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The Journal of American Science

ISSN 1545-1003

Volume 7, Issue 6, Cumulated No. 39, June 25, 2011

Cover Page, Introduction, Contents, Call for Papers, am0706

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CONTENTS

No.	Titles / Authors	page
1	Importance of rural women as effective factor in rural households ¹ Ali Badragheh, ² Mohammad Abedi ^{1, 2} Department of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Mahabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad, Iran Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com Abstract:* Importance of women issue at Iran especially rural area, at one side face with fast population growth and mass of unemployed at process of access to rural growth and development, and at other side with limitation of facilities and productive resources. Rural women at all production level of agriculture products and livestock productions work alongside men and generally, development is multidimensional process and contains different economic, social, cultural and political dimensions. Women’s participation at this process is active and affective participation, and main aspect of this participation was its economic dimension for rural women. Rural women have key role as a producer at agriculture activities, rural sources and services at rural area. rural women most efficient women of society and among people who are active at productive occupations , so it is obvious that attention to rural women as a strong arm at rural development can follow positive and undeniable affects , in this purpose. [Ali Badragheh and Mohammad Abedi. Importance of rural women as effective factor in rural households. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):1-6]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: rural women, rural households	Full Text	1
2	Climate change caused by dust and its effects on the characteristics of Morphophysiology, quantitative and qualitative yield of plants in Khuzestan province ^*Tayeb Saki Nejad Assistant Professor Department of Agronomy Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch Ashraf Jazayeri Assistant Professor Department of biology, Shahid Chamran University Alireza Shokohfar Assistant Professor Department of Agronomy Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch Sorosh Zarrinabadi Assistant Professor Department of Science, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch ^Corresponding Arthur: saki1971@iauahvaz.ac.ir Abstract:* Human in the last 20 years climate change has faced a lot of his works on display touches gradually. Dust (size 4 microns) resulting from natural phenomena in which these changes occur, the mitigation of harmful effects is very difficult and almost "out of control And why is Iran being on the belt of this phenomenon (geographical location and latitude 24 40 °) regions of the country constantly, especially "the South have faced with this phenomenon but in recent years the amount, concentration of suspended solids, number, time stability and the establishment, expansion and influence of this phenomenon has increased. Spread and persistence of dust caused climate change in terms of amount of light received, changes in air temperature and relative humidity changes in the amounts directly and carbon dioxide and oxygen is indirectly.These changes on plant metabolism and affects the performance characteristics of qualitative and quantitative Morphophysiology and affect the plants.Dust particles are no moisture absorption and potential abundance of water that attracts humidity and dry air over the process of expanding leaf surfaces and limit plant growth. Dusts on plant surfaces are green and the moisture levels, reduced water pressure are limited turgid growth will intensify. On the other hand placing the green plants on the surface, disrupting the process of receiving light and can reduce plant photosynthesis and are dark spots on plants and garden products to create a market-friendly to reduce the intensity. With low growth, reduced plant height and dry matter accumulation, especially "in plants such as sorghum and alfalfa hay spatial and reduced product sweep sorghum south province reduced panicle length, have a severe drop Radashth product. According to estimates made phenomenon to about 40 to 50 percent crop damage are: for example, "reduce product pomegranates from 6 tons to two tons and reduce product from 50 to 60 pounds below the five kilogram PJ per tree in 2009 resulting this is a phenomenon. Because of the dust early harvested crops such as pomegranates reduce serious product and its quality is low. The amount of the paste processing and production quality is very low. Dust phenomena addition to reducing the impact of harvesting dates is seriously diminish the quality of this product is too. At present rates of harvest dates in Khorramshahr is faced with a significant decrease. In 2009 only six thousand and 500 tons of palm groves of palm harvest and harvest dates grade level to zero level and harvest dates Palm owners only grade 2 and below have hope. Dust phenomena in addition to increasing sequence s pests, reducing rates of photosynthesis and quality Field dates will be. [Tayeb Saki Nejad, Climate change caused by dust and its effects on the characteristics of Morphophysiology, quantitative and qualitative yield of plants in Khuzestan province. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):7-9]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: climate change, dust, crops, Khuzestan (IRAN)	Full Text	2
3	Calculate changes of bean germination process in the presence of various compounds of biological fertilizer Humic acid mixed with micro and macro elements ^*Tayeb Saki Nejad¹, S, M, Hossaini², Mahdi Hyvari² 1- Assistant professor Department of Agriculture physiology Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch, Iran 2- Department of Agriculture Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch Result of the student research team ^Corresponding Author: saki1971@iauahvaz.ac.ir Abstract:* Biological products that are organic fertilizers include different types of microorganisms have the ability to convert the elements of the form unavailable to available form through biological processes have them. Biological fertilizers increased microbial activity of microorganisms and intensify them to make food available in forms which are easily absorbed by the plant are. Huomic acid as an organic acid from humus and other natural resources through the hormonal effects of improved nutrient absorption and increased root and shoot biomass is. Therefore, it seems, especially biological fertilizers Huomic acid increased root biomass, increased solubility of nutrients in the soil and can increase the absorption is increased yield. Germination of seeds is a complex physiological process triggered by imbibitions of water after possible dormancy mechanisms have been released by appropriate triggers. Organic matter due to the beneficial effects on physical properties, chemical and biological soil has an important role in soil fertility, plant nutrition and crop yield have increased. Huomic acid humus material that is part of the property due to the complex hormonal and audience an important influence in increasing crop production and supply is balanced. Effect of micro-fertilizers in the new debate is the speed and germination. Huomic micro elements like iron and acid compounds or elements Clat Huomic complete micro or treatment Huomic Clat, complete micro and macro elements on the speed of germination and affect. These substances cause a change in speed and percentage germination for causing water absorption and osmotic regulation are. The purpose of this experiment was how to effect of micro fertilizers on germination. After three days of testing, counting and investigation was initiated seeds results indicate that the five treatments applied after the third day: 10 numbers in the control of the number 5 seed was germinated but in treatment Huomic Clat magnesium and calcium from number 10 seed did not do any germination. [Tayeb Saki Nejad, S, M, Hossaini, Mahdi Hyvari. Calculate changes of bean germination process in the presence of various compounds of biological fertilizer Humic acid mixed with micro and macro elements. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):10-14]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Huomic Acid, micro & macro elements, Seed	Full Text	3
4	Calculate dynamic changes in bean yield in different plant densities Somaye Ghadaksaz¹, Tayeb Saki Nejad², Alireza Shokohfar³ 1- Department of Agriculture. Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran, 2- Assistant Professor Department of Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch (*Thesis* *Supervisor) 3- Assistant Professor Department of Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch ^Corresponding Arthur: saki1971@iauahvaz.ac.ir Abstract: General purpose of testing conditions to get the best crop production figures for comments in order to get maximum yield is. Appropriate distribution of plants per unit area in one of the most consistent factor is to increase yield. In order to study the effect of different densities on bean cultivars, experimental farm in 2008 Farm Research, Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz was executed. Factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications was formed. The first factor consists of three densities (45, 55, 65) plants m and the second factor consists of three digits (ZOHREH, SHAME and JAZAYERI) were. The results showed that between different varieties of grain yield and all yield components (seed number per pod and NO. pod) statistically significant difference in the level of 5 percent there. ZOHREH figure was superior to other cultivars and varieties having SHAME with little JAZAYERI showed no statistical difference. Grain yield in different cultivars ZOHREH, SHAME and JAZAYERI, respectively1523.33, 1372.67, 1352 kg ha was. . Most biological functions in the plant density of 55 3042.89 kg/ha obtained the density of levels with other significant difference at 5 percent showed. Highest harvest index and density of about 55 plant varieties ZOHREH m according to the results the best varieties for planting varieties bless and best density, density of 55 plants per square meter is. [Somaye Ghadaksaz, Tayeb Saki Nejad, Alireza Shokohfar. Calculate dynamic changes in bean yield in different plant densities. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):15-18]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: bean, density, variety, yield	Full Text	4
5	Calculate the growth dynamics of root and shoot of bean plants *Simin Haghighi¹, ^Tayeb Saki Nejad², Shahram Lack³ 1- Department of Agriculture. Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran, 2- Assistant Professor Department of Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch (Thesis Supervisor*) 3- Department of Agriculture. Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran, ^Corresponding Arthur: haghighi.simin@gmail.com Abstract: Dry matter accumulation patterns in most grains are sigmoid-type curve. In the first stage of this model is that if growth is slow, then there is a rapid phase after the flowering stage is followed by growth that is in pod formation stage. Studies have shown that leaf area development and dry matter accumulation in most cereal grains, especially cold for a long period after transplantation is very slow. Accordingly, in order to effect the kinds humic acid plant growth and bean seeds under climatic conditions of Ahvaz in the form of a split-plot experimental design with randomized complete block design based on years of farming 2010 was designed and executed. Factor with three bean varieties (V₁ = Barekat, V₂ = Jazayeri, V₃ = Shame) in the main plot factor with four types humic acid (F₀ = control, F₁ = humic acid, F₂ = full macro humic acid, F₃ = acid Micro humic full) rate of 2 ppm in the sub-plots were placed. The results showed that the use of acid in all varieties humic increased plant growth parameters such as crop growth rate (CGR), plant height, grain yield, harvest index and biological function has been compared to the control. the highest total dry weight of the acid treatment Humic full macro level was 5909 kg per hectare and the lowest rate to the control was 4332 kg per hectare Effective grain filling period (*EFP) The increase in the treatment process itself revealed. Varieties planted in the province and the third type humic acid with a control rate at 2 ppm was placed in sub-plots. The highest and lowest average number of lateral roots in this experiment in order Humic acid treatments and control macro level 241.7 and 136 numbers were obtained. Note that between the number of acid root treatment and between macro and micro humic acid and acid micro Humic significant difference was found. the highest root dry weight to macro Humic acid treatment with a mean 4.22 grams of control treatment and lowest with mean 2.63 has been hot Total root number from 592 to 899 in number in the control humic full macro will increase the number of roots, a positive regression (r² = 0.89) with the amount of biological fixation (percentage of nitrogen nodules) showed. [Simin Haghighi, Tayeb Saki Nejad, Shahram Lack. Calculate the growth dynamics of root and shoot of bean plants. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):19-26]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords*: growth dynamics, root, shoot, bean plants	Full Text	5
6	Effect of drought stress on stomata resistance changes in corn Tayeb Saki Nejad Assistant Professor Department of Agronomy Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch Corresponding Arthur: saki1971@iauahvaz.ac.ir ^* Abstract: To evaluate the effects of drought stress in different periods growth stomata behavior, research using factorial experiment design, randomized complete block with four replications and two factors with four levels of water stress as the first factor and three levels of growth periods As the second factor in the three crop years (1999-2000 &2000-2001 and 2001-2002) the Islamic Azad University Research Station at 3 km south of Ahwaz, Ahwaz city was designed and executed. Analysis of variance at 1% showed in all three years of water stress treatment, periods of growth and interaction of these two stomata resistance and lower leaf surface supernatant separately showed significant effect. by applying different levels of water stress, stomata resistance and lower leaf surface increased supernatant Duncan test was at 5% level in three years of the three groups presented mean that treatment (severe water stress treatment) and the highest treatment (control, no water stress) the lowest stomata resistance showed. Duncan test at 5% level one to two average growth for the period presented the highest stomata resistance in all three years and the treatments were obtained and lowest stomata resistance was observed in treatment. Duncan test at 5% level interactions show treatments with treatments that apply the lowest stomata resistance values were the other words in the early stages of plant growth when water is enough to provide resistance, stomata express that little but more severe stress in the course of Growth stomata resistance was increased considerably, the underside of leaf stomata resistance levels much higher than the leaf supernatant. [Tayeb Saki Nejad, Effect of drought stress on stomata resistance changes in corn. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):27-31]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words: corn, stomata resistance, drought stress	Full Text	6
7	Effect of GA₃ hormones on growth dynamics of Bean ُ^*Somaye ghalandari¹, Tayeb Saki Nejad², Shahram Lack³ 1- Department of Agriculture. Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran, 2- Assistant Professor Department of Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch (*Thesis* *Supervisor) 3- Department of Agriculture. Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran, ^Corresponding Arthur: somaye.ghalandar@yahoo.com Abstract: In order to effect hormone gibberellins acid on properties such as bean plants Morphophysiology: internodes' length and stem number, plant height, leaf growth dynamics and crop growth rate research as a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications in crop year 2010 Farm Research HASHEMI located in the city HAMIDIEH province was conducted, first factor hormone gibberellins acid on four levels, respectively, treated (d0) control (no hormone gibberellins acid) treatments and d₃, d₂, d₁, respectively, 5, 50 and 250 ppm and the second factor included three plant growth periods: (vegetative phase= s₀ , Flowering phase = s₁ and pod set phase = s₂) for the hormone gibberellins spray on beans were considered. Dose 50ppm hormone gibberellins acid, more leaf area index (*LAI) with 1.98 in comparison with other surfaces have been in the treatment group a was used Hormone gibberellins acid applied best courses in the vegetative period before flowering leaf dry weight, 752.2 kg/ha been in a treatment group were. And the flowering period to Pod set treated with 678.3 kg/ha-level statistical treatment Pod set b to aggregation with 666.6 kg/ha c level was statistically. Dose of the hormone gibberellins acid maximum height of internodes 4.07 inches compared to other hormone levels have been in statistical was. Other doses differ quite significantly with this level did not have the lower levels were. The results showed that the hormone gibberellins acid increased crop growth rate to 35 percent in d₃ = 20.15 g/m2/day treatment than control treatment was d₀ = 14.5 g/m²/day. Hormone gibberellins acid effects on bean plant stem internodes' distances showed that on average 2.2 inches were added to the internodes' length. Especially the increase in the lower internodes bean plant stems were most evident in the treated internodes' d₂S₀ height d₀S₀ than the control treatment was significant. [ُSomaye ghalandari, Tayeb Saki Nejad, Shahram Lack. Effect of GA₃ hormones on growth dynamics of Bean. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):32-39]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords*: GA3, Growth dynamics, Bean	Full Text	7
8	Personal Empowerment among Al-Anon/Nar-Anon Members in Iran Zahra Ajri ¹, Mohammad Shatar Sabran² ^1. Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas Branch, Hormozgan, Iran ^2. Department of Community Development, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia z.ajri@yahoo.com, shatar@putra.upm.edu.my Abstract: As addiction affects not only on addict person but also on family members, so relationship behaviors is an important part of codependents’ life which needs to recover in order to achieve health promotion. This study investigates to find whether the "12-Step Program" empowers families of addicts/alcoholic in term of relationship with others or not. In other words, this study aims to find differences of relationship behaviors by comparing families of addicts/alcoholics who practice the "12-Step Program" and who do not. Theory of empowerment is the key theory to conduct this study. The findings of this study indicate that the “12-step program” is an effective program to enables codependents to improve their relationship with others in comparison with those who do not practice this program (control group). In other words, independent samples t-test reveals that codependents’ relationship behaviors are recovered duo to practicing the "12-Step Program" in Al-Anon/Nar-Anon groups in Iran. [Zahra Ajri , Mohammad Shatar Sabran. Personal Empowerment among Al-Anon/Nar-Anon Members in Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):40-44]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: 12-Step program, Addiction, Al-Anon & Nar-Anon, Codependency, Families of Addict, personal empowerment.	Full Text	8
9	Effect of different doses of the hormone gibberellins acid on the process of protein changes in bean plants ُ^*Somaye ghalandari¹, Tayeb Saki Nejad², Shahram Lack³ 1- Department of Agriculture. Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran, 2- Assistant Professor Department of Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch (*Thesis* *Supervisor) 3- Department of Agriculture. Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran, ^Corresponding Arthur: somaye.ghalandar@yahoo.com Abstract Due to poor land of Khuzestan and land pollution due to application of chemical fertilizers, use of materials that can no harmful effects on the environment, planting with very low doses, had positive effects on plants have quality performance, it seems necessary. Why research in this area in order to affect hormone levels and time use gibberellins acid (GA3) on the process of change and increasing amounts of protein bean seeds, bean seeds to increase the quality performance (Vicia FabaL.) were performed. The research farm located in the city Hamidieh hashemi research during the season and in 2010 was done, figure used in this experiment using BARAKAT variety. Use design was factorial experiments in randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors tested included four concentrations of the hormone gibberellins acid: (no hormones = d₀, d₁ = 5 ppm, d₂ = 50 ppm and d₃ = 250 ppm) and the second factor the third period, hormone sprayed: (phase of eruption = s₀, Flowering = s₁ and phase pod set = s₂), respectively. Measuring grain protein levels indicated that the hormone gibberellins acid spray treatment growth period increased grain protein and the greatest amount of protein in the amount of treatments d₂s₀ d₁s₀ and 29.28 percent, respectively. . [ُSomaye ghalandari, Tayeb Saki Nejad, Shahram Lack. Effect of different doses of the hormone gibberellins acid on the process of protein changes in bean plants. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):45-49]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Bean, the hormone gibberellins acid, proteins	Full Text	9
10	Enhanced Production of Biosurfactant from Isolated Pseudomonas Sp Growing On Used Edible Oil ¹Soniyamby A.R., ²Praveesh B.V., ³Vimalin Hena J., ⁴Kavithakumari P.,¹Lalitha S and ¹M Palaniswamy 1-Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 2-Karpagam Arts & Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 3-Hindusthan College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 4- Cashew Export Promotion council Laboratory & Technical division, Kollam, Kerala, India Abstract: The production of surface active compounds or biosurfactants by microorganisms has been a subject of increasing interest in recent years especially due to the potential applications in enhanced oil recovery. A number of studies have indicated that the type of medium and growth conditions can influence the type and yield of biosurfactants. The present work demonstrated that the isolated bacteria, Pseudomonas sp from used edible oil was able to utilize the used edible oil as carbon and energy source to produce rhamnolipid at a concentration of 7.6 g/L. The temperature, incubation period, and nitrogen source optima of biosurfactant production was found at 36 °C, 72 hr and sodium nitrate respectively. [Soniyamby A.R., Praveesh B.V., Vimalin Hena J., Kavithakumari P., Lalitha S and M Palaniswamy. Enhanced Production of Biosurfactant from Isolated Pseudomonas Sp Growing On Used Edible Oil. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):50-53]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words: Rhamnolipid. Pseudomonas sp. Used edible oil. Biosurfactant	Full Text	10
11	Effect of Nursing Management Protocol on Selected Side Effects of Interferon and Ribavirin among Hepatitis C Patients *Magda M. Mohsen¹, Manal E. Fareed^2, Amal A. El-Sheikh² and Sabry M. Abbas³** Department of Community Health Nursing¹, Adult Health Nursing Department^2, Faculty of Nursing, Menofia University,Egypt Hepato gastroenterology endoscopy clinic³, Faculty of Medicine, Menofia University, Egypt manalfareed2008@yahoo.com Abstract:* Interferon related side effects need extensive researches especially the management strategies of these side effects are available. This study was carried out to assess the effect of nursing management protocol on selected side effects of Interferon and Ribavirin among hepatitis C patients. A convenience sample of 60 hepatitis C patients of both sexes in liver out patient clinic at Shebin El- Kom teaching hospital was selected for data collection. Tools for data collection included Tool 1: Structured interview questionnaire. It includes 3 parts to assess medical data and knowledge of patients. Tool 2 : Fatigue severity scale to measure fatigue severity among studied sample. Tool 3: Anxiety scale to assess the anxiety level of studied sample. All studied sample had several complains related to Interferon before giving the nursing management. Also there were statistical significance differences in all laboratory findings and body temperature before and after the study by 8 weeks. There were statistical significant improvement of these knowledge after4 and 8 weeks from beginning of the study. Also, there was significant improvement in anxiety and fatigue level after 8 weeks from beginning of the study. It is concluded that: nursing intervention and knowledge about chronic hepatitis C, its treatment and management of Interferon related side effects seemed to have positive effects on improving patients knowledge about diseases and managing side effects of treatment and self care modalities that reflected by improvement in laboratory findings, vital signs, patients complains, anxiety level and fatigue level. It is recommended that: Promotion & enhancement of the self care modalities to the patient; a strict written instruction with pictures about disease process, prohibited and allowed foods, rest and physical activities and follow up should be continued after termination of the treatment through a rehabilitation program. [Magda M. Mohsen, Manal E. Fareed, Amal A. El-Sheikh and Sabry M. Abbas. Effect of Nursing Management Protocol on Selected Side Effects of Interferon and Ribavirin among Hepatitis C Patients. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):54-63]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Nursing management protocol, selected side effects, Interferon and Ribavirin, Hepatitis C	Full Text	11
12	Principles and methods of Adult education ¹Mojtaba Sadighi and ²Mehran Bozorgmanesh 1, 2Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: sharif11070@yahoo.com Abstract:* Any activity that gets your students involved makes the learning experiential. This includes small group discussions, experiments, role playing, skits, building something at their table or desk, writing or drawing something specific – activity of any kind. Activities also keep people energized, especially activities that involve getting up and moving about. Most adult students are in your classroom because they want to be. Some of them are there because they have Continuing Education requirements to keep a certificate current, but most are there because they’ve chosen to learn something new. This principle is not about why your students are in your classroom, but about why each thing you teach them is an important part of the learning. I’ll use my own pickle-making lesson as an example. [Mojtaba Sadighi and Mehran Bozorgmanesh. Principles and methods of Adult education. Journal of American Science. 2011;7(6):64-68]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: adult education, adult learning	Full Text	12
13	Assessing Lesson Plans for Adults ¹Mehran Bozorgmanesh and ² Mojtaba Sadighi 1, 2 Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: mehran11070@yahoo.com Abstract:* adult who is able to recognize their needs. He is who knows what will. Refers to individual adults in their lives cross and understand their responsibilities and has accepted the role is social. Adult learners are often those that distinguish each other and have many different targets at the same time and will follow a common challenge to fulfill the goals of building self motivation vectors as educational materials to learn and use the forge. Adult illiteracy is like a disease that infects virtually every dimension of Kentucky life. Adult illiteracy saps the energy and capability of Kentucky’s people and its economy. Adult illiteracy feeds the state’s unemployment, its welfare rolls, and the correctional institutions. Though rarer today then in the past, some teachers discount the importance of learning styles. They continue to teach in their one major method without trying to vary instructional methods. This is a mistake that will lead to less learning in the classroom. On the other hand, many students and to a lesser degree some teachers make the mistake of thinking that they cannot learn using methods that are not focused on their learning style. This is also a huge mistake that in the end will result in less learning. If teachers do not help their students find ways to be successful learning information presented in any style, they are not helping them succeed in the future. The fact is that students will be faced with many different styles of teaching during the educational career. Only by finding ways to adapt and learn using other styles, will students end up succeeding. [Mehran Bozorgmanesh and Mojtaba Sadighi. Assessing Lesson Plans for Adults. Journal of American Science. 2011;7(6):69-72]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: adult learning, Lesson Plans	Full Text	13
14	Rural people participation in Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) ¹Mina Abarashi and ² Maryam Nikmanesh 1, 2 Damavand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damavand, Iran Corresponding author: saba11085@yahoo.com Abstract:* There exist different methods of data collection and analysis, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Through time, more appropriate and refined methods have been developed. In the context of rural development, information regarding the communities, their livelihoods, their beliefs, the physical environment in which they live, and their resource endowments need to be gathered and interpreted in a manner that identifies their priorities with a view of developing better understanding of their status and designing appropriate intervention projects directed at resolving their problems. The different ways of data collection and interpretation can be seen under two perspectives(IUCN, 2001): qualitative versus quantitative, and participatory versus top down. While the quantitative methods generate information that can be captured numerically, the qualitative methods generally do not generate specific numbers. Qualitative methods are concerned with exploring meanings, processes, reasons, and explanations. [Mina Abarashi and Maryam Nikmanesh. Rural people participation in Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):73-77]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), participation	Full Text	14
15	Energy Coefficient for Irrigated Wheat Production in Western Provinces in Iran Mansoor Behroozi Lar¹, Zahra Khodarahm Pour² ¹Department of Agricultural Mechanization, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran. Email: behroozil@yahoo.com ²Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran. Email: Zahra_khodarahm@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: The data for diesel fuel energy consumption on tillage, planting, cultivation, irrigation, harvesting and grain hauling as well as electricity for pumping water from wells obtained by questioners for four western provinces of Iran. The data was analyzed by SPSS software and then compared with the calculation results for the similar activities. Calculations were run for the worst case situation that is the hardest soil type for tillage, lowest forward speed and field efficiency for all. The results showed that the least energy consumption for every one of the practices was higher than the calculated figures; in some cases more than triple. The energy used for irrigation was the dominating. More energy was put into the water wells than for the hardest soil tillage. Statistics showed that the farmers in these provinces used 24.10-38.98 GJha^-1 to produce one hectare of irrigated wheat compared to 23.67 GJha^-1 calculated for the worst case. International data for semi tropical area in India for the drought years was cited as 15.289 GJha^-1. experimental data for energy consumption for every practice was separately analyzed and compared with the calculated figures. Tillage with an average coefficient of 57.38 lha^-1 and planting with an average 34.16 lha^-1 showed no significant differences between the provinces at 5% probability level. Energy coefficient for the other activities that is cultivation, irrigation, harvesting and grain hauling did show significant differences between some of the provinces. The average energy consumption for these activities was 1.045, 21.268, 1.406 and 2.99 GJha^-1respectively. The worst case calculated values were 0.232, 18.813, 0.680 and 1.748 GJha^-1 respectively. The energy coefficient per ton of produced wheat was also obtained. [Mansoor Behroozi Lar and Zahra Khodarahm Pour. Energy Coefficient for Irrigated Wheat Production Western Provinces in Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):78-83]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Energy consumption, Irrigated wheat, Energy coefficient, Western provinces, Iran	Full Text	15
16	A method for detection and extraction of circular shapes from noisy images using median filter and CHT Masoud Nosrati ¹, Ronak Karimi ¹, Hamed Nosrati ², Ali Nosrati ² ^1. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Young Researchers Club, Kermanshah, Iran. ^2. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran. minibigs_m@yahoo.co.uk Abstract: One of the challenging topics in image processing is extracting the shapes from noisy backgrounds. There are some methods for doing it from different kinds of noisy backgrounds. In this paper, we are going to introduce another method by using 4 steps to extract circular shapes from impulse noisy backgrounds. First step is applying median filter to disappear "salt and pepper" noise. This step causes edge smoothing. So, as the second step, a laplacian sharpening spatial filter should be applied. It highlights fine details and enhances the blurred edges. Using these two steps sequentially causes noise reduction in an impressive way. Third step is using Canny edge detection for segmenting the image. Its algorithm is talked during the paper. Finally, forth step is applying Circular Hough Transform (CHT) for detecting the circles in image. At the end of paper different use cases of this method is investigated. [Masoud Nosrati, Ronak Karimi, Hamed Nosrati, Ali Nosrati. A method for detection and extraction of circular shapes from noisy images using median filter and CHT. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):84-88]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Extracting circular shape; median filter; laplacian filter; Canny edge detection; Circular Hough Transform (CHT).	Full Text	16
17	A short paper on steps of designing an appropriate website Masoud Nosrati ¹, Ronak Karimi ¹, Hamed Nosrati ², Ali Nosrati ² ^1. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Young Researchers Club, Kermanshah, Iran. ^2. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran. minibigs_m@yahoo.co.uk Abstract: In the modern world that the lives are going to have an online aspect in addition to traditional life, having suitable websites for different purposes plays a big role in social communications. High quality communication is the product of good interaction, and a good online interaction is the product of a good website. In this paper, we want to introduce some basic steps that can help to provide a guideline for designing a suitable website. We have tried to cover both technical and psychological aspects of a website. These steps are divided into 3 parts: pre-design, design, and post-design steps. Each one of them is consist of some steps that are described in details through the paper. [Masoud Nosrati, Ronak Karimi, Hamed Nosrati, Ali Nosrati. A short paper on steps of designing an appropriate website. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):89-91]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Website design; information systems; modeling website; publishing website.	Full Text	17
18	An algorithm for minimizing of Boolean functions based on graph data structure Masoud Nosrati ¹, Ronak Karimi ¹, Hamed Nosrati ², Ali Nosrati ² ^1. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Young Researchers Club, Kermanshah, Iran. ^2. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran. minibigs_m@yahoo.co.uk Abstract: In this paper, we intend to introduce a new heuristic algorithm to apply maximum minimization to Boolean functions with normal SOP form. To implement the proposed algorithm, we use the graph data structure and define the adjacencies. Also, we demonstrate some conditions to achieve the maximum minimization. Through this paper, the problem of shared vertices in more than one adjacency is talked, and the solution is presented. Karnaugh map is used to clarify the matter. [Masoud Nosrati, Ronak Karimi, Hamed Nosrati, Ali Nosrati. An algorithm for minimizing of Boolean functions based on graph data structure. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):92-96]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Minimization of Boolean functions; Graph data structure; SOP functions; discrete mathematics.	Full Text	18
19	Embedding stego-text in cover images using linked list concepts and LSB technique Masoud Nosrati ¹, Ronak Karimi ¹, Hamed Nosrati ², Ali Nosrati ² ^1. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Young Researchers Club, Kermanshah, Iran. ^2. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran. minibigs_m@yahoo.co.uk Abstract: In this paper, we intend to introduce a steganography algorithm for embedding a message into a RGB 24-bit color image. It will be done by using the concepts of linked list data structure. It will help us to achieve some important advantages. First, we can create a “stego-key” by the address of message blocks. Second, it makes the detection of message harder. Also, there will be other benefits that are mentioned during the paper. Another point about the presented algorithm is the flexibility. For example, it could be written in recursive way. To prove it, we wrote a recursive function called “Read()” for extracting the message from the cover image. At the end of paper, characteristics of this algorithm will be talked. For embedding data, LSB (Least Significant Bit) technique is been used. [Masoud Nosrati, Ronak Karimi, Hamed Nosrati, Ali Nosrati. Embedding stego-text in cover images using linked list concepts and LSB technique. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):97-100]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Steganography; secure communication; data covering; carrier image; linked list; LSB	Full Text	19
20	Investigating the basic principles for proper GUI design Masoud Nosrati ¹, Ronak Karimi ¹, Rahin Karimi ², Hamed Nosrati ³ ^1. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Young Researchers Club, Kermanshah, Iran. ^2. Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran ^3. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran. minibigs_m@yahoo.co.uk Abstract: User interface is a general connection tool for getting the request of user and give back the responses. A special type of user interface is GUI (Graphical User Interface), which is very important in computer world, and you can't find any application without it. Designing a suitable GUI is definitely an important part of designing any application. Due to this, there are some principles that help to create an appropriate GUI. In this paper, we are going to talk about the necessity of a suitable GUI for an information system. So, the goals of GUI will be investigated. Then we will get into common characteristics of a proper GUI. [Masoud Nosrati, Ronak Karimi, Rahin Karimi, Hamed Nosrati. Investigating the basic principles for proper GUI design. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):101-105]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: User interface; Graphical User Interface; GUI; GUI Purpose; information system; information display.	Full Text	20
21	Taking a Brief look at steganography: Methods and Approaches Masoud Nosrati ¹, Ronak Karimi ¹, Hamed Nosrati ², Ali Nosrati ² ^1. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Young Researchers Club, Kermanshah, Iran. ^2. Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Kermanshah, Iran. minibigs_m@yahoo.co.uk Abstract: In this paper, we are going to introduce different types of steganography considering the cover data. As the first step, we will talk about text steganography and investigate its details. Then, image steganography and its techniques will be investigated. Some techniques including Least Significant Bits, Masking and filtering and Transformations will be subjected during image steganography. Finally, audio steganography which contains LSB Coding, Phase Coding, Spread Spectrum and Echo Hiding techniques will be described. [Masoud Nosrati, Ronak Karimi, Hamed Nosrati, Ali Nosrati. Taking a Brief look at steganography: Methods and Approaches. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):106-109]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Steganography; text steganography; image steganography; audio steganography.	Full Text	21
22	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory phonophoresis versus topical application in improvement of hand grip strength in psoriatic arthritic patients Amal M. Abd El Baky and Intsar S. Waked^* Department of Surgery, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt ^intsarahmed@hotmail.com Abstract:* The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of ibuprofen phonophresis versus topical application of ibuprofen in improvement of hand grip strength in psoriatic arthritic patients. Methods: Forty patients who had asymmetrical psoriatic arthritis in hand participated in this study. Their ages ranged from 30 to 50 years. Patients were classified randomly into two groups of equal numbers; group (1) (control group) received routine physical therapy (hot therapy, stretching and strengthening exercises), in addition to sham ibuprofen phonophoresis, while group (2) (studied group): received routine physical therapy, in addition to ibuprofen phonophoresis. Each patient was evaluated for grip strength, tender and swollen joint count before and after one month of treatment. The results revealed that there was a significant difference between both groups regarding to grip strength, tender and swollen joint count, with the percentage of improvement in group 1 were 56%, 54%, and 55% ,while in group 2 were 82%, 80% and 76% respectively. It is concluded that the results of the current study confirms the effectiveness of phonophoresis as a therapeutic modality enhancing the delivery of ibuprofen so increasing the percentage of improvement of grip strength in the studied group. [Amal M. Abd El Baky and Intsar S. Waked. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory phonophoresis versus topical application in improvement of hand grip strength in psoriatic arthritic patients. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):110-114]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key Words: Ultrasound, phonophoresis, ibuprofen, grip strength, psoriatic arthritic	Full Text	22
23	Biodegradation of PAH Compounds in the Rhizosphere of Tamarix nilotica: A Salt tolerant wild plant Eman A. Diab and Reham K.A. Badry Department of Plant Ecology and Range Management, Environmental Pollution Research Unit, DRC, Cairo, Egypt Abstract: During a scientific visit to a coastal area at Suez, Egypt, it was observed that Tamarix nilotica plant naturally dominated on oil polluted site in this area, indicating that this plant is a tolerant of the combined adverse effects of salinity and petroleum pollutants. This observation stimulated a study to investigate the rhizosphere effect of this plant on the degradation and removal of petroleum aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) compounds from this coastal saline soil. Accordingly, samples were collected from the rhizosphere and from the non-rhizosphere soil and studied. The results show that the rhizosphere soil of Tamarix nilotica was rich in total heterotrophic bacteria and oil-degraders. In the rhizosphere soil oil-degraders were of higher percentage (30.7%) compared to the non-rhizosphere soil (4.6%). Residual total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the non-rizosphere soil was 2.25% (w/w), while in the rhizosphere soil the percentage was 0.9% (w/w). This indicate a reduction of 60% of the TPHs. The saturates fraction in the rhizosphere as compared to the non-rizosphere soil was reduced by 87.5%, while the aromatics were reduced by 60.7%. It is of interest to find that the non-degradable asphaltenes and resins were reduced in the rhizosphere by 1.1% and 2.5% respectively. As a total the amount of PAHs (mgkg^-1 soil) were 1073.5 and 541.94 in the non-rhizosphere and rhizosphere soil respectively, i.e. with a loss of 49.5% in the rhizosphere. Chrysene and dibenzo(ah)anthracene as compared to the other PAHs were more frequent in the non-rhizosphere soil. These two compounds were reduced by 55.7% and 24.3% respectively in the rhizosphere. As a total the four-ringed PAHs as compared to other PAH groups were highly reduced (60.3%) in the rhizosphere, this was followed by the three-ringed PAH group (52.5%). The five-ringed and the six-ringed groups were weakly reduced (37.8% and 33.8% respectively). The 8 carcinogenic PAH group were collectively reduced in the rhizosphere by 49.1%. A particular notable distinction of the rhizosphere of Tamarix nilotica is the greater efficiency to degrade the carcinogenic PAH compounds especially flouranthene (75.4%), benzo(a)anthracene (63.4%) and pyrene (60.2%). Results of Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis for the detection of the accumulated PAHs in the shoot tissue of Tamarix nilotica plant growing in the polluted area as compared to that growing in non-polluted area show that the identified peaks in the tissue of both plants were 15 and 14 peaks respectively. The sum of the 15 PAHs was 528 mgkg^-1 dried tissue, whereas the sum of the 14 PAHs was 769 mgkg^-1 dried soil. This result indicate an accumulation value of 1.46. [Eman A. Diab and Reham K.A. Badry. Biodegradation of PAH Compounds in the Rhizosphere of Tamarix nilotica: A Salt tolerant wild plant. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):115-124]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Biodegradation , salt-tolerant plant , Tamarix nilotica , PAHs degradation	Full Text	23
24	The Effect of Soft laser Application on Orthodontic Movement (In vitro study) Tarek Momhamed Ibrahim, mostafa gheith ,Mona M. Abo-Elfotouh** * Ass. Prof. of Dental Laser Applications, Department of Medical applications of Laser, National Institute for Laser Enhancement Sciences, Cairo University. Ass. Prof. of Oral Radiology, Oral Medicine, Diagnosis& Oral Radiology Department, Faculty of Oral& Dental Medicine, Ain-Shams University Corresponding Author:tarek_ali_dentist@yahoo.com Abstract: The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of low level laser therapy on alveolar bone remodeling and rate of tooth movement secondary to application of orthodontic forces. 42 male Guinea pigs were used in this study. The animals were divided into two groups (each group contains 21 animals), group (1) received soft laser therapy at the treatment site and group (2) as a control group. The orthodontic device was cemented to the lower central incisors to be activated once only. Daily measurements were taken directly from the oral cavity to record the rate of tooth movement of the experimental groups. Seven animals of each group were sacrificed at 3 days, 2 weeks and one month. Radiographic assessment was carried out at these intervals using Radio-Visio-Graphy (RVG), with its personal computer (PC) based version, to monitor the changes in the bone density mesial to each lower central incisor. The lower jaws were histologically treated to obtain mesiodistal sections of the lower incisors with their supporting structures and stained by H & E. Conclusion: Soft laser can enhance the rate of orthodontic tooth movement due to stimulation of bone remodeling. [Tarek Momhamed Ibrahim, mostafa gheith ,Mona M. Abo-Elfotouh. The Effect of Soft laser Application on Orthodontic Movement (In vitro study). Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):125-135]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words:** Orthodontic treatment, laser therapy	Full Text	24
25	Nucleotide variations of 16S rRNA gene *of VacA positive Helicobacter pylori* strains isolated from human Gastric Biopsies in Saudi Arabia** Milyani MR ¹Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Corresponding author: rajaamilyani@hotmail.com ABSTRACT: Three isolates of Helicobacter pylori* (H. pylori) were originally isolated from gastric biopsies taken from patients complaining of gastric disorders in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. The isolates that previously revealed to be vaculating cytotoxin A positive were identified by 16S rRNA gene as H. pylori using a primer pair designed from the similar sequences within consensus regions of GenBank H. pylori to amplify the 163 bp fragment. Sequence alignments of 16S rRNA gene were performed and total numbers of 46, 55 and 40 nucleotide positional differences with base-pair substitutions were identified for these isolates compared to GenBank strains of H. pylori. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the three H. pylori strains formed a phylogenetically distinct group, separate from all other species of H. pylori. The three isolates were hence coined as H. pylori Milyani-1, -2 and -3 at GenBank database under the accession numbers HQ877021, HQ877022 and HQ877023, respectively. The obtained results evidently indicated a large diversity with unique characteristics of the three Saudi Arabian H. pylori strains from all the other established strains. [Milyani MR. Nucleotide variations of 16S rRNA gene *of VacA positive Helicobacter pylori* strains isolated from human Gastric Biopsies in Saudi Arabia.** Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):136-145]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. key words: Accessions HQ877021, HQ877022 and HQ877023, Helicobacter pylori, isolates, 16S rRNA gene, variations.	Full Text	25
26	Disk-Rim flywheel of minimum weight Bedier B. EL-Naggar and Ismail A. Kholeif Department of Engineering Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo Universty Giza, Egypt bbnaggar@hotmail.com Abstract: In this article the disk-rim flywheel is suggested for light weight. The mass of the flywheel is minimized subject to constraints of required moment of inertia and admissible stresses. The theory of the rotating disks of uniform thickness and density is applied to each the disk and the rim independently with suitable matching condition at the junction. Suitable boundary conditions on the centrifugal stresses are applied and the dimensional ratios are obtained for minimum weight. It is proved that the required design is very close to the disk with uniform thickness [Bedier B. EL-Naggar and Ismail A. Kholeif. Disk-Rim flywheel of minimum weight. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):146-149]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Disk-Rim; flywheel; minimum angular speeds; moment of inertia; radial and tangential stresses.	Full Text	26
27	Genetic variability and path coefficient analysis in sweet basil for oil yield and its components under organic agriculture conditions Ibrahim, M.M.¹, K.A. Aboud ¹ and R.M. Hussein² ^{1 & 2.} Genetics and Cytology Department National Research Centre, El-Behouth St., Dokki; P. Box; 12622; Cairo; Egypt. ^2. Present address: Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, KSA. mohamed_mostafa480@yahoo.com Abstract: Data for variability, heritability, genetic advance and path coefficient analysis for oil yield and related characters were conducted on 15 genotypes of sweet basil at two seasons in complete randomized block design. The results revealed that analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among genotypes in studied characters. Ranges of herb dry yield (HDY) (68.40 – 86.30 gm.), oil content (2.30-2.90 ml.) and oil yield (1.22-2.24 ml.) were obtained. Overall, the highest values of genotypic coefficients of variation (G .C. V %), genetic advance (GA%), and broad sense heritability (h²b) were obtained for stem dry weight (SDW), linear growth (LG), herb dry weight (HDW) and leaf dry weight (LDW). Path coefficient analysis for oil yield exhibited variation from season to other and slight variation was found among cuts. The highest direct effects on oil yield were observed for herb dry yield followed by stem dry weight and essential oil content; hence, the study reflected the importance of herb dry yield and essential oil content as selection criteria for improvement of oil yield in sweet basil. [Ibrahim, M.M., K.A. Aboud and R.M. Hussein. Genetic variability and path coefficient analysis in sweet basil for oil yield and its components under organic agriculture conditions. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):150-157]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Genetic variability; Path coefficient; Sweet basil; Organic agriculture	Full Text	27
28	*Antihepatotoxic Effects Of Ficus Vogelii* Ethanol Leaf Extract On The Liver Function Indices Of Ccl₄ –Induced Hepatotoxicity In Rats. EGBUNA, P. A. C.; JOSHUA, Parker Elijah and CHIGBO, Maureen Ujunwa Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria ABSTRACT:** This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-hepatotoxic effect of intraperitoneal administration of ethanol extract of Ficus vogeli (600mg/kg) in CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. Phytochemically, the leaf extract contains tannin, alkaloid, flavonoid, carbohydrates, protein, saponin, steroids, terpenoids, fats and oil. The administration of the Ficus vogelii extract was at one phase of the experiment according to the body weight of the test animals. The ethanol extracts of Ficus vogelii significantly reduced (p<0.05) the level of activity of the hepatic enzyme markers in the serum (Alanine amino transferase (ALT), Aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphate (ALP) and total bilirubin) which occurred due to induced oxidative stress. Relative to the control group, treatment with CCl₄ significantly raised the levels of ALT, ASP, AST and total bilirubin in the serum. The animals that received Ficus vogelii showed not only reduced hepatocellular degeneration but also of hepatocellular regeneration when compared to the liver of those exposed to CCl₄ alone. Thus the histopathological studies also supported the anti-hepatpotoxic action of the ethanol extract of Ficus vogelii. The results of this study clearly indicate that Ficus vogelii ethanol extract has a potent anti-hepatotoxicity action against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in rats. [EGBUNA, P. A. C.; JOSHUA, Parker Elijah and CHIGBO, Maureen Ujunwa. *Antihepatotoxic Effects Of Ficus Vogelii* Ethanol Leaf Extract On The Liver Function Indices Of Ccl₄ –Induced Hepatotoxicity In Rats. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):158-163]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords*: Ficus vogeli*; Hepatotoxicity; Carbon tetrachloride; Liver Function Tests	Full Text	28
29	Power Purchasing Agreements in Modern Power System Mohammad Sadegh Javadi ¹, Amin Javadinasab ¹ ¹Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran msjavadi@gmail.com Abstract: Power Purchasing Agreements (PPAs) are the recent contracts between Generation Companies (GENCOs) and Independent System Operator (ISO). After restructuring in power system, lack of motivations for Independent Power Producers (IPPs) to partnership in power generation and long term maintaining energy have affect the long horizon expansion planning. In this area, long term contracts can help the market entities to hedging their risks in satisfying the future demands and ensuring the return of their investment cost. From an IPP point of view, clarifying the rate of return of investment has an important role in his financial decision making. In competitive power market, each GENCO would offer in the market and some of them could exercise market power in power market. One of the proposed ways to controlling the market power is PPA. In this paper the PPA and some proposed PPAs are introduced and clarifying the weak and strong point of the PPAs are presented. [Mohammad Sadegh Javadi, Amin Javadinasab. Power Purchasing Agreements in Modern Power System, Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):164-169]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Power Purchase Agreements, Independent System Operator, Independent Power Producer, Renewable Energy	Full Text	29
30	*Evaluation of Some Growth Parameters and Chemical Composition of In Vitro* Grown Seedlings of Rumex vesicarius L. ( Polygonaceae).** El-Bakry, A.A., Mostafa, H.A.M. * and Eman, A. Alam , Botany Department, National Research Centre, Dokki,Giza, Egypt. , Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt. ael bakry@yahoo.com , afify hisham@hotmail.com and LaLaLaLaLa2011@yahoo.com Abstract:* The aim of this research is to evaluate differences in growth and chemical composition of in vitro grown seedlings (10, 20 and 30 days old) of Rumex vesicarius L. ( Polygonaceae) on either solidified MS medium or agar. Percentage of germination increased with time from 2 days till 16 days in case of seedlings grown on MS medium, and 10 days in case of seedlings grown on agar. Variations in seedlings length at 10, 20 and 30 days were non significant. Seedlings grown on agar were longer than seedlings grown on MS medium. Shoot: root ratio (%) decreased with time from 10 to 30 days, shoot: root ratio of seedlings grown on agar was less than these of seedlings grown on MS medium. Variation in shoot: root ratio of seedlings grown on either solidified MS medium or agar was highly significant. Fresh and dry weights of these seedlings increased with time in 10, 20 and 30 days old seedlings. Variations were highly significant in both fresh and dry weights. Fresh and dry weights of seedlings grown on MS medium were higher than seedlings grown on agar. Phytochemical screening of 10, 20 and 30 days old seedlings showed variations in the presence and / or amount of some biologically active constituents under investigation such as: flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and tannins, chlorides and Sulphates, these variations indicated that, the formation of these active constituents is positively or negatively related to time. Regarding total phenolics, of seedlings grown on MS medium, 20 days old seedlings had the maximum concentration (3.833±0.334 mg GAE_s/g F.W.), followed by 10 days old seedlings (1.910±0.334 mg GAE_s/g F.W.), while 30 days old seedlings were found to contain the least amount of phenolics (1.167±0.334 mg GAE_s/g F.W.). Variations in the amount of total phenolics within different seedlings were non significant. Seedlings grown on agar contained low amount of phenolics till 30 days old, compared with seedlings grown on MS medium. Total flavonoids were determined also, highly significant variations were found between 10, 20 and 30 days old seedlings grown on either MS medium or agar. The maximum amount of total flavonoids was found to be in 10 days old seedlings grown on agar (106.350±3.849 µg/g F.W.); flavonoidal contents were negatively related to time. In wild young plantlets of Rumex vesicarius L. at vegetative stage, total phenolics were found to be lower than in vitro grown seedlings. Plantlets roots were found to be the richest organ (1.695± 0.178 mg GAE_s/g F.W.), however roots contains about less than half amounts found in in vitro grown seedlings on MS medium at 20 days old (3.833±0.334 mg GAE_s/g F.W.). Wild young plantlets were rich in flavonoids. There were highly significant variations between plantlets parts. Leaves were found to contain the highest amount of flavonoids (2835.000 ± 305.757 µg/g F.W.). [El-Bakry, A.A., Mostafa, H.A.M. * and Eman, A. Alam*. Evaluation of Some Growth Parameters and Chemical Composition of In Vitro* Grown Seedlings of Rumex vesicarius L. (Polygonaceae). Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):170-179]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Rumex vesicarius L. - total phenolics - total flavonoids - phytochemical screening - in vitro grown seedlings	Full Text	30
31	The importance of indigenous knowledge in agricultural development Esmaiel Ghorbani¹ and Fatemeh Bakhtiar² ^{1, 2} Darab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Darab, Iran Corresponding author: abbasrezazadeh80@yahoo Abstract:* Different definitions were presented about indigenous knowledge by experts that each of them present their idea about this knowledge from their viewpoint. Each of them emphasis on a special aspect of indigenous knowledge according to their viewpoint. Oxford vocabulary define the word indigenous knowledge such this" it is created naturally in a region which is related to the people of that region. Indigenous knowledge is a knowledge that has been grown in a long time and has transferred from one generation to other generation in hereditary form . Williams and Molina have defined indigenous knowledge such this: indigenous knowledge is the learning methods, understanding and attitude to the world which is the result of experience and solving problems according to test and error by the people who are active and have used their available resources on its suitable time. Chambers with emphasizing on people's role in development process, believed that the phrase rural people's knowledge is more sensible than the other phrase such ethnic ecology, ethnographic knowledge, ethnic classification. He also believed that indigenous knowledge is a knowledge that is created naturally and is emanated from geographical circle. [Esmaiel Ghorbaniand Fatemeh Bakhtiar. The importance of indigenous knowledge in agricultural development. Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):180-184]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Indigenous knowledge, rural women	Full Text