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Science Journal

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The Journal of American Science

ISSN 1545-1003

Volume 7, Issue 7, Cumulated No. 40, July 25, 2011

Cover Page, Introduction, Contents, Call for Papers, am0707

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CONTENTS

No.	Titles / Authors	page
1	Indigenous Knowledge: priorities and necessities ¹ Mohammad Abedi, ² Ali Badragheh ^{1, 2} Department of Agricultural Economic, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch, Marvdasht, Iran Corresponding author: abedi114@yahoo.com Abstract:* Indigenous knowledge owners of world in current age (which known as information age) have valuable experiences from industry age and from inappropriate exploitation of their natural sources. These countries have learned that exporting produced goods is better than selling petroleum. enforcing indigenous productive system at villages and also encouraging youths and teens to learn indigenous knowledge at on hand , and preparing suitable research condition for applied-sciences scholars in order to identify better and increasing applied aptitude of indigenous knowledge at the other hand , is equal to protection and sustainable use of natural resources. [Mohammad Abedi and Ali Badragheh. Indigenous Knowledge: priorities and necessities. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):1-6]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: indigenous knowledge	Full Text	1
2	A ga algorithm for a two –echelon inventory system with space constraint & compare this with simulated annealing Seyyed Jamal Hosseini ¹, l.hojagani ² ^1. The head master of zonoz, payam–noor university, Iran ^2. Azad university of Qazvin, Iran pnu_zonoz @yahoo.com Abstract: One of the key areas of operations and supply chain management is inventory control. Inventory control determines which quantity of a product should be ordered when to achieve some objective , such as minimizing cost. This paper presents a two-echelon non-repairable spare parts inventory system that consists of one warehouse with space constraint and m identical retailers and implements the reorder point, order quantity ( R, Q) inventory policy . We formulate the policy decision problem in order to minimize the total annual inventory investment subject to average annual ordering frequency and expected number of backorder constraints. [Geeta Kharkwal, Poonam Mehrotra, Yaswant Singh Rawat. A ga algorithm for a two –echelon inventory system with space constraint & compare this with simulated annealing. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):7-12]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Two –echelon inventory system, Space constraint , Genetic , Simulated annealing	Full Text	2
3	An efficient method to improve Information Recovery on Web Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz ¹,Dr. Syed Muhammad Ahsen², Farzeen Abbas³, Muhammad Shaheen⁴ Syed Athar Masood⁵ ^{1,2,3, 4} Department of Computer Science & Engg, UET Lahore, Pakistan ⁵Department of Engineering Management, NUST College of E&ME, Rawalpindi Pakistan ¹ M.Shahbaz@uet.edu.pk, ² Ahsencs@hotmai.com, ³farzeenabbas@gmail.com, ⁴shaheen@uet.edu.pk, ⁵ atharmasood2000@hotmail.com Abstract: The information content on Web is very large and number of users is interacting with it in diverse manner and is growing fast. Information retrieval on web is concerned to capture precise and accurate content as requested in real time. To enhance the performance of Information Retrieval on web quality metrics are needed to be satisfied. The proposed research deals with introduction of such quality metrics, which can improve Information Retrieval systems on web. Different quality matrices are analyzed that are used for IR system. Information Retrieval metrics are already defined but they still could not make up with the relevancy requirement of users. Proposed Subsumption metrics is based on ontology to improve user query results and enhance the quality of retrieval. IR systems based on ontology are already in practise but they are not using any kind of metrics and they are specific to their respective domain. It is required to introduce such kind of metrics which is generic to all the systems and improves relevancy by incorporating Subsumption metrics. [Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz, Dr. Syed Muhammad Ahsan, Farzeen Abbas, Muhammad Shaheen. An An Efficient Method to Improve Information Recovery on Web. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):13-23]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Subsumption Metrics, Information Recovery	Full Text	3
4	Integrating Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing [Ofdm] And Multiple Input Multiple Output [Mimo] as Joint Transmission Scheme ¹Syed Ahsan, ²Muhammad Shahbaz, ³Syed Athar Masood ^1,2Department of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore ³ Department of Engineering Management, NUST College of E&ME, Rawalpindi Pakistan ¹ ahsancs@hotmail.com; ² m.shahbaz@uet.edu.pk, ³atharmasood2000@hotmail.com Abstract: Wireless medium is a hostile propagation medium suffering from multipath fading and interference from other sources. Time Diversity and Frequency Diversity provide provides effective methods to mitigate fading and interference, this improving link robustness. Spatial Diversity provides link reliability without compromising on spectral efficiency. Space-time-coding provides potentially increased robustness and capacity by exploiting the fact that multiple antennas can be used in both transmitting and receiving equipments. This spatial multiplexing technique is termed as Multiple-Input-Multiple-Out [“MIMO”]. Most of the previous work in the area of “MIMO” wireless has been restricted to narrowband systems. Orthogonal-Frequency-Division-Multiplexing [“OFDM”] significantly reduces receiver complexity in wireless broadband systems. The use of “MIMO” technology in combination with “OFDM” seems to be an attractive solution for future broadband wireless systems. This paper is aimed at looking at possible integration of “MIMO” with “OFDM” and establishing improvements it has to offer for wireless networks. Various schemes that employ multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver are being considered to improve the range and performance of communication systems. [Syed Ahsan, Muhammad Shahbaz, Syed Athar Masood. Integrating Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and Multiple Input Multiple Output as Joint Transmission Scheme. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):24-27]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Time Diversity, Frequency Diversity, OFDM, MIMO	Full Text	4
5	Sodium And Potassium Ion Losses In Rabbits Infected With Strains Of Aeromonas Hydrophila: Implication For Its Roles In Diarrhoea IDONIJE, O.B¹, OKHIAI O² & ASIKA E.C³. ¹Department of Chemical pathology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria ²Department of Nursing Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria . ³Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Madonna University Elele, River state, Nigeria. E-mail: dridonije@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: The plasma levels of sodium and potassium ions were periodically (at 12 hourly intervals) estimated in rabbits orally infected with clinical and environmental Isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila. Infections with clinical isolates resulted in a 54.5% and 32.1% losses in Na⁺ and K⁺ ions respectively after 96 hours. Infection with the environmental isolates was however less severe resulting in a 42.7% and 16.2% depletion of plasma Na⁺ and k⁺ respectively 96 hours post oral challenge. It is concluded that A. hydrophila isolates from this locality are capable of causing diarrhoea as evidenced by the results. It is suggested that patients with diarrhoea require prompt treatment in order to avoid allowing decrease in plasma electrolytes which will worsening prognosis thereby increasing morbidity and mortality associated with diarrhoea diseases. [Idonije O.B., Okhiai O., Asika E.C. Sodium and Potassium ion losses in Rabbits infected with strains of Aeromonas hydrophila: implication for its roles in diarrhoea. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):28-33 (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.] Key words: Enteropathogecity, Aeromonas hydrophila, Diarrhoea, immune suppression, infection.	Full Text	5
6	Application and Assessment of Kriging and Cokriging Methods on Groundwater Level Estimation Mohsen Moslemzadeh, Meysam Salarijazi, Samere Soleymani Department of Civil Engineering, Andimeshk Branch, Islamic Azad University, Andimeshk, Iran * Corresponding Author: moslemzadeh.mohsen@gmail.com Department of Civil Engineering, Andimeshk Branch, Islamic Azad University, Andimeshk, Iran meysam.salarijazi@gmail.com Department of Civil Engineering, Andimeshk Branch, Islamic Azad University, Andimeshk, Iran sameresoleymani@yahoo.com Abstract: Due to increasing demand for water using and shortage of surface water resources, managed use of groundwater has been so important in recent decades. Understanding spatial and temporal changes in groundwater has very important role in planning the use of groundwater as a one of most valuable water resources in the world. Kriging and cokriging methods are from those statistical categories methods which use magnitude, distance and vectorial information of nearby stations for estimation. In this study, kriging and cokriging methods compared with common arithmetic averaging methods for calculating the monthly average level of ground water in “Mian ab” basin and its changes has been set over the years. Error criteria RMSE and MEE are used for comparing methods. Results indicate that cokriging method’s accuracy is higher than kriging in calculating groundwater level and also the arithmetic averaging method (which has lower accuracy) has been led to higher level estimation of groundwater. . Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):34-39]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Application and Assessment; Kriging and Cokriging; Groundwater	Full Text	6
7	Financial Transmission Rights and Auction Revenue Rights Mohammad Sadegh Javadi ¹, Amin Javadinasab¹, Faride Ghanavati ¹ ¹Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran msjavadi@gmail.com Abstract: This paper surveys on two important issues in restructured power systems. One of them is Financial Transmission (FTR). Financial transmission right is a financial instrument which can improve the liquidity of operation in power system from point of view of all decision makers in competitive power systems. Another approach is Auction Revenue Rights (ARR) which ARR allocation consistent with congestion as determined by the FTR Auction. Analysis of these two mechanism and their impacts on long-term operation of power system are considered in this paper. Suppliers and large consumer, therefore, desire to contract in FTR to hedge their long-term risks. The FTR mechanism is based on the after settling market and determination Locational Marginal Price (LMP). In this area, delivery of energy (quantity and price) from the amount of FTRs which supplier is bidding for distinct path, and the price that the supplier is willing to pay for each FTR, are determined. This paper surveys on the long-term conditions of the FTR and mature one. [Mohammad Sadegh Javadi, Amin Javadinasab, Faride Ghanavati. Financial Transmission Rights and Auction Revenue Rights, Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):40-43]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Restructured Power System, Financial Transmission Rights, Auction Revenue Rights, Loacational Marginal Price.	Full Text	7
8	Electrochemical degradation of some pesticides in agricultural wastewater by using modified electrode Soha A. Abdel-Gawad¹, Kawther A. Omran², Mohamed M. Mokhatar² and Amin M. Baraka¹ ¹Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt ²Central Laboratory for Environmental Quality Monitoring (CLEQM), National Water Research Center (NWRC) soha.gawad@yahoo.com Abstract: This work deals with the possibility of using Ti/Rh-modified electrode for the electrocatalytic oxidation process of some pesticides (malathion, imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos). The Ti/Rh-modified electrode was prepared by brushing of rhodium nitrate solution on preanodized titanium substrate and annealing. The results of the electrolytic oxidation were expressed in term of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, which was determined instrumentally. For the Ti/Rh-modified electrode (anode), the highest electrocatalytic activity was obtained in the presence of NaCl as conductive electrolyte. The different operating conditions of electrocatalytic oxidation process were studied which include: current density, pH, electrolysis time, initial pesticide concentration and conductive electrolyte concentration. The optimum operating conditions for the above mentioned electrode was determined.. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):44-50]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Ti/Rh-modified electrode combined electrochemical oxidation, pesticides, chemical oxygen demand (COD).	Full Text	8
9	Influences gender on adjustment and self-esteem among adolescents Armin Mahmoudi Assistant Professor, Department of Studies in Education, Yasouj branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasouj,Iran Armin Mahmoudi Assistant Professor, Department of Studies in Education, Yasouj branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasouj,Iran. Email: dehlidena@yahoo.com Abstract: In the present study an attempt is made to see whether male and female adolescents studying in standard 9 differ in their level adjustment and self esteem. A total of 100 adolescent students studying in Yasouj city were randomly selected. They were administered Bell’s Adjustment Inventory (1968) (which measured adjustment of an individual in 4 areas-Home, health, social and emotional) and Self esteem inventory developed by Cooper and Smith (1987), which measured self esteem of an individual in 5 areas-general self, social self, home parents, lie scale and school academic. Independent samples ‘t’ test was applied to see the differences between male and female students. Results revealed that male students found to have higher levels of self esteem compared to female students. Further, Gender had no differential influence over adjustment scores in home, health, emotional, and social areas. [Armin Mahmoudi. Influences gender on adjustment and self-esteem among adolescents. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):51-54]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words: Adjustment, Self-Esteem, Adolescence, Gender, Inventory	Full Text	9
10	The Effect Of Freezing And Heating On The Infectivity Of Sarcocystis fusiformis To Cats and Evaluation Of ELISA For Its Diagnosis In Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) ¹*El-Kelesh, E.A.M., ²Abdel- Maogood, S. Z. , ²Abdel-wahab, A.M., ¹Radwan, I.G.H. and ¹Ibrahim, O.** ¹Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza.²Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University. dr.azza1973@yahoo.com Abstract:* One hundred and thirty oesophageal muscles of slaughtered water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) were examined macroscopically for detection of Sarcocystis fusiformis cysts. The prevalence of S. fusiformis cysts in the examined buffaloes (3-6 years old) was 65 (50%), their dimensions ranged from 10.0–45.0 mm length & 1.5-7.0 mm width. Cats fed on fresh S. fusiformis cysts or those exposed to temperature at 50°C for 15 minutes were infected and shed Sarcocystis oocysts and sporocysts. Boiling of S. fusiformis cysts for 15 minutes, refrigeration for 3 days at 4ºC and freezing for 2-3 months at -18 ºC were effective in inactivating the cysts in buffalo meat. The antibodies against S. fusiformis were detected in 77 (59.23%) sera of the examined buffaloes by ELISA using bradyzoites of the same species. [Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7):55-57]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words: Adjustment, Self-Esteem, Adolescence, Gender, Inventory Key words: Sarcocystis fusiformis, heating, freezing, ELISA.	Full Text	10
11	Effects of 90min Exposure to 8mT Electromagnetic Fields on Memory in Mice Elham Foroozandeh Department of Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran, Hassan Ahadi Department of Psychology, Science and Research, Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Parviz Askari Assistant Professor Department of Psychology, Ahvaz branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, IRAN, ^Corresponding Author: Askary47@yahoo.com Manoochehr Sattari Naeini* Naein Branch, Islamic Azad University, Naein, Iran *Abstract*: The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF EMF) on memory function in mice. Memory function was evaluated with passive avoidance learning in a standard wooden box that despite his natural tendency, mice learns to stay on a small platform to avoidant electric shock. 24h after learning session, laboratory animals were placed in a sinusoidal electromagnetic field created using a round coil, for 90 minutes to exposure to an 8mT, 50Hz. Then animals were placed on small platform again and step-down latency measured as memory index. The results showed that exposure to a 50 Hz, 8mT electromagnetic field for 90 minutes has devastating effects on memory function in male mice. [Parviz Askari. Effects of 90min Exposure to 8mT Electromagnetic Fields on Memory in Mice. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7):58-61]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: electromagnetic field; memory;cognition;mice	Full Text	11
12	The effect of light, tone and movement interferences on selective association behavior in laboratory white rats during day and night *Alireza Heydarei¹, ^Parviz Askari¹, Bahman gorjian², Hamdollah², Jayervand³** 1. Assistant Professor Department of psychology, Ahvaz branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, IRAN, 2. Assistant Professor Department of psychology, Abadan branch, Islamic Azad University, Abadan, IRAN, 3. MA in Psychology ^Corresponding Author: Askary47@yahoo.com Abstract* This study investigated the effect of light, tone and movement interference on selective association behavior in laboratory white rats during day and night circle. Subjects included four white laboratory rats (i.e., 2males and 2 females). They were randomly selected and divided into two experimental and control pairs. These pairs were exposed to day and night stimuli such as shock avoidance, and compound antecedent stimuli (i.e., light, tone and movement). Both pairs were exposed to shock avoidance either at nights or during the day to arrive at the level of asymptote. At the next stage, two pairs were exposed to antecedent stimuli by deleting shock reinforcement either at nights or during the daytime to be conditioned during training and reinforcement. The research method was behavior experimental analysis. Test results and observations were analyzed and the findings revealed that there was significant difference between the frequencies of the associations at night or during the daytime (p<.05). However, there was not a significant difference between light, tone, and movement association frequencies at night and daytime in both pairs (p<.050). [Parviz Askari. The effect of light, tone and movement interferences on selective association behavior in laboratory white rats during day and night. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7):62-67]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words: light, tone, movement, interferences, stimuli, rats, avoidance training	Full Text	12
13	The study of simple and multiple relationships between the variables of perfectionism and imposture feeling with the mental health of MA students ^*Parviz Askary, Alireza Heydarei Assistant Professor Department of psychology, Ahvaz branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, IRAN, ^Corresponding Author: Askary47@yahoo.com Abstract:* The present research investigated the simple and multiple relationships between the variables of perfectionism and imposture feeling with the mental health of MA students of Science and Research University, Ahvaz Branch. In this research, perfectionism and imposture feeling are predictable variables and general mental health is the criterion variable. The examined sample consists of 131 male and 130 female students of Ahvaz Science and Research University who were selected through multi- stage random sampling method. In order to collect data, four questionnaires of Ahvaz reality distortion Scale, Clance’s Imposture Feeling Scale, Ahvaz Perfectionism Scale and SCL 25 Scale were used. The present study is a fundamental research of correlation method and in order to analyze data, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Multi-variable Correlation Coefficient were utilized. The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between perfectionism and imposture feeling with mental health. Moreover, the correlation between perfectionism and imposture feeling was significantly positive. [Parviz Asgari. The study of simple and multiple relationships between the variables of perfectionism and imposture feeling with the mental health of MA students. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):68-74]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words: perfectionism, imposture feeling, mental health	Full Text	13
14	Evaluation Biochemical of color changes in bean root glands ^Tayeb Saki Nejad, Alireza Shokoohfar Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, IRAN Corresponding Author: saki1350@iauahvaz.ac.ir Tayebsaki1350@yahoo.com ،^ Abstract: Research project as a split plot experiment in randomized block design with four replications in the research farm, Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz were executed. The main treatments include bean plant varieties and different levels of secondary treatments were N fertilizer. about 21-25 knots formed days after sowing on plant roots began in the nodes, which consists of very small (the highest average diameter of 0.21 Cm), mostly green and white had a few that Colors mark the node recently and is also lack of nitrogen fixation. After 35 days of planting the color pink, reddish nodules were marked and there was lag, hemoglobin, and nitrogen fixation was started in the red bean nodules average 10 days after flowering continued. The different levels of nitrogen in terms of value increase be white within the gland more time your showed such treatment 80 kg N fertilizer per hectare, white inside glands 60 days after planting in 64 percent of the nodes was observed But in the 40 kg ha treatment 40 days after planting, only 12 percent of white lumps were observed. Green, white and non-efficient Nitrogenase enzyme that normally expresses the growth was achieved during the primary colors red, pink and biological nitrogen fixation efficiency and the approximately 35 days after planting continued until after flowering, and brown or black aging glands shows that 10 days after flowering, the color nodes showed.[Tayeb Saki Nejad, Alireza Shokoohfar. Evaluation Biochemical of color changes in bean root. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7):75-78]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org Keywords: Evaluation; Biochemical; color; bean root glands	Full Text	14
15	The Importance and the Necessity of "Studying" and the effective factors on its reduction from the viewpoint of the people in East Azarbayjan province, Iran Kobra Namvaran¹, Dr. Sadegh Maleki Avarsin², Rajab Rabavi³ 1.Yavaran Roshd Company Manager, Tabriz, Iran, kobranamvaran@yahoo.com, 00989144023873 2.Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran 3. Applied Education Research Center, Tabriz, Iran Abstract: The number of the scientific articles and the rate of reading books and magazines are the most important indicators of scientific, cultural, social and economical growth and development in any country. This study was done in order to examine the importance & necessity of “studying” from the viewpoint of the people in East Azarbaijan. The design of the research was measurative and descriptive. The statistical community was “all the people in East Azarbaijan”(1,846,244 persons); the sample included “660 persons” and the sampling method was multi-phas clustral sampling. The tools for this study, was researcher-made questionair with 0/94 reliability. For the analysis of the datas T-test, Anova, Pierson correlation coefficient, Multi-variable regression and hierarchial evaluation, were used. The results indicated that “studyng” is important in the familial, economic, cultural, social, political and business awareness growth and the most important factors on the reduction of the “studying” respectively were: not having enough opportunity and motivation for studying, the attractive television progrom. It is suggested that the cheap and poket-sized books should be published and the mass media should devote columns or programs for introducing and criticizing of this printed books; in order to make the people familiar with the books and make them pick out suitable books for studying in their short opportunities. [Kobra Namvaran, Dr. Sadegh Maleki Avarsin, Rajab Rabavi, The Importance and the Necessity of "Studying" and the effective factors on its reduction from the viewpoint of the people in East Azarbayjan province. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):79-85]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org Keywords*: studying, book, biblio	Full Text	15
16	Effect of irrigation on the yield of mungbean cultivars ^*Maryam Nabizade¹, Tayeb Saki Nejad², Mani Mojadam³ 1- Department of Agriculture. Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran, 2- Assistant Professor Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, IRAN, (*Thesis* *Supervisor) 3- Assistant Professor Department of Agronomy, Ahvaz branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, IRAN ^Corresponding Author: maryamnabi86@yahoo.com Abstract: In order to study the effect of irrigation on yield quality and quantity and morphological characteristics of mungbean, pilot in the summer 2010 on a farm located in the city HAMIDIH using factorial design in randomized complete block with four replications. In this experiment four levels of irrigation 7, 10, 13, and 16-day and three local varieties, and the essence of radiation were studied and evaluated. During different stages of plant growth with eight times the level of field sampling of shoot dry weight, leaf dry weight, and pod dry weight, seed dry weight and leaf area was measured at physiological maturity was produced yield. Studies showed the best yield cultivar associated with the essence of seven-day irrigation (3328 kg ha) was. And most of the biological function associated with a 7 day gem varieties and irrigation amount was 9273 kg ha maximum harvest index to local varieties and 10 days irrigation amount was 49 percent. The results showed that the most appropriate gem varieties and cultivars 7 days irrigation is the most appropriate irrigation. Because the highest grain yield, biological yield the most won. . Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7): 86-90].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words: mungbean, irrigation, yield	Full Text	16
17	Serum Retinol Level in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease *Mahmoud A. Ashour¹; Ihab Barsoum^1; Amal A. Z. Dewedar¹; Ahmed M. A. El-Fattah¹ and Amal F. Gharib²** ¹Department of Internal Medicine, ²Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, EGYPT. ^{dr_ihabbarsoum@yahoo.com} Abstract:* Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The rate of HCC development among HCV-infected persons ranges between 1% and 3% after 30 years. Retinoids are known to possess an anti-tumor role by suppressing tumor promotion and progression. Retinoid depletion is often observed during pre-malignant status and cancer development. Loss of retinoid activity or responsiveness is closely linked to carcinogenesis in several organs. This work aimed to investigate serum retinol levels in patients with chronic hepatitis C, liver cirrhosis and HCC and to assess its importance as a risk factor for the development of HCC. A total of 90 subjects were included in the study and were assigned to the following 4 groups. Group I included 15 healthy subjects as a control group. Group ІI included 15 patients presented with chronic hepatitis C infection. Group ПI included 45 patients with liver cirrhosis, it was further categorized according to Child Pugh classification into three groups; Group ПI a: It included 15 Child grade A patients. Group ПI b: It included 15 Child grade B patients. Group ПI c: It included 15 Child grade C patients. Finally Group IV included 15 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Controls had significantly higher serum retinol level than HCV and HCC patients. Higher level of serum retinol was found in Group I, while the lower levels were found in Group IV and Group III c. Serum retinol mean value was significantly higher in patients with HCC on top of apparent normal liver than those on top of cirrhotic liver. Serum retinol was inversely correlated to age. No significant correlation was found between duration of interferon therapy, gender and serum retinol level. A positive correlation was found between serum retinol level and Hb, platelets count and albumin level, while negative correlation was found between serum retinol level and other liver function test parameters & serum creatinine. High significant difference was found between different histopathological grades in liver biopsy and serum retinol level. The highest serum retinol level was associated with normal liver and the lowest was associated with shrunken cirrhotic liver with multifocal lesion. Patients receive interferon therapy had a higher serum retinol level than patients do not receive interferon therapy. We concluded that serum retinol levels are lower in patients with chronic liver disease and is directly related to the severity of liver disease. Serum retinol levels are significantly lower in patients with HCC superimposed on liver cirrhosis compared with patients who have cirrhosis alone. Further studies are needed to elucidate role of retinol levels in the development of HCC and if retinol supplementation will be of help. [Mahmoud A. Ashour; Ihab Barsoum; Amal A. Z. Dewedar; Ahmed M. A. El-Fattah and Amal F. Gharib. Serum Retinol Level in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7): 91-102].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Serum Retinol; Patient; Chronic Liver Disease	Full Text	17
18	Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids source and its effects on the native turkey’s liver important beneficial fatty acids Ramin Salamatdoustnobar , Abolfazl Ghorbani, Kambiz Nazer Adl, Seyaed Saied Ghaem Maghami Department of Animal Science, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran r.salamatdoust@gmail.com Abstract:This experiment was conducted to evaluated canola oil on the some of beneficial fatty acids of Iranian native turkey liver. Nine male turkey chicks randomly divided into three experimental treatments (Three levels of canola oil; 0, 2.5 and 5 percent) with three replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets consisted of: Basal diet with 0, 2.5 and 5 percent of canola oil. adrenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and α-linolenic acid significantly affect canola oil and this status show that canola oil could improved liver fatty acids profile. [Ramin Salamatdoustnobar , Abolfazl Ghorbani, Kambiz Nazer Adl, Seyaed Saied Ghaem Maghami. Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids source and its effects on the native turkey’s liver important beneficial fatty acids. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):103-106]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Canola oil, Iranian native turkey, n-3 fatty acids, liver	Full Text	18
19	Physico-chemical properties of tempeh produced from chickpea seeds Ferial. M. Abu-Salem and Esmat A. Abou-Arab Department of Food Technology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt ^eabouarab@yahoo.com Abstract:* Chickpea seeds are rich source of protein (24.63 %), fat (5.62 %), carbohydrates (64.60 %), ash (3.30 %) and fiber (1.85 %). The ant-nutritional factors of raw chickpeas were 7.98, 4.64, 10.96 and 269.38 mg /g dry matter, phytic acid, tannins, trypsin and total phenols, respectively. These seeds are a good source of K (771.77), Ca (156.13), Na (107.34), Mg (152.58), Cu (0.98), Fe (6.85) and Zn (3.83 mg /100 mg). Tempeh was produced from chickpea flour after soaking, blanching (whole seeds), blanching (dehulled) and inoculated with a suspension of Rizophus oligospours. The product was evaluated for nutritional quality. Protein in tempeh (28.85 %) was higher than that recorded in raw seeds. However, fat (2.84), ash (2.10) and fiber (1.68 %) were affected due to soaking, blanching and fermentation. Carbohydrates content (64.53 %) was not affected due to the previous treatments. Anti-nutritional factors of tempeh were reduced by 71.18, 73.22, 89.78 and 67.84 % with phytic acid, tannins, trypsin and phenols, respectively compared with this content in raw chickpeas. Protein solubility, water solubility index and water absorption index. In-vitro protein digestibility, in tempeh was higher compared with raw chickpeas. Determination of color showed that ∆E (color difference) of tempeh was high (18.79). Also, essential amino acids reached to their high values in tempeh.. [Ferial. M. Abu-Salem and Esmat A. Abou-Arab. Physico-chemical properties of tempeh produced from chickpea seeds. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7):107-118].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words: Tempeh – blanching – anti-nutritional factors - chickpeas	Full Text	19
20	*Effect of Zataria Multiflora* Extract on Degradability Kinetics, of Sunflower Meal Mohammad Salamat Azar, Ramin Salamat Doust-Nobar, Yahya Asadi, Morteza Kiani Nahand, Saeid Najafyar, Bakhshali Khodaparast, Hamed Aminipour Department of Animal Science, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran m.salamatazar@gmail.com Abstract:** The aim of the present study was conducted to survey effect of adding different levels (0, 0.15, 0.3 ml/30ml buffered rumen fluid) of Zataria multiflora water extract (ZMWE) on sunflower meal (SM) degradability were studied by in vitro gas producing techniques. Gas production test with mixtures of filtered rumen liquid of three Taleshi native male cattle rumen in times of 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were performed. Chemical composition for dry matter, crude protein, and Non-Fibrous Carbohydrate 95.88, 30, and 12.73 percent, respectively. The results showed that gas volume at 24 h incubation (for 200 mg dry samples), were 42.40, 41.41 and 40.52 ml/200 mg DM for SM, levels 0.15 ZMWE and 0.3 ZMWE, respectively. the gas production from soluble fraction (a), the gas production from insoluble fraction (b), rate constant of gas production during incubation (c) and the potential gas production (a + b) contents of SM were 3.607 (ml/200 mg DM), 49.32 (ml/200 mg DM), 0.135 (ml/h) and 52.92 (ml/200 mg DM), while for level 0.3 ZMWE were 4.655 (ml/200mg DM), 48.66 (ml/200 mg DM), 0.134 (ml/h) and 53.321 (ml/200mg DM). [Mohammad Salamat Azar, Ramin Salamat Doust-Nobar, Yahya Asadi, Morteza Kiani Nahand, Saeid Najafyar, Bakhshali Khodaparast, Hamed Aminipur. Effect of Zataria Multiflora Extract on Degradability Kinetics, of Sunflower Meal. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):119-122]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Non-Fibrous Carbohydrate; zataria multiflora; sunflower meal; gas production technique; crude protein; Taleshi native male cattle	Full Text	20
21	*The study canola meal degradability with Zataria Multiflora* Extract Using in Vitro Gas Production Technique Mohammad Salamat Azar, Ramin Salamat Doust-Nobar, Yahya Asadi, Morteza Kiyani Nahand, Saeid Najafyar, Bakhshali Khodaparast, Hamed Aminipur Department of Animal Science, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran m.salamatazar@gmail.com Abstract:** This experiment was conducted to survey effect of adding different levels (0, 0.15, 0.3 ml/30ml buffered rumen fluid) of Zataria multiflora water extract (ZMWE) on canola meal (CM) degradability were studied by in vitro gas producing techniques. Gas production test with mixtures of filtered rumen liquid of three Taleshi native male cattle rumen in times of 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were performed. Chemical composition for dry matter, crude protein, were and Non-Fibrous Carbohydrate 93.7, 35, and 21.46 percent, respectively. The results showed that gas volume at 24 h incubation (for 200 mg dry samples), were 47.32, 47.30 and 47.12 ml/200 mg DM for CM, levels 0.15 ZMWE and 0.3 ZMWE, respectively. the gas production from soluble fraction (a), the gas production from insoluble fraction (b), rate constant of gas production during incubation (c) and the potential gas production (a + b) contents of CM were 2.15 (ml/200 mg DM), 54.96 (ml/200 mg DM), 0.113 (ml/h) and 57.12 (ml/200mg DM), while for level 0.3 ZMWE were 1.73 (ml/200mg DM), 54.64 (ml/200 mg DM), 0.112 (ml/h) and 56.37 (ml/200 mg DM). [Mohammad Salamat Azar, Ramin Salamat Doust-Nobar, Yahya Asadi, Morteza Kiani Nahand, Saeid Najafyar, Bakhshali Khodaparast, Hamed Aminipur. The study canola meal degradability with Zataria Multiflora Extract Using in Vitro Gas Production Technique. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):123-126]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: crude protein; Zataria multiflora; canola meal; gas production technique; dry matter; water extract; rumen liquid	Full Text	21
22	The study Zataria Multiflora Water Extract effects On the Short Chain Fatty Acid, Net Energy, Metobolizable Energy and Organic Matter Digestibility Of Sunflower Meal Using In Vitro Gas Production Technique Mohammad Salamat Azar, Ramin Salamat Doust-Nobar, Yahya Asadi, Morteza Kiani Nahand, Saeid Najafyar, Bakhshali Khodaparast, Hamed Aminipour Department of Animal Science, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran m.salamatazar@gmail.com Abstract: This experiment was conducted to survey effect of adding different levels (0, 0.15, 0.3 ml/30ml buffered rumen fluid) of Zataria multiflora water extract (ZMWE) on sunflower meal (SM) degradability were studied by in vitro gas producing techniques. Gas production test with mixtures of filtered rumen liquid of three Taleshi native male cattle rumen in times of 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were performed. Chemical composition for ether extract , ash, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were 5.97, 5.5, 45.8 and 30.6 percent, respectively. The results showed The organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME), short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and net energy for lactation (NE_l) contents of SM were 8.36 MJ/kg DM, 0.937 mmol and 4.533 MJ/kg DM, while for level 0.3 ZMWE were 64.76 g/kg DM, 8.04 MJ/kg DM, 0.895 mmol and 4.664 MJ/kg DM. [Mohammad Salamat Azar, Ramin Salamat Doust-Nobar, Yahya Asadi, Morteza Kiani Nahand, Saeid Najafyar, Bakhshali Khodaparast, Hamed Aminipur. The study Zataria Multiflora Water Extract effects On the Short Chain Fatty Acid, Net Energy, Metobolizable Energy and Organic Matter Digestibility Of Sunflower Meal Using In Vitro Gas Production Technique. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):127-130]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: metabolizable energy; zataria multiflora; sunflower meal; gas production technique; neutral detergent fiber; organic matter digestibility	Full Text	22
23	*Zataria Multiflora* Extract could affect Metobolizable Energy and Organic Matter Digestibility of Canola Meal? Mohammad Salamat Azar, Ramin Salamat Doust-Nobar, Yahya Asadi, Morteza Kiani Nahand, Saeid Najafyar, Bakhshali Khodaparast, Hamed Aminipour Department of Animal Science, Shabestar branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran m.salamatazar@gmail.com Abstract: This experiment was conducted to survey effect of adding different levels (0, 0.15, 0.3 ml/30ml buffered rumen fluid) of Zataria multiflora water extract (ZMWE) on canola meal (CM) degradability were studied by in vitro gas producing techniques. Gas production test with mixtures of filtered rumen liquid of three Taleshi native male cattle rumen in times of 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were performed. Chemical composition for ether extract , ash, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were 3.4, 7.14, 33 and 22 percent, respectively. The results showed The organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME), short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and net energy for lactation (NE_l) contents of CM were 79.46 g/kg DM, 10.27 MJ/kg DM, 1.046 mmol and 5.28 MJ/kg DM, while for level 0.3 ZMWE were 41.85 g/kg DM, 3.63 MJ/kg DM, 1.047 mmol and 1.22 MJ/kg DM. [Mohammad Salamat Azar, Ramin Salamat Doust-Nobar, Yahya Asadi, Morteza Kiani Nahand, Saeid Najafyar, Bakhshali Khodaparast, Hamed Aminipur. Zataria Multiflora Extract could affect Metobolizable Energy and Organic Matter Digestibility of Canola Meal?. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):131-134]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Zataria multiflora; Canola Meal; gas production technique; neutral detergent fiber; organic matter digestibility	Full Text	23
24	Integrating Evidence Based Nursing into the Critical Care Nursing Course: Challenges from Students’ Perspectives *^1Eman Mohamed Zahran and²Eman El-Sayed Taha** ¹Emergency and Critical Care Nursing Dept., ²Nursing Education Dept., Faculty of Nursing, University of Alexandria, Egypt eman.zahran@alex-nursing.edu.eg Abstract:* In critical care settings, there is a considerable need for highly experienced and knowledgeable nurses making efficient clinical decisions. Utilization of evidence based nursing (EBN) guides clinical decisions and practices. Therefore, it is important for critical care nurses to receive the necessary education to practice EBN. This begins with the ability to ask a clinical question and search for evidence answering it properly, which were the focus of teaching in this study. Therefore, this study aims to identify challenges to integrating EBN into the critical care nursing (CCN) course from students’ perspectives. Undergraduate students who were enrolled into the CCN course on January 2010, Faculty of Nursing, University of Alexandria, were included in the study. Different teaching/learning strategies fostering adult learning were utilized to teach EBN related activities. A questionnaire was developed to identify challenges to integrating EBN into the course. Study findings indicated that about two thirds of total students have a moderate level of negative attitude to integrating EBN in the critical care practice. Most of students have moderate challenges to integrating activities of EBN into the CCN course. Two thirds of the students indicated that challenges related to course coordination are moderate. In relation to practicing EBN related activities, formulating a focused clinical question was moderately or highly challenging to the students. Searching for research evidence was moderately challenging to more than half of students. Time constraint while searching the internet was the highest top reported challenge. In conclusion, integrating EBN into the CCN course was challenging to students in different levels. Most of challenges were related to a lack in background research knowledge and skills and time constraints. So, the current study recommended that students have to receive their research course as one of the fundamental courses. In addition, more time management is required, in which an arrangement between different courses schedules and adequate time to practice free learning activities should be provided. [Eman Mohamed Zahran andEman El-Sayed Taha. Integrating Evidence Based Nursing into the Critical Care Nursing Course: Challenges from Students’ Perspectives. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7):135-144].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words:evidence based nursing (EBN)–critical care nursing (CCN)–teaching/learning approaches.	Full Text	24
25	Barriers and facilitators to research utilization in critical care settings ¹*Anas Ezz, ²Eman Mohamed Zahran, and ^2Azza Hamdi El-Soussi** ¹Ministry of health, Syrian Arab Republic. ²Emergency and Critical Care Nursing Dept., Faculty of Nursing, University of Alexandria, Egypt ^aelsoussi@gmail.com Abstract:* Basing critical care nursing practice on best research evidence is a key issue for the high standard quality care in critical care settings. However, it has been identified that there is a research -practice gap. Thus, the current study aims to identify barriers and facilitators to research utilization (RU) in critical care settings as perceived by the critical care nurses. This study was conducted at eight intensive care units (ICUs), Main University Hospital, University of Alexandria. Two hundred nurses who were working in these ICUs over the period from 6/ 12/ 2009 to 10/ 1/ 2010 were included in the study. Barriers and facilitators to research utilization questionnaire was used to identify barriers and facilitators to RU in critical care settings. Study findings shows that RU is challenged in critical care setting by several barriers. A number of facilitators to RU are suggested by the research findings to overcome these barriers. RU is affected by several factors, such as; nurses’ age, experience, residence, and level of English language. Therefore, improving nurses’ research related knowledge and skills, and adequate organizational support from the critical care setting to RU are the main to strategies recommended to overcome barriers to RU in ICUs. [Anas Ezz, Eman Mohamed Zahran, and Azza Hamdi El-Soussi. Barriers and facilitators to research utilization in critical care settings. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7):145-154].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Barriers and facilitators to research utilization, critical care practice, critical care nursing	Full Text	25
26	Diet manipulation could influence liver Polyunsaturated and mono unsaturated fatty acids of Azerbaijan native turkeys? Ramin Salamatdoustnobar , Abolfazl Ghorbani, Kambiz Nazer Adl, Seyaed Saied Ghaem Maghami Department of Animal Science, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran r.salamatdoust@gmail.com Abstract: An experiment was performed to study canola oil on the Polyunsaturated and mono unsaturated fatty acids of Iranian native turkey liver. Nine male turkey chicks randomly divided into three experimental treatments (Three levels of canola oil; 0, 2.5 and 5 percent) with three replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets consisted of: Basal diet with 0, 2.5 and 5 percent of canola oil. Application of canola oil could decresed mono unsaturated fatty acids and increased Polyunsaturated fatty acids content and usage vegetable oils one of the ways to increased animal tissue quality and this status has direct effects on the human health. [Ramin Salamatdoustnobar, Abolfazl Ghorbani, Kambiz Nazer Adl, Seyaed Saied Ghaem Maghami. Diet manipulation could influence liver Polyunsaturated and mono unsaturated fatty acids of Azerbaijan native turkeys? Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):155-157]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Canola oil, Iranian native turkey, PUFA, MUFA, liver	Full Text	26
27	Accountability in public Administration Farhad Nejadirani Assistance Professor of Management, Faculty of Social Science, Department of Management, Bonab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bonab, Iran. E-mail: irani@bonabiau.ac.ir, farhad.nejadirani@gmail.com Abstract: Nowadays, one of the basic subjects of plans of development in various countries is the development of the Administrative system structure and behavior for performance improvement and the increasing of accountability in public administration. In the recent citizen – oriented world the creation of accountable and efficient government is one of the modern approaches and strategies in public administration. Considering strategic importance of creation and developing accountable government, the present paper at the framework of fundamentals and theories of accountability in public administration, first it presents the Necessity and the importance of developing accountable government and then Explains the definition, the proposes, the approaches, the types, the equipments and the dimensions of accountability in public administration respectively, then accountability in public sector with private sector and also have been compared to accountability in traditional model with new model of public administration and finally the correlation of government accountability with the process of making administrative system democratized and client’s satisfaction has been studied. [Farhad Nejadirani. Accountability in public Administration. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):158-163]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Accountability, Citizen Focus, Development of Administrative system, Performance Management, Client’s satisfaction, Public Organizations.	Full Text	27
28	Evaluation of Abrasion Behaviour of Knitted Fabrics under Different Paths of Martindale Tester N. A. Kotb¹, Z. M. Abdel Megeid² 1. Faculty of Education, Department of Technical education, Helwan, University, Egypt 2. National Research Center, Textile Research Division, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt nabihakotb@yahoo.com Abstract: The Martindale tester is used for both the abrasion, pilling resistance of fabrics, and straight line test by adjusting three moving parts, each one has three setting levels; making twenty seven paths possibilities. According to the standards there are only three types of motion to perform different tests. Therefore the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of other setting possibilities on abrasion behaviour. The Lissajous patterns which consist of the Path traced by the fabric over the abradent in Martindale tester have been drawn in continuously changing directions at different setting. The total numbers of working conditions are sixteen patterns, since some adjustments did not work or gave the same path or lines. Then the areas of all patterns have been calculated and analyzed. Three samples of knitted fabrics produced from three counts have been tested at the combinations of different path of the Martindale tester. Therefore forty eight results of abrasion resistance for all fabrics at different settings have been measured and analyzed. Using Martindale standard testing setting is not enough to determine the actual abrasion behaviour of knitted fabrics. Other probabilities of setting, producing other different patterns in area and shape, could be simulated to the actual abrasion behaviour of fabrics during the end use. It could help the textile designer and producer to understand and improve their products according to the actual performance requirements. [N. A. Kotb, Z. M. Abdel Megeid. Evaluation of Abrasion Behaviour of Knitted Fabrics under Different Paths of Martindale Tester. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):164-169]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Lissajous curve figures – Abrasion resistance- Martindale-weft knitted fabric	Full Text	28
29	Risk of Bacteremia in Splenectomised Cirrhotic Patients after Elective Oesophageal Injection Sclerotherapy *Essam A.Wahab^1,Mahmoud A.Ashoor ¹and Hanan S.Ahmad ²** ¹Internal Medicine Department, ²Clinical pathology Department, Zagazig Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt, ^essamabdewahab72@gmail.com Abstract:* Injection sclerotherapy still predominant in many Egyptian endoscopic units and is usually associated with transient bacteremia in up to 30 % of upper GI endoscopies .The risk of bacteremia is more common in cirrhotic patients scheduled for injection sclerotherapy. The splenectomised cirrhotic patients are more susceptible to this risk. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of bacteremia in splenectomised cirrhotic patients who underwent injection sclerotherapy in our unit. Patient and Methods: A prospective observation study was conducted in our endoscopy unit, Internal Medicine department, Zagazig University Hospital, Egypt, over a period of six months from December 2009 to May 2010. One hundred and forty cirrhotic patient (78 male and 62 female were included in this study and were classified into two groups (according to absence or presence of the spleen); patient group; included 80 splenectomised cirrhotic patient and control group that included 60 non-splenectomised cirrhotic patient (35 male and 25 female). All patients were cirrhotic (Child A and B), and they were referred for scheduled elective endoscopic injection sclerotherapy. High sensitive CRP (HsCRP) and blood culture 10 minutes before and 20 minute post-endoscopy were taken for all patients. Presence or absence of bacteremia was detected and recorded. Results: No positive blood cultures were detected before the endoscopy for all patients. 20 patients (14.3%) of the whole participants had positive blood culture after injection sclerotherapy; 3 of them (5%) were in non-splenectomised patients (control group) and 17 (21.25%) were in splenctomised patients (patients group). Positive blood cultures were more frequent in Child B patients compared to Child A (13 vs. 7) in both splenctomised and non-splenectomised patients with statistically significant difference. HsCRP was significantly elevated in Child B patient compared to Child A patients (P=0.018), moreover, HsCRP was highly elevated in positive culture cases regardless the Child status of the patients. Six types of micro-organisms were isolated in our study: Actinomyces (3), Candida Albican (2), Salmonella typhi (3), alpha haemolytic Streptococci (4) and coagulase negative Staphylococci (4) and Streptococcus Viridian (4). Conclusion: Prevalence of bacteremia was higher in the injection sclerotherapy splenectomised cirrhotic group compared to non- splenectomised cirrhotic group, and in Child B patients more than Child A ones. [Essam A.Wahab^,Mahmoud A.Ashoor and Hanan S.Ahmad. Risk of Bacteremia in Splenectomised Cirrhotic Patients after Elective Oesophageal Injection Sclerotherapy. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7):170-174].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Risk; Bacteremia; Cirrhosis; Endoscopy; Splenectomy	Full Text	29
30	Moisture-dependent physical properties of paddy grains H. Zareiforoush^1, B.Hosseinzadeh¹, M.E.Adabi¹ A.Motavali¹ ¹Islamic Azad University, Shahreh Qods Branch, Dِepartment of Engineering, Shahreh Qods, Iran hemad.zareiforoush@yahoo.com Abstract: In order to design of harvesting, conveying and processing equipments, it is necessary to determination of physical properties of grains and agricultural commodities. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of moisture content on some physical properties of paddy grains. Six levels of moisture content ranging from 8 to 24% (d.b.) were used. The average length, width, thickness, equivalent diameter, surface area, sphericity, thousand grain mass, angle of repose and aspect ratio increased from 10.20 to 10.28 mm, 2.31 to 2.42 mm, 1.85 to 1.94 mm, 3.53 to 3.66 mm, 36.87 to 39.16 mm², 34.53 to 35.46 %, 24.43 to 28.27 g, 38.27° to 46.13° and 0.226 to 0.236, respectively, as the moisture content increased from 8 to 24 % (d.b.). As the moisture content of paddy grains increased from 8 to 24% (d.b.), the bulk density and true density were found to increase from 381.77 to 428.5 kg/m³, and 1328.65 to 1372.41 kg/m³ respectively, while the porosity was found to decrease from 71.27 to 68.78%. The static coefficient of friction of paddy increased linearly against various surfaces, namely, glass (0.3577-0.4973), galvanized iron sheet (0.4629-0.5295), and plywood (0.4856-0.5830) as the moisture content increased from 8 to 24% (d.b.). [H. Zareiforoush, B.Hosseinzadeh, M.E.Adabi A.Motavali. Moisture-dependent physical properties of paddy grains. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7):175-182].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords:* Agricultural equipment, design, Moisture content, Paddy grain, Physical properties	Full Text	30
31	Counseling for Mothers to Cope with their Autistic Children *Hanan, T. Elbahnasawy^1 and Naglaa, M. Girgis²** ¹Pediatric Nursing &²Community Health Departments, Faculty of Nursing, ¹Menoufya University &²Banha University ^hanan.elbahnasawy@iu.edu.jo Abstract:* This study is an experimental research aiming to evaluate the effect of counseling for mothers to cope with their autistic children (AC), through: 1) Identifying mothers' needs according to physical, social, motor, and emotional coping patterns for their autistic children, and 2) Developing counseling program according to mothers' needs and evaluating the effect of counseling on physical, social, motor, and emotional coping patterns of mothers. This study was conducted at the Special Needs Care Center in the Institute of Post-graduate Childhood Studies, Autistic and Psychiatric Clinics affiliated to Ain Shams University and Egypt Autistic Society. The sample of convenience consisted of 90 mothers providing care for their children suffering from autism. Data were collected through three tools: 1) Interviewing questionnaire to assess children's and their mothers’ socio-demographic characteristics and mothers practices. 2) Family Impact of Childhood Disability (FICD) Scale, to assess subjective interpretation or primary appraisal of parent regarding to child with developmental disabilities into family systems and its impact on the family as an entity. 3) Medical records of the studied autistic children to determine the degree of disability. The main results revealed that the children were completely dependent on their mothers in basic daily activities also were prone to moderate and substantial degree of impact. There were statistically significant improvements in mothers' coping with needs of their autistic children. The study recommended that media focuses to increase people awareness with the aid of health team professionals in prompting tolerance and understanding of autism with a clear explanation, so individuals with autism will be better integrated in the society. [Hanan, T. Elbahnasawy and Naglaa, M. Girgis. Counseling for Mothers to Cope with their Autistic Children. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7):183-192].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words: Autism, Counseling, Mothers, Coping.	Full Text	31
32	Impact Of An Steroidogenesis Inhibitor Drug On Structure And Ultrastructure Of Mammalian Testis *Waslat W. Elshennawy and Hanaa R. Aboelwafa** Department of Biology and Geology, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Cairo, Egypt ^dr-waslat@hotmail.com Abstract:* ketoconazole, an imidazole derivative is currently used in the medical fields as an anti-fungal and steroidogenesis inhibitor drug. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of ketoconazole on the structural and ultrastructural characteristics of mammalian testis. So, twenty adult male rats weighing 150-200 g. were divided into two groups; group I were i.p. injected with 10mg/100g.b.wt. of ketoconazole dissolved in 1ml physiological saline solution daily for 15 days. Whereas, group II was injected with 1ml saline solution in the same manner. Histologically, testes of treated rats were surrounded by thickened tunica albuginea, and consisted of deformed seminiferous tubules ensheathed by irregular basal lamina and having deformed Sertoli cells, necrotic spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and rounded spermatids, in addition to, deformed elongated spermatids exhibiting unusual amounts of residual cytoplasm extending from them into the lumen of the tubules. Deformed spermatozoa may be seen in the lumens of some of these affected tubules. Also, the interstitial tissue displayed vacuolation, necrotic Leydig cells and vasodilatation of the blood vessels engorged with stagnant blood cells are seen. Ultrastructurally, treated testes showed thickening and irregularity of the surrounding basal lamina, necrotic spermatogonia detached from the basal lamina and having pyknotic nuclei separated from the surrounding cytoplasm leaving clear zones. Primary spermatocytes and rounded spermatids exhibiting signs of necrosis, deformed elongated spermatids and malformed spermatozoa, in addition to, necrotic Leydig cells were frequently observed. In conclusion, the obtained results suggested that the testicular structural and ultrastructural alterations observed following ketoconazole administration may be responsible for the inhibition of the steroidogenesis. This decrease in steroidogenic activity has been suggested as the primary cause of spermatic production failure. Therefore, these destructive impacts of ketoconazole on the rat testes indicates that it should be used under strict medical care. [Waslat W. Elshennawy and Hanaa R. Aboelwafa. IMPACT OF AN STEROIDOGENESIS INHIBITOR DRUG ON STRUCTURE AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MAMMALIAN TESTIS. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7):193-203].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words: histology, imidazole, ketoconazole, rat, steroidogenesis, testis, ultrastructure	Full Text	32
33	*Modeling of drying Lavandula officinalis* L. leaves** Hossein AhmadiChenarbon^1* , Seyedeh Masoomeh Hasheminia² Sama technical and vocational training college, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Varamin-Pishva, Iran. ²Department of Agronomy, Rodehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rodehen, Iran. ^Corresponding author: email: h.ahmadi@iauvaramin.ac.ir Abstract:* Storage of agricultural crops after harvesting is important to keep quality and quantity of the dried materials in a good level, particularly for medicinal plants and herbs because of reduction of essential oils and changes of qualitative properties such as color, which both of them influence on the economical value of the products. Drying process of Lavandula officinalis L. leaves was studied and modeled in this investigation. Independent variables were temperature at three levels (40, 50 and 60^◦C), air velocity at two levels (0.5 and 1 m/s) and product depth at three levels (1, 2, and 3cm). The experiments were performed as factorial with complete random design in three replications. Seven drying models, namely Yagcioglu, modified Page, Page, Henderson and Pabis, Lewis, two-term and Verma, were examined to fit the data. The Page model was found as the best model with highest R² and lowest χ², RMSE and P-values. [Hossein AhmadiChenarbon. Modeling of drying Lavandula officinalis L. leaves. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):204-208]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: drying; modeling; Lavandula officinalis L.	Full Text	33
34	Evaluated of Egyptian buffaloes crossing with Italian buffaloes for reproductive traits Fooda, T. A.; Elbeltagi , A. R.; Laila R. Hassan and SetEl-habaeib S. Awad Animal Production Research Institute-Buffalo Breeding Research Department- Dooki- Giza - Egypt Tarek_Fooda@yahoo.com; Ahmed_elbeltagi@yahoo.com; lailarashad@hotmail.com; dr_habaeb@yahoo.com Abstract: In 2003, MoA (Ministry of Agriculture) approved the commercial importation and utilization of Italian buffaloes (IT) semen, which is being uncontrollably spread around the country; a practice needs prior performance and genetic assessment for both milk production and reproduction traits. In a previous publication (Fooda et. al., 2011) the milk productivity was studied, and the current one handles the reproductive traits. Two of the private dairy buffalo farms that utilize Italian semen for obtaining the crossbred along with the native buffalo were selected from two different ecological zones to be included in this study being "Ganat Elreda" farm in Ismaeleia governorate (Newly reclaimed desert area) and "United Group" farm in Qaliobeia governorate (old delta). This study aims to evaluate the Egyptian Italian buffalo crosses (1/2EG.1/2IT) for some reproductive traits, in comparison to their Egyptian contemporaries (EG), to assess the crossing trial. The traits included age at first calving (AFC), number of service per conception (NS), gestation period (GP), calving interval (CI), days open (DO) and service period (SP). A total 177 records, 102 record from Ganat Elreda farm (57 record EG and 46 record ½EG.½IT; and 74 records from United Group farm (26 record EG and 48 record ½EG.½IT) was utilized, covering the period from 2007 to 2009. Results obtained indicate that the Egyptian buffaloes performed better than the crossbreed for (NS), (CI), (DO) and (SP) traits. Since the results for NS, CI, DO and SP were 1.2, 395, 71 and 38 days, respectively for EG, while for crossbred, the results were 1.87, 429, 118 and 76 days, respectively in farm1. And in farm 2, the results were 1.82, 418, 104 and 77 days for EG, but, the results were 2, 433, 119 and 85 days, respectively for crossbred. [Fooda, T. A.; Elbeltagi , A. R.; Laila R. Hassan and SetEl-habaeib S. Awad. Evaluated of Egyptian buffaloes crossing with Italian buffaloes for reproductive traits. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):209-213]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Egyptian and Italian buffaloes, crossing, reproduction traits.	Full Text	34
35	Genetic Diversity of Some Egyptian Durum Wheat Cultivars *Fouda, A. H.^1 ; Gad, Khaled. I. M.²; Diab, A. A.^1,3 ; Safwat, G.^1,4 and Hussein, M. H⁵.** ¹ Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, (MSA), Egypt ²Wheat Department, Field Crops Research Institute (ARC), Egypt ³ Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Egypt ⁴ Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Egypt ⁵Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt monahuss@yahoo.com Abstract:* The objective of this investigation was to assess the genetic diversity among three Egyptian durum wheat i.e. Beni Suif 4, Beni Suif 5 and Beni Suif 6 and one bread wheat i.e. Sids 12 cultivars using sodium dodecyle sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and randomly amplified polymorphic (RAPD) markers. Protein electrophoreses showed that Beni Suif 4 was characterized by the absence of band-3 with 41.56 kDa. RAPD analysis showed that the number of polymorphic amplicons was 56 out of a total of 93 amplicons, thus revealing a level of 60.0 % polymorphism. The highest genetic similarity revealed by RAPD analysis (95.0%) was between Beni Suif 5 and Beni suif 6. While, lowest similarity (65 %) was found between Beni Suif 4 and Beni Suif 5. The dendrogram separated Sids 12 from all the other genotypes, thus demonstrating the distinctiveness of the genetic background of this genotype from all the other genotypes. The three genotypes constituted a subcluster divided into two groups, one group composed of Beni Suif 5 and Beni Suif 6 , while the second group comprised Beni Suif 4. [Fouda, A. H.; Gad, Khaled. I. M.; Diab, A. A.; Safwat, G. and Hussein, M. H. Genetic Diversity of Some Egyptian Durum Wheat Cultivars. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7):214-221].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words: Durum Wheat, RAPD, Dendrogram, Dice coefficient, Polymorphism, Turgidum.	Full Text	35
36	Novel design metrics to measure real time environment application design. Mahmood Ahmed¹, Dr. M. Shoaib¹ ¹Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology Lahore Pakistan mahmood@uet.edu.pk, shoaib_uet@hotmail.com Abstract: In this paper we have defined a set of novel design metrics for measuring the design of specially real time environment applications. The aim of the defined new metrics set is to measure the design before handing over to the implementation team. The errors in the design can cost you money and time. Majority of the methodologies leave the task of managing the issue of task deadlines for software programmers in the implementation phase at the coding language stage. LCSF is measured for various methodologies. A non real time system design is also measured for design metrics. Results are plotted and discussed. [Mahmood Ahmed, M. Shoaib. Novel design metrics to measure real time environment application design. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):222-226]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Deadlines, Design Metrics, Teal Time Systems, Design Measurement.	Full Text	36
37	Ranking repair and maintenance projects of large bridges in Kurdestan province using fuzzy TOPSIS method Heresh SoltanPanah¹ Hiwa Farughi², Seiran Heshami³ ¹Corresponding author, Department of Management, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran. ²Faculty of Engineering, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175, Sanandaj, Iran,h_farughi@iust.ac.ir ³Faculty of Humanities,Islamic Azad University-Sanandaj branch, 66179-87811, Sanandaj, Iran, s.heshami@yahoo.com Abstract: In this paper multi criteria decision making tools have been used for bridge risk assessment and for planning the investigation, repair and maintenance of bridges. For this purpose, at first, risks that influence bridges have been recognized and they have been classified in six groups as risks arising from earthquake and their effect on the sphere, design and traffic insufficiency, flood, structural system, structural resistance against earthquake and different design, building or maintenance problems. The risks have been assessed based on their consequence on four criteria as safety, functionality, cost and environment. Finally, a method has been proposed for planning the bridges repair and maintenance projects using multi criteria decision making tools. In a case study, large bridges in kurdestan province have been ranked based on the intensity of recognized risks using fuzzy TOPSIS method. [Heresh SoltanPanah Hiwa Farughi, Seiran Heshami. Ranking repair and maintenance projects of large bridges in Kurdestan province using fuzzy TOPSIS method. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):227-233]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. *Keywords*: bridge, risk sources, risk assessment, repair and maintenance, Fuzzy TOPSIS	Full Text	37
38	Evaluation of soil erosion and sediment yield using semi quantitative models: FSM and MPSIAC in Eivaneki watershed and the sub basins (Southeast of Tehran/Iran) Shirin Mohamadiha¹, Hamid Reza Peyrowan², Reza Mousavi Harami³, Sadat Feiznia⁴ 1- PhD student of sedimentology, Department of geology, research and science branch, Islamic Azad University,Tehran/Iran 2-Associate Professor of soil conservation and management Institute^, 3-Professor Department of geology, Mashhad Ferdowsi University^, 4-Professor Department of agriculture Tehran University Corresponding author: smohamadiha@gmail.com; s_mohamadiha@yahoo.com Abstract: Soil erosion and sediment yield are the most important environmental problems that should be considered. Erosion is not only cause of soil degradation but also fills dam reservoirs; irrigation structures and decreases their capacity. Because of no sediment reservoir (check dams) at the Eivaneki watershed outlet that can show the yearly sediment yield, both of the semi-quantitative models (FMS and MPSIAC) are used to evaluate the annual rate of sediment in five Eivaneki watershed sub basins. In modified FSM model five factors: topography, vegetation, gully erosion, lithology and watershed shape with the score range of 1 to 3 were studied and scored. The nine MPSIAC model factors consist of: lithology, soil, climate, run off, topography, vegetation cover, land use, surface erosion and channel erosion. The specific sediment yields that were evaluated by using FSM model are 0.91 ton/ha/y and 3.21ton/ha/y with MPSIAC. Also rainfall simulator was used in order to classify the erodible formation in Eivaneki watershed. After evaluating the rate of sediment in Eivaneki watershed, these quantitative values compared with each other and the result of Eivaneki gauging station (0.93 t/ha/y). Results showed that FSM evaluation was nearer to SSY than MPSIAC. [Shirin Mohamadiha, Hamid Reza Peyrowan, Reza Mousavi Harami, Sadat Feiznia. Evaluation of soil erosion and sediment yield using semi quantitative models: FSM and MPSIAC in Eivaneki watershed and the sub basins(Southeast of Tehran/Iran). Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):234-239]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Sedimentyield, FSM, MPSIAC, Rainfall simulator, Eivaneki watershed	Full Text	38
39	[Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7):240-251]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 12	Full Text	39
40	[Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7):252-261]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 10	Full Text	40
41	The comparative investigation of the customer's and manager's views of the Non-profit employment agencies about the relationship of the mixed factors of marketing of the services with customer attraction Fereydoun Omidi ¹ ^1. Department of Management, Islamic Azad University, Central Shushtar Branch, Shushtar, Iran f.omidi1389@gmail.com Abstract: Today, paying deep attention to customers and customer-centered centers is the secret of employment market .The purpose of this investigation is to do a comparative investigation about the customers' views and managers of the non-profit employment offices about the relationship between the mixed factors of the marketing of services in order to improve the performance of non-profit employment offices to satisfy customers and attract them more .The investigation sample includes managers and customers of the non-profit employment offices of Khuzestan province (N=260).According to the resources existing in the special quarries, the effect of the mixed factors of the marketing of services with customers attraction and the characteristics of non-profit employment offices, the researcher-made quarry has been used. Two tests have been used in this research .The test of the total ranks and that of Fredman, according to the fact that there are two types of independent statistic societies (statistic society of managers and customers) exist, these tests have been used to test these tests. The results show that there is a meaningful disagreement between the viewpoints of customers and managers of non-profit employment offices about the mixed factors of marketing of the services. [Fereydoun Omidi. The comparative investigation of the customer's and manager's views of the Non-profit employment agencies about the relationship of the mixed factors of marketing of the services with customer attraction. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):262-265]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Mixed marketing of the services; customer; marketing of the services; Employment Services	Full Text	41
42	The role of soft power in foreign policy of Islamic Republic of Iran Ebrahim Anousheh ¹ ^1. Department of Law and Political Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran anooshe1389@gmail.com Abstract: Since the ideological elements entered into Iranian’s orientation and guideline, the Islamic revolution of Iran brought Iran's foreign policy to a paradigmatic shift. After this revolution, the secular and west-driven Iran changed into an ideologic and independent player, so that it has defined its orientations, aims, and national benefits in an Islamic ideological framework to a great extent. As far as religion is concerned, Islamic revelation of Iran has a lot in common with many countries in the Middle East, and these common aspects have made Iran more influential among Shiites and Islamic movements. This article intends to study and examine the effect of ideology on foreign policy of Iran and that how this ideology has formed the frame of Iran's foreign policy as a source of soft power. [Ebrahim Anousheh. The role of soft power in foreign policy of Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):266-270]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Islamic Republic of Iran; Ideology; Shiism; Middle East; Soft power	Full Text	42
43	Comparing the behavior of reinforced HSC beams with AFRP bars and confined HSC beams with AFRP sheets under bending R. Rahgozar ¹, M. Ghalehnovi ², E. Adili ³ ^1. University of Shahid Bahonar, Kerman, Iran ^2. University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran ^3. Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan Branch, Zahedan, Iran ehsan.adili@gmail.com Abstract: By increasing the use of FRP composites in civil engineering, they seem highly essential to be studied. The purpose of the study is comparison of the behavior of AFRP reinforced HSC beams (reinforced with AFRP bars) and steel reinforced HSC beams which confined with AFRP sheets under bending. Eighteen beams have been modeled with ANSYS. Three beams are HSC which reinforced with AFRP bars. After modeling, the results have been compared with experimental results and then software has been calibrated. Then twelve steel reinforced HSC beams which confined with AFRP sheets (with different number of laminates) have been modeled. In addition three simple steel reinforced HSC beams have been modeled as the base of comparison. At the end behavior of aforementioned beams has been compared and corresponding graphs have been sketched. [R. Rahgozar, M. Ghalehnovi, E. Adili. Comparing the behavior of reinforced HSC beams with AFRP bars and confined HSC beams with AFRP sheets under bending. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):271-275]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: HSC beams; AFRP bars; bending; modeling; ANSYS	Full Text	43
44	Environmental Factors in Iranian Architecture Abdolbaghi Moradchelleh ¹ ^1. Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture, Kyiv, Ukraine a.moradchelleh@gmail.com Abstract: Evolution of architecture is influenced by many external factors including environmental, ethnical, demographical, cultural, and religious factors. Among these, we consider environmental factor as the most active and powerful factor considering its objectivity and remaining constant. This article deals with the environmental conditions of Iran by zoning its territory and considering that the traditional principles in Iranian architecture and urbanism is directly connected with the country’s nature, as well as regional characteristics of individual regions. Moreover, problems of construction design zoning, and also traditional designs and materials in architecture of civil buildings depending on climatic, seismic, wind conditions and other objective factors are discussed. Predominant influence of the spiritual Islamic culture on traditions of Iranian architecture is addressed. The author concludes that the coincident use of modern Iranian architecture, just like other countries, and the traditional principles and the forms is not anachronism, and the organic continuity of architecture development is historically justified, functionally useful, and compositionally effective. Naturally, this provision does not preclude the active search for improvement of these guidelines and forms, while maintaining their unity with the natural and climatic conditions. [Abdolbaghi Moradchelleh. Environmental Factors in Iranian Architecture. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):276-287]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Climate and environment of Iran; Construction design zone; Traditional architecture	Full Text	44
45	The effect of yoga training with different sessions on mental health and some blood factors in non-athlete women Zahra Mojirzadeh ¹ ^1. Department of Physical Education, Islamic Azad University, Shushtar Branch, Shushtar, Iran mojirzadeh1390@yahoo.co.uk Abstract: This research was done to investigate the effect of 6 weeks yoga training with different sessions on mental health and some blood factors (Glucose, Cholesterol, LDL, HDL and Triglycerides) of female teachers in Avaz. 100 female non-athlete and healthy teachers with the mean age of (35±2.5) were divided into 4 groups randomly. The first group was session yoga training in a week group, the second were 2 sessions yoga training in a week, the third group were 3 sessions’ yoga trainings in a week and the forth group was the people without yoga training or control group. Every yoga session is taking 90 minutes (including Asana, Pranayama and Shavasana training). The survey instruments were international questionnaire of SF36 used for measuring mental health, related components and the required equipments for blood test to measure blood factors measured as pre-test and post-test. In the statistical analysis at first one-way ANCOVA and Sequential Bonferroni test were used and for all the hypotheses significance level was used 0.05. The results showed a significant difference between the studied blood factors and mental health eight components in the third group with the control group. The current data can be effective in the design of yoga trainings programs to improve mental health and life quality and improving blood factors for different people. [Zahra Mojirzadeh. The effect of yoga training with different sessions on mental health and some blood factors in non-athlete women. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):288-294]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Mental health; Yoga trainings; Glucose; Cholesterol; HDL; LDL	Full Text	45
46	Effect of honey bee venom on Lewis rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis as regards changes of GABA and glutamate Akbar Karimi ¹, Kazem Parivar ², Mohammad Nabiuni ¹, Saied Haghighi ¹, Sohrab Imani ¹, Hosein Afrozi ¹ ^1. Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran ^2. Tarbiat Moallem University, Tehran, Iran a.karimi1389@yahoo.co.uk Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease of central nervous system (CNS). Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely accepted animal model for MS. Honey bee venom (Apis mellifera) contains a variety of different low and high molecular weight peptides and proteins including melittin, apamin, adolapin, mast cell degranulating peptide and phospholipase A2. Bee venom (BV) also could exert anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects on the inflammatory reactions. Glotamic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are among neurotransmitters of central nervous system and participated in excitatory and inhibitory processes. In EAE the amount of GABA reduces and the level of glutamate will increase. Tracing them in brain could useful in monitoring the influences of drugs. In this research, hematoxylin and eosin methods for inflammation, ELISA to study tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and HPLC, to study the amount of GABA and glutamate were used for assessment. In this study, we showed that in EAE level of GABA has reduced and the amount of glutamate has increased and bee venom decreases pathological changes and the level of serum TNF-α, and level of glutamate and increases the level of GABA in EAE rats induced by spinal cord of guinea pig. [Akbar Karimi, Kazem Parivar, Mohammad Nabiuni, Saied Haghighi, Sohrab Imani ¹, Hosein Afrozi. Effect of honey bee venom on Lewis rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis as regards changes of GABA and glutamate. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):295-300]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Bee venom; Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis; GABA; glutamate	Full Text	46
47	Relations of serum aldosterone and microalbuminuria to left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension Soma Sh Abd El Gawad, Mohamed A Helaly, Ayman Ahmed Abd-Elaziz, Ahmed W Soliman, Nader Elshahat, Wael R Rifaie, Eid M Daoud, and Amal Kamel Selim** Departments of Clinical Pathology, Internal Medicine, Cardiology* and Biochemistry*, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University somaabdelgawad@yahoo.com** Abstract: Background: The identification of risk factors for the initiation of left ventricle hypertrophy (LVH), which is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in hypertensive patients, is very important. The present study examined the role of aldosterone and microalbuminuria in LVH and geometry in patients with essential hypertension (EHT), and investigated the contribution of myocardial fibrosis to the process of LVH. *Methods:* The relationship of the plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) to LVH and left ventricular (LV) geometry was investigated in 57 patients with EHT; mean age, 51 ± 10.2 years. Twenty-five had LVH. When evaluated according to the geometrical patterns of LVH, 14 patients had concentric LVH (CH), 11 had eccentric LVH (EH), and 12 had concentric remodeling. Twenty patients had normal left ventricle geometry. Two weeks after the cessation of antihypertensive medications, sodium, potassium, total protein and microalbumin in 24-hour urine samples and plasma aldosterone levels, plasma renin activity and serum procollagen type III amino-terminal peptide (PIIINP) were measured. *Results:* PAC of the patients with LVH was found to be significantly higher (23.0±5.6 versus 12.9±3.72 ng/dl, p=0.0001) than those without LVH. The difference between plasma renin activities was not statistically significant. Linear regression analysis revealed that plasma aldosterone level and age were independent parameters increasing left ventricle mass index (LVMI). PAC correlated with both LVMI (r=0.913, P=0.0001) and relative wall thickness (RWT: r=0.744, P=0.0001). In patients with LVH (LVMI ≥134 g/m²), the serum concentration of PIIINP, a marker of myocardial fibrosis, correlated with RWT (r=0.422, p=0.001) and LVMI (r= 0.664, P=0.0001). The serum PIIINP concentration was significantly higher in the CH group than in the EH group (0.74±0.11 vs 0.66±0.19 ng/ml, respectively; p<0.05). Twenty-four hour urine microalbumin concentrations of the patients with LVH were found to be significantly higher (P=0.003) and positively correlated with LVMI and PAC (P=0.0001). *Conclusions:* Aldosterone may be involved in LVH and LV geometry, particularly in the development of CH. Myocardial fibrosis seems more strongly involved in the hypertrophic geometry of CH than with EH. A strong relation between microalbuminuria with aldosterone and LVMI was detected. The value of selective aldosterone blockers in preventing target organ damage awaits further investigations. [Soma Sh Abd El Gawad, Mohamed A Helaly, Ayman Ahmed Abd-Elaziz, Ahmed W Soliman, Nader Elshahat, Wael R Rifaie, Eid M Daoud, and Amal Kamel Selim: Relations of serum aldosterone and microalbuminuria to left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension. [Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):301-312]. (ISSN: 1545-1003).http://www.americanscience.org Key Words: Aldosterone; Essential hypertension; Left ventricular hypertrophy; Left ventricular geometry; Procollagen type III amino-terminal peptide; Microalbuminuria.	Full Text	47
48	Correlates of Physical and Psychosocial Functioning Among Burn Patients Salwa A. Mohamed^1 and Hanan Soliman² ¹Medical Surgical Department, Faculty of Nursing, Fayoum University ²Adult Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University sam15@fayoum.edu.eg Abstract: The burn injury can one of the most serious and devastating injuries among people of all ages. The aim of the study was to identify correlates of physical and psychosocial functioning among burn patients. The study was conducted at the burn units of El-Mansoura University Hospital. Design: descriptive correlational design was used. Tools which were used for data collection: 1) Sociodemographic data and clinical data. 2) Brief Burn Specific Health Scale is adopted from (*Kildal et al.,* 2001), to assess physical and psychosocial function in individual suffering from burn injury. The results of this study showed a statistically significant improvement in the physical and psychological functioning scores among patients from admission to discharge from hospital. This study concluded that Patients with burn injury suffer from a multitude of physical problems that alter their physical and psychosocial functional. Consequently, regular and comprehensive nursing intervention for follow up of these patients is necessary for life saving. Burn patients experience low functional outcome on the admission of hospital, which slightly improves during, by the discharge from hospital. This study recommended replication of the study on a larger probability sample from different geographical areas, to achieve more generalizable results. [Salwa A. Mohamed and Hanan Soliman. Correlates of Physical and Psychosocial Functioning Among Burn Patients. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7): 313-318].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key words:** Burn injury, Physical, Psychological functioning	Full Text	48
49	Effect of Soybean on Bone Health of Male and Female Albino Rats *Serag El Din, O. S; ^Batta, H. Abd El Azim; Abd El Fattah, N.** Zoology Department, College for Women’S College, Ain Shams University. ^bh_forgany@ yahoo.com Abstract:* Litanies of health benefits are frequently attributed to soy but it's also considered as endocrine disruptors, indicating that it has the potential to cause adverse health effects as well. Consequently the present study investigated whether consumption of soybean has health benefits or adverse effects on bone health. Each sex was randomly divided into 4 groups, control group fed on the basal diet (AIN93 G),and three treated groups given 30, 60 and 90 g cooked soybeans/70 kg human body weight (b.w.) for three months . Female and Male rats showed that soybean increased serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and decreased calcium (Ca) level in bone and serum. In the present study found that soybean have adverse effects on bone of male and female [Serag El Din, O. S; Batta, H. Abd El Azim; Abd El Fattah, N.Effect of Soybean on Bone Health of Male and Female Albino Rats. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7): 319-324].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Soybean, bone PTH, Ca, rats.	Full Text	49
50	Institutional Governance Effect on the Shadow Economy in Asia Arash Jamalmanesh¹Noor Aini Khalifah² ¹Department of Management, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran arshjamalmanesh@yahoo.com ²Associate Professor of Economics, National University of Malaysia (UKM), Faculty of Economics and Business Abstract: This paper analyses how institutional governance, affect the shadow economy, using an Asian country data. The literature strongly emphasizes the quantitative importance of these factors to understand the level and changes of shadow economy. However, the limited number of studies uses cross-sectional country data with a relatively few number of observations, and hardly any paper has investigated governance and provides evidence using within country data. Using more than 35 proxies that measure institutional governance factors and political behavior we find strong support that its increase leads to a smaller shadow economy. Furthermore, an increase in poverty and political stability increases the size of the shadow economy. [Arash Jamalmanesh, Noor Aini Khalifah. Institutional Governance Effect on the Shadow Economy in Developing Countries: A Panel Data Analysis. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7):325-333] (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Institutional Governance, Shadow Economy, Poverty, Asian Countries, Political Stability, Panel Data Analysis	Full Text	50
51	Clinical utility of plasma NT-proBNP in ruling out heart failure among Egyptian patients Magda S. Mahmoud¹, Mie A. Mohammed¹, Abeer A. khayyal¹, Olfat M. Fawzy¹, Amer Elhammdy² ¹ Biochemical Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt. ² Internal Medicine Department, Banha University. mieafify@yahoo.com Abstract: Natriuretic peptides (BNP and NT-pro-BNP) represent useful biomarkers in heart failure diagnosis. So the aim of the present study was designed to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum concentrations of NT-proBNP relative to cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) determined on admission in patients with acute heart failure and with chronic heart failure at different clinical stages of severity. The mean levels of CK-MB, ctn-1and plasma concentration of NT- proBNP were significantly increased (p<0.05) in chronic heart failure group as compared to the acute heart failure group. The mean levels of CK-MB, ctn-1and plasma concentration of NT- proBNP were significantly increased (p<0.05) in chronic heart failure group as compared to the acute heart failure group. Plasma NT-pro-BNP levels are related with chronic heart failure severity; they are particularly increased in more advanced New York Heart Association (NYHA) classes (stage II, III, IV), these increments were matched with the increased serum levels of CK-MB and ctn-1 with the advance of disease severity. In conclusion in heart failure, measurement of NT-proBNP is among the diagnostic biomarkers of all relevant clinical diagnostic aids and is useful across the whole spectrum of heart failure disease severity. High NT-proBNP levels are related to chronic heart failure stages, their increase is directly related to more advanced NYHA classes and to poor prognosis. So NT-proBNP can facilitate diagnosis and can be used as a guide for heart failure therapy. [Magda S. Mahmoud, Mie A. Mohammed, Abeer A. khayyal, Olfat M. Fawzy, Amer Elhammdy. Clinical utility of plasma NT-proBNP in ruling out heart failure among Egyptian patients. Journal of American Science, 2011;7(7):334-342]. (ISSN:1545-0740). http://www.americanscience.org Keywords: heart failure, diagnosis, echocardiography, NT-proBNP	Full Text	51
52	Serum Neopterin Level in Early Onset Neonatal Sepsis *Samia Boseila¹, Iman Seoud², Gamal Samy³, Hanan El-Gamal³, Tarek S. Ibrahim^1, Amira Ahmed⁴, Mona R. El Kafoury⁵ and Ahmed Fathy¹** ¹Child Health Dep., National Research Center, ² Pediatric Dep., Cairo University, ³Childhood Studies Dep., Ain Shams University, ⁴Neonatology Dep.,El-Galaa Teaching Hospital, ⁵ Clinical&Chemical Pathology Dep. National Research Center. ^{tareksalah2000@yahoo.com} Abstract:* Background: Sepsis is the commonest cause of neonatal mortality and is probably responsible for 30-50% of the total neonatal deaths each year in developing countries. Diagnosis of neonatal sepsis remains a major challenge, as early signs of sepsis are often non-specific and the laboratory criteria are also not fully reliable. This leads to unnecessary exposure to antibiotics before the presence of sepsis has been proven with potentially poor outcomes. Several attempts have been made to use physiologic parameters, hematologic indices, and cytokine profiles, at the time of onset of the suspected sepsis episode to identify accurately neonates with sepsis. Elevated serum level of neopterin has been shown to be an early specific and sensitive marker responsible for activation of the cellular immune system and has also been proposed to aid in the diagnosis of bacterial infection. Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of serum neopterin level as an accurate diagnostic tool for neonatal sepsis and compare it with Rodwell’s hematological sepsis score and C-reactive protein for predicting infection and outcome in neonates with sepsis. Methods: The study comprised 20 neonates with a clinical proven sepsis, 20 neonates with a clinical suspicion of sepsis and 20 healthy neonates of matched gestational age who were considered as the normal control group. All groups were subjected to full history taking and clinical examination. Laboratory investigations done were complete blood count, total and differential leucocytic count, blood culture, serum levels of CRP and neopterin. Results: Serum neopterin levels were significantly higher in the infected and suspected groups compared with the control group (p =0.0001) and correlated positively with both CRP levels (r=0.8, p =0.0001) and the Hematological Sepsis Score (r=0.5, p=0.04). Significant positive correlations were detected between serum neopterin level, maternal age (r=0.5, p=0.02), gravidity(r= 0.5, p = 0.01), respiratory distress (r= -0.5, p=0.03), and lethargy (r= 0.2, p=0.05) in septic neonates. Conclusion: Serum neopterin may be used as an early diagnostic tool with high sensitivity (78.09%), specificity (85%), positive predictive value (93.8%), negative predictive value (82.6%) in neonates with suspicion of sepsis especially when combined with routine hematological sepsis score and C-reactive protein. [Samia Boseila, Iman Seoud, Gamal Samy, Hanan El-Gamal, Tarek S. Ibrahim, Amira Ahmed, Mona R. El Kafoury and Ahmed Fathy. Serum Neopterin Level in Early Onset Neonatal Sepsis. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):343-352].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Key word: Neonatal sepsis – neopterin level – hematological sepsis	Full Text	52
53	Contourlet Features Extraction and AdaBoost Classification for Palmprint Verification Eisa Rezazadeh Ardabili †, Keivan Maghooli †, Emad Fatemizadeh † ^† Biomedical Engineering Department, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Authors e-mail: rezazadeh@mta-co.ir, K_maghooli@srbiau.ac.ir, Fatemizadeh@sharif.edu Abstract: Biometrics-based personal verification is a powerful security features in technology era. Palmprint is an important complement and reliable biometric that can be used for identity verification because it is stable and unique for every individual. This paper presents a new palmprint verification method by using the contourlet features and AdaBoost classification. The contourlet transform is a new two dimensional extension of the wavelet transform using multi-scale and directional filter banks. It can effectively capture smooth contours that are the dominant features in palmprint images. AdaBoost is used as a classifier in the experiments. Experimental results shows that the contourlet features when classify by using AdaBoost (α-Type) classifier are very suitable for invariant palmprint verification. The experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the method proposed. [Eisa Rezazadeh Ardabili, Keivan Maghooli, Emad Fatemizadeh. Contourlet features extraction and AdaBoost classification for palmprint verification. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):353-362]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Palmprint, verification, Contourlet, AdaBoost, Biometrics.	Full Text	53
54	Spectrophotometric Studies on Antioxidants-Doped Liposomes *Samaa M. Elfaramawy¹, Rizk A. Rizk¹** ¹Physics Department, Faculty of science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt samaa_elfaramawy@yahoo.com Abstract:* Antioxidants are the effective modulators of physical properties of model and natural membranes as a scavenger of what called free radical. To demonstrate the relationship between the structure of antioxidants and their effect on the molecular dynamics of membranes, UV spectroscopy is applied to investigate the influence of three structurally different antioxidants: Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), vitamin E and Zinc, on the behavior of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) multilamellar vesicles. The results obtained indicate that positively charged liposomes doped with each of vitamin C and vitamin E or negatively charged liposomes doped with zinc contribute to membrane fluidity changes as they have been shown to decrease membrane fluidity. The results suggest that the hydrophobic core of the membrane is poorly affected by these three structurally different antioxidants molecules and, consequently, they cannot insert deeply into the bilayer and the interaction is mainly localized at the polar head level which strongly influences membrane stability and lipid dynamics. [Samaa M. Elfaramawy¹, Rizk A. Rizk Spectrophotometric Studies on Antioxidants-Doped Liposomes. Journal of American Science 2011; 7(7):363-369].(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords:* Antioxidant; Liposome; UV spectroscopy.	Full Text	54
55	Eastern nations in Ferdowsi thoughts Omid Shiva¹ ^1. College of History, National University of Tajikistan o.shiva1389@gmail.com Abstract: The western culture has always kept a close eye on eastern civilization throughout the history. Toward making a survey and getting an understanding of the eastern knowledge, customs, and conventions, a new field of study was created called orientalistic. The dawn of eastern civilization was much sooner than the western one. The oldest city of the ancient world in Mesopotamia in Iraq, Jiroft in Iran, and Mohenjo-Daro in India were of incredible civilization. Formation of great empires in Iran, China and India were concomitant to stating of city dwelling in other parts of the world, so it puts us to shame to look into ourselves from western outlook. [Omid Shiva^: Eastern nations in Ferdowsi thoughts; Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):370-375]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Eastern nations; Ferdowsi; history; Iran	Full Text	55
56	Detection of red ripe tomatoes on stem using Image Processing Techniques Hosna Mohamadi Monavar¹, Reza Alimardani², Mahmoud Omid² ^1.Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, Karaj 31587-77871, Iran. E-mail: mohamadi_085@ut.ac.ir ^2.Professor, Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Iran. Abstract: Image Processing Techniques are being used increasingly in the field of agricultural and food products for quality assurance purpose. The system offers the generation of precise descriptive data and reduction of tedious human involvement. Image segmentation based on color difference between mature fruits and backgrounds under natural illumination condition is a difficult task. By processing images in three color space of RGB, HSI and YC_bC_r from CCD camera, tomato fruit, stems, leaves and a stem-supporting pole were recognized. Then the processed images were compared in three color spaces in order to identify ripe tomatoes with more than 50% redness. The average of error between actual number of red tomatoes and estimated number in 3 images of each 28 tomato trees was 3.85%. [H. Mohamadi M.,R. Alimardani, M. Omid. Detection of red ripe tomatoes on stem using Image Processing Techniques. Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):376-379]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords:* Image processing; ripe tomato; natural illumination.	Full Text	56
57	Study of the relationship between parenting style, and children’s emotional intelligence and self-efficacy Mojtaba Aghili ¹, Mojtaba Kashani ² ^1. Department of Psychology, University of Payam-Noor, Gorgan Branch, Gorgan, Iran ^2. Gonbad Higher Education Center, Gonbad, Iran aghili1389@gmail.com Abstract: This project is performed with the aim of studying the relationships between the parenting style on the one hand, and children’s emotional intelligence and self-efficacy on the other hand. Regarding the importance of parenting style and its influence on children the question that arises that; what is the effect of the type of parenting style on children’s emotional intelligence and self-efficacy? This study aims to find the answer. The statistical samples of the study were 110 students of middle school (62 boys and 48 girls) and their parents in Gonbad-Kavoos city, Golestan Province, Iran. They were chosen by cluster sampling method. To evaluate the parenting style, children’s emotional intelligence, and children’s self-efficacy, Baumrind parenting styles questionnaire, the 32-item Shrink’s questionnaire, and the 10-item Schwarzer & Jerusalem Generalized Self-Efficacy scale questionnaire were used, respectively. The results obtained indicated that there is a significant statistical relationship between parenting style and emotional intelligence. However, there was not any significant statistical relationship between parenting style and children’s self-efficacy. [Mojtaba Aghili , Mojtaba Kashani;Study of the relationship between parenting style, and children’s emotional intelligence and self-efficacy;Journal of American Science 2011;7(7):380-384]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. Keywords: Parenting style; emotional intelligence; self-efficacy	Full Text	57
58	The new approach to study of relationship between Tughrul and Caliph Alqayem (in in the second half of the forth Hijri century) Abolhasan Shahvari ¹ ^1. Department of History, University of Payam-Noor, Gorgan Branch, Gorgan, Iran shahvari1389@gmail.com Abstract: In the second half of the forth Hijra century, the Seljuks government was recognized. It was historically the most important and valid Turkmen tribes. With the emergence of Seljuk dynasty, a new era began in the history of Islam. For the first time, the Turkish tribes dominated southwest of Asia and possessed the political power of Caliphate system. At the same time, it was the source of happiness for Abbasids that Saljuks were devout Sunnis and remained Sunni. Thus, they were the pioneers of a proactive cooperation with Caliphs and forcefully prevented the Ismaili conspirators. The military expedition of Tughrul to Iraq not only saved the Caliph from his enemies, but also caused a new division of power and brought a definitive shape of influence in the central territories of Daruli