcing layers on the soil bearing capacity also,the spacing between reinforcement layers. The results show clearly that the ultimate bearing capacity reduces by up to 70% due to the presence of a soft clay zone. It was also noted that the proximity of the soft clay zone also influenced the bearing capacity. Reinforcing the soil with two layers or increasing the length of reinforcement is not as effective as was anticipated based on previous studies. However, bearing capacity increased significantly (up to 3 times) to that of unreinforced sand when four layers of reinforcement were embedded.

[Nagy A. El Mahallawy and Ahmad S. Rashed Experimental Study for the Behaviour of Footings on Reinforced Sand Beds Overlying Soft Clay Zone. Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):427-434]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 60

Key words: Bearing capacity, Ground variability, Soft clay zone, Soil reinforcement; Bearing capacity ratio; Geogrid reinforcement; Reinforced sand;

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Effects of Curcumin on Early Retinal Neuro-Degenerative Changes in Diabetic Albino Rats

Noha A. Salem¹, Gamal M. Abdel-Rahman¹, Mohamed Ewias², and Amanuel Tesfay Tsegay¹

Departments of ¹ Anatomy and ², Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. noha2805@hotmail.com

Abstract: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in working age adults and it remains a major cause of morbidity in diabetic patients. The gradual loss of neurons in diabetic retina suggests that the progression of the disease is ultimately irreversible, since these cells cannot be replaced. A single large dose of Streptozotocin can produce diabetes in rodents or alternatively, multiple small doses can be used, curcumin administration prevents  the decrease in the antioxidant capacity  that is  induced by diabetes and It has been considered to have beneficial effects on the antioxidant defense system. Aim: To assess the  effect of curcumin  in early retinal neurodegenerative changes in diabetic albino rats. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawely albino rats were divided into 3 groups (16 rats in each group). (1)Control group, (2) Diabetic group, (3) Diabetic and curcumin treated group . Each group was re-divided into 2 subgroups according to the duration of diabetes (4^th and 8^th weeks).Diabetes were induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg/b.wt)  and after three days, fasting blood glucose level was measured .These rats with blood glucose level greater than 250mg/dl were confirmed as diabetic rats. Third group were received only powdered diet supplemented with curcumin 0.5 g/kg . This type of diet was initiated after establishment of diabetes till the scarification day. Eight rats from each group were randomly sacrificed in the 4^th week and the rest were sacrificed in the 8^th week. Their eyes were enucleated, fixed, processed for Heamatoxylin and  Eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical staining for (glial fibrillary acidic protein) GFAP. Results: Diabetic rats showed a significant reduction in the  thickness  of the inner retinal layers , decrease in the retinal ganglion cells (RGC), reduction was increased in relation to the duration of  diabetes . In group (3) there was a significant improvement in the thickness and in (RGC) numbers. The Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactive processes in the diabetic groups were observed in the entire neural retina , while in the same curcumin treated group there was a significant reduction in the reactivity in the affected layers. Conclusions: Curcumin can inhibit diabetes-induced retinal abnormalities that are postulated in the development of early diabetic retinopathy. Thus, curcumin appears to be a useful therapy that may inhibit the development and progression of retinopathy, the main complication faced by diabetic patients.

[Noha A. Salem, Gamal M. Abdel-Rahman, Mohamed Ewias, and Amanuel Tesfay Tsegay Effects of Curcumin on Early Retinal Neuro-Degenerative Changes in Diabetic Albino Rats]Journal of American Science 2012; 8(1):435-443]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 61

Keywords: Diabetic retinopathy, diabetes mellitus, Curcumin, rats

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Directional Extension of the Domain of Attraction to Increase Critical clearing time of nonlinear systems

Sara Haghighatnia, Reihaneh Kardehi moghaddam ^*

Department of Electrical engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.

Sara.haghighatnia@mshdiau.ac.ir,   Rkardehi.moghaddam@gmail.com

Corresponding Author E-mail,   Rkardehi.moghaddam@gmail.com^*

Abstract: In this paper a new approach for directional enlargement of domain of attraction based on design of the operating equilibrium of nonlinear dynamic systems and determining optimal values of controlling parameters is proposed. The method estimates domain of attraction with parameter dependant ellipses using quadratic Lyapunov functions, and finds these parameters such that they enlarge the estimated attraction region along the direction of interest. The problem of attraction region enlargement is defined in the form of a novel bi level optimization problem that focuses on extending elliptic area along fault running vector. In addition we show that the proposed method can effectively be applied for increasing critical clearing time of nonlinear