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The effects of limewater on flexural strength of TiO₂ nanoparticles binary blended limestone aggregate-based concrete

Farzad Soleymani

Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Payame Noor University, P.O. 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.

E-mail: farzad.soleymani52@yahoo.com

Abstract: The effect of limewater on flexural strength permeability of TiO₂ nanoparticles binary blended concrete has been investigated. TiO₂ nanoparticles with partial replacement of cement by 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 weight percent have been used as reinforcement. Curing of the specimens has been carried out in water and saturated limewater for 7, 28 and 90 days after casting. The results indicate that TiO₂ nanoparticles up to maximum replacement level of 2.0% produces concrete with improved flexural strength when the specimens cured in saturated limewater with respect to the specimens cured in water. TiO₂ nanoparticles can improve the filler effect and also the high pozzolanic action of fine particles increases substantially the quantity of strengthening gel. Although the limewater reduces the strength of concrete without nanoparticles, curing the specimens in saturated limewater results in more strengthening gel formation in TiO₂ nanoparticles blended concrete causes high strength.  

[Farzad Soleymani. The effects of limewater on flexural strength of TiO₂ nanoparticles binary blended limestone aggregate-based concrete. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):1-4]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 1

Key words: TiO₂ nanoparticle; flexural strength; concrete

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Effect of resin composite composition, shade and curing system on fracture toughness

Dalia M. A. Mohamed¹, Dalia Y. E²., Gihan A. H. Abdel Rahman¹, Tamer M. H. Mahmoud²

¹Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University

²Restorative and Dental Materials Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo- Egypt

Abstract: Objectives: Evaluation of the effect of resin composite composition, shade and curing system on fracture toughness. Methods: A total of 40 nanohybrid resin composite specimens; 20 of each resin composite type; 10 of each shade, were prepared. One of the two nanohybrid resin composites was ormocer-based resin composite (Ceram X) and the other one was di-functional methacrylates-based resin composite (Artiste). Light and dark shades (A1 and A3.5) of each material were chosen. Half of these specimens (20 specimens) were activated by halogen light curing unit and the other half was activated by light emitting diode (LED) light curing unit. The fracture toughness values were determined by the universal testing machine using the Single Edge Notched Beam (SENB) specimens. Results: The three-way (ANOVA) test revealed that the ormocer-based resin composite (Ceram X) showed significantly higher fracture toughness values (2.61±0.2 MPa.m^1/2) than the di-functional methacrylates-based resin composite (Artiste) (2.36 ±0.3 MPa.m^1/2). Furthermore, the lighter shade (A1) showed significantly higher fracture toughness values (2.59 ±0.3 MPa.m^1/2) than the darker shade (A3.5) (2.38 ±0.3 MPa.m^1/2) for both resin composite types. However, there was no significant difference between the fracture toughness values of both types of resin composites when cured with either LED or halogen light curing system. Significance: Ormocer-based nanohybrid resin composite restorative material is a strong treatment option for stress bearing areas. Moreover, lighter shade of resin composites demonstrates better fracture toughness than its darker one of the same brand; this should be considered during curing.

[Dalia M. A. Mohamed, Dalia Y. E., Gihan A. H. Abdel Rahman, Tamer M. H. Mahmoud. Effect of resin composite composition, shade and curing system on fracture toughness. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):5-10]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 2

Keywords: Resin composite; Nanohybrid; Difunctional methacrylates; Ormocer; Fracture toughness; LED; Halogen; Light curing unit

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Effect of folic acid administration on In vivo motor nerves regeneration.

Atef Abd El Hameed Fouda.

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt. E-mail:  atef_fouda@yahoo.com

Abstract: Peripheral nerves injury may occur due to trauma or surgical procedures. It can result in loss of muscle function, impaired sensation and/or painful neuropathies. Successful nerve regeneration requires the concerted interplay of non  neuronal cells, growth factors and regenerating axons. Foliates are vitamins essential to the development of the central nervous system. Furthermore, it was shown that parenteral folic acid produces up to 10-fold dose-dependent improvement in axon re-growth and functional recovery after injury to the adult CNS. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of folic acid administration on the regeneration of motor nerves after its severance with 15 mm gap between nerve endings. Rabbits were evaluated by clinical examination, nerve conduction velocity, and electron microscopic examination of the regenerate. Results showed that folic acid administration improves neural regeneration and help in its rapid maturation.

[Atef Abd El Hameed Fouda. Effect of folic acid administration on In vivo motor nerves regeneration. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):11-19]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 3

Keywords:  Folic acid, entubation nerve repair-Gore-Tex-experimental, nerve regeneration

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Prevalence of Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans in Animals and Chickens in Quena Governorate, with Special Reference to RAPD-PCR Patterns of the Isolates

¹Shimaa Abou-Elmagd, ²Hosam Kotb, ³Khalid Sabry and ⁴Mohamed Refai

¹Directorate of Veterinary Medicine, Qena, Egypt

²Department of Reproductive Diseases, Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt

³Department of Plant Microbiology, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt

⁴Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

randaarousi@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study aimed to isolate the different yeast types, particularly Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, that can infect different animal species and chickens in Qena Governorate (Upper Egypt). For this study, samples were collected from animals and chickens. The mycological examination of (4527) samples of faecal samples, rectal swabs, nasal swabs, vaginal swabs, ear swabs, milk samples, conjunctival swabs, blood samples taken from buffaloes, cattle and sheep and chicken samples yielded (535) positive samples for different yeast strains in a percentage of (11.81%). The percentage of positive yeast samples of chicken (24.86%) was higher than that of animals (6.65%). It is evident that, out of the total samples examined in the present study Candida species were obtained in a highest percentage of (6.44%), followed by Cr. neoformans (2.54%).The percentage of samples positive for Candida albicans was higher in chicken (12.15%) than that obtained from animals (3.2%). Also the number of samples positive for Cr. neoformans was obtained in a higher percentage in chicken (6.31%) than that of animals (1.04%). The use of RAPD-PCR for C. albicans strains isolated from different sources using OPA-18 primer indicated the presence of 2 constant bands in all stains tested. The primer OPE-18 indicated the polymorphism in the banding pattern of all stains tested. The results of RAPD-PCR on C. neoformans isolates using R2 primer indicated 100% similarity of banding patterns of buffalo, chicken and sheep isolates.

[Shimaa Abou-Elmagd, Hosam Kotb, Khalid Sabry and Mohamed Refai Prevalence of Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans in Animals and Chickens in Quena Governorate, with Special Reference to RAPD-PCR Patterns of the Isolates] Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):20-31]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: C. albicans, C. neoformans, Animals, Chickens, RAPD-PCR

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Modelling of Economical Design of Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchanger Using Specified Pressure Drop

M. M. El-Fawal^*1, A. A. Fahmy² and B. M. Taher³

¹National Center for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt

²Reactor Department, Nuclear Research Center, AEA, Cairo, Egypt

3Dept. of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

^{*mohamed_elfawal@hotmail.com}

Abstract: Shell and Tube-type heat exchanger have wide application in nuclear industry where they play an important role in the transfer of heat from core to the heat sink, their cost minimization is an important target for both designers and users. In this paper a computer program for economical design of shell and tube heat exchanger using specified pressure drop is established to minimize the cost of the equipment including the sum of discounted annual energy expenditures related to pumping. The design procedure depends on using the acceptable pressure drops in order to minimize the thermal surface area for a certain service, involving discrete decision variables. Also the proposed method takes into account several geometric and operational constraints typically recommended by design codes, and may provide global optimum solutions as opposed to local optimum solutions that are typically obtained with many other optimization methods. While fulfilling heat transfer requirements, it has anticipated to estimate the minimum heat transfer area and resultant minimum cost for a heat exchanger for given pressure drops. The capability of the proposed model was verified through two design examples. The obtained results illustrate the capacity of the proposed approach through using of a given pressure drops to direct the optimization towards more effective designs, considering important limitations usually ignored in the literatures.

[M. M. El-Fawal, A. A. Fahmy and B. M. Taher Modelling of Economical Design of Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchanger Using Specified Pressure Drop] Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):32-40]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 5

Keywords: Heat exchanger; Shell-and-tube; Economical design; Single phase flow

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A Study of Seam Performance of Micro-Polyester Woven Fabrics

Thanaa Mustafa AL Sarhan

Faculty of Art & Design, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abstract: This paper presents an experimental study of the seam performance of micro-polyester woven fabrics. In this study plain micro-polyester fabrics were woven with three different weft densities. Three different seam types were used during the sewing of the fabrics, each with three stitch densities. Therefore, 27 samples having different specifications were obtained. Seam strength, seam elongation, sewing needle penetration force and seam efficiency were determined for these fabrics for seam performance. The purpose of this study was to identify the suitable sewing conditions in order to achieve good seam performance.

[Thanaa Mustafa AL Sarhan A Study of Seam Performance of Micro-Polyester Woven Fabrics. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):41-46]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 6

Keywords: Fabric sewability, Seam efficiency, seam strength, seam elongation, penetration force, micro  fiber, micro polyester fabric.

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Septic Cardiomyopathy: Role of Echocardiography and Brain Natriuretic Peptide

Hassan Abu-Khabar ¹, Mohammed Moustafa Abdel Salam Megahed ¹and  Ashraf Essam Roshdy ¹

¹ Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Egypt.

ashrafroshdy76@hotmail.com

Abstract: Introduction: Myocardial dysfunction occurs in about 40% of patients presenting with sepsis and septic shock. The most important hypothesis to explain it is based on a circulating myocardial depressant substance. Hypothesis: To evaluate the possibility of early diagnosis of myocardial dysfunction in patients in sepsis or septic shock using the transthoracic echocardiography or the brain Natriuretic peptide (BNP). Methods: 46 patients presented with severe sepsis or septic shock according to the criteria of the 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS sepsis definition were included in the study. The patients undergone serial transthoracic Echocardiographic examinations, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA score) and BNP measurements on admission to the ICU and till death or discharge. The patients were retrospectively divided into survivors and non survivors for statistical analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of the Echocardiographic data and the BNP in correlation to the SOFA score and the prognosis. Results: The mortality of patients with systolic left ventricular failure (LVEF < 55%) was 82.4%, in contrast to 51.7% in patients with normal systolic function. (p=0.037) Patients who had diastolic dysfunction on admission represented 39.1%. In the non survivors group 44.8% of them had diastolic dysfunction in comparison to 29.4% in the survivor group. The BNP in the survivor group ranged from 345.01±222.10 pg/ml on admission and increased till it reached a mean of 406.2±295.39 pg/ml at day 3 before decreasing to 163.69±134.39 pg/ml at discharge. The non-survivors had a higher mean which ranged from 708.62±305.17 pg/ml on admission to 1022.11±363.41 pg/ml at the third day. The BNP had a significant correlation with both the SOFA score (p=0.037) and delta SOFA score (p=0,025). A BNP level of 250.5 has a sensitivity of 82.8% and a specificity of 64.7% in predicting the mortality of patients in our study. Conclusion: BNP is sensitive but not specific for the diagnosis of heart failure and is correlated to the prognosis and SOFA score in patients admitted to the ICU with severe sepsis and septic shock. A cut off value of 250 pg/ml has a sensitivity of 82.8% and specificity of 64.7% in detecting the mortality of such patients.

[Hassan Abu-Khabar, Mohammed Moustafa Abdel Salam Megahed and Ashraf Essam Roshdy. Septic Cardiomyopathy: Role of Echocardiography and Brain Natriuretic Peptide. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):47-62]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 7

Keywords: sepsis; shock; critical care; BNP; echocardiography.

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Effect of Spandex Ratio on the Properties of Woven Fabrics Made of Cotton / Spandex Spun Yarns

Mofeda Abdul Rahman AL-ansary

Fashion Design Department, Design and Art College, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, kingdom of Saudi Arabia. m_ansary2011@yahoo.com

Abstract: Woven fabrics made of core- spun yarns containing spandex gained great attention in the last decade due to its extensibility and comfort properties. The key factor in producing such fabrics is the spandex ratio. The present study focuses on the effect of spandex ratio on different fabric physical and mechanical properties such as: breaking strength, breaking extension, shrinkage %, fabric growth and air-permeability. The findings of this study revealed that the ratio of spandex had a significant influence on the physical properties of woven fabrics. The statistical analysis detected a very good correlation between spandex amount ratio and physical properties of fabrics woven from cotton/ spandex core- spun yarns.

[Mofeda Abdul Rahman AL-ansary. Effect of Spandex Ratio on the Properties of Woven Fabrics Made of Cotton / Spandex Spun Yarns. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):63-67]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 8

Keywords: Spandex, Spandex ratio, Core-spun yarn, Woven fabrics, Drawing ratio, Physical properties

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Stroke Knowledge and Awareness among Hospital Workers in Fayoum University

Naglaa A. El Sherbiny¹, Hadeer M. Abdel Ghaffar² and Sherine El-Mously ³

Departments of Public Health ¹, Pediatric², Neurology ³, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Egypt

Abstract: Background: Stroke is a life-altering public health problem in Egypt, hospital workers are important source of knowledge on health issues towards stroke.  We aim to assess knowledge of Fayoum University hospital workers about stroke. Methodology: A cross sectional hospital based survey conducted on (202) of Fayoum University hospital workers; divided into two groups: health care providers (HCPs) and non health care providers (NHCPs). The two groups interviewed using a structured questionnaire related to; knowledge of stroke in both adults and children. Results: The (HCPs) represented (65.8%) of the study sample, (93.6%) of our sample had knowledge about stroke while (30.7%) only knew that stroke might occur in the pediatric age group. The main source of information was through dealing with someone having stroke in both groups (34.6%, 21.7% respectively). The first action during a stroke attack was going to a hospital (85% of HCPs and 40.6% of NHCPs). Conclusion: Huge gap of knowledge about stroke symptoms was present between the HCPs and NHCPs indicating the urgent need for community awareness program of stroke.

[Naglaa A. El Sherbiny, Hadeer M. Abdel Ghaffar and Sherine El-Mously. Stroke Knowledge and Awareness among Hospital Workers in Fayoum University. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):68-72]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 9

Keywords: Stroke, knowledge, health workers

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Women’s Participation for Rural Educational Development in Iran

Abrisham Aref *, Khadijeh Aref **

* Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran; abrishamaref@yahoo.com  

** Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran; banafsheharef@gmail.com

Abstract: This research set out to explore the participation of women in rural educational development in Iran. In developed countries women have important role in the processes of rural educational development. But, in Third World countries there are some important barriers in face of women’s participation in rural educational development. This paper looks at the barriers of women’s participation in educational development in rural areas of Iran. The findings indicated that there are some barriers in women’s participation towards rural educational development. This research draws from our scientific experience in a variety of disciplines namely; anthropology and education and psychology

[Abrisham Aref & Khadijeh Aref, Women’s Participation for Rural Educational Development, Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):73-75]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 10

Keywords: participation, rural development, rural education

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The Effect Of The Trigger Variable On The Ineffective Triggering Index In Mechanically Ventilated Patients

Aboukhabar Hassan, Abouelela Amr,  Abdou Mohamed

Alexandria university, critical care medicine department, Alexandria, Egypt

habukhaber@yahoo.com; amrela313@yahoo.com; medicine_man12@hotmail.com

Abstract: Ineffective triggering of a ventilator-delivered breath may occur in as many as one-third of inspiratory efforts. There is a considerable and growing interest in optimizing the patient-ventilator interaction. The ineffective triggering is the commonest form of patient-ventilator dyssynchrony. The aim of this study was To determine the correlation between high rates of ineffective triggering within the first 24 hours of mechanical ventilation with the duration of mechanical ventilation and ventilator free survival and to study the effect of the trigger variable on the ITI (Ineffective Triggering index) in mechanically ventilated patients. The study was carried out on 150 mechanically ventilated adult patients in Alexandria University Main Hospital (EGYPT). Patients undergo a 10-minutes observation period within the first 24 hours of mechanical ventilation to identify (ITI) (=number of ineffective breaths/number of total breaths). The number of days on mechanical ventilation out of 28 days in the pressure triggering group was 6.89 ± 5.73 with ITI < 10% while it was 17.44 ± 9.0 with ITI ≥10% (Z = 4.954^*, p < 0.001^*) while the results in the flow triggering group was 8.10 ± 6.87 with ITI < 10% while it was 14.29 ± 9.11 with ITI ≥10% (Z = 3.180^*, p = 0.001^*). The ITI < 10% in pressure triggering group was 36/75 (48%) while 39/75 (52%) had ineffective triggering ≥10%. The ITI < 10% in flow triggering group was 41/75(54.7%) while 34/75 (45.3%) had ineffective triggering with no significant statistical difference between the 2 groups (x² = 0.667, p = 0.414). We conclude that the number of days on mechanical ventilation out of 28 days was significantly higher with ITI ≥10%.

[Aboukhabar Hassan, Abouelela Amr,  Abdou Mohamed. The Effect Of The Trigger Variable On The Ineffective Triggering Index In Mechanically Ventilated Patients. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):76-81]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 11

Keywords: Ineffective triggering, Ventilator asynchrony, Mechanical ventilation, COPD weaning

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The effect of Mentha extract(Mentha piperita) on immune response in Broiler Chickens

¹Rahim Abdulkarimi and ¹Farzad Abdullahzadeh

1- Islamic Azad University, Boukan Branch, Boukan, Iran

Rahim.abdulkarimi@yahoo.com

Abstract: This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of Mentha extract (Mentha piperita) on the relative weight of the immune organs and serum antibody titer against Newcastl disease viruse and infectious Bronchitis viruse. One hundred and sixty mixed one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) in four groups and 10 birds for each based on a completely randomized design were used. All the chickens were fed the similar starter (day 1-21 of age) and grower (day 22-42 of age) diets in pellet form, but received 0.0 (ZM), 0.2 (LM), 0.4 (MM) and 0.6% (HM) alcoholic extract of Mentha piperita in drinking water during the experimental period. At 21 and 42 days of age, two birds per pen were selected, weighed and killed by decapitation to obtain the immune organs relative weight such as spleen and bursa fabricius. Consequently blood samples were collected and blood serum was separated to measure of Newcastle and Bronchitis disease viruses antibody titers by using the elaisa reader. All experimental data were subjected to the GLM procedure of SAS as a complete randomized design and the mean values were compared by Tukey Multiple Range Test (P<0.05). No significant difference between treatments was observed for the measured factors at 21 and 42 days of age. The results of this study revealed that Mentha extract consumption in drinking water could not stimulate the immune system response in broiler chickens.

[Rahim Abdulkarimi and Farzad Abdullahzadeh .,The effect of Mentha extract(Mentha piperita) on immune response in Broiler Chickens. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):82-85]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 12

Key words: Mentha piperita, immune response and broiler chickens

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The Impact of Value Added and Regulatory Framework on the Adoption of Internet Banking in Iran

Mohammad Ali Molaei ¹, Rohollah Dehghan Manshadi ², Bozorgmehr Ashrafi ³

^1. Faculty of Industrial Engineering & Management, Shahrood University Of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

malimolaei@yahoo.com

^2. Faculty of Industrial Engineering & Management, Shahrood University Of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

rohollah.dehghan@yahoo.com

^3. Faculty of Industrial Engineering & Management, Shahrood University Of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

bozorgashrafi@ymail.com

Abstract: The motivation for this study is the belief that the poor response to Internet banking in Iran springs from an inadequate regulatory framework for customer protection and the lack of initiatives on the part of the banks in promoting this new delivery channel. In addition to the two key factors mentioned above, this study also tries to examine the impact of other factors such as the customers’ attitude towards risk, trust in the service provider, customers’ perceived value of Internet banking, and the interface design of the bank web site on Internet bank adoption. Results showed that the scope and quality of the innovations in services provided by banks and financial institutions in their internet-banking systems ought to be reinforced if they aim to persuade their customers to apply such new services more frequently. Establishment of sufficient (as well as efficient) regulations for internet-banking can also prompt the traditional bank customers to move up to this higher technology. With regard to the significant role of the value added in facilitating the process of accepting a new technology, one may claim that exposing the customers to the advantages of internet-banking has a considerable positive effect on expanding the use of this innovative banking system.

[Mohammad Ali Molaei, Rohollah Dehghan Manshadi, Bozorgmehr Ashrafi. The Impact of Value Added and Regulatory Framework on the Adoption of Internet Banking in Iran. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):86-93]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 13

Keywords: Value added, Regulatory Framework, Bank Initiatives, Internet Banking

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Evaluation of Rheological Properties of Two Elastomeric Impression Materials during Working Time

Mona El Sayed El Deeb^*, Gihan Hafez Waly and Nour El Dine Ahmed Habib

Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

^*mona_el_deeb@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objectives. Evaluation of rheological properties of two elastomeric impression materials, in their light and medium consistencies in terms of: viscosity, flow and development of elasticity, and their relation to the working time.

Materials:Two elastomeric impression materials were used; one polyether material, and one addition silicone (VPS), both in light and medium (regular) consistencies.  Methods: Oscillating rheometer (Bohlin rheometer) in cone-plate configuration was used to monitor the viscosity, phase angle, tan delta, and elastic modulus throughout the working time recommended by the manufacturer. Also, the shark fin device was used to evaluate the flow properties of the tested materials. The height of the shark fin (measured by a micrometer) indicates the flowability of the material. Results:  It was found that the light-bodied polyether material maintained the lowest viscosity values as well as the most viscous (plastic) behavior through the working time, compared to the other material-consistency combinations (P ≤ 0.05). The medium-bodied polyether showed the highest viscosity and the most rigid (elastic) behavior among the tested material-consistency combinations (P ≤ 0.05). The shark fin device results were consistent with the rheological parameters for most groups. It reflected the combined effect of the material’s viscosity as well as its plasticity.

[Mona El Sayed El Deeb, Gihan Hafez Waly and Nour El Dine Ahmed Habib Evaluation of Rheological Properties of Two Elastomeric Impression Materials during Working Time. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):94-100]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Elastomeric impression materials, Vinyl Polysiloxane, Polyether, Working time, Rheology, Flow, Shark fin test

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Biochemical Study on Vibriosis in Cultured Eels (Anguilla Anguillal.)

Khalil, R. H¹.; Hana R. El-hofy² and Nadia B. Mahfouz^3*

¹Fish and Poult. Diseases Dept. Fac. of Vet. Med. Alex. Univ.

²Anim. Health Res. Inst., Damanhour

³Dept. Fish Diseases and Management. Fac. of Vet. Med. Kafr El-Sheikh Univ.

nbmahfouz@yahoo.com

Abstract: One hundred and twenty cultured eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) were collected from Behera Governorate was investigated for the isolation of Vibrio species. The isolation of Vibrio spp. was achieved from the ulcers, blood, liver, kidney and spleen of naturally infected eels (alive and freshly dead). The recovered bacteria were studied for the virulence, pathogenicity and antimicrobial sensitivity. Blood samples were collected for determination of serum aspartate amino transferease (S.AST) serum alanine aminotransferase. (S.ALT), total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, cortisone, Glucose, direct and indirect bilirubin. Forty eight isolates of Vibrio species were obtained from all investigated eels summarized as follows; 22 isolates of V.anguillarum (7 from kidney, 5 from spleen, 4 from blood, 4 from ulcers and 2 from Liver), 12 isolates of V.ordalii (5 from kidney, 3 from spleen, 3 from ulcers and one from blood), 7 isolates of V. parahaemolyticus (4 from Liver and 3 from ulcers), 4 isolates of V.vulnificus from Liver and 3 isolates of V.algnolyticus from spleen. The results of LD50 in eels (A. anguilla) injected with V.anguillarum was 10^-2  cfu / ml, while the sub lethal dose 1/10 X LD₅₀ equal 10^-3 cfu/ml. The experimentally infected eels showed severe hemorrhages over the body and congestion of the head. Internally, enlargement of spleen which became cherry red and loss its sharp edges as well as severe congestion of kidney. Histopathology, the V.anguillarum, during the acute phase of the disease, induced hepatic cell necrosis and hyper activation of the melanomacrophage centers of kidneys, while in the chronic stage, thrombus formation in the branchial artery of gills and severe glycogen deposition in Liver. The five recorded isolates of the Vibrio species were sensitive to Ampicillin, Doxycycline, Colistin sulphate and Amoxicillin, but totally resistant to Oxytetracycline and Nalidixic acid. The Antibody titers in A. anguilla injected with booster dose of bacterin of V.anguillarum were higher than in group injected by one dose of bacterin. Significantly increase in enzymatic activity SAST, SALT, hypoproteinaemia,hypoalbuminaenia and hypoglobulinaemia. Significant increase level of adrenocorticotrophic hormone,glucose and cholesterol in chronic infection(1/10LD₅₀).

[Khalil, R. H.; Hana R. El-hofy and Nadia B. Mahfouz  Biochemical Study on Vibriosis in Cultured Eels (Anguilla Anguillal.)]. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):101-110]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words : Vibio,, LD50, Pathogenicity virulence, chronic infection, sensitivity, histopathology

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Immunocytochemical Studies of Cyclin D1 and P16 ^INK4a in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemic Patients

Abdel- Azim Ahmed Ismail¹, Magda Mohammed Sultan², Ashraf Hussen El-ghandour³, Eman Ahmed Youssef ¹*, and Lutfi Abdul Salam A. Al- Maktari²

¹Department of Histochemistry & Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University

²Department of Hematology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University

³ Internal Medicine &Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University

^*eman_khalifa_124@yahoo.com

Abstract: Acute lymphobalstic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer found among children. It is a systemic, neoplastic proliferation of lymphocyte progenitor cells in bone marrow or thymus. The present work was planned to study the immunocytochemical  expression of cyclin D1 and P16^INK4a in  acute lymphoblastic leukemic patients before and after induction chemotherapy. This study was conducted on 25 patients having acute lymphoblastic leukemia and ten subjects as controls with matched age and sex. Blood smears from all cases were subjected to Leishman's stain, French American British (FAB) classification, immunophenotyping and immunocytochemical stain of cyclin D1 and P16 ^INK4a. Results showed leishman׳s stained blood smears of ALL cases revealed L1, L2 and L3 subtypes according to the French–American–British classification (FAB) and decreased percent of blast cells after induction chemotherapy. Immunophenotyping showed B-lineage phenotype was observed in 16% of patients, common-ALL in 44%, pre-B in 20%, pro-B in 12%, and T-cell ALL in 8%. The immunocytochemical expression level of cyclin D1 before induction chemotherapy showed positivity ranged from 5% to 90% with a mean of 37.08±25.71.While after induction chemotherapy, it ranged from 0% to 90 % with a mean of 9.6±25.12 with relapsed patients. The immunocytochemical expression of P16^INK4a before induction chemotherapy showed positivity ranged from 0% to 88% with a mean of 26.88±26.76. While after induction chemotherapy, the percentage of positivity ranged from 0% to 94% with a mean of 10.2±27.0 with relapsed patients. It was concluded that cyclin D1 and P16^INK4a could be considered of the most important prognostic factors and important parameters as a panel of diagnostic markers for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Their expressions before and after chemotherapy could be considered one of the multisteps oncogenic process of ALL evolution and progression.

[Abdel- Azim Ahmed Ismail, Magda Mohammed Sultan, Ashraf Hussen El-ghandour, Eman Ahmed Youssef , and Lutfi Abdul Salam A. Al- Maktari Immunocytochemical Studies of Cyclin D1 and P16 ^INK4a in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemic Patients] Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):111-121]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key Words:  ALL, FAB classification, immunophenotyping, immunocytochemistry, Cyclin D1 and P16^INK4a

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Postpartum Depression: Prevalence and Predictors among Women at El Eman's Specialized Hospital

Naglaa A. Mohamed¹; Ghadah A. Mahmoud ²; Nadia A. Said ¹ k Hamida A. Abdelhafez ² and Ahmed M. A. Maklof ²

¹Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing. Assiut University

²Department of Obstetric and Gynecological, Faculty of Medicine. Assiut University

*noga_abdo69@yahoo.com

Abstract: Postpartum depression is a serious public health concern because of its demonstrated adverse consequences on the development of maternal confidence and the cognitive, emotional and social development of their infant. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and severity of postpartum depression among women at El Eman's Specialized Hospital and examine the main predictors for postpartum depression among these women during the first three months postpartum. The study was carried out in the Family Planning out patient's Clinic, El Eman Specialized Hospital at Assiut City, Egypt. The study sample comprised 110 pregnant women. Three tools were used for data collection, namely: Sociodemographic Data Structured Interview schedules, postpartum depression predictors inventory (PDPI), and Edinburgh Postnatal depression scale. The main results yielded by the study proved that, 42.73% of the studied sample were in the age group from 25 to 30 years, the majority of sample were house wives (84.5 %) , 29.1 % of sample feeling of depression during pregnancy , 50% of them suffering from anxiety during pregnancy , 44.5% of them feeling of maternity blues and 80.7% of women had post- partum depression . the study recommended to help women to improve the outcome of families suffering with post-partum depression by engaging in routine screening and providing education and referral sources to women. 

 [Naglaa A. Mohamed; Ghadah A. Mahmoud; Nadia A. Sayed; Hamida A. Abdelhafez and Ahmed M. A. Maklof Postpartum Depression: Prevalence and Predictors among Women at El Eman's Specialized Hospital]. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):122-128]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org

Key words: Post partum depression, Predictors, prevalence rate

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The Contribution of Rural Cooperatives in Building Empowerment in Rural District of Bakhtegan, Fars, Iran

Fatemeh Allahdadi & Khadijeh Aref

Science and Research Branch,

Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran

fatemeharef@gmail.com banafsheharef@gmail.com

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to determine the role of rural cooperatives in building rural empowerment in rural district of Bakhtegan, Fars, Iran. Empowerment is the process of enhancing the capacity of individuals or groups to make choices and to transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes. Capacity building for rural development requires a range of empowerment. Hence, it is expected that the rural cooperatives contribute to building rural empowerment. The paper is based on the survey questionnaire carried out among 185 rural cooperatives members in rural district of Bakhtegan in Fars, Iran. The findings revealed that rural cooperatives have a little contribution in building empowerment for rural development in rural district of Bakhtegan.

[Fatemeh Allahdadi & Khadijeh Aref. The Contribution of Rural Cooperatives in Building Empowerment in Rural District of Bakhtegan, Fars. Iran. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):129-132]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org

Keywords:   empowerment, participation, rural cooperatives, rural development

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Potential Carcinogenic Risk of Formaldehyde Due To the Occupational Exposure in a Chemical Manufacturing Plant 

Mahmoud A. Hassanien¹, Nasser M. Abdel-Latif*¹, Abdelhameed M. Othman², Alia A. Shakour¹, and Yasser H. Ibrahim¹

¹Air Pollution Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt;

²Genetic Engineering Institute, Menoufia University, Sadat City, Egypt

*nabdellatif@gmail.com

Abstract: Formaldehyde exposures are common and epidemiologically linked to cancer. Workers occupationally exposed to formaldehyde in industrial and medical fields have a significant probability of acquiring degenerative diseases. The main objective of this study was to determine formaldehyde in the occupational environment of a chemical manufacturing plant in Egypt and assess its risk for the exposed workers. Formaldehyde was monitored in workplace environment of a chemical manufacturing plant. Formaldehyde concentration (mg m^-3) was determined and the exposure (E) for an individual worker due to intake process (inhalation), chronic daily intake (CDI) and carcinogenic risk (CR) were calculated for the different cases according to the US EPA Carcinogenic Assessment Section of the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Formaldehyde concentration was variable between different production departments with a range from 0.11 to 5.7 mg m^-3. The calculated exposure results were coincided with the high formaldehyde concentrations at the concerned departments. Formaldehyde cancer risks for all reported concentrations were greater than the acceptable cancer risk 1×10^-6. Consequently, inhalation exposure to formaldehyde has a critical influence on workers of this factory. The results prove that risk assessment estimation is a powerful assisting tool in developing abetment plans to reduce pollutants emission and improve air quality. The lack of quality epidemiological studies on exposed populations emphasizes the need for more extensive studies on formaldehyde and its related health effects in Egypt.

[Mahmoud A. Hassanien, Nasser M. Abdel-Latif, Abdelhameed M. Othman, Alia A. Shakour, and Yasser H. Ibrahim Potential Carcinogenic Risk of Formaldehyde Due To the Occupational Exposure in a Chemical Manufacturing Plant] Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):133-140]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Formaldehyde; exposure calculation; cancer risk; chronic daily intake; uncertainty

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A Synthesis and Evaluation the Hypnotic and Anticonvulsion Activities of Some Aminopyrido[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine derivatives

El Kousy S. M. ^*1, Omar R. H. ², Omer A. H. ³, Abdelazim T.R. ⁴, Amin S.W.  ³

¹Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minufiya University

²Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University

³Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minufiya University

⁴Hospital of Students, Minufiya University

Sozan.wageeh@yahoo.com     Sozan.123@hotmail.com

Abstract: The present work compress the synthesis of 5-amino2,4-dimethyl-11H-pyrido[2,3b][1,5]benzodiazepine derivatives3 by condensation of 2-chloronicotinic acid 1 with o-phenylenediamine 2  which react with malononitrile to form 4 and with phenylisocyanate to give phenyl urea 5 and react with some aromatic and heterocyclic aldehyde to produce Schiff bases which react with formaldehyde to producehydroxymethyl derivatives that converted into chloromethylderivatived,then reacted with prop0anolamine and with diethanolamine.Some of the prepared compounds were preliminary screened for CNS depressant andanticonvulsant activities.    

[El Kousy S.M., Omar R.H., Omar A.H., Abdelazim T.R., Ameen S.W. Synthesis and Evaluation the Hypnotic and Anticonvulsion Activities of Some Aminopyrido[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine derivatives] Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):141-147]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Pyridobenzodiazepine-CNS depressant- Anticonvulsant

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Assessment of heavy metal Levels in the Environment, Egypt

Yasser H. Ibrahim, Alia A. Shakour and Nasser M. Abdel-Latif and Nadia M. El-Taieb

Air Pollution Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract: The air pollution in Cairo is a matter of serious concern. Particulate and heavy metals are particularly high air pollutants. Soil represents a huge sink for heavy metals ions, which can then enter the food chain through plants or leach into ground water. The present study was designed to investigate heavy metals in the environment. Samples were collected from three compartments, air, soil, and the selective cultivated plant (cucumber), at three different districts of Egypt, and their contents of heavy metals, including Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Aluminum(Al ) and Cadmium (Cd), were analyzed. The six heavy metals were selected from points of public concern .The concentrations of heavy metals were determined using atomic absorption. The study showed differences in metal concentrations according to the plant part (root, leaf, and fruit).

[Yasser H. Ibrahim, Alia A. Shakour and Nasser M. Abd Ellatief and Nadia M. El-Taieb Assessment of heavy metal Levels in the Environment, Egypt] Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):148-153]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Air Pollutants, Heavy Metals, Soil, and Plant

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Cartesian Product of Fuzzy QS-ideals of QS-algebras

Mohamed A. Al-Kadhi

Department of mathematics, Science College, Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University

malki2@yahoo.com

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to introduce the notion of Cartesian product of fuzzy QS-ideals of QS-algebras and study their properties. 2000 Mathematics subject classification: 06F35, 03G25, 03B52.

[Mohamed A. Al-Kadhi Cartesian product of fuzzy QS-ideals of QS-algebras. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 154-157].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords and phrases: QS-algebra, QS-ideal and fuzzy QS-ideal of Q-algebra.

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The filler effects of TiO₂ nanoparticles in concrete

Mohammad Mehdi Kaykha¹ and Farzad Soleymani^*,2

1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.

2. Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Payame Noor University, P.O. 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran.

^* E-mail: farzad.soleymani52@yahoo.com

Abstract: The effect of limewater on compressive strength permeability of TiO₂ nanoparticles binary blended concrete has been investigated. TiO₂ nanoparticles with partial replacement of cement by 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 weight percent have been used as reinforcement. Curing of the specimens has been carried out in water and saturated limewater for 7, 28 and 90 days after casting. The results indicate that TiO₂ nanoparticles up to maximum replacement level of 2.0% produces concrete with improved compressive strength when the specimens cured in saturated limewater with respect to the specimens cured in water. TiO₂ nanoparticles can improve the filler effect and also the high pozzolanic action of fine particles increases substantially the quantity of strengthening gel. Although the limewater reduces the strength of concrete without nanoparticles, curing the specimens in saturated limewater results in more strengthening gel formation in TiO₂ nanoparticles blended concrete causes high strength.

 [Mohammad Mehdi Kaykha¹ and Farzad Soleymani. The filler effects of TiO₂ nanoparticles in concrete. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):158-161 ]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).

Key words: TiO₂ nanoparticle; compressive strength; concrete.

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Electron Microscopic Study On The Effect Of Urocortin-1 And Selective Endothein Type A Receptor Blockade On kidney Cortex Of Preeclamptic Pregnant Rats

Manar E¹. Selim and Hayam I. Gad²

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, and Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University

manar.selim@hotmail.com

Abstract: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder that complicates approximately 5% of all pregnancies, making it perhaps the most common glomerular disease in the world. The current study was carried out on 125 female Wistar rats divided into five equal groups. Group I included virgin non-pregnant rats. Group II included pregnant rats that were received saline solution (0.5 ml/100 g body weight) from day 7 to day 20 of gestation. Group III included pregnant rats that were treated with L-NAME dissolved in sterile saline solution in a dose of 10 mg/0.5 ml/100 g body weights subcutaneously and daily starting from the same day of gestation and for the same duration as mentioned for group II. Group IV included pregnant rats that were treated by both L-NAME (the same dose and for the same duration as mentioned for group III) and urocortin-1, in a dose of 5 µg/kg body weight/ day subcutaneously starting from day 14 to day 20 of gestation. Group V included pregnant rats that were treated by both L-NAME (the same dose and for the same duration as mentioned for group III) and ABT-627, 5 mg/kg / day subcutaneously starting from day 14 to day 20 of gestation. Ultrathin sections from the kidney were processed for electron microscopic examination. The ultrastructural examination of group III showed damage of the parietal epithelium of Bowman’s capsules, thickening of the capillary endothelial wall and fusion of the foot process of the podocytes. Mesangial cells and matrix were greatly increased. Moreover, the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) showed degeneration of the brush border and its lumina appeared with hyaline casts. The distal convoluted tubules (DCTs) were affected also as represented by destruction of the basal infoldings, mitochondria and the apical microvilli. The electron microscopic results revealed that the treatment of preeclamptic rats with urocortin-1 lead to apparent repair of the injured renal tissues rather than ABT-627 that might suggest its use as helpful therapeutic line for alleviation nephrotoxicity in preeclampsia .

[Manar E.Selim and Hayam I.Gad. Electron Microscopic Study On The Effect Of Urocortin-1 And Selective Endothein Type A Receptor Blockade On kidney Cortex Of Preeclamptic Pregnant Rats. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):162-171]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Pregnancy, preeclampsia, PCTs, endothelial cell, podocyte.

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Neurolytic Inferior Hypogastric Plexus Block: An Alternative Technique for Treatment of Lower Pelvic and Perineal Cancer Related Pain

Mohamed A. Bakr¹; Sahar A. Mohamed²; Mohamed F. Mohamad²; and Doaa G. Ahmed^2*

¹Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt

²South Egypt Cancer Institute, Anesthesia, Intensive care, and Pain management South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut, Egypt.

drsaher2008@yahoo.com    mfaroukma@gmail.com   ^*doaagomaa78@yahoo.com

abstract: The inferior hypogastric plexus block through the transsacral approach under fluoroscopy, using a local anesthetics/ steroid combination for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pain conditions involving the lower pelvic viscera was first described by Schultz in 2007. Neurolysis of the inferior hypogastric plexus may be useful for pelvic and perineal pain caused by cancer. We described two cases in whom the block performed by Injection of 6-8 ml of phenol 10% bilaterally, by passing a spinal needle through the sacral foramen to treat their intractable lower pelvic and perineal pain. We assessed them for VAS, and their oral morphine (MST) consumption pre and post-procedural and if there is any complication or side effect of the block. Both patients had significant pain relief and reduction of their analgesic consumption. The neurolytic inferior hypogastric plexus block may be a good alternative technique for treatment of lower pelvic and perineal cancer related pain.

[Mohamed A. Bakr; Sahar A. Mohamed; Mohamed F. Mohamad; and Doaa G. Ahmed Neurolytic Inferior Hypogastric Plexus Block: An Alternative Technique for Treatment of Lower Pelvic and Perineal Cancer Related Pain] Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):172-175]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Inferior hypogastric plexus block, Neurolysis, Cancer pain, Pelvic pain, Perineal pain.

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Coeducation versus Single Sex Education: Impact on Self Esteem and Academic Achievements among Nursing' Students

Amal I., Khalil¹, Mohamad O., Abou-Hashish²; Eman S., Dawood³

¹Psychiatry and Mental Health Nursing ,Menoufyia University, Egypt

²Adult Nursing, Al-Isra University, Jordan

³Psychiatry and Mental Health Nursing, Menoufyia University, Egypt.

Abstract: Background: Single sex education is to educate males and females in separate school setting, whereas coeducation is the integration of both in a one educational environment. Linguistically, the term Co-ed" is a shortened form of "co-educational", and is also sometimes used as an informal and increasingly old reference to a female college student, particularly in the United States. Despite the fact that modern education is primarily coeducational, many single sex educational institutions still exist and are regaining popularity especially in nursing field as it was encouraged by the Hashemite Jordanian king Dom. Aim: The aim is to investigate the impact of educational type on the students’ self-esteem and academic achievements. Methods: A quantitative-non-experimental correlational research design was utilized to accomplish the purpose of this current research. The study was conducted at Queen Alia and Al Arabia Community Colleges affiliated to Al- Balqa Applied University in Jordan, where a convenient sample of 100 nursing students participated in the study. Students’ self-esteem was assessed by using the self-esteem instrument designed and developed by (Jebril) in 1984. Validity of the instrument was obtained and reliability has been demonstrated (0.84). Results: The analysis of obtained data revealed that there is a significant relationship between self esteem and academic achievement for the favor of (85-100%) achievement category). In other words, students who display high self-esteem have high academic achievement; moreover, self-esteem is notably high among students who are satisfied in learning nursing. On the other hand, there were no statistical significant differences found related to self esteem and gender as well as related to self esteem and type of education among study sample. Conversely, self-esteem is higher among female students in co-education than others in single sex education. Conclusion: We would acknowledge that the academic progress of boys is probably improved by coeducation, while that of girls is not affected. When other factors, such as self esteem, satisfaction with the performance and learning nursing are taken into account, the research clearly supports coeducation. Finally, the research has implications to the importance of personality characteristics, especially self-esteem, communication style and self-concept due to their positive impact on academic progress, satisfaction of performance and quality of provided nursing interventions.

[Amal I., Khalil, Mohamad O., Abou-Hashish; and Eman S., Dawood Coeducation versus Single Sex Education: Impact on Self Esteem and Academic Achievements among Nursing' Students]. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):176-184]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Co-education, single sex education, self-esteem, academic achievement.

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Characteristics of Hydrocarbon Accumulation of the Sunrise-Troubadour Fields, northern Bonaparte Basin, Australia

Suliman Ahmed Hamid Fadul^1,2, Ye Jia Ren¹, Cao Qiang¹,Yousuf Ahmed Hamid Fudol³

1. Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, China University of Geosciences 

MOE, Wuhan 430074, China

        2.  Sudan, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Technical Education Corporation

3. Oil&Gas Field Development Engineering, Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences

marfsud@yahoo.com , jrye@cug.edu.cn  , charleycq@163.com and sudanplus@yahoo.com

Abstract: The Sunrise-Troubadour Fields are located in Sahul Platform, northern Bonaparte Basin, Australia. Wells Toubadour-1, Sunrise-2, Sunset-1, Heron-1 and Seismic Line N11612 are selected to evaluate the hydrocarbon potential, timing of generation and expulsion, determine migration pathways and accumulation and predict trap efficiency with respect to migrated and accumulated hydrocarbon heads. Basin Mod 1D, 2D and 3D techniques are used for modeling. Plover Formation represents the main source and reservoir rocks and currently in mid-mature oil window in Sunrise-Troubadour Fields and in wet-gas window in well Heron-1 with dominant OM Type II& III. The average TOC in Troubadour-1, Sunset-1, Sunrise-2, Heron-1 and Seismic line N11612 are 1.53wt %, 0.685wt %, 1.25wt%, 1.885wt% and 2.08wt %, respectively. In Sunrise-Troubadour Fields the average thicknesses of the reservoir, porosity and permeability are 80m, 11.43%, and 68.98md, respectively. In well Heron-1 the average thicknesses of reservoir, porosity and permeability are 316.196m, 9.15% and 188.7md, respectively. Field-wide porosity-permeability correlation has shown a reducing trend with depth. In Sunrise-Troubadour Fields the onset for hydrocarbon generation and expulsion occurred during Late cretaceous and reached the peak at Quaternary, whereas it is occurred during the late Cretaceous and reached the peak at the end of Late Cretaceous in well Heron-1.  The intensities of gas generation and expulsion are greater than that of oil generation and expulsion. Oil and Gas are charged to Sunrise-Troubadour Fields from Malita Graben and Troubadour Terrace. Migration pathways are directing towards the low hydrocarbon heads. The traps are efficient to accommodate the migrated hydrocarbons. 

[Suliman Ahmed Hamid Fadul, Ye Jia Ren, Cao Qiang, Yousuf Ahmed Hamid Fudol. Characteristics of Hydrocarbon Accumulation of the Sunrise-Troubadour Fields, northern Bonaparte Basin, Australia. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):185-202]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Hydrocarbon Generation; Expulsion; Migration; Accumulation; Sunrise Troubadour Fields

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Application of Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Weld Properties of Nuclear Installations

Eman Sarwat , M.A. and Shafey Harnza

National Center for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control

Abstract: Predicting weld properties such as Ferrite, Austenite and Martensite content in stainless steel welds is desirable in order to estimate the welded properties for safety of nuclear installations like ( reactor vessels and piping system). Several methods have been used over the last years to estimate the Ferrite content as a function of the alloy composition. A new technique is developed which uses a neural network analysis to determine different phases of steel properties. The ِArtificial Neural Network (ANN) was trained on the same data set that was used to generate the Schaeffler constitution diagram. The accuracy of the neural network prediction is compared to that for the Schaeffler diagram. The results show that the neural network model was more accurate than that measured by Schaeffler diagram.

[Eman Sarwat , and M.A. Shafey Harnza Application of Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Weld Properties of Nuclear Installations] Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):203-210]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Artificial Neural Network – Weld Properties – Schaffler Diagram

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Study on performance enhancing effect of Rare Earth Elements as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives for Japanese Quails

Eleraky, A. Wafaa and Rambeck, W.*

Department of nutrition and clinical nutrition, Faculty of Vet. Med., Zagazig University

*Institute for animal nutrition and nutritional deficiency diseases, Faculty of Vet. Med., Munich University, Germany.

Abstract: The presents study was designed to determine the effect of different levels of rare earth elements (REE) on growth performance of Japanese quails. A total of 300 one day old j. quails were nearly of the same live body weight and divided into equal four triplicate groups, each replicate contained 25 birds.Control group fed on basal diet (isonitrogenous and isocaloric) and the three quail groups were fed the same diet, which supplemented with 50,100 and 200 mg /kg of REE-citrate, lanthanide mixture. The quail chicks were reared in plastic reticular boxes for four weeks and during it feed and water was ad-libitum.The results showed there were a significant differences in the  final body weight and body gain between quail groups.  The REE supplements increased the weight gain of Japanese quails compare to control group by 18.5-22% during the experiment. The feed consumption and the feed conversion improvement were not significantly affected by REE. REE-citrate improved the feed conversion ratio by 8.06-10.22%. The lowest concentration of REE-citrate (50 mg/kg) improved the efficiency of protein and energy utilization by 12.61% and 10.89% compare to control group Based on the results of present study, the optimum concentration range of REE- citrate for improving both growth performances and efficiency of protein and energy utilization was 50-100 mg/kg of feed.

[Eleraky, A. Wafaa and Rambeck, W. Study on performance enhancing effect of Rare Earth Elements as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives for Japanese Quails. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):211-215]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Alternative growth promoter, rare earth elements, quails, feed conversion

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Impact of Tremendous Consumption of Tea Drink on Blood Lead

Eman Abd El Baset Mohamed ¹ and Adly Abd El Aziz²

¹Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt

²Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt

Abstract: Heavy metals especially lead, are considered to be one of the important sources of pollution of foods and drinks. Tea is a very common drink and could be a source of some heavy metals particularly lead.  Objectives:1- To determine lead traces in the samples of packed tea; collected from the local market of Egypt; one of EMR countries; by using two techniques, a) the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) at a hanging mercury drop electrode and b) the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). 2- To evaluate level of plasma lead in heavy and chronic consumers of tea drink. Materials: Reasonable amounts of different tea (black and green) packets, were collected from the local market to determine its lead content. Subjects:  103 randomly chosen Sohag residents; in different work places; who tremendously used to  consume tea and other beverages; being guards, carpenters, constructors and iron workers in constructions. All were informed about the research aim and their verbal consents were approved; they subjected to: a) full history reporting for their habits of tea drinking, b) medical examination and c) determination of lead in their plasma by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. On staistical analysis, plotting the current signals against the lead ion concentration added to the sample gave straight line. From this linear relationship, each concentration, the standard deviation and correlation coefficient values were obtained. SPSS program, version 10 was used to elucidate the statistical correlations. Results: lead element level ranged from 0.027 to 0.603 μg g⁻¹; in tea packets samples by using (DPASV) and from 0.028 to 0.607 μg g⁻¹ by using (AAS), but was within the tolerated amount set by FAO/WHO. The concentrations in chronic consumers plasma were above maximum permissible figures; 18.4 % had about 40-150 μg/dl and they were symptomatizing.

[Eman Abd El Baset Mohamed  and Adly Abd El Aziz Impact of Tremendous Consumption of Tea Drink on Blood Lead. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):216-221]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org

Keywords: Analytical Determination; Pb; Tea; Boiling tea; Heavy consumption

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Agriculture for Poverty Reduction in Rural District of Bakhtegan in Fars Province, Iran

Khadijeh Aref & Davod Eslamian

Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran

banafhseharef@gmail.com; davodeslamian@yahoo.com

Abstract: In most developing countries, especially in Iran, majorities of the population live in rural areas where their main economic activity is agriculture. The evidence that growth in agriculture is on average at least twice as effective in reducing poverty as growth outside agriculture is thus no surprise. The study looks at the positional of agriculture for poverty reduction in rural district of Bakhtegan in Fars province, Iran. The data for this study collected through focus group discussion. The participants were the farmers in rural district of Bakhtegan. The finding of this study indicated that, due to lack of capacity building in agricultural sector, agriculture does not have an important role in poverty reduction. The finding can assist the agricultural organizations for planning in agricultural development policies for poverty reduction.

[Davod Eslamian & Khadijeh Aref, Agriculture for Poverty Reduction in Rural District of Bakhtegan in Fars Province, Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):222-225]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org

Keywords: Poverty reduction, agricultural development, rural development

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The Cranial Nerves 0f Mabuya quinquetaeniata IV: Nervus Facialis

Ali, R. S.; ^*Abdel-Kader, T. G.; and Ibrahim, N. M

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

tgabdelkader@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study deals with the nervus facialis of Mabuya quinquetaeniata. The nervus facialis leaves the cranial cavity through the facial foramen to enter the geniculate ganglion. The ramus palatinus passes through the vidian canal. There is no palatine ganglion. The medial palatine ramus carries the ethmoidal ganglion which is represented by two parts. The main part lies on the medial palatine ramus. The ramus hyomandibularis carries the fibres of the medial cranial sympathetic nerve and receives those of the lateral cranial sympathetic ramus. It separates into the ramus hyoideus, the chorda tympani and the head sympathetic trunk. The ramus hyoideus innervates the depressor mandibularis, constrictor colli and the mandibulohyoideus muscles.

[Ali, R. S.; Abdel-Kader, T. G.; AND IBRAHIM, N. M. The Cranial Nerves 0f Mabuya quinquetaeniata IV. Nervus Facialis] Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):226-237]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Mabuya, Cranial nerves, Nervus facialis

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"Electron Microscopic Study On The Effect Of Urocortin-1 And Selective Endothein Type A Receptor Blockade On kidney Cortex Of Preeclamptic Pregnant Rats." 

Manar E¹.Selim and Hayam I.Gad²

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, and Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University

manar.selim@hotmail.com

Abstract: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder that complicates approximately 5% of all pregnancies, making it perhaps the most common glomerular disease in the world. The current study was carried out on 125 female Wistar rats divided into five equal groups. Group I included virgin non-pregnant rats. Group II included pregnant rats that were received saline solution (0.5 ml/100 g body weight) from day 7 to day 20 of gestation. Group III included pregnant rats that were treated with L-NAME dissolved in sterile saline solution in a dose of 10 mg/0.5 ml/100 g body weights subcutaneously and daily starting from the same day of gestation and for the same duration as mentioned for group II. Group IV included pregnant rats that were treated by both L-NAME (the same dose and for the same duration as mentioned for group III) and urocortin-1, in a dose of 5 µg/kg body weight/ day subcutaneously starting from day 14 to day 20 of gestation. Group V included pregnant rats that were treated by both L-NAME (the same dose and for the same duration as mentioned for group III) and ABT-627, 5 mg/kg / day subcutaneously starting from day 14 to day 20 of gestation. Ultrathin sections from the kidney were processed for electron microscopic examination. The ultrastructural examination of group III showed damage of the parietal epithelium of Bowman’s capsules, thickening of the capillary endothelial wall and fusion of the foot process of the podocytes. Mesangial cells and matrix were greatly increased. Moreover, the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) showed degeneration of the brush border and its lumina appeared with hyaline casts. The distal convoluted tubules (DCTs) were affected also as represented by destruction of the basal infoldings, mitochondria and the apical microvilli. The electron microscopic results revealed that the treatment of preeclamptic rats with urocortin-1 lead to apparent repair of the injured renal tissues rather than ABT-627 that might suggest its use as helpful therapeutic line for alleviation nephrotoxicity in preeclampsia .

[Manar E.Selim and Hayam I.Gad. “Electron Microscopic Study On The Effect Of Urocortin-1 And Selective Endothein Type A Receptor Blockade On kidney Cortex Of Preeclamptic Pregnant Rats. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 238-248]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Pregnancy, preeclampsia, PCTs, endothelial cell, podocyte.

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Correlation between Optical Coherence Tomography and Multifocal ERG Changes in Diffuse Diabetic Macular Oedema

^*Sherif H. Emerah MD, Ehab S. El Zakzouk MD , Onsy A. Badie MD

Ophthalmology Department, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza, Egypt

^*sherifemera@yahoo.com 

Abstract: Purpose: To detect and correlate retinal morphological changes measured with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and functional changes recorded with Multifocal ERG (mf-ERG) in diffuse diabetic macular oedema. Materials and Methods: the study included 33 diabetic patients with diffuse macular oedema as documented by fluorescein angiography (FA). Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was detected for every patient. Central and pericentral macular thickness was measured by OCT. Macular functional changes were recorded with multifocal electroretinogram. Results: 85.7% of our cases with bad BCVA (worse than 0.5) had increased central foveal thickness. 71.4% of our cases with bad BCVA had increased pericentral macular thickness. There is a highly significant negative correlation between BCVA and central and pericentral macular thickness. For mfERG; we found significant changes in patients with bad BCVA and the changes were in the latency rather than amplitude. So, we did not find significant changes in mfERG in patients with good BCVA (better than 0.5). Patients with increased central and pericentral macular thickness had increased P1 latency of ring 3. Conclusion: OCT and mfERG are valuable diagnostic techniques that can help to assess morphological and functional changes in diffuse diabetic macular oedema. 

[Sherif H. Emerah, Ehab S. El Zakzouk, Onsy A. Badie Correlation between Optical Coherence Tomography and Multifocal ERG Changes in Diffuse Diabetic Macular Oedema]. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 249-253].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Diabetic macular oedema, mfERG, OCT.

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Some Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Oshar Extract and Abamectin Biocide on Male Albino Rats

El- Shafey¹, A. A. M.; Seliem¹, M. M. E.; El-Mahrouky², F.; Gabr², W. M. and Kandil², R. A.

¹Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Egypt

²Plant Production Research institute, Agric. Res. Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

Rosy.mohamed78@yahoo.com

Abstract: The impact of the two natural products; extract of oshar leaves (Calotropis procera ) and Vertimic biocide (abamectin) were studied on some physiological and  biochemical parameters of mature male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). The LD₅₀ was determined for both compounds and its values were 95.52 and 8.7 mg/kg for oshar and abamectin, respectively. Animals were treated orally with (1/4 LD₅₀) of each compound as a single dose. Blood and semen samples were collected after 1, 2, 3 and 7days of treatment. Plasma was separated and stored at -20^°C until analysis for biochemical and hormonal parameters. The results revealed that total count of red blood corpuscles (RBCs) and white blood corpuscles (WBCs) were non significantly decreased in animal group treated  with oshar extract compared to control group. Total count of RBCs was significantly decreased, while that of the WBCs was significantly increased post abamectin treatment compared to control ones. Haemoglobin content was significantly decreased, while haematocrit value was significantly increased post extract and abamectin treatments compared to control group. Plasma levels of ALT, AST, total protein, urea, uric acid, creatinine, GST, CAT and testosterone were significantly decreased post extract and abamectin treatments compared to control group. Sperm count was non significantly decreased post extract treatment, while the decrease was significant post abamectin treatment compared to control group. Sperm motility was significantly decreased in animal groups treated with oshar and abamectin compared to control group. In conclusion, abamectin was found to be more effective than oshar on the measured parameters so, abamectin was more toxic for rat.

[El- Shafey, A. A. M.; Seliem, M. M. E.; El-Mahrouky, F.; Gabr, W. M. and Kandil, R. A. Some Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Oshar Extract and Abamectin Biocide on Male Albino Rats] Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 254-261].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Oshar, abamectin, RBCs, WBCs, Hb, Hct, GST,CAT, testosterone, sperm count

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Morphological and morphometric characterization of a new digenetic trematode, Proenenterum sp.n., infecting the common sea bream Pagrus pagrus from the Red Sea in Egypt

Kareem Morsy; Sayed Abd El-Monem and Abdel-Rahman Bashtar

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

Kareemsaid156@yahoo.com

Abstract: In the present study, the morphology and morphometric characterization of Proenenterum sp. (family: Lepocreadiidae), a new digenetic trematode infecting the pyloric portion of the stomach and the middle part of the intestine of the common sea bream Pagrus pagrus fish, were described by light and scanning electron microscopy for the first time from the coasts of Gulf of Suez and Hurghada city of the Red Sea in Egypt. Numerous specimens were collected during the year of 2010. Out of 140, examined fish, only 46 (32.8%) were found to be naturally infected. The adult worms exhibited an elongated body with anterior pointed and posterior broad ends. The adult worm measured 2.30- 3.84 (mean 3.25±0.20) mm in length and 0.42- 0.54 (mean 0.48±0.02) mm in width. The present Proenenterum species is characterized by its smaller dimensions and the presence of a large ventral sucker, two lobed testes. The recorded parasite herein has the same general morphology of its family but with different characteristics than their members. The genus Proenenterum was included firstly within family Enenteridae but after that, it is separated from this genus as a separate family Lepocreadiidae due to the presence of distinct morphological criteria that specify organisms to be enenterids, these are presence of anal aperture, processes on oral suckers and an external seminal vesicle which are not present in the current study.

[Kareem Morsy; Sayed Abd El-Monem and Abdel-Rahman Bashtar. Morphological and morphometric characterization of a new digenetic trematode, Proenenterum sp.n., infecting the common sea bream Pagrus pagrus from the Red Sea in Egypt]. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):262-267]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org

Key words: Proenenterum sp.n. – Lepocreadiidae – Pagrus pagrus – Light and scanning electron microscopy

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Evaluation of Three Resin-Based Root End Filling Materials in Surgical Endodontics

Mohamed Sherif Mohamed Salah El Din Hassan Farag^1* and Nagwa Mohamed Aly Khattab²

¹Associate Professor of Pediatric and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University.

²Associate Professor of Pediatric and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Minia Universiy

^{*msherifsfarag@yahoo.com}

Abstract: Surgical endodontics becomes necessary when conventional therapy is not feasible or successful. The most frequently performed procedures; in this situation is apicoectomy and retrograde filling in the resected root end. The purpose of this study was to  compare between the sealing abilities  as well as the working time of  three root end filling materials; self-adhesive cement (Rely X Unicem ) and composite resin (Tetric Ceram composite resin)  combined with two different types of two-step bonding agents, etch-and-rinse  (Excite- Ivoclar- Vivadent)versus self-etch (Clearfil SE-Bond-Kuraray) systems. Methodology: thirty recently extracted human, permanent single-canalled teeth were selected for this study. Endodontic access cavity preparation was done in all teeth, and finally coronal access was sealed with composite .Teeth were randomly assigned into two equal groups :Group A(no bevel) : 3 mm of the roots were resected in a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth with no  bevel ,  and then Class I root-end cavities were prepared using fissure bur to the depth of 3 mm parallel to the long axis of the root .Group B (45⁰bevel ): 3 mm of the roots were apically resected using high-speed carbide bur at    45^o beveled plane labio -lingually and then Class I root-end cavities were prepared .Each group was further subdivided into 3 subgroups of 5 teeth each according to the material used. Teeth were immersed in2% methylene blue dye for a period of twenty four hours, after which they were retrieved, washed, sectioned and the apical dye penetration measured. Also the working time was measured for each material. Results: the results showed that RelyX groups had the best sealing abilities and the minimum working time, followed by Clearfil SE-Bond and Excite groups.

[Mohamed Sherif Mohamed Salah El Din Hassan Farag and Nagwa Mohamed Aly Khattab Evaluation of Three Resin-Based Root End Filling Materials in Surgical Endodontics. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 268-274].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keyword: Evaluation, Three Resin-Based Root, Filling Materials, Surgical Endodontics.

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canning Electron Micrioscopic Investigation Of “Adhesive Apparatus Epidermis” Of Glyptothorax Pectinopterus (McClelland) (Sisoridae)

S.C.Joshi, Hoshiyar Singh, Ila Bisht, and S.K. Agarwal

                       Department of zoology, Kumaun University, S.S.J. Campus, Almora – 263 601, India joshi.drsuresh301@gmail.com

Abstract: Surface architecture of the epidermis of adhesive apparatus of Glyptothorax. Pectinopterus  (McClelland) (Sisoridae) examine by scanning electron microscopy. The hill-stream fishes have developed specialized organs for adhesion in several strategic regions of the body. Adhesive apparatus are the modifications of the skin on ventral surface. The epithelial cells have been demonstrated in the epidermis of adhesive apparatus of G. pectinopterus, by scanning electron microscopic methods, to study its structural and functional organization with special reference to adhesion. The epidermis of groove of G. pectinopterus is equipped with epithelial cells and mucous cells. The epidermis of ridges of G. pectinopterus consists of mainly keratinized cells. The secretion of amount of mucus by the epidermis covering the groove. This might help in maintaining the vacuum creating by the muscles under margins and thus preventing the entrance of water and air.

[S.C.Joshi, Hoshiyar Singh, Ila Bisht, and S.K. Agarwal. Scanning Electron Micrioscopic Investigatio Of “Adhesive Apparatus Epidermis” Of Glyptothorax Pectinopterus (McClelland) (Sisoridae). Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 275-280].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Fish, G. pectinopterus, Epidermis, Adhesive Apparatus, SEM.

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Prediction Of Outcome Of Poly Traumatized Patients

 Using Different Trauma Scoring Systems

Okasha A.S¹, Abouelela Amr²,  Hashish Walid ²

¹Alexandria university, Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care department, Alexandria, Egypt

²Alexandria university, critical care medicine department, Alexandria, Egypt

amrela313@yahoo.com; asokasha@yahoo.com; d_walid11@yahoo.com

Abstract: , trauma remains the third largest cause of death in all regions of the world. If young people only are considered, trauma becomes the leading cause of death and is thus the greatest source of potential years of life lost. Scoring systems have been developed in response to an increasing emphasis on the evaluation and monitoring of health services. These systems enable comparative audit and evaluative research of intensive care. For the trauma outcomes researcher the scores are risk stratifiers, used to divide patients into subsets of risk so that other predictors of outcome may be evaluated. To administrators, score-based measures are a first step toward quality control “report cards” and improvements in health care delivery or injury prevention. The aim of this  study was to compare the validity of six current trauma scoring systems [ Glasgow coma scale (GCS), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Revised Trauma Score (RTS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), Trauma Revised Injury Severity Score (TRISS) and Therapeutic Intervention Score ( TISS )] in predicting the outcome in critically ill polytraumatized  patients . The study was carried out on 175 polytraumatized  patients  who were admitted to Critical Care and Emergency Medicine Departments at Alexandria University Main Hospital from 1st of July 2010 to the end of December 2010. All patients are subjected to the routine care and management of trauma patients and The previously mentioned six scoring systems were applied to all patients. The patient outcome was assessed by Glasgow Outcome Score, in hospital &one month mortality. Correlation of the outcome with the different individual score results and comparison between different individual scores were done. It was found that all the six scores correlate significantly with the outcome parameters with different degree of significance and It was also found that the most significant sensitive and specific score was the combined score (anatomical& physiological) TRISS (sensitivity 95.0%, specificity 96.0% and accuracy 95.0%), while the grading of the other scores was in the following sequence: APACHEII, RTS, GCS, TISS (All are physiological) and finally ISS score (Anatomical score).  The different scores were compared as regards sensitivity, specificity & accuracy & the comparison revealed that TRISS had the highest sensitivity ,specificity & accuracy of all the scores in this study(95, 96 ,95%)respectively, while , ISS had the lowest values (68 ,70 ,68%).Comparison also revealed that APACHEII score had higher sensitivity (92%) than RTS but the latter had better specificity (94%) &accuracy (92%)than the former (88% and 90%) respectively . In general, the physiological scores in this study tend to have a better performance than the anatomical one &the combined scores had the best performance .

[Okasha A.S¹, Abouelela Amr²,  Hashish Walid. Prediction Of Outcome Of Poly Traumatized Patients

 Using Different Trauma Scoring Systems. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 281-291].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Trauma Scores, RTS, TISS, TRISS, Trauma Outcome

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Life cycle of Eimeria rousetti sp. nov. (Alveolata: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) infecting the frugivorous bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus Geoffroy, 1810 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Egypt.

Hamed Mohamed Fayed; Mohamed Abd-Allah Shazly and Sayed Abd El-Monem

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt

Kareemsaid156@yahoo.com

Abstract: Developmental stages of the life cycle of Eimeria rousetti sp. nov. were described for the first time from the frugivorous bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus in Egypt. The infection rate was 32%. Oocysts were collected and identified from naturally infected bats. They were subspherical to ovoid in shape; measured 24.43 x 19.33 µm and limited by a smooth colourless double-layered wall; no micropyle but a polar granule was observed. Events of sporulation were described and sporulation time was found to be 85-90 hrs. at 28±3^oC. An oocyst residuum was also observed. The sporocyst measured 11.34 x 6.62 µm with sporocyst residuum; Stieda and substieda bodies were also observed. Experimental inoculation of sporulated oocysts was carried out and the developmental endogenous stages (merogony and gamogony) were followed up and described. The prepatent period was 4 days, while the patent period was 12-14 days. Merogony took place in the lamina propria and epithelial cells of the middle third of the small intestine of the experimentally infected bats at 25-60 hrs. p.i. Only one generation of meronts was observed. Early uninuclear meronts were seen 25-30 hrs. p.i. and measured 4.40 x 3.69 µm, while the mature meronts measured 9.44 x 7.10 µm and contained 6-15 fully- differentiated merozoites. Gamogony occurred at 60-96 hrs. p.i. and took place at the same site. The microgamonts measured 8.60 x 6.62 µm and contained 7-18 small nuclei. At the same time, macrogamonts measured 9.12 x 8.22 µm, while mature macrogametes measured 10.25 x 9.68 µm and contained 2 types of wall-forming bodies (types I&II). At 90-96 hrs. p.i., newly-formed zygotes or young oocysts were observed in the epithelial cells of the experimentally infected bats. In the present study, fusion of the wall-forming bodies (types I & II) to produce the bilayered wall of the oocyst could be observed at the periphery.

[Hamed Mohamed Fayed; Mohamed Abd-Allah Shazly and Sayed Abd El-Monem. Life cycle of Eimeria rousetti sp. nov. (Alveolata: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) infecting the frugivorous bat, Rousettus aegyptiacus Geoffroy, 1810 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Egypt. A light microscopic study. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 292-305]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keyword: Eimeria rousetti, life cycle, Oocysts. Subspherical, merogony and gamogony

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Effect of Magnetic Field on Seed Germination and Transplant Growth of Tomato

Abou El-Yazied¹, A.; Shalaby², O. A.; A.M. El-Gizawy¹; S.M. Khalf² and A. El-Satar³

¹Hort. Dept., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ. Hadayek Shoubra, Cairo, Egypt

²Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

³Physics. Dept., Fac. Science, Ain Shams Univ. Cairo, Egypt

Abstract: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) cv. Castlrock seeds were exposed to different magnetic strengths (0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 Tesla) for periods of 1, 5, 10 and 15 minutes and the treated seeds were germinated under distilled water or in saline concentration levels of 2500, 5000 and 7500 ppm. The results indicated that the magnetic field treatments led to a significant increase in the germination percentage reduced the time needed for germination and improved seed germination under saline conditions. The best results were found by magnetic seed treatment with 0.1 Tesla for 15 min. On the contrary, high salinity concentrations decreased the germination of seeds, as for the saline concentration of the 2500 ppm activated the seed germination. In the nursery experiment, applying the optimal magnetic seed treatment (0.1 T for 15 min) and/or irrigation with magnetized water gave significant increases in transplant stem length, stem diameter, leaf area and fresh and dry weight than those in the control treatment which grew by untreated seeds and irrigated by ordinary (untreated water) water.

[Abou El-Yazied, A.; Shalaby, O. A.; A.M. El-Gizawy; S.M. Khalf and A. El-Satar. Effect of Magnetic Field on Seed Germination and Transplant Growth of Tomato] Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):306-312]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, Germination, Transplant, Magnetic field, Magnetic seed treatments, Magnetic water treatment, Magnetize water.

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Propolis Protects Against Methotrexate Induced Hepatorenal Dysfunctions during Treatment of Ehrlich Carcinoma

Mohamed O. T. Badr^*; Nariman M.M Edrees; Amany A.M Abdallah; Mohamed A. Hashem ; Nasr A.M.N. El-Deen; Ahmed N F. Neamat-Allah and Hager T.H Ismail

Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 1 Alzeraa Street Postal Code 44511, Zagazig City, Sharkia Province, Egypt. ^*drosamabadr@yahoo.com

Abstract: Two hundred and fifty female Swiss albino mice were used to study the ability of Egyptian propolis to protect methotrexate induced dysfunction to liver and kidneys of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC). They equal divided into 5 groups: 1^st kept as negative control, 2^nd were implanted intraperitoneally with 2.5×10⁶ EAC and kept as positive control and, 3^rd implanted intraperitoneally with 2.5×10⁶ EAC and treated with propolis by dose (50 mg/kg body weight), was given by gastric intubations 2 hours prior to the intraperitoneal injection of EAC,4^th implanted intraperitoneally with 2.5×10⁶ EAC and treated with methotrexate by dose (0.4 mg/kg body weight) and 5^th implanted with the same count of the EAC cells and treated with combination of propolis and methotrexate(50 mg/kg body weight and 0.4 mg/kg body weight, respectively) for eleven successive days gastric intubations .Antioxidant analysis revealed a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) and an increase in malondialdhyde (MAD) in second and forth groups, the opposite in third group, while fifth group showed reverse in antioxidant level toward the normal control group. Biochemical analysis of serum showed that implantation of EAC in Swiss mice without treatment revealed a significant decrease in total protein and albumin levels without change in globulin level and a significant increase in creatinine level and ALT, AST activities, while the third group that received propolis revealed an improvement in these biochemical parameters compared to the normal control group. Forth group revealed a significant increase in ALT, AST activities and creatinine level and decrease in total proteins, albumin and globulin while fifth group revealed amelioration of these parameters and confirmed with histopathological examination of liver and kidneys. 

[Mohamed O. T. Badr; Nariman M.M Edrees; Amany A.M Abdallah; Mohamed A. Hashem ; Nasr A.M.N. El-Deen ; Ahmed N F. Neamat-Allah and Hager T.H Ismail. Propolis Protects Against Methotrexate Induced Hepatorenal Dysfunctions during Treatment of Ehrlich Carcinoma]. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):313-319]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Protective, EAC, Biochemical, Egypt, Propolis, Methotrexate, Trexan, ALT, AST and Creatinine

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Degenerative effect of dimethyl disulfide on central neurons of cockroach Periplaneta americana

Amina, E.  Essawy ^1,2,  Jehan, M. Sorour ^1,2  and Abir, S.  Al-Nasser ¹

¹Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences for Girls, Um Al Qura University, Makah, Saudi Arabia

²Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.

amina_essawy@yahoo.com

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the degenerative effect of dimethyl disulfide, extracted from Allium porrum, on the mesothoracic neurons of  Periplaneta americana . Examination of the mesothoracic ganglia of male cockroach treated with 1/4 LC₅₀ of DMDS revealed severe ultrastructural alterations in their neurons. These alterations included: pyknotic nuclei, vacuolized cytoplasm with degenerated and indistinct organelles, Peripheral accumulation of multivesicular bodies and dilated and disorganized extracellular space. Degeneration of synaptic vesicles and swelling of the mitochondria were observed in axons of the neuropile. On the other hand, the nuclear envelope of glial cells nuclei showed deep invagination, while the cytoplasm appeared with abundant and aggregated mitochondria. These results indicate that DMDS has an insecticidal neurodegenerative effect and could be used in pest control.

[Amina, E.  Essawy ,  Jehan, M. Sorour   and Abir, S.  Al-Nasser. Degenerative effect of dimethyl disulfide on central neurons of cockroach Periplaneta Americana.  Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):320-324]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Periplaneta americana, DMDS, neurons, ultrastructural alterations.

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Construction and validation of a scale for the measurement of alexithymia in university – students

^*Behnam Makvandi¹, Alireza Haydarei², Manijeh Shehni yailagh³, Bahnam Najarian⁴ and Parviz Askery²

1- Department of Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Khuzestan IRAN

2- Assistant Professor Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, IRAN

3- Professor in Education Psychology, Department of Education and psychology, Shahid Chamran University, IRAN

4- Professor Department of Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University Khuzestan IRAN.

^*Corresponding Author: Makvandi_b@yhoo.com

Abstract: This text reports a research that is construction and validation of a scale for measurement of Alexithymia in students coordinated to cultural – social characteristics of society, and factor analysis method mean 175 girls and 205 boys students of Ahvaz Islamic Azad University were selected for this research by stratified random sampling method. At the firs step of research, 65 articles were written for measuring peculiarities of alexithymia by psychology method that 20 articles of them were removed by psychologists within stages of investigation of articles and introductory study. Factor analysis of data indicated that 26 articles were based on single factor scale and hence an alexithymia single scale was made. Coefficient of internal consistency and test – retest were satisfactory and were significant at the level of P = 0.001. Simultaneous execution was used for evaluating the validity of alexithymia scale made of Toronto Alexithymia scale (TAS).

[Behnam Makvandi, Alireza Haydarei, Manijeh Shehni yailagh, Bahnam Najarian and Parviz Askery. Construction and validation of a scale for the measurement of alexithymia in university – students. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):325-329]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.        

Keyword: construction, validation, Alexithymia.

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The comparison between motherhood depression, couples' intimacy and satisfaction in both working and non-working (housewife) mothers

Alireza Heydarie¹, Parvin Ehtesham Zadeh², Fatemeh Vazir Nia³

1-       Instructor of Psychology, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran

2-       Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University- Khuzestan, Iran

3-       M.A in Psychology, Ahvaz Branch , Islamic Azad University, Iran

Corresponding Author: Fardan2011@yahoo.com

Abstract: Present study has been conducted to consider and compare the motherhood depression, marital intimacy and satisfaction in both working and non-working (housewife) mothers in Ahvaz. For this purpose, 220 people (110 working and 110 non-working mothers) among the women who referred to 4 urban medical centers located in Ahvaz were chosen and classified in form of multi-process random sampling. The Radloff’s motherhood depression (CES-D) questionnaires, Intimacy Scale and Enrich's marital were applied too. To analyze the data, the descriptive statistic approaches, multivariable variance (MANOVA), Pearson correlation coefficient and multi-variable regression methods were all utilized. The significance level was determined to be P<0/05. The research results showed that a significant difference exists between working and non-working (house wife) mothers at least in the terms of one of dependent variables (motherhood depression, intimacy and marital satisfaction). It was also found that and working mothers suffer from higher motherhood depression than the non-working housewives, but they had approximately the same intimacy and marital satisfaction.

[Alireza Heydarie, Parvin Ehtesham Zadeh, Fatemeh Vazir Nia. The comparison between motherhood depression, couples' intimacy and satisfaction in both working and non-working (housewife) mothers. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):330-335]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.    

Keywords: motherhood depression, marital intimacy, marital satisfaction, working & non-working mothers

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The effect of non-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and its effects

Chitra Iranpour¹, Chakaveh Iranpour²

1-       Dietitian 2-  Homeopathy

Corresponding Author: diet_nutrition_1380@yahoo.com

Abstract: Carbohydrates, starch and sugar in it as most people know one of the three major sources of energy and food makes up the largest component. Sometimes up to 90% of dietary energy supply is a poor source of carbohydrates (especially in tropical areas), while only 40 percent energy diets may be the source of the rich class. Carbohydrates, about 43 power plants in the world live animals for food, it depends on the form.  Green plants under the influence of sunlight to make carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide are. This test was performed on 25 patients at different ages. They were removed from the carbohydrate diet and weight loss in a 3-month period they were studied. Results showed that people with moderately high weight (>100 Kg), the process was so quick weight loss in a 45-day period of weight loss was 9 kg. In individuals with lower weight (<75 Kg), 4 kg in a 25-day period showed weight loss.

 [Chitra Iranpour, Chakaveh Iranpour. The effect of non-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and its effects. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):336-338]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.  

Keywords: diet, weight loss, carbohydrates 

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Identification of Adulteration with Camel Meat Using Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay

Alaa El-deein El- Morshedy , El-Saied A. El-daly, Adel I. El-Atabany, and Ahmed E. Tharwat

Food Control Department (Meat Hygiene ) .Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University

ahmed_tharwat1983@yahoo.com

Abstract: Meat species adulteration is a common problem in the retail market. This study investigated the validity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the adulteration of camel meat even in low level and heat treated meat emulsion of camel meat. The primer pair was designed based on mitochondrial D-loop gene for detection of adulteration of camel meat in admixed meat and meat products by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Amplification of 208-bp DNA fragments was observed from camel, without any cross-reaction with cattle, sheep, goat and chicken. The amplification was further confirmed by endonuclease enzyme Taq I restriction enzymes. No adverse effect of processing was found on PCR amplification of camel meat DNA extracted from processed meat and meat products, even from meat emulsion autoclaved at 121 °C, for 15–20 min. The detection limit for camel meat was found to be 0.05% in the admixed meat and meat products; however, very faint and inconsistent results were obtained in autoclaved meat emulsion at 0.05% level. The developed PCR assay was found to be specific for camel and could be a useful tool for detection of meat adulteration.

[Alaa El-deein El- Morshedy , El-Saied A. Eldaly, Adel I. El-Atabany, and Ahmed E. Tharwat Identification of Adulteration with Camel Meat Using Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 339-343].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Meat species. Adulteration. Detection .Processed meat products. Species-specific PCR assay

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Tourism Impact on economic growth of Asian countries During the years from 1992 to 2004

Seyed vafa. Meshkat¹, Davood Kianoosh ²,

^1. instructor of shiraz Islamic Azad University – sama,Iran

^2. instructor of Natanz Islamic Azad University,Iran

meshkatpub@yahoo.com

Abstract: Tourism industry can be considered as a major activity to achieve economic growth. Some of the world countries can attract tourists according to their natural recourses and ecotourism but the others introduce their ancient precedence based on their rich cultural background. It is interesting that nowadays most of countries without these kinds of natural recourses and time honored attempts to attract foreign tourists.  All these indicate the importance of tourism in the country's economy. By developing tourism in a country, increased employment and production as well as attraction more foreign exchange will be promised. In this research, considering to importance and oldness of Asia continent, the effect of tourism on some of given countries has been studied. For this purpose, the data had been achieved during the period of 1992 to 2004 from these countries and economic growth model was used.  Estimated results indicated that in low income countries the effect of per capita tourism on per capita economic growth is positive and significant.  In middle-income countries, per capita tourism had a negative effect on economic growth which is not statistically valid. Also in high-income countries, the effect of per capita tourism on per capita economic growth was estimated positive and statistically valid.

[Seyed vafa. Meshkat, Davood Kianoosh. Tourism Impact on economic growth of Asian countries During the years from 1992 to 2004.  Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 344-351]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Tourism, Economic growth, cross-sectional data, GDP, Gross domestic investment, Public expenditures, General cost of education.  

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Histological Evaluation Of The Temporomandibular Joint After Mandibular Osteodistraction And Mandibular Advancement Osteotomy

Mohamed A. Katamish ¹, Awatef   Abdul- Hamid Mady²

¹Lecturer of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University.

²Researcher in Research centre & Bilharzias Researches, Faculty of medicine, Ain shams university

Corresponding author: E-mail: Katamish72@yahoo.com

Abstract: Objectives: Is to compare between histological results of the temporomandibular joint after mandibular advancement versus distraction osteogenesis. Materials and methods: Sample of the study was 21 adult male goats, the animals were divided into 3groups ( 9 animals in each); group A( two surgical groups (Distraction group), group B (Orthognathic group), and group C (control group which contained 3 animals). In group A especial design distraction device was applied extra-orally after osteotomy at right angle of mandible. While in group B Unilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy with mandibular advancement and screws fixation was done. In the third group scarification of the animal. Histological evaluation using stained sections with Heamatoxylin Eosin (H&E).Results: There were a variations in structures of the joint in each group and at each week. Most of these variations were in thickness of the fibrocartilagenous layer of the temporal bone, number of multinucleated giant cells, chondrocytes that form the articulating disc. No signs of bone denudation or erosion were observed. Conclusions: The gradual lengthening of the mandible through distraction osteogenesis have smooth effects on the joint, but finally after a sufficient time both distraction and sagittal split osteotomy showed the same results.

[Mohamed A. Katamish, Awatef   Abdul- Hamid Mady. Histological Evaluation Of The Temporomandibular Joint After Mandibular Osteodistraction And Mandibular Advancement Osteotomy. Journal of American Science2011;7(12):352-362].(ISSN:1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords : Temporomandibular Joint, Distraction Osteogenesis, Orthognathic Surgery

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A Theoretical Study of Social Capital in Agricultural Cooperatives

Fatemeh Allahdadi

Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran

fatemeharef@gmail.com              

Abstract: Does agricultural cooperatives generate positive influences on social capital? This question has important theoretical and policy implications for the contemporary world, especially for the developing countries. This research explores how agricultural cooperatives may influence networks among members and consequently the influence of that social capital on the cooperatives activities. This article attempts to determine the important indicators of social capital in development of agricultural cooperatives. It also demonstrates that the cooperatives in six indicators can increase the level of social capital for rural development..

[Fatemeh Aref. A Theoretical Study of Social Capital in Agricultural Cooperatives. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 363-366]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org

Keywords: social capital, agricultural cooperatives, rural development

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Embedding Binary Tree and Bus into Hex-Cell Interconnection Network

Mohammad Qatawneh¹

Department of Computer Science, KASIT, University of Jordan,

P.O. Box 13047, Amman 11942, Jordan

¹mohd.qat@ju.edu.jo

Abstract. The Hex-Cell network is an interconnection network that is recursively defined and has excellent properties for scalable distributed systems. Amongst the attractive features of the hex-cell network is the embedding capability of topological structures such as binary tree and bus. In this paper, we present algorithms for embedding a binary tree and bus topologies into hex-cell interconnection network with dilation and congestion of one for tree and bus.

[Mohammad Qatawneh. Embedding Binary Tree and Bus into Hex-Cell Interconnection Network. Journal of American Science. 2011;7(12):367-370] (ISSN:  1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org

Key words: Embedding, Hex-Cell network, Dilation, Congestion, Tree.

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Demographic, Socio-Economic Factors and Physical Activity Affecting the Nutritional Status of Young Children Under Five Years

Thanaa. A. Elkholy^*; Naglaa, H. M. Hassanen and Rasha, M.SC.

Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences

King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

^*telkholy@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: Background: Modern lifestyle extends the umbrella of social responsibility for provision of appropriate nutritionally balanced foods to children of all age groups in particular the children under 5 years of age of all socio-economic groups of civil society which starts from home leads to the health professionals at all health outlets, Nutritionists, Dieticians, schools and the food industry. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study performed to investigate the relation between demographic, Socio-Economic Factors and physical activity affecting the nutritional status of young children under five Years of Age. One hundred twenty one young children, anthropometric data were taken using standard methods. Physical activities and other socioeconomic family parameters were assessed using validated questionnaire from Kindergarten children's and young children mothers by direct contact or by telephone. Logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the influence of various parameters. SPSS computer software ver.10 was used in data analysis. Results: This study revealed that the impact of family size on nutritional status of children was significantly different. Birth order was a highly significant factor in relation to nutritional status in WAZ and WHZ P<0.001. High prevalence of underweight was in Low income children.  There was correlation between BMI and anthropometric measures. The breastfed group was better than the other group regard nutritional indicators; HAZ the differences were significant P<0.05.  A significant different by duration of breast-feeding in months P< 0.01. A significantly different exercising in WAZ Score P≤0.05, HAZ Score P≤0.01 and WH Z-Score P<0.001. When the number of hours watching TV increased, the nutrition status gets worse (±2SD & > + 2SD). 

[Thanaa. A. Elkholy; Naglaa, H. M. Hassanen and Rasha, M.SC.Demographic, Socio-Economic Factors and Physical Activity Affecting the Nutritional Status of Young Children Under Five Years] Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 371-382]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords KEYWORDS  \* FirstCap  \* MERGEFORMAT : Socio-Economic Factors - physical activity- Nutritional Status - Children- Under five - Anthropometric

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Bond strength of different intraoral repair systems for metal-ceramic restorations

Mohamed M.K. El-Hosary¹, Tamer E. Shokry^1*, Dalia Y. Zaki², Ahmed S. Abd El-Shakour³

¹Department of crown and fixed prosthodontics, Faculty of dental medicine, Al-Azhar University

^1*Fixed Prosthodontics Dept. , College of Dentistry, Al-Azhar University& Chief Dental Department, Magrabi Hospital, Jeddah

²Restorative and Dental Materials Research Department,National Research Centre

³Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics Dept. National Research Centre

Corresponding author: sameh4@hotmail.com

Abstract: When clinical fractures of the ceramic veneer on metal-ceramic prostheses can be repaired, the need for remake may be eliminated or postponed. Different ceramic repair materials are available, and bond strength data are necessary for predicting the success of a given repair system. The aim of this study was evaluation of the shear bond strength of three intra oral repair systems for metal-ceramic restorations applied on exposed metal and porcelain surface.Material and methods: Nickel-chromium alloy and feldspathic porcelain were used to fabricate 60 cylindrical specimens (9 × 3 mm). Specimens were embedded in a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ring and received one of the following bonding and resin composite repair systems: indicated that the highest mean shear bond strength values among repair systems with metal surface, were recorded using CoJet repair system, followed by Bistite II DC and the lowest value were obtained for Clearfil type. On the other hand the highest mean shear bond strength values were recorded for Clearfil type, followed by CoJet and the lowest value were obtained for Bestite II DC type. Conclusions: In this study, CoJet repair system produced the highest shear bond strength to the exposed metal surface, while using Clearfil repair system achieved the highest shear bond strength to the exposed porcelain surface.

[Mohamed M.K. El-Hosary, Tamer E. Shokry, Dalia Y. Zaki, Ahmed S. Abd El-Shakour. Bond strength of different intraoral repair systems for metal-ceramic restorations. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12): 383-388]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Shear bond strength, alloys, thermocycling, ceramo-metallic, intraoral repair

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Effect of Various Daily Consumption Agents on Tooth Extraction Wound Healing: Radiographic and Histological Experimental Study

Walaa Samir^*1, Mushira Mohamed Abdel- Latif Dahaba², Mohamed Ayad Abdel- Hamid³, Gihan Omar² and Amal Hassan²

¹Oral Radiology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Cairo, Egypt

²Radiology Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

³Surgery, Anaesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt

^*walaa8824@yahoo.com

Abstract: The current radiographic and histopathological study was conducted in an attempt to demonstrate the effect of some irrigants and daily used agents on the healing process of sockets following teeth extraction in Mongrel dogs. Thirty two extraction sites were investigated in eight healthy, mature male Mongrel dogs. Extraction sockets were grouped according to the cleaning mode of each socket into, saline, water, and tea-irrigated sockets. A fourth group acted as a control group and was not irrigated at all and left to heal normally. The sockets were studied and analyzed y histopathologically and radiographically using digital densitometric analysis. The results of this study revealed progression in radiographic bone density during healing of extraction wound with the highest value demonstrated at week 3 after extraction for the saline group, then for the control group at week4.The saline –irrigated sockets demonstrated the highest levels of bone tissue at the end of the study period.

[Walaa Samir, Mushira Mohamed Abdel- Latif Dahaba, Mohamed Ayad Abdel-Hamid, Gihan Omar and Amal Hassan. Effect of Various Daily Consumption Agents on Tooth Extraction Wound Healing: Radiographic and Histological Experimental Study]. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):389-399]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: extraction socket; bone density; irritants; healing of socket wound

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The Choice Between Mandibular Advancement Devices And Bite Openers For Treatment Of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients

Maged Mohamed El Sayed, Dr. Essam Adel Aziz, Dr. Iman Abd El-Wahab

Clinical demonstrator, Department of removable prosthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University.

Assistant professor, Department of removable prosthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University.

Assistant professor, Department of removable prosthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University.

dressamaziz@msn.com

Abstract :Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of changing either the amount of mandibular protrusion or the vertical jaw separation on apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) and snoring index (SI) In patients suffering from  obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Material and methods: Twenty fully dentulous patients were randomly divided into two equal groups; group I: In which patients were treated by screw-type adjustable two-piece mandibular advancement devices (MADs) that were initially adjusted at 50% (1^st stage), then readjusted at 75% (2^nd stage) of the maximum protrusion, and group II: in which patients were treated by two ready-made bite openers (BOs); the first provides 7 mm (1^st stage), while the second 11mm (2^nd stage) vertical jaw separation. Polysomnography (PSG) was used to evaluate AHI and SI and to compare between both groups and between the stages within each group. Data were collected to calculate the mean values for all stages and the mean differences between both stages in each group.  Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA test to detect significant differences between both groups. On the other hand, Pearson’s correlation test was used to compare between the stages within each group. Results: Regarding the AHI mean differences the comparison among different stages of group I and II revealed a statistically significant difference among all stages except stage I of group I and stage II of group II, while regarding SI mean differences, no statistically significant difference was found among them except stage II of group I and stage I of group II. Within each group, a statistically significant difference was found between the base line and both stages regarding AHI and SI. On the other hand, the comparison between the stages revealed a statistically significant difference regarding the SI mean differences only. Conclusion: MADs are capable of achieving better results than BOs regarding AHI, while both appliances can achieve comparably equal results regarding SI. Clinical implication: For patients complaining of OSA, it is recommended to use MADs adjusted at 50% advancement rather than 75% to minimize the possible side effects and the possible extra annoyance that may happen. On the other hand, for snorers, it is advisable to use BOs rather than MADs as they are simpler, more tolerable and cheaper.

[Maged Mohamed El Sayed, Dr. Essam Adel Aziz, Dr. Iman Abd El-Wahab. The Choice Between Mandibular Advancement Devices And Bite Openers For Treatment Of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):400-406]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords; Mandibular advancement devices (MADs), Bite openers (BOs), Polysomnography (PSG), Apnea\hypopnea index (AHI), Snoring index (SI), Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

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Hala H. Mossalam ¹ -^*Olfat A. Abd-El Aty ²_- Enas N. Morgan ³ - Sahar M. S.Youssaf ⁴ - Amal M H. Mackawy⁵

^{1, 2, 4} Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar –University (girls).

³ Department of Physiology,⁵Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig, University.

^{*Olfat_fair@yahoo.com}

Abstract: Organophosphorous (OP) pesticide is applied to numerous crops, including wheat and corn. Residual amounts of organophosphorous pesticides have been detected in soil, vegetables, grains and other food products. Several mechanisms of the OP toxicity have been proposed, including the induction of cellular proliferation, oxidative stress and immune-toxicity. Roselle (ROS, Hibiscus sabdariffa L., family Malvaceae) is an annual shrub commonly used to make jellies, jams and beverages. Many biological activities have been recorded for ROS, such as anti-atherosclerosis, anti-carcinogenic, hepato-protective and anti-oxidative properties. The Aim:  this study was set to evaluate the possible protective effect of Roselle on nephro-toxicity induced by sub-lethal dose of Malathion in rats. Material and Methods: 24 adult male albino rats were used and divided into four groups of 6 rats/each. Group I: animals were given corn oil at a dose of 0.2 ml per animal via gavage once a day for one month and served as a control. Group II: animal received only aqueous extracts of Roselle at a daily dose of (500 mg /kg/day). Group III:  animal were given Malathion at a sub lethal dose of 27mg/kg/day. Groups IV: animal were given both of aqueous extracts of Roselle as the same dose of group II three hours before the administration of Malathion. At the end of the experimental period the kidney function and markers of oxidative stress were investigated. Moreover, histopathological examination of the renal tissue was carried by light and electron microscopes. The results of the present study showed that treatment with Malathion alone caused increase in the kidney weight (P=0.000), cellular degeneration , necrosis of the renal tissues and increase in the serum urea and creatinine (P=0.000 for both). However, administration of aqueous extract of Roselle prior to Malathion resulted in a significant alleviation of the kidney injuries evidenced by a decrease of the kidney weights when compared to the Malathion-treated (P=0.000) and biochemical indices; urea and creatinine (P=0.000; P>0.05) for both when compared to the Malathion-treated and control groups respectively. Furthermore, there was significant improvement of the histological picture toward the normal among the Malathion+ROS-treated group. All these effects may be due to the antioxidant effect of the Roselle as treatment with the extract of Roselle significantly elevated (P=0.000) the decreased CAT activity observed with Malathion treated rats. Moreover, treatment with the extract of Roselle significantly elevated the SOD levels when compared to the Malathion-treated animals (P=0.000). Furthermore, the GSH level reduced significantly (P=0.000) along with increased in MDA concentration (P=0.000) in the Malathion treated group as compared to the control group. However on treatment with Roselle extract, the GSH level was found to be enhanced significantly (P=0.000) and the MDA contents were reduced (P=0.000) when compared to the Malathion treated group. Conclusion, the results of the current study showed that the aqueous extracts from Hibiscus sabdariffa possess a potent protective effect from the oxidative stress induced by sub lethal dose of Malathion on the kidney.

[Hala H. Mossalam -Olfat A. Abd-El Aty_- Enas N. Morgan - Sahar M. S.Youssaf - Amal M H. Mackawy.  Biochemical and Ultra Structure Studies of the Antioxidant Effect of Aqueous Extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa on the Nephrotoxicity Induced by Organophosphorous Pesticide (Malathion) on the Adult Albino Rats. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):407-421]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: kidney, Malathion, Roselle, ultra structure, anti oxidant protective effect.

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The Protective role of brown alga (Sargassum crassifolia) against the degenerative toxic effects induced by Nimbecidin in muscles of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L.

Hawazin H. Mutawie* and Asmaa M. Hegazi**

*Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Corresponding author : e-mail hhmutawie@uqu.edu.sa

**Department of Aquatic Pathology, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Al-Qanater, Cairo, Egypt. e-mail dr.amhegazy@gmail.com

sabsak@yahoo.com for acceptance

Abstract: This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential effect of the brown alga      Sargassum crassifolia against biochemical and histological alterations in the muscles of fresh water fish, Oreochromis niloticus, exposed to 1/10 LC₅₀ (0.03 ppm ) of Nimbecidin (azadirachtin).  S. crassifolia was added to the basal diet of fish in different proportions (0, 10 and 25%) and the experiment lasted for  4 weeks. Exposure of fish to Nimbecidin induced significant decrease in the activity of reduced glutathione, catalase and in the total protein content of fish muscles. Also many histopathological changes including  degeneration and necrosis, disorganized myofibers with chromophobic cytoplasm, haemocytic infiltration, oedema and inflammations were noticed in Nimbecidine - treated fish. Exposing fish to Nimbicidin and  Sargassum crassifolia (10% and 25% ) led to marked improvement in the examined biochemical parameters together with the histological structure of muscles . This improvement was more obvious at high concentration of Sargassum crassifolia.   In conclusion , the results of the present work indicated that the brown alga Sargassum crassifolia had ameliorative effect against muscle damage induced by Nimbicidin and this may be mediated by its potent antioxidant activities.

[Hawazin H. Mutawie and Asmaa M. Hegazi. The Protective role of brown alga (Sargassum crassifolia) against the degenerative toxic effects induced by Nimbecidin in muscles of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):422-431]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Sargassum crassifolia, Oreochromis niloticus, antioxidant, neem, Nimbecidin, muscles, Glutathione, Catalase, Total protein.

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Adiponectin Gene Polymorphism and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Obese Patients in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia

*Amal MH Mackawy ¹, Mohammed Abd-Alrahman Alzohairy² , Entisar Abd –Alfarag Ahmed³, Mohammed EH Badawy ⁴

1-Lecturer of Medical Biochemistry ,Faculty of Medicine , Zagazig University and Assistant Professor of Medical Biochemistry , Medical Laboratory department Qassim University

2- Assistant Professor of Microbiology and the Head of Medical Laboratory department ,Qassim University .

3- Assistant Professor of Clinical Chemistry and the organizer of Medical Laboratory department, Qassim University .

4- Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine , Faculty of Medicine , Zagazig University and Consultant of Internal Medicine , King Fahd Specialist Hospital , Qassim KSA. 

Abstract :Obesity posses a global health care problem and is considered a major risk factor in the development of type 2 diabetes (type2DM). In the Gulf States, diabetes is reported to be an epidemic with a high prevalence in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) . The roles of adipose tissue and obesity are of paramount significance via secretion of adiponectin hormone , the protein product of the APM1 gene. Adiponectin has been claimed to be associated with obesity and insulin resistance. However, contrasting results have been emerged on the genetic variability in APM1 and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome and adiponectin plasma levels. Objectives: Our aim is to determine the frequency of 276G→T of the adiponectin gene and plasma adiponectin levels in obese patients with and without  type 2 DM to identify the effects of this polymorphism on insulin sensitivity , type 2 DM and obesity in Saudi Society mainly in Qassim region . Subjects:120 volunteers were included and divided into: Group I :40 healthy volunteers  . GroupII :  40 obese patients not suffered from type 2 DM .Group III: 40 obese patients suffering from type 2 DM . Methods:  Fasting blood samples were collected for routine and research investigations. ELISA technique was used to estimate plasma adiponectin levels, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to examine the adiponectin gene SNP276 G>T polymorphism . Results: There was a significant association of the T allele frequency in group II and group III patients when compared to controls (X²=12.86, P = 0.000), (X² =36.95, P= 0.000) respectively with more significant increase in group III when compared to group II (X² =8.052, P=0.005) .The Fasting blood glucose (FBG) , plasma insulin levels and HOMA index were significantly higher in patients carrying the TT than in GG carriers of each group II and III (P< 0.05). In group III patients,  carriers of TT genotypes having a significant decrease in plasma adiponectin levels than GG carriers (P<0.05). Conclusion : Obese and diabetic patients had lower plasma adiponectin levels than healthy controls. It was the T allele and TT genotypes  of 276G>T SNP that was associated with lower plasma adiponectin , higher risk of obesity , Insulin resistance and higher parameters of metabolic syndrome and type 2 DM.

[Amal MH Mackawy, Mohammed Abd-Alrahman Alzohairy, Entisar Abd –Alfarag Ahmed, Mohammed EH Badawy] Adiponectin Gene Polymorphism and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Obese Patients in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):432-443]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key Words: Adiponectin SNP276 , metabolic syndrome , obesity , diabetes mellitus.

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Impact of Utilizing Nursing Guideline Protocol on Minimizing Ventilator Associated Pneumonia among Children at Zagazig University Hospital

Amal Eldakhakhny ¹ and Hala Zaiton ²

Departments of ¹Pediatric Nursing and ²Medical –Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Zagazig University, Egypt.

dr_amal2001@yahoo.com    hala_zaton@yahoo.com

Abstract: Responsibilities of nurses for minimizing the rate of mechanical ventilator pneumonia may differ among different countries as it is a serious complication of mechanical ventilator. Mechanical ventilator pneumonia increases children’s length of stay in the Intensive Care Unit and overall length of hospitalization. This study aims to identify the impact of utilizing nursing guideline protocol on minimizing ventilator-associated pneumonia among children. A quasi- experimental design was used in this study. The present study was conducted in both Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Units at Zagazig University Hospital. The study subjects included two groups. Group I, consisted of 30 nurses providing direct nursing care for children receiving mechanical ventilation. Group II, included all children admitted to both Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Units during a period of three months on mechanical ventilation and free from any sign of pneumonia during admission. The total number of children included in the study was 60, and they were divided into two groups, 30 children received routine nursing care (control group) and 30 children received the nursing guideline protocol to minimize ventilator-associated pneumonia (study groups). Two tools to collect the data were used; the first tool was child assessment sheet. The second tool was an observational checklist for nurses' performance. The study findings concluded that, the rates of VAP, duration of mechanical ventilation in days, as well as the length of stay in the hospital decreased significantly among children subjected to nursing guideline protocol. The main study recommendations :1- Development of training program should be conducted periodically for nursing staff in ICU.2- Nursing guideline protocol should be available and implemented in Egyptian ICU settings.

[Amal Eldakhakhny and Hala Zaiton Impact of Utilizing Nursing Guideline Protocol on Minimizing Ventilator Associated Pneumonia among Children at Zagazig University Hospital] Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):444-453].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key ward: Guideline protocol - ventilator associated pneumonia – children.

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The Effect of an Assertiveness Training Program on Assertiveness Skills and Social Interaction Anxiety of Individuals with Schizophrenia

¹Amal A. Mousa, ²Sanaa A. Imam, ²Amira Y. Sharaf

¹Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Damanhur University, Faculty of Nursing, Egypt

²Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, Alexandria University, Faculty of Nursing, Egypt

Abstract: This study aimed to determine the effect of an assertiveness training program on assertiveness skills and social interaction anxiety of individuals with schizophrenia. A quasi-experimental design was used in this study. Sixty-two male individuals with schizophrenia were recruited from inpatient wards of El-Maamoura hospital for Psychiatric Medicine in Alexandria, Egypt. Patients who had duration of illness ranging from 5 to 15 years and were able to read and write comprised two matched groups with 32 in the study group and 30 in the control group. Patients in both groups received their psychotropic medications, but only those in the study group received group training sessions of assertiveness skills, one session every other day, 60 minutes each for ten sessions. Both groups were pre and post-tested. As for the study group, an additional assessment was done after the fifth session (intra-test). Patients were interviewed on individual base using reliable adapted versions of both assertiveness and social interaction anxiety scales. The results  indicated that although the mean scores of assertiveness skills tended to increase in the study group and decrease in the control group at post-test, there were no significant changes between the study and the control group (t = 0.81, p = .42). Patients receiving the assertiveness training program had less initiation anxiety than those in the control group (t = 3.34, p = .001). Social interaction anxiety had shown a tendency to gradually decrease with the lengthening of the group treatment time. The findings documented that although assertiveness training program led to insufficient acquisition of assertiveness skills, it was demonstrated to be effective in reducing the social interaction anxiety in individuals with schizophrenia. Implications for further improving the effectiveness of the assertiveness training program are suggested.

[Amal A. Mousa, Sanaa A. Imam, Amira Y. Sharaf. The Effect of an Assertiveness Training Program on Assertiveness Skills and Social Interaction Anxiety of Individuals with Schizophrenia. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):454-](ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Key words: Assertiveness skills; Assertiveness training; Schizophrenia; Social anxiety.

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Political Relation of the Saljuqid and Qarazmshahian

Ali mahmodi alami

Meshkatpub@yahoo.com

Abstract: The Saljuqid were tribal people who dwelled on the other part of Jeyhoun; although after a short time, they gained great power and formed a conquerors’ empire. They  succeeded in dominating the Qaznavid and by pushing Al-e-Buyeh aside, they gained control over Abbasid caliphate and expanded their sovereignty from Seyhun to Mediterranean Sea borders. That expansion urged relationships with neighboring rulers and  in this approach, the bureaucratic organizations of Saljuqid that rooted in Sassanid Era played an effective role in those relations. The political communications were performed through an ambassador who had already received necessary trainings and Khajeh Nezamolmolk who had a deep knowledge on political organizations played roles. Khajeh believed that an ambassador must have characteristics such as wisdom, good memory, brave and good-looking. In addition to the political system of the Saljuqid, one must not underestimate the flourished Christianity beliefs beyond eastern borders of Iran and the efforts of Iranian Christians in introducing Christianity; for, in less than two centuries, it became the most important issue in establishing relationship between Iran and western countries.

[Ali mahmodi alami. Political Relation of the Saljuqid and Qarazmshahian.  Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):467-470]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Byzantine, Qarazmshahian, Political Relations, Bureaucracy, Saljuqid, Qaznavid, Qorian

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Agricultural Production Cooperatives in Iran: Challenges and Opportunities

Fatemeh Allahdadi & Kobra Aref

Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran

fatemeharef@gmail.com    kobra.aref@yahoo.com

Abstract: Agricultural production cooperatives are certainly a major contributor to agricultural development in many countries. But, there are a number of barriers to effectively using agricultural production cooperatives as a tool for agricultural development in Iran. The results obtained from qualitative research, indicated that there are some barriers at the national, local and organizational levels towards agricultural production cooperatives.  Dependency of cooperatives to government and lack of cultural capacity for group collaboration, lack of resources, lack of cooperatives leaders’ knowledge, were an important element contributing to limited production cooperatives in agricultural development and rural development as well. The findings of this study can assist agricultural developers in the implementation of educational strategies towards develop the production cooperatives in rural areas of Iran. This paper also will serve as a catalyst for further thought and discussion on how agricultural production cooperatives can enhance income and quality of life for their members.

[Fatemeh Allahdadi & Kobra Aref. Agricultural Production Cooperatives in Iran: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):471-474].(ISSN:1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org

Key words: Production cooperatives, rural development, agriculture

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Comparison of Fuzzy and (PID) Techniques in controlling a HVAC System

Khaled M. K. Pasha

Mechatronics Department, Faculty of Engineering, October 6, University, Egypt

khmki1@yahoo.com

Abstract: The performances of four fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) techniques were investigated and compared with a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, Four user-defined-functions (UDF's) were written and attached to code, ANSYS 12.1 64 bit to simulate the (FLC)  actions of  four different membership functions (MF's). In all cases, it is required to keep  the temperature and humidity in a test room almost at certain setpoints using a simple heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC). The results showed  that, the  performance of (FLC)   in most cases  was  more stable with a very low oscillations around the set points. The temperature response with (FLC)  was faster and more stable than that of the  (PID) for all the four cases. The humidity response with the (PID) was slightly faster than all (FLC) cases. When defining the fuzzy sets in a power interval, the controller showed an oscillatory temperature response and a slower humidity response than that of all used control techniques.

[Khaled M. K. Pasha.  Comparison of Fuzzy and (PID) Techniques in controlling a HVAC System.  Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):475-482](ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Energy management, HVAC, temperature, humidity, control.

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The Association between Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Lymphoma

Hydi Ahmed¹, Medhat Ismail¹, Samir Abdel Maguid², Usama Ahmed Arafa³, and Sayed Mostafa⁴

Departments of ¹Clinical Pathology, ²Surgery, ³Internal Medicine and ⁴Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt

Abstract: Objectives: To identify the frequency of HCV infection among patients with Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin’s disease (HD). Subjects and Methods: The study involved 152 patients; 111 with NHL and 41 with HD proved by lymph node biopsy and a control group of 50 individuals attending the internal medicine clinic of Sohag University hospital. ELISA technique was used for detection of antibodies against HCV. HCV RT-PCR was used to detect the presence of viral RNA in blood.  Results: HCV antibody positivity was significantly higher (p = 0.017) in NHL (36%) and HD (31.7%) groups compared to the control group (14%). There was no significant difference in HCV antibody positivity between NHL and HD groups (p = 0.495). Using RT-RCR, HCV RNA was detected in 8 control subjects, 44 patients with NHL and 12 patients with (p = 0.011).  Conclusion: Despite the high prevalence of HCV in the general population in Egypt,  HCV is significantly more frequent in patients with NHL and Hodgkin’s disease. Further larger studies are needed to establish this epidemiological relationship between HCV and lympho-proliferative disorders. 

[Hydi Ahmed, Medhat Ismail, Samir Abdel Maguid, Usama Ahmed Arafa, and Sayed Mostafa The Association between Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Lymphoma. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):483-487]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org

Keyword: Association between, Hepatitis C Virus, Infection, Lymphoma.

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The Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment amongst School Teachers in Shiraz, Iran

Khadijeh Aref & Abrisham Aref

Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars Iran

   banafsheharef@gmail.com       abrishamaref@yahoo.com

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment amongst school teachers in rural districts of Shiraz, Iran. Employees’ productivity is largely related to their level of job satisfaction. Therefore, it is important for an organization to study the relationships between Job satisfaction and organizational commitment. A survey questionnaire was made to collect the information for job satisfaction and organizational commitment of each employee. One hundred fifty teachers responded to the survey. After analyzing the data, we found that there is a relatively strong correlation between job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Generally, higher level of job satisfaction will lead to higher level of organizational commitment. The Results of the study also show that the mean values of job satisfaction and organizational commitment are at low side.

.[Khadijeh Aref & Abrisham Aref, The Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment amongst High School Teachers in Shiraz, Iran, Journal of American Science 2011; 7(12):488-491]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org

Keywords: Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, school teachers, education

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Relationship between accountability and public trust from the view point of staffs and clients: A survey in Electric power distribution company of Shiraz in I.R.IRAN

Hojat Moshtaghian Abarghoei ¹, Reza Zare ² Hossein Hosseini ³ Bahram Esmaeili ⁴

^1. Department of  Public Administration, PhD student of Human Resource Management, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697 Tehran, IRAN

^2. Department of  Public Administration, PhD student of Organizational Behavior, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697 Tehran, IRAN. rezazare77@gmail.com

^3. Department of  Public Administration, M.sc of HR management, Payame Noor University, PO BOX 19395-3697 Tehran, IRAN

^4. M.sc of HR management, The Holy Prophet Higher Education Complex, Tehran, IRAN. 0098 (0)7117335087; fax: 0098 (0) 7112281090

Abstract: Regarding the Electric power distribution company of Shiraz as the sample, this survey is aimed to examine the various aspects of accountability and to define its importance relative to the public trust toward the public organizations. Accountability includes six parts: moral, financial, legal, functional, and informing accountability. Due to the results, research hypotheses (using Pearson correlation) were confirmed and it was clear that there was a meaningful relationship between accountability along with its six fold dimensions and public trust. The degree of trust was medium. In order to determine the coefficient of various dimensions of accountability, the step by step regression method was used and it was clear that there were meaningful relationships between 4 out of 6 as peats of accountability and public trust.

Relationship between accountability and public trust from the view point of staffs and clients: A survey in Electric power distribution company of Shiraz in I.R. IRAN. Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):492-499]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Keywords: Trust; Accountability; Inter organizational trust; Extra organizational trust; Hierarchical analysis method

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The Effect of Postoperative Pain Assessment and Management Monitoring Program on Surgical Nurses’ Documentation, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Patients' Satisfaction at Mansoura University Hospitals

Karima Elshamy¹ and Eiad Ramzy ²

¹Adult Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University, Egypt

²Department of Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt

Karima_elshamy2002@yahoo.com

Abstract: Introduction: Post operative pain is an expected adverse outcome following surgery and it often delays mobilization and overall recovery. Acute post operative pain is subjective and cannot be measured objectively.

Aims: The aim of this study was to: 1- Assess nurses' postoperative pain assessment and management documentation of pain in the first three days postoperatively in the surgical wards at Mansoura University Hospitals. 2-Assess nurses’ knowledge of and attitudes toward pain in the surgical wards at Mansoura University Hospitals.3- Assess nurses’ communication with patients and their satisfaction of pain management, and 4-Evaluate the effectiveness of implementing a postoperative pain assessment and management program (POPAM) on improving nurses’ documentation, knowledge, attitudes, communication with the patients and their satisfaction of pain management. Materials and Method: The POPAM program was implemented for six months from 10 November 2010 to 10 April 2011.Data were collected by interviewing 18 nurses working in surgical wards at Mansoura University Hospitals. The program was evaluated by means of a quasi-experimental pre-post test design Documentation of pain in the first three days postoperatively in the patients' records were audited, nurses’ knowledge of and their attitudes toward pain, and, assessment of nurses’ communication about pain with patients and their satisfaction about nurses’ intervention were assessed before and after implementing the program. Results: The findings illustrated that the implementation of an educational program for nurses was successful. First of all, the patients’ records showed a significant difference in the amount and the quality of nursing documentation which reflected the fact that nurses became more aware about the importance of documentation and might also means that they change their practices toward better postoperative pain management. Secondly, the nurses developed the habit of assessing postoperative pain intensity using numeric rating scales, in addition to the assessment of other pain characteristics.  Thirdly, the nurses improved their knowledge about postoperative pain, and their attitudes toward it were evidently changed. Finally, the quality of communication with patients about pain and pain management was significantly improved. Conclusions and Recommendations: The study concluded that nurses in Mansoura University Hospitals  which included in this study possess moderate knowledge and positive attitude towards post operative management. Continuous education in pain management is crucial to improve nurses’ knowledge and attitude towards post operative management. The results of this study provided a framework for the development and implementation of continuing education programs for nursing staff which can enhance the quality of patient care in post operative pain management. Therefore, it is imperative that pain assessment should be included as the fifth cardinal vital signs in the nursing curriculum. Another implication related to nursing management is that this study might increase the awareness of the health care professionals and the health institutions administration toward the establishment of team work to induce change with a common purpose in upgrading the quality of pain assessment and management. Managers and supervisors can facilitate the application of educational programs and incorporate with the team to move more quickly in the desired change. Implications of the study may be relevant to nursing education and in continuing education of health care institutions.

[Karima Elshamy and Eiad Ramzy .The Effect of Postoperative Pain Assessment and Management Monitoring Program on Surgical Nurses’ Documentation, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Patients' Satisfaction at Mansoura University Hospitals] Journal of American Science 2011;7(12):500-516]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org

Keywords: postoperative pain, nurses´ knowledge, nurses´ attitudes, surgical wards, pain management program, acute pain

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Perceived issues and challenges to professional development of faculty members in tertiary academic institutes of Punjab, Pakistan

Anam siddiqui ¹, Hassan Danial Aslam ², Hafiz Muhammad Farhan ³, Mehrdad Jalalian ⁴

^1. MS Scholar & Visiting Faculty Member, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur , Pakistan

^2. Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

^3. Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

   ^4.